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Ioannou M, Simon MS, Borkent J, Wijkhuijs A, Berghmans R, Haarman BC, Drexhage HA. Higher T central and lower effector memory cells in bipolar disorder: A differentiation abnormality? Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 38:100764. [PMID: 38600952 PMCID: PMC11004065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the nature of T cell abnormalities in bipolar disorder (BD). With the use of multicolor flow cytometry, we first quantified the composition of the different memory and pro-inflammatory immune subpopulations in samples of 58 patients with BD and compared them to 113 healthy controls. Second, to assess if cytomegalovirus infection was related to the resulted immune subpopulation compositions in the two groups, we measured cytomegalovirus-specific antibodies in serum. Thirdly, we assessed differences between the two groups in the serum levels of the immune cell differentiation factor interleukin-7. Compared to healthy controls, patients showed significantly higher T helper-17, T regulatory and T central memory cells (CD4+ and CD8+). Besides, patients showed significantly lower CD4+ T effector memory and CD4+ T effector memory re-expressing RA cells. Cytomegalovirus infection was not related to the observed abnormalities, with the exception of T helper-17 cells. This immune subpopulation was significantly higher only in patients seropositive to cytomegalovirus infection. Finally, interleukin-7 levels were significantly lower in BD compared to healthy controls. In conclusion, the aberrant levels of T memory cell populations in BD may suggest a T cell differentiation abnormality. The role of interleukin-7 in this putative abnormality should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalini Ioannou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria S. Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jenny Borkent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Wijkhuijs
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam and University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raf Berghmans
- Advanced Practical Diagnostics BV, Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Bartholomeus C.M. Haarman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hemmo A. Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam and University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Elias Junior E, Gubert VT, Bonin-Jacob CM, Puga MAM, Gouveia CG, Sichinel AH, Tozetti IA. CD57 T cells associated with immunosenescence in adults living with HIV or AIDS. Immunology 2024; 171:146-153. [PMID: 37880915 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the advancement of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related discoveries, new HIV infections still persist. With the advent of antiretroviral therapy, prognosis has migrated from acute to chronic HIV infection and inflammation, with the possibility of increased immune aging. We aimed to assess such immunosenescence by analysing CD27 and CD57 expression on the surface of T cells. This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2017 and 2018 on people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) who attended an outpatient clinic of the Infectious Diseases Service of a university hospital and a geriatric reference service in Brazil. A standardized interview was conducted, and venous peripheral blood was collected for flow cytometry analysis. To assess immunosenescence, we compared CD27 and CD57 expression on the surface of T cells between adult and elderly individuals without HIV and adult PLWHA. All results for cells in terminal senescent stages in adult PLWHA more closely resembled those of elderly than adult participants without HIV (p > 0.05). The presence of CD27+ cells did not differ statistically among the three study groups when comparing immunological responders (IR) and immunological non-responders (INR); for the entire CD4+ T-cell population (including CD4 + CD8+ and CD4 + CD8- cells), the median count (25-75th) was higher in the INR (79.6%) than the IR (68.0%) group. HIV-infected individuals possessed a higher number of T lymphocytes with a molecular phenotype associated with immunosenescence, a lower proportion of T cells in the early stages of senescence (median 25-75th: 27.0%), and a higher proportion of T cells in the intermediate and final stages of senescence (median 25-75th: 16.1%) than adults without HIV (median 25-75th: 42.0% and 18.4%, respectively). Considering the higher number of senescent T lymphocytes, we observed in our PLWHA population-especially in the INR group (CD8CD57+ cells: 39.3% INR vs. 23.4% IR; CD4CD57+ cells: 44.0% INR vs. 27.7% IR)-may indicate a similar mortality risk phenotype from immune-preventable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erivaldo Elias Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- São Julião Hospital, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vanessa T Gubert
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila M Bonin-Jacob
- Postgraduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio M Puga
- Postgraduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Inês A Tozetti
- Postgraduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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3
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Spagnuolo A, Gridelli C. The Role of Immunotherapy in the First-Line Treatment of Elderly Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082319. [PMID: 37190247 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have changed the history of NSCLC treatment by becoming, alone or in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy, a mainstay of first-line therapy for advanced NSCLC. This increasingly dictates the identification of predictive biomarkers of response that can guide patient selection, in order to rationalize and personalize therapies, particularly in elderly patients. Immunotherapy in these patients raises questions of efficacy and tolerability related to aging, which is accompanied by a progressive decline in various body functions. Physical, biological and psychological changes contribute to individual validity status and, preferably, 'fit' patients are generally enrolled in clinical trials. In elderly patients, especially frail and complex patients with more than one chronic disease, data are poor and specific prospective studies are needed. This review reports the main available results on the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in older patients with advanced NSCLC, in terms of efficacy and toxicity, and aims to highlight the need to better predict which patients might benefit from immunotherapy agents by probing knowledge and integrating information on immune system changes and age-related physiopathological modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Spagnuolo
- Division of Medical Oncology, 'S. G. Moscati' Hospital, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Cesare Gridelli
- Division of Medical Oncology, 'S. G. Moscati' Hospital, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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4
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Abstract
The inflammaging concept was introduced in 2000 by Prof. Franceschi. This was an evolutionary or rather a revolutionary conceptualization of the immune changes in response to a lifelong stress. This conceptualization permitted to consider the lifelong proinflammatory process as an adaptation which could eventually lead to either beneficial or detrimental consequences. This dichotomy is influenced by both the genetics and the environment. Depending on which way prevails in an individual, the outcome may be healthy longevity or pathological aging burdened with aging-related diseases. The concept of inflammaging has also revealed the complex, systemic nature of aging. Thus, this conceptualization opens the way to consider age-related processes in their complexity, meaning that not only the process but also all counter-processes should be considered. It has also opened the way to add new concepts to the original one, leading to better understanding of the nature of inflammaging and of aging itself. Finally, it showed the way towards potential multimodal interventions involving a holistic approach to optimize the aging process towards a healthy longevity.
