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Özokan G, Cansız D, Bilginer A, Ünal İ, Beler M, Alturfan AA, Emekli-Alturfan E. Synthesis of salicylic acid from wintergreen oil by green chemistry overcomes its cytotoxicity in keratinocyte cells and teratogenicity in zebrafish embryos. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:203-213. [PMID: 37849293 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2272184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid topical is used to treat variety of skin conditions. However, salicylic acid in these products is generated through industrial synthesis and has been shown to negatively impact fetal development and cause congenital abnormalities. We hypothesized that teratogenic effects reported in salicylic acid can be prevented by naturally synthesizing salicylic acid from wintergreen oil using green chemistry method. For this purpose, we investigated the effects of natural salicylic acid (NSA) synthesized from wintergreen oil using green chemistry and synthetic salicylic acid (SSA) on keratinocyte cell (HaCaT) proliferation and zebrafish embryo development. NSA structures were analyzed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GC/MS methods. Percentage inhibition against HaCaT cell was determined by MTS assay. xCelligence system was used for cellular activities. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to NSA and SSA for 72 h post-fertilization. Lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, sialic acid, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were evaluated using biochemical methods. Expressions of nqO1, gfap, bdnf, vtg, egr, cyp1a, and igf2 were determined by RT-PCR as developmental indicators. MTS and RT-cell analysis showed increased cell viability by NSA, whereas SSA decreased cell viability. NSA beneficially affected zebrafish embryo development while SSA exerted deleterious effects through oxidant-antioxidant status, inflammation, and development. Results of our study showed for the first time that synthesis of salicylic acid from wintergreen oil by green chemistry overcomes its cytotoxicity in keratinocyte cells and teratogenicity in zebrafish embryos. This finding is important for drug research on safe topical applications during pregnancy, when preventing exposure to drug and chemical-derived teratogens is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Özokan
- BioArge Laboratories, Yıldız Technical University Technocity, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Cansız
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biochemistry, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulkerim Bilginer
- BioArge Laboratories, Yıldız Technical University Technocity, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Ünal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merih Beler
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Ata Alturfan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Edler MK, Munger EL, Maycon H, Hopkins WD, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Raghanti MA. The association of astrogliosis and microglial activation with aging and Alzheimer's disease pathology in the chimpanzee brain. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:881-900. [PMID: 36647571 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aging and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), trigger an immune response known as glial activation in the brain. Recent evidence indicates species differences in inflammatory responses to AD pathology, highlighting the need for additional comparative studies to further understand human-specific neuropathologies. In the present study, we report on the occurrence of astrogliosis, microglial activation, and their relationship with age and AD-like pathology in a cohort of male and female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Chimpanzees with severe astrogliosis exhibited widespread upregulation of hypertrophic astrocytes immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) throughout all layers of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and a loss of the interlaminar palisade. In addition, extreme astrogliosis was associated with increased astrocyte density in the absence of significant microglial activation and AD lesions. A shift from decreased resting to increased phagocytotic microglia occurred with aging, although proliferation was absent and no changes in astrogliosis was observed. Vascular amyloid correlated with decreased astrocyte and microglia densities, while tau lesions were associated with morphological changes in microglia and greater total glia density and glia: neuron ratio. These results further our understanding of inflammatory processes within the chimpanzee brain and provide comparative data to improve our understanding of human aging and neuropathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Edler
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily L Munger
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Hannah Maycon
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - William D Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
