1
|
Oliveira-Filho AB, Frade PCR, Fonseca RRDS, Sawada L, Martins LC, Machado LFA, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak R, de Lemos JAR, Fischer B, Kupek E. Spread of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 Among Relatives of People Who Use Illicit Drugs in Northern Brazil. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889948. [PMID: 35722295 PMCID: PMC9205188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) can be transmitted between humans by mechanisms associated with horizontal and vertical routes. Recently, high prevalence rates and levels of genetic diversity for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected among people who use illicit drugs (PWUDs) in the Brazilian state of Pará. None of the PWUDs with HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 were aware of their carrier condition of the retrovirus, and they ability to spread it to their family group, sexual partners, and other contacts. Thus, this study evaluated the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in families of PWUDs in the state of Pará, in Northern Brazil. This descriptive study used convenience sampling and accessed 37 PWUDs and their respective families (n = 97) in 18 municipalities in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. All participants provided personal data and were tested for the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blotting. HTLV positive samples were selected for Nested-PCR, and viral genotyping by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 infections were detected in 15 families of PWUDs: 27 family members of PWUDs were infected with HTLV-1 (27.8%) and another 20 of them with HTLV-2 (20.6%). Subtypes 1a [subgroup A (54.5%)], 2b (20.5%), and 2c (25.0%) were detected. High horizontal (76.9%) and vertical (61.4%) transmission rates of HTLV were ascertained. Factors that facilitate the acquisition and transmission of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were reported by the participants, such as long-term relationships, unprotected sex, breastfeeding, and lack of knowledge about the condition of being a carrier of the retrovirus. Evidence indicates intrafamilial transmission of HTLV from PWUDs to members of their respective families. Key interventions should urgently be employed for the control and prevention of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 to reduce the spread of this retrovirus in PWUDs and the general population in Northern Brazil and elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho,
| | | | | | - Leila Sawada
- Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Luísa Caricio Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Benedikt Fischer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gonçalves MG, Fukasawa LO, Campos KR, Higa FT, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Development and Validation of Multiplex Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assays for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, Using Different PCR Platforms and Reagent Brands. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831594. [PMID: 35369428 PMCID: PMC8965094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil currently has the highest number of individuals infected with human T-lymphotropic virus 1- and 2- (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) globally. At present, neither molecular protocols nor commercial assays are available for HTLV-1/-2 diagnosis or validated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health regulatory agency (ANVISA). We developed and validated two in-house multiplex quantitative real-time PCR for HTLV-1/-2 (mqPCR_HTLV) assays, targeting the pol and tax genes, for the simultaneous identification of HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and the albumin reference gene. The robustness of the assays was evaluated on two platforms using seven commercial master mix formulations. The reactions employed double plasmids (pHTLV1-Alb and pHTLV2-Alb) for the standard curve’s construction and for expressing the detection limit of the assays. They were able to detect 10 and 10 copies of HTLV-1 and 10 and 70 copies of HTLV-2 for the tax and pol targets, respectively. High efficiency was obtained using both the platforms and all the reagents evaluated and were successfully reproduced by other analysts. DNA samples from HTLV-1/-2-infected and non-infected patients and from HIV/HTLV-coinfected patients were evaluated to determine the feasibility of their use in routine diagnosis. The mqPCR_HTLV (pol and tax) assays demonstrated an overall specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 97.4% when testing samples from patients without HIV infection, and sensitivities of 77.1% (pol) and 74.6% (tax) in samples from HIV/HTLV-coinfected patients. In addition, they resolved the issue of HTLV western blotting (WB) indeterminate and WB-untyped results in 45.5 and 66.7% of cases, respectively. The developed mqPCR_HTLV (pol and tax) assays indicated their feasibility for efficient and reliable HTLV diagnosis in various core facility laboratories under different conditions and supplies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucila Okuyama Fukasawa
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Takenori Higa