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5
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Araujo Vargas TP, Al-Humiqani A, Giffoni De Mello Morais Mata D, Menjak IB. Immunotherapy for older patients with cancer. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2023; 17:37-46. [PMID: 36695867 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The aim of this review is to describe the clinical use and tolerability of immune checkpoint inhibitors in older adults with solid tumors, where there is an abundance of evidence with recent updates including subgroups of older patients. RECENT FINDINGS Studies with updated analyses and subgroups of older patients show that in general older patients benefit as well as younger patients and tolerate immunotherapy very well. However, in some instances of combination therapies which may expose patients to more toxicity, the benefits are reduced, and careful selection of older patients, including adjunctive assessments such as geriatric assessment, can help to identify the appropriate treatment for an individual patient. SUMMARY Older adults remain underrepresented in clinical trials, including those involving immunotherapy. Therefore, efforts must be made to include more older patients in trials and to assess real-world evidence to inform decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullah Al-Humiqani
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danilo Giffoni De Mello Morais Mata
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ines B Menjak
- Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Romaniello D, Gelfo V, Pagano F, Sgarzi M, Morselli A, Girone C, Filippini DM, D’Uva G, Lauriola M. IL-1 and senescence: Friends and foe of EGFR neutralization and immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1083743. [PMID: 36712972 PMCID: PMC9877625 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1083743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, senescence has been considered a safe program in response to multiple stresses in which cells undergo irreversible growth arrest. This process is characterized by morphological and metabolic changes, heterochromatin formation, and secretion of inflammatory components, known as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). However, recent reports demonstrated that anti-cancer therapy itself can stimulate a senescence response in tumor cells, the so-called therapy-induced senescence (TIS), which may represent a temporary bypass pathway that promotes drug resistance. In this context, several studies have shown that EGFR blockage, by TKIs or moAbs, promotes TIS by increasing IL-1 cytokine production, thus pushing cells into a "pseudo-senescent" state. Today, senotherapeutic agents are emerging as a potential strategy in cancer treatment thanks to their dual role in annihilating senescent cells and simultaneously preventing their awakening into a resistant and aggressive form. Here, we summarize classic and recent findings about the cellular processes driving senescence and SASP, and we provide a state-of-the-art of the anti-cancer strategies available so far that exploits the activation and/or blockade of senescence-based mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Romaniello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Bologna University Hospital Authority St. Orsola -Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Gelfo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Bologna University Hospital Authority St. Orsola -Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Pagano
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Sgarzi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Morselli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cinzia Girone
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daria Maria Filippini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele D’Uva
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Bologna University Hospital Authority St. Orsola -Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy,National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Lauriola
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Centre for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Bologna University Hospital Authority St. Orsola -Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy,*Correspondence: Mattia Lauriola,
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7
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Juříčková I, Hudec M, Votava F, Vosáhlo J, Ovsepian SV, Černá M, O’Leary VB. The Immunological Epigenetic Landscape of the Human Life Trajectory. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112894. [PMID: 36428462 PMCID: PMC9687906 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity changes over an individual’s lifetime, maturing by adulthood and diminishing with old age. Epigenetic mechanisms involving DNA and histone methylation form the molecular basis of immunological memory during lymphocyte development. Monocytes alter their function to convey immune tolerance, yet the epigenetic influences at play remain to be fully understood in the context of lifespan. This study of a healthy genetically homogenous cohort of children, adults and seniors sought to decipher the epigenetic dynamics in B-lymphocytes and monocytes. Variable global cytosine methylation within retro-transposable LINE-1 repeats was noted in monocytes compared to B-lymphocytes across age groups. The expression of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ alpha chain gene HLA-DQA1*01 revealed significantly reduced levels in monocytes in all ages relative to B-lymphocytes, as well as between lifespan groups. High melting point analysis and bisulfite sequencing of the HLA-DQA1*01 promoter in monocytes highlighted variable cytosine methylation in children and seniors but greater stability at this locus in adults. Further epigenetic evaluation revealed higher histone lysine 27 trimethylation in monocytes from this adult group. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA pulldown demonstrated association with a novel lncRNA TINA with structurally conserved similarities to the previously recognized epigenetic modifier PARTICLE. Seeking to interpret the epigenetic immunological landscape across three representative age groups, this study focused on HLA-DQA1*01 to expose cytosine and histone methylation alterations and their association with the non-coding transcriptome. Such insights unveil previously unknown complex epigenetic layers, orchestrating the strength and weakening of adaptive immunity with the progression of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Juříčková
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vinohrady, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (I.J.); (V.B.O.)
| | - Michael Hudec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vinohrady, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Felix Votava
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vinohrady, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
- Královské Vinohrady University Hospital, Vinohrady, 10034 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vosáhlo
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vinohrady, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
- Královské Vinohrady University Hospital, Vinohrady, 10034 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Saak Victor Ovsepian
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Marie Černá
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vinohrady, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valerie Bríd O’Leary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vinohrady, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (I.J.); (V.B.O.)
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8
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Tansey MG, Wallings RL, Houser MC, Herrick MK, Keating CE, Joers V. Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:657-673. [PMID: 35246670 PMCID: PMC8895080 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects peripheral organs as well as the central nervous system and involves a fundamental role of neuroinflammation in its pathophysiology. Neurohistological and neuroimaging studies support the presence of ongoing and end-stage neuroinflammatory processes in PD. Moreover, numerous studies of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with PD suggest alterations in markers of inflammation and immune cell populations that could initiate or exacerbate neuroinflammation and perpetuate the neurodegenerative process. A number of disease genes and risk factors have been identified as modulators of immune function in PD and evidence is mounting for a role of viral or bacterial exposure, pesticides and alterations in gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis. This has led to the hypothesis that complex gene-by-environment interactions combine with an ageing immune system to create the 'perfect storm' that enables the development and progression of PD. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis and opportunities to harness the emerging immunological knowledge from patients with PD to create better preclinical models with the long-term goal of enabling earlier identification of at-risk individuals to prevent, delay and more effectively treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Madelyn C Houser
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary K Herrick
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cody E Keating
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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9
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Cellular Stress and Senescence Induction during Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7070129. [PMID: 35878141 PMCID: PMC9323233 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7070129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection that, despite being discovered over a century ago, remains a public health problem, mainly in developing countries. Since T. cruzi can infect a wide range of mammalian host cells, parasite–host interactions may be critical to infection outcome. The intense immune stimulation that helps the control of the parasite’s replication and dissemination may also be linked with the pathogenesis and symptomatology worsening. Here, we discuss the findings that support the notion that excessive immune system stimulation driven by parasite persistence might elicit a progressive loss and collapse of immune functions. In this context, cellular stress and inflammatory responses elicited by T. cruzi induce fibroblast and other immune cell senescence phenotypes that may compromise the host’s capacity to control the magnitude of T. cruzi-induced inflammation, contributing to parasite persistence and CD progression. A better understanding of the steps involved in the induction of this chronic inflammatory status, which disables host defense capacity, providing an extra advantage to the parasite and predisposing infected hosts prematurely to immunosenescence, may provide insights to designing and developing novel therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat Chagas disease.
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10
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Russo T, Riessland M. Age-Related Midbrain Inflammation and Senescence in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:917797. [PMID: 35721008 PMCID: PMC9204626 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.917797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses are arising as a common feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), but their role as either causative or consequential remains debated. It is evident that there is local inflammation in the midbrain in PD patients even before symptom onset, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this mini-review, we discuss this midbrain inflammation in the context of PD and argue that cellular senescence may be the cause for this immune response. We postulate that to unravel the relationship between inflammation and senescence in PD, it is crucial to first understand the potential causative roles of various cell types of the midbrain and determine how the possible paracrine spreading of senescence between them may lead to observed local immune responses. We hypothesize that secretion of pro-inflammatory factors by senescent cells in the midbrain triggers neuroinflammation resulting in immune cell-mediated killing of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Russo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Markus Riessland
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Markus Riessland,
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11
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The use of immunotherapy in older patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 106:102394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Lymphopenia, Lymphopenia-Induced Proliferation, and Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084152. [PMID: 33923792 PMCID: PMC8073364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is a tightly regulated system that is critical for defense against invasion by foreign pathogens and protection from self-reactivity for the survival of an individual. How the defects in this system might result in autoimmunity is discussed in this review. Reduced lymphocyte number, termed lymphopenia, can mediate lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) to maintain peripheral lymphocyte numbers. LIP not only occurs in normal physiological conditions but also correlates with autoimmunity. Of note, lymphopenia is also a typical marker of immune aging, consistent with the fact that not only the autoimmunity increases in the elderly, but also autoimmune diseases (ADs) show characteristics of immune aging. Here, we discuss the types and rates of LIP in normal and autoimmune conditions, as well as the coronavirus disease 2019 in the context of LIP. Importantly, although the causative role of LIP has been demonstrated in the development of type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, a two-hit model has suggested that the factors other than lymphopenia are required to mediate the loss of control over homeostasis to result in ADs. Interestingly, these factors may be, if not totally, related to the function/number of regulatory T cells which are key modulators to protect from self-reactivity. In this review, we summarize the important roles of lymphopenia/LIP and the Treg cells in various autoimmune conditions, thereby highlighting them as key therapeutic targets for autoimmunity treatments.