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Villablanca C, Vidal R, Gonzalez-Billault C. Are cytoskeleton changes observed in astrocytes functionally linked to aging? Brain Res Bull 2023; 196:59-67. [PMID: 36935053 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are active participants in the performance of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in both health and disease. During aging, astrocytes are susceptible to reactive astrogliosis, a molecular state characterized by functional changes in response to pathological situations, and cellular senescence, characterized by loss of cell division, apoptosis resistance, and gain of proinflammatory functions. This results in two different states of astrocytes, which can produce proinflammatory phenotypes with harmful consequences in chronic conditions. Reactive astrocytes and senescent astrocytes share morpho-functional features that are dependent on the organization of the cytoskeleton. However, such changes in the cytoskeleton have yet to receive the necessary attention to explain their role in the alterations of astrocytes that are associated with aging and pathologies. In this review, we summarize all the available findings that connect changes in the cytoskeleton of the astrocytes with aging. In addition, we discuss future avenues that we believe will guide such a novel topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristopher Villablanca
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - René Vidal
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute for Nutrition and Food Technologies, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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4
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Fazeli B, Huss A, Gómez de San José N, Otto M, Tumani H, Halbgebauer S. Development of an ultrasensitive microfluidic assay for the analysis of Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in blood. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1175230. [PMID: 37168256 PMCID: PMC10164994 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1175230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A rapid and reliable detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in biological samples could assist in the diagnostic evaluation of neurodegenerative disorders. Sensitive assays applicable in the routine setting are needed to validate the existing GFAP tests. This study aimed to develop a highly sensitive and clinically applicable microfluidic immunoassay for the measurement of GFAP in blood. Methods: A microfluidic GFAP assay was developed and validated regarding its performance. Subsequently, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and control patients were analyzed with the established assay, and levels were compared to the commercial GFAP Simoa discovery kit. Results: The developed GFAP assay showed a good performance with a recovery of 85% of spiked GFAP in serum and assay variations below 15%. The established assay was highly sensitive with a calculated lower limit of quantification and detection of 7.21 pg/mL and 2.37 pg/mL, respectively. GFAP levels were significantly increased in AD compared to control patients with advanced age (p = 0.002). However, GFAP levels revealed no significant increase in MS compared to control patients in the same age range (p = 0.140). Furthermore, serum GFAP levels evaluated with the novel microfluidic assay strongly correlated with Simoa concentrations (r = 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81-0.93), p < 0.0001). Conclusion: We successfully developed a sensitive and easy-to-use microfluidic assay to measure GFAP in blood. Furthermore, we could confirm previous findings of elevated GFAP levels in AD by applying the assay in a cohort of clinically characterized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrieh Fazeli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - André Huss
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE e.V.), Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE e.V.), Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Halbgebauer
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE e.V.), Ulm, Germany
- *Correspondence: Steffen Halbgebauer,
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Garcia‐Moreno H, Prudencio M, Thomas‐Black G, Solanky N, Jansen‐West KR, Hanna AL‐Shaikh R, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H, Santana MM, Pereira de Almeida L, Vasconcelos‐Ferreira A, Januário C, Infante J, Faber J, Klockgether T, Reetz K, Raposo M, Ferreira AF, Lima M, Schöls L, Synofzik M, Hübener‐Schmid J, Puschmann A, Gorcenco S, Wszolek ZK, Petrucelli L, Giunti P. Tau and neurofilament light-chain as fluid biomarkers in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:2439-2452. [PMID: 35478426 PMCID: PMC9543545 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Clinical trials in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) will require biomarkers for use as outcome measures. METHODS To evaluate total tau (t-tau), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) and neurofilament light-chain (NfL) as fluid biomarkers in SCA3, ATXN3 mutation carriers (n = 143) and controls (n = 172) were clinically assessed, and the plasma concentrations of the four proteins were analysed on the Simoa HD-1 platform. Eleven ATXN3 mutation carrier cerebrospinal fluid samples were analysed for t-tau and phosphorylated tau (p-tau181 ). A transgenic SCA3 mouse model (MJDTg) was used to measure cerebellar t-tau levels. RESULTS Plasma t-tau levels were higher in mutation carriers below the age of 50 compared to controls, and the Inventory of Non-Ataxia Signs was associated with t-tau in ataxic patients (p = 0.004). Pre-ataxic carriers showed higher cerebrospinal fluid t-tau and p-tau181 concentrations compared to ataxic patients (p = 0.025 and p = 0.014, respectively). Cerebellar t-tau was elevated in MJDTg mice compared to wild-type (p = 0.033) only in the early stages of the disease. GFAP and UCHL1 did not show higher levels in mutation carriers compared to controls. Plasma NfL concentrations were higher in mutation carriers compared to controls, and differences were greater for younger carriers. The Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia was the strongest predictor of NfL in ataxic patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that tau might be a marker of early disease stages in SCA3. NfL can discriminate mutation carriers from controls and is associated with different clinical variables. Longitudinal studies are required to confirm their potential role as biomarkers in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Garcia‐Moreno