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Caterino-de-Araujo A, Campos KR, Petrucci TVB, da Silva RX, Lemos MF, Moreira RC. Surveillance of human retroviruses in blood samples from patients with hepatitis B and C in São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20190378. [PMID: 32049201 PMCID: PMC7083377 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0378-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human retroviruses and the hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively) share routes of transmission; thus, coinfections occur and could alter subsequent disease outcomes. A preliminary study on human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) in serum samples from HBV- and HCV-infected individuals in São Paulo revealed 1.3% and 5.3% rates of coinfection, respectively. These percentages were of concern since they were detected in HTLV-endemic regions and in high-risk individuals in Brazil. The present study was conducted to extend and confirm these data. METHODS HTLV-1/2 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status were identified in 1,984 sera for HBV and HCV viral load quantification - 1,290 samples from HBV-infected individuals (53.3% men, mean age: 47.1 years) and 694 samples from HCV-infected individuals (56.3% men, mean age: 50.1 years). HTLV-1/2 antibodies were detected by enzyme immunoassay, followed by western blotting and line immunoassay; HIV infection was detected by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS HTLV-1/-2 infection was detected in 1.9% HBV-infected individuals (0.7% HTLV-1 and 1.2% HTLV-2) and in 4.0% (2.4% HTLV-1 and 1.6% HTLV-2) HCV-infected individuals; HIV infection was detected in 9.2% and 14.5%, respectively. Strong associations with HTLV and HIV, male sex, and older age were found in HBV/HTLV and HCV/HTLV-coinfected individuals (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were confirmed to be prevalent in individuals with HBV and HCV in São Paulo; coinfected individuals deserve further clinical and laboratory investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto
Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de
São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto
Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de
São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Tamirez Villas Boas Petrucci
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto
Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de
São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rafael Xavier da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto
Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de
São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcílio Figueiredo Lemos
- Laboratório de Hepatites, Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão
Sanguínea e Sexual, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de
Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil
| | - Regina Célia Moreira
- Laboratório de Hepatites, Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão
Sanguínea e Sexual, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de
Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Line Immunoassay for Confirmation and Discrimination of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Infections in Inconclusive Western Blot Serum Samples from Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 58:JCM.01384-19. [PMID: 31597749 PMCID: PMC6935901 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01384-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Difficulties in confirming and discriminating human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 infections by serological Western blot (WB) assays (HTLV Blot 2.4; MP Biomedicals) have been reported in Brazil, mainly in HIV/AIDS patients, with a large number of WB-indeterminate and WB-positive but HTLV-untypeable results. Nonetheless, a line immunoassay (LIA) (INNO-LIA HTLV-I/II; Fujirebio) provided enhanced specificity and sensitivity for confirming HTLV-1/2 infections. Difficulties in confirming and discriminating human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 infections by serological Western blot (WB) assays (HTLV Blot 2.4; MP Biomedicals) have been reported in Brazil, mainly in HIV/AIDS patients, with a large number of WB-indeterminate and WB-positive but HTLV-untypeable results. Nonetheless, a line immunoassay (LIA) (INNO-LIA HTLV-I/II; Fujirebio) provided enhanced specificity and sensitivity for confirming HTLV-1/2 infections. To add information concerning the improved ability of the LIA in relation to WB when applied to samples of individuals from different risk groups from Brazil, we performed the present study. Three groups were analyzed: group 1 (G1), with 62 samples from HIV/AIDS patients from São Paulo, SP (48 WB indeterminate and 14 HTLV untypeable); group 2 (G2), with 24 samples from patients with hepatitis B or hepatitis C from São Paulo (21 WB indeterminate and 3 HTLV untypeable; 17 HIV seropositive); and group 3 (G3), with 25 samples from an HTLV outpatient clinic in Salvador, Bahia (16 WB indeterminate and 9 HTLV untypeable; all HIV seronegative). Overall, the LIA confirmed HTLV-1/2 infection (HTLV-1, HTLV-2, or HTLV) in 66.1% (G1), 83.3% (G2), and 76.0% (G3) of samples. Interestingly, the majority of WB-indeterminate results were confirmed by the LIA as being HTLV-2 positive in G1 and G2 but not in G3, in which the samples were defined as being HTLV-1 or HTLV positive. These results agree with the virus types that circulate in such patients of different regions in Brazil and emphasize that the LIA is the best serological test for confirming HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections, independently of being applied in HTLV-monoinfected or HTLV-coinfected individuals.