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13
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Galletti JG, de Paiva CS. The ocular surface immune system through the eyes of aging. Ocul Surf 2021; 20:139-162. [PMID: 33621658 PMCID: PMC8113112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the last century, advances in healthcare, housing, and education have led to an increase in life expectancy. Longevity is accompanied by a higher prevalence of age-related diseases, such as cancer, autoimmunity, diabetes, and infection, and part of this increase in disease incidence relates to the significant changes that aging brings about in the immune system. The eye is not spared by aging either, presenting with age-related disorders of its own, and interestingly, many of these diseases have immune pathophysiology. Being delicate organs that must be exposed to the environment in order to capture light, the eyes are endowed with a mucosal environment that protects them, the so-called ocular surface. As in other mucosal sites, immune responses at the ocular surface need to be swift and potent to eliminate threats but are at the same time tightly controlled to prevent excessive inflammation and bystander damage. This review will detail how aging affects the mucosal immune response of the ocular surface as a whole and how this process relates to the higher incidence of ocular surface disease in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias G Galletti
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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14
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Inflammaging markers characteristic of advanced age show similar levels with frailty and dependency. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4358. [PMID: 33623057 PMCID: PMC7902838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The improvement of life quality and medical advances has resulted in increased life expectancy. Despite this, health status commonly worsens in the last years of life. Frailty is an intermediate and reversible state that often precedes dependency and therefore, its identification may be essential to prevent dependency. However, there is no consensus on the best tools to identify frailty. In this sense, diverse molecules have been proposed as potential biomarkers. Some investigations pointed to an increased chronic inflammation or inflammaging with frailty, while others did not report such differences. In this work, we evaluated the circulating concentration of the inflammaging markers in adults and older adults (aged over 70 years) by ELISA and Luminex techniques. The Barthel Index was applied for the evaluation of dependency and Timed up-and-go, Gait Speed, Short Physical Performance Battery, Tilburg Frailty Indicator and Gerontopole Frailty Screening Tool were used for the identification of frailty. CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 and albumin concentrations were measured, and we found that elevated inflammation is present in older adults, while no differences with frailty and dependency were reported. Our results were consistent for all the evaluated frailty scales, highlighting the need to reconsider increased inflammation as a biomarker of frailty.
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15
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Chen JB, Kong XF, Qian W, Mu F, Lu TY, Lu YY, Xu KC. Two weeks of hydrogen inhalation can significantly reverse adaptive and innate immune system senescence patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a self-controlled study. Med Gas Res 2021; 10:149-154. [PMID: 33380580 PMCID: PMC8092147 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.304221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following standard treatments, the traditional model for enhancing anti-tumor immunity involves performing immune reconstitution (e.g., adoptive immune cell therapies or immunoenhancing drugs) to prevent recurrence. For patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, we report here on two objectives, the immunosenescence for advanced non-small cell lung cancer and hydrogen gas inhalation for immune reconstitution. From July 1st to September 25th, 2019, 20 non-small cell lung cancer patients were enrolled to evaluate the immunosenescence of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, including T cell, natural killer/natural killer T cell and gamma delta T cell. Two weeks of hydrogen inhalation was performed during the waiting period for treatment-related examination. All patients inhaled a mixture of hydrogen (66.7%) and oxygen (33.3%) with a gas flow rate of 3 L/min for 4 hours each day. None of the patients received any standard treatment during the hydrogen inhalation period. After pretreatment testing, major indexes of immunosenescence were observed. The abnormally higher indexes included exhausted cytotoxic T cells, senescent cytotoxic T cells, and killer Vδ1 cells. After 2 weeks of hydrogen therapy, the number of exhausted and senescent cytotoxic T cells decreased to within the normal range, and there was an increase in killer Vδ1 cells. The abnormally lower indexes included functional helper and cytotoxic T cells, Th1, total natural killer T cells, natural killer, and Vδ2 cells. After 2 weeks of hydrogen therapy, all six cell subsets increased to within the normal range. The current data indicate that the immunosenescence of advanced non-small cell lung cancer involves nearly all lymphocyte subsets, and 2 weeks of hydrogen treatment can significantly improve most of these indexes. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fuda Cancer Hospital, Jinan University in China (approval No. Fuda20181207) on December 7th, 2018, and was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT03818347) on January 24th, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Bing Chen
- Fuda Cancer Hospital of Jinan University; Fuda Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Kong
- Fuda Cancer Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Fuda Cancer Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng Mu
- Fuda Cancer Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tian-Yu Lu
- Fuda Cancer Hospital of Jinan University; Fuda Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - You-Yong Lu
- Central Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Xu
- Fuda Cancer Hospital of Jinan University; Fuda Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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16
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Ferrara R, Naigeon M, Auclin E, Duchemann B, Cassard L, Jouniaux JM, Boselli L, Grivel J, Desnoyer A, Mezquita L, Texier M, Caramella C, Hendriks L, Planchard D, Remon J, Sangaletti S, Proto C, Garassino MC, Soria JC, Marabelle A, Voisin AL, Farhane S, Besse B, Chaput N. Circulating T-cell Immunosenescence in Patients with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Single-agent PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors or Platinum-based Chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:492-503. [PMID: 32887723 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD28, CD57, and KLRG1 have been previously identified as markers of T-cell immunosenescence. The impact of immunosenescence on anti-PD(L)-1 (ICI) or platinum-based chemotherapy (PCT) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) is unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The percentage of CD28-, CD57+, KLRG1+ among CD8+ T cells [senescent immune phenotype (SIP)] was assessed by flow cytometry on blood from patients with aNSCLC before single-agent ICI (discovery cohort). A SIP cut-off was identified by log-rank maximization method and patients with aNSCLC treated with ICI (validation cohort) or PCT were classified accordingly. Proliferation and functional properties of SIP+ CD8+ T cells were assessed in vitro. RESULTS In the ICI discovery cohort (N = 37), SIP cut-off was 39.5%, 27% of patients were SIP+. In the ICI validation cohort (N = 46), SIP+ status was found in 28% of patients and significantly correlated with worse objective response rate (ORR; 0% vs. 30%, P = 0.04), median progression-free survival (PFS) [1.8 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3-NR) vs. 6.4 (95% CI, 2-19) months, P = 0.009] and median overall survival, OS [2.8 (95% CI, 2.0-NR) vs. 20.8 (95% CI, 6.0-NR) months, P = 0.02]. SIP+ status was significantly associated with circulating specific immunephenotypes, in vitro lower CD8+ T cells proliferation, lower IL2 and higher TNFα and IFNγ production. In the ICI-pooled population (N = 83), SIP+ status did not correlate with any clinical characteristics and it was associated with significantly worse ORR, PFS, and OS. In PCT cohort (N = 61), 11% of patients were SIP+. SIP status did not correlate with outcomes upon PCT. CONCLUSIONS Circulating T-cell immunosenescence is observed in up to 28% of patients with aNSCLC and correlates with lack of benefit from ICI but not from PCT.See related commentary by Salas-Benito et al., p. 374.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ferrara
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23, Villejuif, France.,Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thoracic Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marie Naigeon
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Edouard Auclin
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris Descartes University, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Boris Duchemann
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23, Villejuif, France
| | - Lydie Cassard
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Mehdi Jouniaux
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23, Villejuif, France
| | - Lisa Boselli
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23, Villejuif, France
| | - Jonathan Grivel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23, Villejuif, France
| | - Aude Desnoyer
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23, Villejuif, France
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Matthieu Texier
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Lizza Hendriks
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Department of Pulmonary Diseases GROW - School for oncology and developmental biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - David Planchard
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jordi Remon
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sabina Sangaletti
- Department of Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Proto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thoracic Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina C Garassino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thoracic Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Aurelien Marabelle
- Departement d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne-Laure Voisin
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Pharmacovigilance, Villejuif, France
| | - Siham Farhane
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Pharmacovigilance, Villejuif, France