- Ataxia CentreDepartment of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Department of NeurogeneticsNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Mercedes Prudencio
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA,Neuroscience Graduate ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Gilbert Thomas‐Black
- Ataxia CentreDepartment of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Department of NeurogeneticsNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Nita Solanky
- Ataxia CentreDepartment of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Department of NeurogeneticsNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | | | | | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyLondonUK,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUK,Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgMölndalSweden,Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
| | - Magda M. Santana
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell BiologyUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | | | | | | | - Jon Infante
- Neurology ServiceUniversity Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla‐IDIVALUniversity of CantabriaCentro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)SantanderSpain
| | - Jennifer Faber
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Thomas Klockgether
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of NeurologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany,JARA‐BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and NeuroimagingForschungszentrum JülichRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Mafalda Raposo
- Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC)Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S)Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Ana F. Ferreira
- Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC)Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S)Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Manuela Lima
- Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade dos AçoresPonta DelgadaPortugal,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC)Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S)Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for NeurologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for NeurologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
| | | | - Andreas Puschmann
- Lund University, Skåne University HospitalClinical Sciences, NeurologyLundSweden
| | - Sorina Gorcenco
- Lund University, Skåne University HospitalClinical Sciences, NeurologyLundSweden
| | | | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of NeuroscienceMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA,Neuroscience Graduate ProgramMayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia CentreDepartment of Clinical and Movement NeurosciencesUCL Queen Square Institute of NeurologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK,Department of NeurogeneticsNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
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6
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Tesic V, Ciric J, Jovanovic Macura I, Zogovic N, Milanovic D, Kanazir S, Perovic M. Corticosterone and Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Cortex of Rats during Aging-The Effects of Long-Term Food Restriction. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124526. [PMID: 34960078 PMCID: PMC8703853 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous beneficial effects of food restriction on aging and age-related pathologies are well documented. It is also well-established that both short- and long-term food restriction regimens induce elevated circulating levels of glucocorticoids, stress-induced hormones produced by adrenal glands that can also exert deleterious effects on the brain. In the present study, we examined the effect of long-term food restriction on the glucocorticoid hormone/glucocorticoid receptor (GR) system in the cortex during aging, in 18- and 24-month-old rats. Corticosterone level was increased in the cortex of aged ad libitum-fed rats. Food restriction induced its further increase, accompanied with an increase in the level of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. However, alterations in the level of GR phosphorylated at Ser232 were not detected in animals on food restriction, in line with unaltered CDK5 level, the decrease of Hsp90, and an increase in a negative regulator of GR function, FKBP51. Moreover, our data revealed that reduced food intake prevented age-related increase in the levels of NFκB, gfap, and bax, confirming its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Along with an increase in the levels of c-fos, our study provides additional evidences that food restriction affects cortical responsiveness to glucocorticoids during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Tesic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Jelena Ciric
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Irena Jovanovic Macura
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Nevena Zogovic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Desanka Milanovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Selma Kanazir
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Milka Perovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
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7