Collapse
|
5
|
Marcon CEM, Campos KR, Silva GBD, Schuelter-Trevisol F, Schlindwein AD, Trevisol DJ, Caterino-de-Araujo A. The first survey of human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) in HIV/AIDS patients in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019; 61:e53. [PMID: 31618373 PMCID: PMC6792353 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Santa Catarina is a Brazilian State that has reported the lowest prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV-1/2) in blood donors (0.04%). Although it presents ports, airports and roads that facilitate the entrance and dissemination of new infectious agents, no information exists concerning the HTLV-1/2 infections in HIV/AIDS patients. This study searched for HTLV-1/2 antibodies in plasma samples of 625 HIV/AIDS patients from the municipality of Tubarao (Southern Santa Catarina), and disclosed 1.1% of positivity (0.48% HTLV-1, 0.48% HTLV-2 and 0.16% untypeable HTLV), and a positive correlation with the male sex (OR 4.16) and intravenous drug use (OR 35.18). Although the percentage of 1.1% appears to be low, it is 27.5 times higher than the percentage detected in blood donors. Since HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are circulating in HIV-infected individuals in Southern Santa Catarina, and these retroviruses could cause a differently impact on the HIV/AIDS outcomes, the surveillance of HTLV-1/2 is necessary, and it could support public health policies in preventing the transmission and dissemination of these viruses in this State.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doença, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bassi da Silva
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doença, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Schuelter-Trevisol
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aline Daiane Schlindwein
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daisson José Trevisol
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doença, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Campos KR, Gonçalves MG, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Short Communication: Failures in Detecting HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in Patients Infected with HIV-1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:382-385. [PMID: 27750018 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in retrovirus acquisition/transmission behaviors have been reported in Brazil, with a concerning increase in HIV-1-infected individuals aged 15-39 years. In São Paulo, HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfections have been associated with intravenous drug use and failure to detect HTLV-1/2 (human T cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2) with immunosuppression and the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Negative results for HTLV serologic [western blotting (WB)] and molecular [real-time PCR pol (qPCR)] confirmatory assays have been reported, whereas the best sensitivity has been found for INNO-LIA (LIA). In this study, we expand our previous data by analyzing a group of young patients (n = 1,383; median age 35.6 years) who recently acquired HIV by sexual contact, the majority of whom were HAART naïve, and comparing the performances of four HTLV confirmatory assays: LIA, WB, qPCR, and PCR-RFLP (tax). We confirmed HTLV infection in 58 (4.2%) blood samples: 29 HTLV-1, 24 HTLV-2, 1 HTLV-1+HTLV-2, and 4 HTLV. LIA, WB, qPCR, and PCR-RFLP sensitivities were 94.8%, 82.8%, 79.2%, and 74.5%, respectively. Associations of HTLV infection with female gender (OR = 2.28, 1.31-4.00) and age >40 years (p < .0001) were detected. The results confirm the low sensitivities of molecular assays and the best performance of LIA in detecting HTLV-1/2 in such patients. We hypothesize that the negative PCR results are due to the presence of defective provirus and/or low proviral load circulating in such patients, with inconclusive WB coinciding with the seroconversion period. Corroborating the associations obtained, repeated exposure is required for HTLV sexual transmission/acquisition, which is more efficient from male to female.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Campos KR, Gonçalves MG, Costa NA, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Comparative performances of serologic and molecular assays for detecting human T lymphotropic virus type 1 and type 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Braz J Infect Dis 2017; 21:297-305. [PMID: 28343818 PMCID: PMC9428028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated several techniques currently available (commercial kits and in-house assays) for diagnosing human T lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 in two groups of patients enrolled at HIV/AIDS specialized care services in São Paulo: Group 1 (G1), n = 1608, 1237 male/371 female, median age 44.3 years old, majority using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); G2, n = 1383, 930 male/453 female, median age of 35.6 years old, majority HAART naïve. Enzyme immunoassays [(EIA) Murex and Gold ELISA] were employed for human T lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 screening; Western blotting (WB), INNO-LIA (LIA), real-time PCR pol (qPCR), and nested-PCR-RFLP (tax) were used to confirm infection. Samples were considered human T lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 positive when there was reactivity using at least one of the four confirmatory assays. By serological screening, 127/2991 samples were positive or borderline, and human T lymphotropic virus infection was confirmed in 108 samples (three EIA-borderline): 56 human T lymphotropic virus type 1 [G1 (27) + G2 (29)]; 45 human T lymphotropic