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. .,Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Nathalie Chaput
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology, CNRS-UMS 3655 and INSERM-US23, Villejuif, France. .,Faculté de Pharmacie, University Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
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17
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Mienko F, Halmos B, Cheng H. Is pembrolizumab monotherapy the optimal treatment for elderly patients with PD-L1 positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:778. [PMID: 32647703 PMCID: PMC7333146 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Mienko
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Haiying Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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18
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Warny M, Helby J, Nordestgaard BG, Birgens H, Bojesen SE. Incidental lymphopenia and mortality: a prospective cohort study. CMAJ 2020; 192:E25-E33. [PMID: 31932337 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.191024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown if incidental lymphopenia detected in the general population is associated with higher all-cause and cause-specific mortality. We aimed to identify the associations between lymphopenia and all-cause and cause specific mortality. METHODS In a prospective cohort study, we examined and followed participants enrolled in the Copenhagen General Population Study between November 2003 and April 2015. In our analysis, we modelled risks using Cox proportional hazards regression for 3 groups: participants with a lymphocyte count below the 2.5th percentile; those with a lymphocyte count at or between the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles (reference category); and those with a lymphocyte count above the 97.5th percentile. RESULTS The cohort included 108 135 participants with a median age of 68 years. During a median follow-up of 9 (interquartile range [IQR] 0-14) years, 10 372 participants died. We found that participants with lymphopenia (lymphocyte count < 1.1 × 109/L) compared with those with a lymphocyte count in the reference range (1.1-3.7 × 109/L) had higher mortality with multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.63 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.51-1.76) for all causes, 1.67 (95% CI 1.42-1.97) for nonhematologic cancers, 2.79 (95% CI 1.82-4.28) for hematologic cancers, 1.88 (95% CI 1.61-2.20) for cardiovascular diseases, 1.88 (95% CI 1.55-2.29) for respiratory diseases, 1.86 (95% CI 1.53-2.25) for infectious diseases, and 1.50 (95% CI 1.19-1.88) for other causes. For all-cause mortality, the highest absolute 2-year risks of death were observed in women (61%) and men (75%) who smoked and were aged 80 years or older with lymphocyte counts less than 0.5 × 109/L. Participants with a lymphocyte count higher than the reference category had increased mortality (adjusted HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.04-1.31). INTERPRETATION We found that lymphopenia was associated with an increased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Warny
- Departments of Hematology (Warny, Birgens), Internal Medicine (Helby) and Clinical Biochemistry (Helby, Nordestgaard, Bojesen), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Science (Warny, Nordestgaard, Birgens, Bojesen), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Helby
- Departments of Hematology (Warny, Birgens), Internal Medicine (Helby) and Clinical Biochemistry (Helby, Nordestgaard, Bojesen), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Science (Warny, Nordestgaard, Birgens, Bojesen), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Børge Grønne Nordestgaard
- Departments of Hematology (Warny, Birgens), Internal Medicine (Helby) and Clinical Biochemistry (Helby, Nordestgaard, Bojesen), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Science (Warny, Nordestgaard, Birgens, Bojesen), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Birgens
- Departments of Hematology (Warny, Birgens), Internal Medicine (Helby) and Clinical Biochemistry (Helby, Nordestgaard, Bojesen), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Science (Warny, Nordestgaard, Birgens, Bojesen), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig Egil Bojesen
- Departments of Hematology (Warny, Birgens), Internal Medicine (Helby) and Clinical Biochemistry (Helby, Nordestgaard, Bojesen), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Science (Warny, Nordestgaard, Birgens, Bojesen), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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J. Heath J, D. Grant M. The Immune Response Against Human Cytomegalovirus Links Cellular to Systemic Senescence. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030766. [PMID: 32245117 PMCID: PMC7140628 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging reflects long-term decline in physiological function and integrity. Changes arise at a variable pace governed by time-dependent and -independent mechanisms that are themselves complex, interdependent and variable. Molecular decay produces inferior cells that eventually dominate over healthy counterparts in tissues they comprise. In a form of biological entropy, progression from molecular through cellular to tissue level degeneration culminates in organ disease or dysfunction, affecting systemic health. To better understand time-independent contributors and their potential modulation, common biophysical bases for key molecular and cellular changes underlying age-related physiological deterioration must be delineated. This review addresses the potential contribution of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-driven T cell proliferation to cellular senescence and immunosenescence. We first describe molecular processes imposing cell cycle arrest, the foundation of cellular senescence, then focus on the unique distribution, phenotype and function of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells in the context of cellular senescence and "inflammaging". Their features position CMV infection as a pathogenic accelerant of immune cell proliferation underlying immune senescence. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, where increased inflammation and exaggerated anti-CMV immune responses accelerate immune senescence, CMV infection has emerged as a major factor in unhealthy aging. Thus, we speculate on mechanistic links between CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell expansion, immune senescence and prevalence of age-related disorders in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Heath
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada;
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Michael D. Grant
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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20
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Garcia-Just A, Miró L, Pérez-Bosque A, Amat C, Polo J, Pallàs M, Griñán-Ferré C, Moretó M. Dietary Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma Prevents Cognitive Decline in Senescent Mice and Reduces Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress. J Nutr 2020; 150:303-311. [PMID: 31562503 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation that correlates with cognitive decline. Dietary supplementation with spray-dried porcine plasma (SDP) reduces immune activation in rodent models of inflammation and aging. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the anti-inflammatory properties of SDP could ameliorate age-related cognitive deterioration and preserve brain homeostasis in an aging mouse model of senescence. METHODS Male senescence-accelerated prone 8 (SAMP8) mice were used. In Experiment 1, cognitive performance (n = 10-14 mice/group) was analyzed by the novel object recognition test in 2-mo-old mice (2M group) and in mice fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with 8% SDP for 2 (4M-CTL and 4M-SDP groups) and 4 mo (6M-CTL and 6M-SDP groups). In Experiment 2, the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and junctional proteins in brain tissue was assessed, as well as synaptic density, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory genes and proteins in mice from the 2M, 6M-CTL, and 6M-SDP groups ( n = 5-11). Statistical analyses included one-factor ANOVA followed by Fisher's posthoc test. RESULTS 6M-SDP mice had better cognitive performance than 6M-CTL mice in both short-term (P = 0.024) and long-term (P = 0.017) memory tests. In brain tissue, 6M-SDP mice showed reduced brain capillary permeability (P = 0.034) and increased ZO1 and E-cadherin expression (both P <0.04) compared with 6M-CTL mice. SDP also prevented the NFκB activation observed in 6M-CTL mice (P = 0.002) and reduced Il6 expression and hydrogen peroxide concentration (both P <0.03) observed in 6M-CTL mice. SDP also increased the concentration of IL10 (P = 0.027), an anti-inflammatory cytokine correlated with memory preservation. CONCLUSIONS In senescent SAMP8 mice, dietary supplementation with SDP attenuated cognitive decline and prevented changes in brain markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Garcia-Just
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology (Physiology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Miró
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology (Physiology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,APC-Europe SLU, Granollers, Spain
| | - Anna Pérez-Bosque
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology (Physiology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepció Amat
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology (Physiology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmacology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neurosciences, CIBERNED, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmacology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neurosciences, CIBERNED, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Moretó
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology (Physiology Section), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Thomas R, Wang W, Su DM. Contributions of Age-Related Thymic Involution to Immunosenescence and Inflammaging. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2020; 17:2. [PMID: 31988649 PMCID: PMC6971920 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immune system aging is characterized by the paradox of immunosenescence (insufficiency) and inflammaging (over-reaction), which incorporate two sides of the same coin, resulting in immune disorder. Immunosenescence refers to disruption in the structural architecture of immune organs and dysfunction in immune responses, resulting from both aged innate and adaptive immunity. Inflammaging, described as a chronic, sterile, systemic inflammatory condition associated with advanced age, is mainly attributed to somatic cellular senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and age-related autoimmune predisposition. However, the inability to reduce senescent somatic cells (SSCs), because of immunosenescence, exacerbates inflammaging. Age-related adaptive immune system deviations, particularly altered T cell function, are derived from age-related thymic atrophy or involution, a hallmark of thymic aging. Recently, there have been major developments in understanding how age-related thymic involution contributes to inflammaging and immunosenescence at the cellular and molecular levels, including genetic and epigenetic regulation, as well as developments of many potential rejuvenation strategies. Herein, we discuss the research progress uncovering how age-related thymic involution contributes to immunosenescence and inflammaging, as well as their intersection. We also describe how T cell adaptive immunity mediates inflammaging and plays a crucial role in the progression of age-related neurological and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer. We then briefly outline the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of age-related thymic involution, and finally summarize potential rejuvenation strategies to restore aged thymic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Thomas