virus type 2 [G1 (21) + G2 (24)]; one human T lymphotropic virus type 1 + human T lymphotropic virus type 2 (G2); six human T lymphotropic virus [G1 (2) + G2 (4)]. Although there were differences in group characteristics, human T lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 prevalence was similar [3.1% (G1) and 4.2% (G2), p = 0.113]. The overall sensitivities of LIA, WB, qPCR, and PCR-RFLP were 97.2%, 82.4%, 68.9%, and 68.4%, respectively, with some differences among groups, likely due to the stage of human T lymphotropic virus infection and/or HAART duration. Indeterminate immunoblotting results were detected in G2, possibly due to the seroconversion period. Negative results in molecular assays could be explained by the use of HAART, the occurrence of defective provirus and/or the low circulating proviral load. In conclusion, when determining the human T lymphotropic virus infection, the findings highlight that there is a need to consider the blood samples with borderline results in screening assays. Of all the tested assays, LIA was the assay of choice for detecting human T lymphotropic virus type 1 and human T lymphotropic virus type 2 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nadia Aparecida Costa
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Caterino-de-Araujo A, Sacchi CT, Gonçalves MG, Campos KR, Magri MC, Alencar WK. Short Communication: Current Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Infections Among HIV/AIDS Patients in São Paulo, Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:543-9. [PMID: 25464979 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 1990s, high prevalences of HIV/human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HIV/human T lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) coinfections were detected in São Paulo, Brazil in association with intravenous drug use (IDU). The current prevalences and risk factors for HIV/HTLV-1/-2 were evaluated in 1,608 patients attending the AIDS/STD Reference and Training Center in São Paulo. Blood samples were analyzed for HTLV-1/2-specific antibodies using enzyme immunoassays (EIA Murex HTLV-I+II, Diasorin, and Gold ELISA HTLV-I+II, REM) and immunoblotting (HTLV Blot 2.4, MP Biomedicals and INNO-LIA HTLV-I/II, Innogenetics) and for the pol proviral DNA segments of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 by "in-house" real-time PCR. These analyses revealed that 50 (3.11%) of the samples were HTLV positive, including 25 (1.55%) that were HTLV-1 positive, 21 (1.31%) that were HTLV-2 positive, and 4 (0.25%) that were HTLV positive (untypeable). The median age of the HIV/HTLV-coinfected individuals was 50 years versus 44 years in the overall population (p=0.000). The risk factors associated with HIV/HTLV-1/-2 coinfections were female gender (OR 3.26, 1.78-5.95), black/pardo color (OR 2.21, 1.21-4.03), infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) (OR 4.27, 2.32-7.87) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) (OR 24.40, 12.51-48.11), and intravenous drug use (IDU) (OR 30.01, 15.21-59.29). The current low prevalence of HTLV-1/2 in HIV-infected patients in São Paulo could be explained in part by programs providing IDUs with sterile needles and syringes and changes in the drug usage patterns of individuals from injecting cocaine to smoking crack cocaine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tavares Sacchi
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cavalheiro Magri
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por Vírus–LIM 47, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wong Kuen Alencar
- Vigilância Epidemiológica, Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/Aids de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
A new and frequent human T-cell leukemia virus indeterminate Western blot pattern: epidemiological determinants and PCR results in central African inhabitants. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1663-72. [PMID: 22403426 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06540-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) indeterminate Western blot (WB) serological patterns are frequently observed in plasma/serum from persons living in intertropical areas. In the framework of ongoing projects on HTLV-1/2 and related viruses in Central Africa, we systematically analyzed plasma from villagers living in South Cameroon by WB. The group included 1,968 individuals (mean age, 44 years; age range, 5 to 90 years; 978 women/990 men), both Bantus (1,165) and Pygmies (803). Plasma samples were tested by WB analysis (MPD HTLV Blot 2.4) and interpreted according to the manufacturer's instructions. Only clear bands were considered in the analysis. Among the 1,968 plasma samples, 38 (1.93%) were HTLV-1, 13 (0.66%) were HTLV-2, and 6 (0.3%) were HTLV WB seropositive. Furthermore, 1,292 (65.65%) samples were WB sero-indeterminate, including 104 (5.28%) with an HTLV-1 Gag-indeterminate pattern (HGIP) and 68 (3.45%) with a peculiar yet unreported pattern exhibiting mostly a strong shifted GD21 and a p28. The other 619 (31.45%) samples were either WB negative or exhibited other patterns, mostly with unique p19 or p24 bands. DNA, extracted from peripheral blood buffy coat, was subjected to PCR using several primer pairs known to detect HTLV-1/2/3/4. Most DNAs from HTLV-1- and HTLV-seropositive individuals were PCR positive. In contrast, all the others, from persons with HTLV-2, HGIP, new WB, and other indeterminate patterns, were PCR negative. Epidemiological determinant analysis of the persons with this new peculiar WB pattern revealed that seroprevalence was independent from age, sex, or ethnicity, thus resembling the indeterminate profile HGIP rather than HTLV-1. Moreover, this new pattern persists over time.