- Cell Biology, Immunology, and Microbiology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 USA
| | - Weikan Wang
- Cell Biology, Immunology, and Microbiology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 USA
| | - Dong-Ming Su
- 2Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 USA
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22
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Alberro A, Osorio-Querejeta I, Sepúlveda L, Fernández-Eulate G, Mateo-Abad M, Muñoz-Culla M, Carregal-Romero S, Matheu A, Vergara I, López de Munain A, Sáenz-Cuesta M, Otaegui D. T cells and immune functions of plasma extracellular vesicles are differentially modulated from adults to centenarians. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:10723-10741. [PMID: 31785146 PMCID: PMC6914389 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a universal and complex process that affects all tissues and cells types, including immune cells, in a process known as immunosenescence. However, many aspects of immunosenescence are not completely understood, as the characteristics of the immune cells of nonagenarians and centenarians or the features and implications of extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, we analyzed blood samples from 51 individuals aged 20-49 and 70-104 years. We found that senescent CD8 cells accumulate with age, while there is a partial reduction of senescent CD4 cells in nonagenarians and centenarians. Moreover, plasma EVs carry T cell specific markers, but no accumulation of "senescent-like EVs" was found within any of analyzed age groups. Our functional studies of cocultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and EVs showed that EVs enhance T cell viability and, under phytohemagglutinin stimulation, they influence cytokine secretion and cell activation in an age-dependent manner. These results underline the importance of EVs on the immune system functioning, and open new perspectives to further study their implication in human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Alberro
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Multiple Sclerosis Group, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Iñaki Osorio-Querejeta
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Multiple Sclerosis Group, San Sebastian, Spain.,Spanish Network of Multiple Sclerosis, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Sepúlveda
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Multiple Sclerosis Group, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Gorka Fernández-Eulate
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.,Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Neuromuscular Diseases Group, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maider Mateo-Abad
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Primary Care Unit, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maider Muñoz-Culla
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Multiple Sclerosis Group, San Sebastian, Spain.,Spanish Network of Multiple Sclerosis, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Carregal-Romero
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,CIC biomaGUNE, Molecular and Functional Biomarkers Group, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Cellular Oncology Group, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Itziar Vergara
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Primary Care Unit, San Sebastian, Spain.,Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (REDISSEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain.,Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Neuromuscular Diseases Group, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías Sáenz-Cuesta
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Multiple Sclerosis Group, San Sebastian, Spain.,Spanish Network of Multiple Sclerosis, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Otaegui
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Multiple Sclerosis Group, San Sebastian, Spain.,Spanish Network of Multiple Sclerosis, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Abstract
All people want to age "successfully," maintaining functional capacity and quality of life as they reach advanced age. Achieving this goal depends on preserving optimal cognitive and brain functioning. Yet, significant individual differences exist in this regard. Some older adults continue to retain most cognitive abilities throughout their lifetime. Others experience declines in cognitive and functional capacity that range from mild decrements in certain cognitive functions over time to severe dementia among those with neurodegenerative diseases. Even among relatively healthy "successful agers," certain cognitive functions are reduced from earlier levels. This is particularly true for cognitive functions that are dependent on cognitive processing speed and efficiency. Working memory and executive and attentional functions tend to be most vulnerable. Learning and memory functions are also usually reduced, although in the absence of neurodegenerative disease learning and retrieval efficiency rather than memory storage are affected. Other functions, such as visual perception, language, semantics, and knowledge, are often well preserved. Structural, functional, and physiologic/metabolic brain changes correspond with age-associated cognitive decline. Physiologic and metabolic mechanisms, such as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, may contribute to these changes, along with the contribution of comorbidities that secondarily affect the brain of older adults. Cognitive frailty often corresponds with physical frailty, both affected by multiple exogenous and endogenous factors. Neuropsychologic assessment provides a way of measuring the cognitive and functional status of older adults, which is useful for monitoring changes that may be occurring. Neuroimaging is also useful for characterizing age-associated structural, functional, physiologic, and metabolic brain changes, including alterations in cerebral blood flow and metabolite concentrations. Some interventions that may enhance cognitive function, such as cognitive training, neuromodulation, and pharmacologic approaches, exist or are being developed. Yet, preventing, slowing, and reversing the adverse effects of cognitive aging remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Michael M Marsiske
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Glenn E Smith
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Abstract
Gut microbial communities participate in key aspects of host biology, including development, nutrient absorption, immunity and disease. During host ageing, intestinal microbes undergo dramatic changes in composition and function and can shift from commensal to pathogenic. However, whether they play a causal role in host ageing and life span has remained an open question for a long time. Recent work in model organisms has revealed for the first time that gut microbes can modulate ageing, opening new questions and opportunities to uncover novel ageing-modulating mechanisms and to design anti-ageing interventions by targeting the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Seidel
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dario Riccardo Valenzano
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Vassiliadis S. Premature Immunosenescence Impairs Immune Surveillance Allowing the Endometriotic Stem Cell to Migrate: The Cytokine Profile as a Common Denominator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/228402651000200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While endometriosis, one of the most common reasons for infertility, remains a multifactorial condition and its exact cause highly speculative, there are data pointing to novel pathways of disease initiation which involve a stem cell and its ability to migrate and implant after it differentiates into an endometriotic stem cell. Thus, the mechanisms conferring immune surveillance, which would also normally expel the mesenchymal endometriotic cell, impairing its migration and implantation, appear to be negatively influenced by a state of endometriotic premature immunosenescence. This interplay between the two immunological mechanisms and endometriosis is influenced by a number of common factors having an active role in the host's protection process that inhibits harmful diseases and maintains cellular homeostasis. It appears more than coincidental that production/inhibition of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, TNF-α, VEGF, ICAM-1, and the number of Tolllike receptors is the same in immunosenescent states and in conditions with reduced immune surveillance, while the same variations are recorded in endometriotic patients. It is probable that these are common to all process signals, guide the endometriotic stem cell and dictate its fate according to the stochastic, transdifferentiation (plasticity) or deterministic model to become capable of migration and tissue invasion. It is currently unknown whether the pathway taken by the hemopoietic stem cell to become endometriotic represents a normal or aberrant route of development. This prompts research into its isolation and in vitro study of its behavior in order to reveal its potential function and role in endometriosis. (Journal of Endometriosis 2010; 2: 7–18)
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Ferrara R, Mezquita L, Auclin E, Chaput N, Besse B. Immunosenescence and immunecheckpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer patients: Does age really matter? Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 60:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Senescence of T Lymphocytes: Implications for Enhancing Human Immunity. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:866-876. [PMID: 27720177 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As humans live longer, a central concern is to find ways to maintain their health as they age. Immunity declines during ageing, as shown by the increased susceptibility to infection by both previously encountered and new pathogens and by the decreased efficacy of vaccination. It is therefore crucial to understand the mechanisms responsible for this decrease in immunity and to develop new strategies to enhance immune function in older humans. We discuss here how the induction of senescence alters leukocyte, and specifically T cell, function. An emerging concept is that senescence and nutrient sensing-signalling pathways within T cells converge to regulate functional responses, and the manipulation of these pathways may offer new ways to enhance immunity during ageing.