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abrams A, Akahata Y, Jacobson S. The prevalence and significance of HTLV-I/II seroindeterminate Western blot patterns. Viruses 2011; 3:1320-31. [PMID: 21994781 PMCID: PMC3185804 DOI: 10.3390/v3081320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infects an estimated 15–20 million persons worldwide. A number of diseases have been associated with the virus including adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), HTLV-I uveitis, and HTLV-I-associated infective dermatitis. Once it was shown that there is an increased risk for developing HAM/TSP associated with blood transfusion, screening for HTLV-1 among blood banks was implemented in Japan, United States, France, and the Netherlands. This process includes detection by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) followed by a confirmatory Western blot (WB) in which recombinant proteins specific for HTLV-I Env glycoproteins are incorporated into WB strips. HTLV-I seropositive results are defined by the presence of antibodies against either gp46 or gp62/68 (both Env protein bands) and either p19, p24, or p53 (one of the gag bands). HTLV-II seropositivity is confirmed by the presence of rgp46-II. However, numerous cases have been documented in which serum samples are reactive by EIA, but an incomplete banding pattern is displayed by subsequent confirmatory WB. Although the significance of these HTLV-I/II seroindeterminates is unclear, it may suggest a much higher incidence of exposure to HTLV-I/II than previously estimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Abrams
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Olah I, Fukumori LMI, Smid J, de Oliveira ACP, Duarte AJS, Casseb J. Neither molecular diversity of the envelope, immunosuppression status, nor proviral load causes indeterminate HTLV western blot profiles in samples from human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2)-infected individuals. J Med Virol 2010; 82:837-42. [PMID: 20336719 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) is considered of low pathogenicity, serological diagnosis is important for counseling and monitoring. The confirmatory tests most used are Western blot (WB) and PCR. However, in high-risk populations, about 50% of the indeterminate WB were HTLV-2 positives by PCR. The insensitivity of the WB might be due to the use of recombinant proteins of strains that do not circulate in our country. Another possibility may be a high level of immunosuppression, which could lead to low production of virus, resulting in low stimulation of antibody. We found one mutation, proline to serine in the envelope region in the position 184, presented at least 1/3 of the samples, independent the indeterminate WB profile. In conclusion, we found no correlation of immune state, HTLV-2 proviral load, or env diversity in the K55 region and WB indeterminate results. We believe that the only WB kit available in the market is probably more accurate to detect HTLV-1 antibodies, and some improvement for HTLV-2 detection should be done in the future, especially among high-risk population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Olah
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunology, São Paulo University Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jacob F, Magri MC, Costa EA, Santos-Fortuna E, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Comparison of signal-to-cutoff values in first, second, and third generation enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of HTLV-1/2 infection in “at-risk” individuals from São Paulo, Brazil. J Virol Methods 2009; 159:288-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
13
|
Quispe NCS, Feria EB, Santos-Fortuna EDL, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Confirming the presence of HTLV-1 infection and the absence of HTLV-2 in blood donors from Arequipa, Peru. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 51:25-9. [PMID: 19229387 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652009000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies conducted in Peru disclosed HTLV-1 to be prevalent in different ethnic groups, and found HTLV-2 in some Amazonian Indians and in men who have sex with men. No data concerning HTLV-1/2 infection in blood donors from Arequipa, a highlands region in southern Peru, is available. We searched for the presence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 antibodies in 2,732 serum samples obtained from blood donors from this geographic area. HTLV-1/2-specific antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and were confirmed by Western blot (WB). Reactive sera had their blood bags discarded from donation, and the demographic characteristics of the donors were analyzed. Thirty-five sera (1.2%) were HTLV seroreactive by ELISA, and 25 were confirmed HTLV-1-positive by WB. One serum disclosed HTLV-positivity, and the remaining nine serum samples showed indeterminate results by WB; three of which had an HTLV-1 indeterminate Gag profile. The median age of HTLV-positive individuals was 34.6 years; 27 were male and eight were female. All individuals were from southern Peru: 27 from Arequipa, five from Puno, and three from Cuzco. HTLV co-positivity with hepatitis B (five sera) and syphilis (one serum) were detected. Previous transfusion and tattooing were observed in two and one individuals, respectively. No serum was positive for HTLV/HIV co-infection. This study confirmed, for the first time, HTLV-1 infection and the absence of HTLV-2 infection in blood donors from Arequipa, Peru and suggests vertical transmission as the major route of HTLV-1 transmission and acquisition in this geographic region.