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Chmielewski PP, Borysławski K, Chmielowiec K, Chmielowiec J, Strzelec B. The association between total leukocyte count and longevity: Evidence from longitudinal and cross-sectional data. Ann Anat 2016; 204:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hanson MA, Cooper C, Aihie Sayer A, Eendebak RJ, Clough GF, Beard JR. Developmental aspects of a life course approach to healthy ageing. J Physiol 2016; 594:2147-60. [PMID: 26518329 DOI: 10.1113/jp270579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the mechanistic basis and wider implications of adopting a developmental perspective on human ageing. Previous models of ageing have concentrated on its genetic basis, or the detrimental effects of accumulated damage, but also have raised issues about whether ageing can be viewed as adaptive itself, or is a consequence of other adaptive processes, for example if maintenance and repair processes in the period up to reproduction are traded off against later decline in function. A life course model places ageing in the context of the attainment of peak capacity for a body system, starting in early development when plasticity permits changes in structure and function induced by a range of environmental stimuli, followed by a period of decline, the rate of which depends on the peak attained as well as the later life conditions. Such path dependency in the rate of ageing may offer new insights into its modification. Focusing on musculoskeletal and cardiovascular function, we discuss this model and the possible underlying mechanisms, including endothelial function, oxidative stress, stem cells and nutritional factors such as vitamin D status. Epigenetic changes induced during developmental plasticity, and immune function may provide a common mechanistic process underlying a life course model of ageing. The life course trajectory differs in high and low resource settings. New insights into the developmental components of the life course model of ageing may lead to the design of biomarkers of later chronic disease risk and to new interventions to promote healthy ageing, with important implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hanson
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.,NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, UK
| | - C Cooper
- NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, UK.,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Southampton, UK
| | - A Aihie Sayer
- NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, UK.,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Southampton, UK
| | - R J Eendebak
- Andrology Research Unit, Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Old St Mary's Building, Hathersage Road, Manchester, UK
| | - G F Clough
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J R Beard
- Department of Ageing and Lifecourse, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland
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Bahadir A, Ortakoylu MG, Iliaz S, Kanmaz ZD, Bagci BA, Iliaz R, Caglar E. Prevalence and outcomes of comorbid illnesses in elderly patients with respiratory diseases. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 16:791-6. [PMID: 26178709 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of comorbidities in very elderly patients hospitalized as a result of acute respiratory diseases and to analyze sex-specific differences, and to examine the effects of these comorbidities on their treatment outcomes. METHODS A total of 3316 patients were admitted to our pulmonary inpatient clinic between 2009 and 2011, and 243 of them (aged over 80 years) with acute respiratory disease were included in our study. Data were retrospectively collected, and included demographic features, comorbidities, laboratory findings, length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS In total of 243, 144 patients (59.3%) were men and 99 patients (40.7%) were women. The mean age was 84 ± 3 years. The prevalence of comorbidity was 75.7% (n = 184). The most common comorbid disease in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was congestive heart failure (32.9%), and it was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (49.4%) in patients with pneumonia. The rate of having one comorbidity was 58.2% (n = 107) and 35.3% (n = 65) had two. Approximately half (52.6%) of the in-hospital deaths occurred within the first 48 hours of hospitalization. The number of comorbidities was higher in the deceased patients compared with the living patients (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that the majority of our patients had at least one comorbidity. The first 48 hours of hospitalization was very important, especially for the patients with comorbidities, to determine the need for intensive care unit and prognosis. The coexistence of comorbidities can increase the risk of mortality in the elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 791-796.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Bahadir
- Yedikule Education and Research Hospital for Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mediha Gonenc Ortakoylu
- Yedikule Education and Research Hospital for Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinem Iliaz
- Yedikule Education and Research Hospital for Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Dilek Kanmaz
- Yedikule Education and Research Hospital for Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Belma Akbaba Bagci
- Yedikule Education and Research Hospital for Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Raim Iliaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Caglar
- Yedikule Education and Research Hospital for Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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Vitlic A, Lord JM, Phillips AC. Stress, ageing and their influence on functional, cellular and molecular aspects of the immune system. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9631. [PMID: 24562499 PMCID: PMC4082590 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The immune response is essential for keeping an organism healthy and for defending it from different types of pathogens. It is a complex system that consists of a large number of components performing different functions. The adequate and controlled interaction between these components is necessary for a robust and strong immune response. There are, however, many factors that interfere with the way the immune response functions. Stress and ageing now consistently appear in the literature as factors that act upon the immune system in the way that is often damaging. This review focuses on the role of stress and ageing in altering the robustness of the immune response first separately, and then simultaneously, discussing the effects that emerge from their interplay. The special focus is on the psychological stress and the impact that it has at different levels, from the whole system to the individual molecules, resulting in consequences for physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vitlic
- />School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT England UK
- />MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England UK
| | - Janet M. Lord
- />MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England UK
- />School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England UK
| | - Anna C. Phillips
- />School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT England UK
- />MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England UK
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Vitlic A, Phillips AC, Gallagher S, Oliver C, Lord JM, Moss P. Anticytomegalovirus antibody titres are not associated with caregiving burden in younger caregivers. Br J Health Psychol 2014; 20:68-84. [DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vitlic
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; UK
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Anna C. Phillips
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; University of Birmingham; UK
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Birmingham; UK
| | | | - Chris Oliver
- School of Psychology; University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Janet M. Lord
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; University of Birmingham; UK
- School of Immunity and Infection; University of Birmingham; UK
| | - Paul Moss
- School of Cancer Sciences; University of Birmingham; UK
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Candela M, Biagi E, Brigidi P, O'Toole PW, De Vos WM. Maintenance of a healthy trajectory of the intestinal microbiome during aging: a dietary approach. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 136-137:70-5. [PMID: 24373997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sharing an intense transgenomic metabolism with the host, the intestinal microbiota is an essential factor for several aspects of the human physiology. However, several age-related factors, such as changes diet, lifestyle, inflammation and frailty, force the deterioration of this intestinal microbiota-host mutualistic interaction, compromising the possibility to reach longevity. In this scenario, the NU-AGE project involves the development of dietary interventions specifically tailored to the maintenance of a healthy trajectory of the intestinal microbiome, counteracting all processes connected to the pathophysiology of the human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- Department of Microbiology & Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Willem M De Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, and Departments of Veterinary Biosciences and Bacteriology & Immunology, Helsinki University, Finland
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Nutrition, diet and immunosenescence. Mech Ageing Dev 2013; 136-137:116-28. [PMID: 24373813 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is characterized by immunosenescence and the progressive decline in immunity in association with an increased frequency of infections and chronic disease. This complex process affects both the innate and adaptive immune systems with a progressive decline in most immune cell populations and defects in activation resulting in loss of function. Although host genetics and environmental factors, such as stress, exercise and diet can impact on the onset or course of immunosenescence, the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. This review focusses on identifying the most significant aspects of immunosenescence and on the evidence that nutritional intervention might delay this process, and consequently improve the quality of life of the elderly.
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Tyan YC, Yang MH, Chung TW, Lu CY, Tsai WC, Jong SB. Assessing human urinary proteome using a mass spectrometry-based profiling system combined with magnetic nanoparticles. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 420:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Pennesi G, Morellini M, Lulli P, Cappellacci S, Brioli G, Franceschi C, Trabace S. TCR Vβ repertoire in an Italian longeval population including centenarians. J Am Aging Assoc 2013; 24:63-70. [PMID: 23604877 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-001-0009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last years, the hypothesis that aging and diseases are two distinct phenomena, and that successful aging is possible for most humans, has been put forward. We studied the TCR Vβ repertoire of T lymphocytes of healthy longevals and centenarians as crossing point of genetic predisposition and environmental effects to longevity, using the Spectra-typing method. TCR Vβ1, Vβ8, and Vβ20 were found to be expanded in the longeval population, compared with the younger control population. This repertoire can have been shaped by the selective action of particular HLA alleles, or by the clonal expansion of specific T cell clones, able to modulate the immune response to endogenous and exogenous antigens. Moreover, the skewed Vβ usage and the clonal expansion seem to be the effects of physiological changes occurring with aging and not pathological signs of malignity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pennesi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, Section of Genetics, University of Rome "La Sapienza", c/o L. Spallanzani Hospital, Via Portuense 292, 00128 Rome, Italy ; NEI/NIH, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 10N218, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Biagi E, Candela M, Turroni S, Garagnani P, Franceschi C, Brigidi P. Ageing and gut microbes: perspectives for health maintenance and longevity. Pharmacol Res 2013; 69:11-20. [PMID: 23079287 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ageing process affects the human gut microbiota phylogenetic composition and its interaction with the immune system. Age-related gut microbiota modifications are associated with immunosenescence and inflamm-ageing in a sort of self-sustaining loop, which allows the placement of gut microbiota unbalances among both the causes and the effects of the inflamm-ageing process. Even if, up to now, the link between gut microbiota and the ageing process is only partially understood, the gut ecosystem shows the potential to become a promising target for strategies able to contribute to the health status of older people. In this context, the consumption of pro/prebiotics may be useful in both prevention and treatment of age-related pathophysiological conditions, such as recovery and promotion of immune functions, i.e. adjuvant effect for influenza vaccine, and prevention and/or alleviation of common "winter diseases", as well as constipation and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Moreover, being involved in different mechanisms which concur in counteracting inflammation, such as down-regulation of inflammation-associated genes and improvement of colonic mucosa conditions, probiotics have the potentiality to be involved in the promotion of longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Oxidative stress and immunosenescence: therapeutic effects of melatonin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:670294. [PMID: 23346283 PMCID: PMC3549369 DOI: 10.1155/2012/670294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated deterioration in the immune system, which is referred to as immunosenescence, contributes to an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer in the elderly. A summary of major changes associated with aging in immune system is described in this paper. In general, immunosenescence is characterized by reduced levels of peripheral naïve T cells derived from thymus and the loss of immature B lineage cells in the bone marrow. As for macrophages and granulocytes, they show functional decline with advancing age as evidenced by their diminished phagocytic activity and impairment of superoxide generation. The indole melatonin is mainly secreted in the pineal gland although it has been also detected in many other tissues. As circulating melatonin decreases with age coinciding with the age-related decline of the immune system, much interest has been focused on melatonin's immunomodulatory effect in recent years. Here, we underlie the antioxidant and immunoenhancing actions displayed by melatonin, thereby providing evidence for the potential application of this indoleamine as a “replacement therapy” to limit or reverse some of the effects of the changes that occur during immunosenescence.
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Perrotta RE, Giordano M, Malaguarnera M. Non-melanoma skin cancers in elderly patients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 80:474-80. [PMID: 21602051 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers are a common reality worldwide. The principal cause that determines the occurrence of these diseases is the exposition of the sun, which principally causes an alteration in the immune system. Therefore, it is possible that other forms of innate or acquired alterations of the immune system could favor the occurrence of non-melanoma skin cancers. For example, several studies have demonstrated that immunosenescence creates an immunosuppressive state that encourages the development of malignances, and new discoveries have noted the importance of T cells and in particular of T regulatory cells (Treg) and T receptor CD28 in this mechanism. Similar results are obtained analyzing the effect of immunosuppressive drugs. The importance of the immune system and its alteration in the genesis of non-melanoma skin cancers is fundamental for the creation of a new therapeutic and less invasive approach.