Collapse
|
14
|
Costa JMP, Segurado AC. Molecular evidence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) infections in HTLV seroindeterminate individuals from São Paulo, Brazil. J Clin Virol 2009; 44:185-9. [PMID: 19188090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using enzyme immunoassays and Western blot (Wb) tests, HTLV serodiagnosis yields indeterminate results in a significant number of cases. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of HTLV infection among HTLV-seroindeterminate individuals. STUDY DESIGN We studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 65 anti-HTLV Wb-seroindeterminate individuals by attempting to amplify proviral DNA sequences (tax and pol) to identify HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections. RESULTS These 65 specimens exhibited predominantly (43%) anti-HTLV antibodies to gag-coded antigens in the absence of anti-p24 on Wb analysis. Tax proviral sequences were detected in 6 (9.2%) samples. According to restricted fragment polymorphism analysis (RFLP), we identified HTLV-1 proviral DNA in 4 samples, HTLV-2 in one and sequences from both in another. Nested PCR for the pol region was positive in 3 (4.6%) specimens, which were also positive for tax sequences. After hybridization HTLV-1 infection was confirmed in 2 samples (3.1%) and HTLV-2 in another (1.5%). Detection of a single HTLV DNA sequence may be due to infection by defective provirus, but its significance remains undefined. In this cohort, no Wb reactivity pattern was predictive of proviral detection. HTLV-1 infection was demonstrated in an individual who had Wb reactivity to gag-coded antigens only. CONCLUSIONS This emphasizes the importance of clinical and laboratory follow-up of HTLV-seroindeterminate individuals from endemic areas.
Collapse
|
15
|
Caterino-de-Araujo A. Best screening assays for the diagnosis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 in South America. J Virol Methods 2008; 156:150-1. [PMID: 18992771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Immunology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, 11 degrees andar, 01246-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jacob F, Santos-Fortuna E, Azevedo RS, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Serological patterns and temporal trends of HTLV-1/2 infection in high-risk populations attending Public Health Units in São Paulo, Brazil. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:149-55. [PMID: 18346935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HTLV-1/2 diagnosis in high-risk populations from São Paulo, Brazil has been problematic due a high proportion of seroindeterminate results. OBJECTIVES To confirm and extend previous findings regarding HTLV-1/2 diagnosis in this geographic area. STUDY DESIGN Sera from 2312 patients were tested for HTLV-1/2 antibodies using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot (WB) analysis. Patients were from AIDS Reference Centers (Group I; 1393 patients) and HTLV out-patient clinics (Group II; 919 patients). Results were analyzed according to patients' age, gender, and clinic type. RESULTS HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected in both groups. Among seropositive females, HTLV-2 was slightly more common in Group I (54.5%), while HTLV-1 prevailed in Group II (73.9%). Males from Group II had a higher percentage of HTLV-seroindeterminate results. No correlation between HTLV serological results and age was detected. Temporal analyses disclosed a high number of HTLV-seroindeterminate samples, and a large spectrum of indeterminate WB profiles. GD21 and/or rgp46-II bands were detected in 34.6% of sera from Group I, and a p24 or p19 band was detected in 35.3% of sera from Group II. CONCLUSIONS High rates of HTLV-indeterminate serological patterns during temporal analyses were confirmed in high-risk populations from São Paulo, Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Jacob
- Immunology Department, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 355, 11 andar, 01246-902 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Morimoto HK, Morimoto AA, Reiche EMV, Ueda LT, Matsuo T, Reiche FV, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Difficulties in the diagnosis of HTLV-2 infection in HIV/AIDS patients from Brazil: comparative performances of serologic and molecular assays, and detection of HTLV-2b subtype. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008; 49:225-30. [PMID: 17823751 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652007000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current diagnosis of human T-lymphotropic virus type-2 (HTLV-2) infection is based on the search of specific antibodies; nevertheless, several studies conducted in Brazil pointed deficiencies of the commercially available kits in detecting HTLV-2, mostly in HIV/AIDS patients. This study searched for the presence of HTLV-1 and -2 in 758 HIV/AIDS patients from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Serum samples were screened for HTLV-1/2 antibodies using two EIA kits (Vironostika and Murex), and confirmed by WB (HTLV Blot 2.4, Genelabs). The results obtained by EIA disclosed 49 (6.5%) reactive sera: 43 positive by both EIA kits, and six with discordant