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Fernández-Morera JL, Calvanese V, Rodríguez-Rodero S, Menéndez-Torre E, Fraga MF. Epigenetic regulation of the immune system in health and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 76:431-9. [PMID: 21058938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010.01587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics comprises various mechanisms that mold chromatin structures and regulate gene expression with stability, thus defining cell identity and function and adapting cells to environmental changes. Alteration of these mechanisms contributes to the inception of various pathological conditions. Given the complexity of the immune system, one would predict that a higher-order, supragenetic regulation is indispensable for generation of its constituents and control of its functions. Here, we summarize various aspects of immune system physiology and pathology in which epigenetic pathways have been implicated. Increasing knowledge in this field, together with the development of specific tools with which to manipulate epigenetic pathways, might form a basis for new strategies of immune function modulation, both to optimize immune therapies for infections or cancer and to control immune alterations in aging or autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fernández-Morera
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Agelli M, Clegg LX, Becker JC, Rollison DE. The etiology and epidemiology of merkel cell carcinoma. Curr Probl Cancer 2010; 34:14-37. [PMID: 20371072 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agelli
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Immunosénescence et infections, mythe ou réalité ? Med Mal Infect 2010; 40:307-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Inflammation, aging, and cancer vaccines. Biogerontology 2010; 11:615-26. [PMID: 20455022 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-010-9280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is characterized by a series of changes of immune pathways, including a chronic state of low-grade inflammation. Mounting evidence from experimental and clinical studies suggests that persistent inflammation increases the risk of cancer and the progression of the disease. Cancer vaccination, which came into view in the last years as the most intriguing means of activating an immune response capable of effectively hampering the progression of the preclinical stages of a tumour, has been shown to be less effective in older age than in young adults. Available evidence on the use of inhibitors of inflammation has indicated their potential enhancement of cancer vaccines, suggesting the possibility to improve the low effectiveness of cancer vaccines in old age employing pharmacological or natural compounds-based anti-inflammatory intervention. This review addresses the effects of age and inflammation on cancer development and progression, and speculates as to whether the modulation of inflammation may influence the response to cancer immunization.
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Yan J, Greer JM, Hull R, O'Sullivan JD, Henderson RD, Read SJ, McCombe PA. The effect of ageing on human lymphocyte subsets: comparison of males and females. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2010; 7:4. [PMID: 20233447 PMCID: PMC2858100 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background There is reported to be a decline in immune function and an alteration in the frequency of circulating lymphocytes with advancing age. There are also differences in ageing and lifespan between males and females. We performed this study to see if there were differences between males and females in the frequency of the different lymphocyte subsets with age. Results Using flow cytometry we have examined different populations of peripheral blood leukocytes purified from healthy subjects with age ranging from the third to the tenth decade. We used linear regression analysis to determine if there is a linear relationship between age and cell frequencies. For the whole group, we find that with age there is a significant decline in the percentage of naïve T cells and CD8+ T cells, and an increase in the percentage of effector memory cells, CD4+foxp3+ T cells and NK cells. For all cells where there was an effect of ageing, the slope of the curve was greater for men than for women and this was statistically significant for CD8+αβ+ T cells and CD3+CD45RA-CCR7- effector memory cells. There was also a difference for naïve cells but this was not significant. Conclusion The cause of the change in percentage of lymphocyte subsets with age, and the different effects on males and females is not fully understood but warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Zlamy M, Prelog M. Thymectomy in early childhood: a model for premature T cell immunosenescence? Rejuvenation Res 2010; 12:249-58. [PMID: 19673593 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2009.0864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the main source of recent thymic emigrants (RTE) and naïve T cells. The aging of the immune system (immunosenescence) is characterized by loss of thymic function, decreased numbers of RTE, peripheral proliferation of mature T cells, and oligoclonal expansions of specific T cell subpopulations. As shown in several studies, thymectomized patients demonstrate signs of premature immunosenescence reminiscent of aged people, such as decreased proportions of naïve T cells and RTE, a compensatory increase of mature T cell subpopulations with increased proliferation rates, restriction of the T cell receptor repertoire, and a delayed response to new antigens and vaccinations. This review demonstrates that, despite some limitations, childhood thymectomy may serve as an useful model for premature immunosenescence, mimicking changes expected after physiological thymus involution in the elderly. Thus, it may prove an insightful tool for obtaining better understanding of human naïve T cell development, thymic function, and maintenance of the naïve T cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zlamy
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatrics I, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
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Naeger DM, Martin JN, Sinclair E, Hunt PW, Bangsberg DR, Hecht F, Hsue P, McCune JM, Deeks SG. Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells persist at very high levels during long-term antiretroviral treatment of HIV disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8886. [PMID: 20126452 PMCID: PMC2813282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In healthy, HIV seronegative, CMV seropositive adults, a large proportion of T cells are CMV-specific. High-level CMV-specific T cell responses are associated with accelerated immunologic aging (“immunosenesence”) in the elderly population. The impact of untreated and treated HIV infection on the frequency of these cells remains undefined. Methodology/Principal Findings We measured the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells responding to CMV pp65 and IE proteins was measured using flow cytometry in 685 unique HIV seronegative and seropositive individuals. The proportion of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells was consistently higher in the HIV-seropositive subjects compared to the HIV-seronegative subjects. This HIV effect was observed even in patients who lacked measurable immunodeficiency. Among the HIV-seropositive subjects, CMV-specific CD8+ T cell responses were proportionately lower during recent infection, higher during chronic untreated infection and higher still during long-term antiretroviral treated infection. The CD8+ T cell response to just two CMV proteins (pp65 and IE) was approximately 6% during long-term therapy, which was over twice that seen in HIV-seronegative persons. CMV-specific CD4+ T cell responses followed the same trends, but the magnitude of the effect was smaller. Conclusions/Significance Long-term successfully treated HIV infected patients have remarkably high levels of CMV-specific effector cells. These levels are similar to that observed in the elderly, but occur at much younger ages. Future studies should focus on defining the potential role of the CMV-specific inflammatory response in non-AIDS morbidity and mortality, including immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Naeger
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David R. Bangsberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Initiative for Global Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Frederick Hecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Priscilla Hsue
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. McCune
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Barnum CJ, Tansey MG. Modeling neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 184:113-32. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)84006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Yang MH, Lo LH, Chen YH, Shiea J, Wu PC, Tyan YC, Jong YJ. Study of human neutrophil peptides in saliva by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3220-3226. [PMID: 19718776 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry is used to rapidly characterize the human neutrophil peptides - HNP 1, 2, and 3 - in saliva. The saliva excreted from the parotid and sublingual/submandibular glands of 70 individuals were collected and examined using MALDI-TOF. The MALDI approach requires no sample pretreatment other than mixing the saliva-absorbing material with the matrix and drying under ambient conditions. Tissue paper was the best material for collecting the saliva samples because of its strong texture and high absorbance, and sinapinic acid was the best MALDI matrix for the analysis of the HNPs. HNPs were detected in almost all the samples collected from the parotid glands, with no obvious differences among age or gender. In contrast, the distribution of the HNPs in the samples collected from the sublingual/submandibular glands was age-dependent: no HNPs were detected for those collected from individuals younger than 30, but the HNPs were present in all of the samples collected from those older than 60 years. The increased probability of detecting saliva HNPs with age suggests that HNPs may function as a biomarker for aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
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Malaguarnera L, Cristaldi E, Malaguarnera M. The role of immunity in elderly cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 74:40-60. [PMID: 19577481 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of malignancies in elderly patients living in industrialized countries has led to both identify the causes that alter the normal homeostatic balance in elderly and designate the specific treatments. The progressive decline of the immune system (immunosenescence) involving cellular and molecular alterations impact both innate and adaptive immunity. The immunosenescence leads to increased incidence of infectious diseases morbidity and mortality as well as heightened rates of other immune disorders such as autoimmunity, cancer, and inflammatory conditions. Here, we summarize the knowledge on the major changes in the immune system associated with aging in primary lymphoid organs as well as a description of molecular mechanisms, and the impact on cancer development.
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