results. WB confirmed HTLV-1 infection in seven samples (0.9%) and HTLV-2 in 21 sera (2.8%). Negative and indeterminate results were detected in four (0.5%) and 16 (2.1%) sera, respectively. Blood from 47 out of 49 HTLV seroreactive patients were collected and analyzed for the presence of env, LTR and tax genomic segments of HTLVs by PCR. PCR confirmed six cases of HTLV-1 and 37 cases of HTLV-2 infection (14 out of 16 that were found to be WB indeterminate). Restriction analysis of the env PCR products of HTLV-2 disclosed 36 isolates of HTLV-2a/c subtype, and one of HTLV-2b subtype. These results emphasize the need of improving serologic tests for detecting truly HTLV-2 infected patients from Brazil, and confirm the presence of HTLV-2b subtype in the South of this country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kaminami Morimoto
- Departamento de Patologia, Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Jacob F, Santos-Fortuna EDL, Azevedo RS, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Performances of HTLV serological tests in diagnosing HTLV infection in high-risk population of São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49:361-4. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652007000600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Testing problems in diagnosing human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection, mostly HTLV-II, have been documented in HIV/AIDS patients. Since December 1998, the Immunology Department of Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL) offers HTLV-I/II serology to Public Health Units that attend HTLV high-risk individuals. Two thousand, three hundred and twelve serum samples: 1,393 from AIDS Reference Centers (Group I), and 919 from HTLV out-patient clinics (Group II) were sent to IAL for HTLV-I/II antibodies detection. The majority of them were screened by two enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), and confirmed by Western Blot (WB 2.4, Genelabs). Seven different EIA kits were employed during the period, and according to WB results, the best performance was obtained by EIAs that contain HTLV-I and HTLV-II viral lysates and rgp21 as antigens. Neither 1st and 2nd, nor 3rd generation EIA kits were 100% sensitive in detecting truly HTLV-I/II reactive samples. HTLV-I and HTLV-II prevalence rates of 3.3% and 2.5% were detected in Group I, and of 9.6% and 3.6% in Group II, respectively. High percentages of HTLV-seroindeterminate WB sera were detected in both Groups. The algorithm testing to be employed in HTLV high-risk population from São Paulo, Brazil, needs the use of two EIA kits of different formats and compounds as screening, and because of high seroindeterminate WB, may be another confirmatory assay.
Collapse
|
20
|
Novoa P, Penalva de Oliveira AC, Posada Vergara MP, da Silva Duarte AJ, Casseb J. Molecular characterization of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-II) from people living in urban areas of Sao Paulo city: Evidence of multiple subtypes circulation. J Med Virol 2006; 79:182-7. [PMID: 17177305 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and type II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) are co-circulating and possess approximately 65% homology, which results in high cross-reactivity in serological tests. Based on the detection of EIA and Western blot (WB) tests, HTLV serodiagnosis yields indeterminate results in high-risk population, with the true determination of HTLV-II prevalence requiring a combined serological and molecular analysis. Molecular analysis of HTLV-II isolates has shown the existence of four distinct subtypes: IIa, IIb, IIc, and IId. The aim of this study was to evaluate the routine EIA and WB used in Sao Paulo city, as well as molecular methods for confirmation of infection and HTLV-II subtype distribution. RESULTS Two hundred ninety-three individuals, who were enrolled in the HTLV out-clinic in Sao Paulo city, Brazil, between July 1997 and May 2003, were tested by EIAs, and positive sera 232 (79%) reactive by one of the tests. When these sera were tested by WB revealed 134 were HTLV-I, 28 HTLV-II, 4 HTLV-I/II, and 48 were indeterminate. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the indeterminate group showed that 20 (42%) were HTLV-II and 28 were negative. From a total of 48 HTLV-II subjects with DNA available, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the env region revealed 47 HTLV-IIa and 1 HTLV-IIb. The phylogenetic analysis was performed on 23 samples, which identified 19 as subtype a, Brazilian subcluster, and 4 as subtype b. This is the first time HTLV-II subtype b has been described in Brazil. However, further studies, such as a complete nucleotide DNA sequencing, need to be done to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Novoa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases Emilio Ribas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shuh M, Beilke M. The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1): New insights into the clinical aspects and molecular pathogenesis of adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). Microsc Res Tech 2005; 68:176-96. [PMID: 16276549 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus to be identified in the early 1980s. The isolation and identification of a related virus, HTLV-2, and the distantly related human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immediately followed. Of the three retroviruses, two are associated definitively with specific diseases, HIV, with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HTLV-1, with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). While an estimated 10-20 million people worldwide are infected with HTLV-I, infection is endemic in the Caribbean, parts of Africa, southwestern Japan, and Italy. Approximately 4% of HTLV-I infected individuals develop ATLL, a disease with a poor prognosis. The clinical manifestations of infection and the current biology of HTLV viruses with emphasis on HTLV-1 are discussed in detail. The implications for improvements in diagnosis, treatment, intervention, and vaccination are included, as well as a discussion of the emergence of HTLV-1 and -2 as copathogens among HIV-1-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Shuh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Morimoto HK, Caterino-De-Araujo A, Morimoto AA, Reiche EMV, Ueda LT, Matsuo T, Stegmann JW, Reiche FV. Seroprevalence and risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients attending AIDS referral center health units in Londrina and other communities in Paraná, Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:256-62. [PMID: 15943567 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The municipality of Londrina ranks second in the number of AIDS cases in the state of Paraná, Brazil, with the Ministry of Health notified of 1070 cases from 1984 to 2002. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for HTLV-1/2 infection in HIV-infected patients attending the AIDS Reference Center serving Londrina (and surrounding region), Paraná, Brazil. Data concerning sociodemographic conditions and risk factors were collected from 784 HIV-infected patients, using a questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained from 758 of the patients and subjected to serologic screening tests for the determination of HTLV-1/2, as well as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis. Most patients were white (mean age, 35.9 years); 55.9% were males and 44.1% were females. The most frequent sexually transmitted disease was gonorrhea (28.5%), followed by syphilis (14.3%) and condyloma (12.2%). The major risk factors associated with the acquisition of retroviruses were sexual contact (84.8%) and intravenous drug use (IDU, 11.9%). The overall infection seroprevalence was 6.4% for HTLV-1/2, 37.2% for HBV, 21.0% for HCV, and 24.4% for syphilis. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections were confirmed in 0.8 and 4.9% of patients, respectively. HIV/HTLV-1/2 coinfection was more frequent in IDUs (59.2% of cases) and was strongly associated with HCV (22.60 [95% CI, 10.35-49.35]). A weak association with HBV (2.09 [95% CI, 1.13-3.90]) and no association with syphilis were observed. The results showed that human retroviruses are circulating in southern Brazil, mainly among white people of both genders of low socioeconomic conditions and educational level. Although the sexual route was considered to be the major risk factor for HIV infection, HTLV-1/2 infection was strongly associated with IDU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena K Morimoto
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, 86038-440 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Caterino-de-Araujo A, Carbone PH, Martinelli FL, de los Santos-Fortuna E, Moreira AA, Suleiman J, Barra LA. Absence of an association between the presence of human herpesvirus 8 antibodies and the development of Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-1-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2000; 14:1455-7. [PMID: 10930164 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200007070-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
Caterino-de-Araujo A, Favero A, de los Santos-Fortuna E, Suleiman J, Chieco-Bianchi L, Calabrò ML. HTLV-I/HTLV-II coinfection in an AIDS patient from São Paulo, Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:715-9. [PMID: 10826478 DOI: 10.1089/088922200308710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A serological survey for HTLV infection identified an AIDS patient with HTLV-I/HTLV-II dual seroreactivity. Two further sequential blood samples were collected (samples A and B) for PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and sequence analyses of HTLV-I and HTLV-II strains. PCR analyses confirmed dual infection in both samples. Restriction digests of the env region amplified from sample A showed the presence of an HTLV-IIa subtype; the HTLV-II provirus was found to be defective in the pol and env regions in the second sample from this patient. RFLP analysis of the HTLV-II LTR region of both samples confirmed this finding and identified an a5/bzl restriction type. Nucleotide sequence analyses revealed full homology in the HTLV-I env and LTR regions and in the HTLV-II LTR region between the two samples. These findings document the first case of an HTLV-I/HTLV-II coinfection that was fully confirmed and characterized by means of molecular analyses.
Collapse
|