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Lana D, Ugolini F, Nosi D, Wenk GL, Giovannini MG. The Emerging Role of the Interplay Among Astrocytes, Microglia, and Neurons in the Hippocampus in Health and Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:651973. [PMID: 33889084 PMCID: PMC8055856 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.651973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a century, neurons have been considered the basic functional units of the brain while glia only elements of support. Activation of glia has been long regarded detrimental for survival of neurons but more it appears that this is not the case in all circumstances. In this review, we report and discuss the recent literature on the alterations of astrocytes and microglia during inflammaging, the low-grade, slow, chronic inflammatory response that characterizes normal brain aging, and in acute inflammation. Becoming reactive, astrocytes and microglia undergo transcriptional, functional, and morphological changes that transform them into cells with different properties and functions, such as A1 and A2 astrocytes, and M1 and M2 microglia. This classification of microglia and astrocytes in two different, all-or-none states seems too simplistic, and does not correspond to the diverse variety of phenotypes so far found in the brain. Different interactions occur among the many cell populations of the central nervous system in health and disease conditions. Such interactions give rise to networks of morphological and functional reciprocal reliance and dependency. Alterations affecting one cell population reverberate to the others, favoring or dysregulating their activities. In the last part of this review, we present the modifications of the interplay between neurons and glia in rat models of brain aging and acute inflammation, focusing on the differences between CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus, one of the brain regions most susceptible to different insults. With triple labeling fluorescent immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy (TIC), it is possible to evaluate and compare quantitatively the morphological and functional alterations of the components of the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triad. In the contiguous and interconnected regions of rat hippocampus, CA1 and CA3 Stratum Radiatum, astrocytes and microglia show a different, finely regulated, and region-specific reactivity, demonstrating that glia responses vary in a significant manner from area to area. It will be of great interest to verify whether these differential reactivities of glia explain the diverse vulnerability of the hippocampal areas to aging or to different damaging insults, and particularly the higher sensitivity of CA1 pyramidal neurons to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Section of Anatomopatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gary L Wenk
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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8
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Liu H, Prokosch V. Energy Metabolism in the Inner Retina in Health and Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073689. [PMID: 33916246 PMCID: PMC8036449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons and leads to visual loss and blindness. Risk factors for the onset and progression of glaucoma include systemic and ocular factors such as older age, lower ocular perfusion pressure, and intraocular pressure (IOP). Early signs of RGC damage comprise impairment of axonal transport, downregulation of specific genes and metabolic changes. The brain is often cited to be the highest energy-demanding tissue of the human body. The retina is estimated to have equally high demands. RGCs are particularly active in metabolism and vulnerable to energy insufficiency. Understanding the energy metabolism of the inner retina, especially of the RGCs, is pivotal for understanding glaucoma’s pathophysiology. Here we review the key contributors to the high energy demands in the retina and the distinguishing features of energy metabolism of the inner retina. The major features of glaucoma include progressive cell death of retinal ganglions and optic nerve damage. Therefore, this review focuses on the energetic budget of the retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve and the relevant cells that surround them.
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9
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Chatterjee P, Pedrini S, Stoops E, Goozee K, Villemagne VL, Asih PR, Verberk IMW, Dave P, Taddei K, Sohrabi HR, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Teunissen CE, Vanderstichele HM, Martins RN. Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein is elevated in cognitively normal older adults at risk of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:27. [PMID: 33431793 PMCID: PMC7801513 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocytic cytoskeletal protein, can be measured in blood samples, and has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, plasma GFAP has not been investigated in cognitively normal older adults at risk of AD, based on brain amyloid-β (Aβ) load. Cross-sectional analyses were carried out for plasma GFAP and plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio, a blood-based marker associated with brain Aβ load, in participants (65-90 years) categorised into low (Aβ-, n = 63) and high (Aβ+, n = 33) brain Aβ load groups via Aβ positron emission tomography. Plasma GFAP, Aβ1-42, and Aβ1-40 were measured using the Single molecule array (Simoa) platform. Plasma GFAP levels were significantly higher (p < 0.00001), and plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratios were significantly lower (p < 0.005), in Aβ+ participants compared to Aβ- participants, adjusted for covariates age, sex, and apolipoprotein E-ε4 carriage. A receiver operating characteristic curve based on a logistic regression of the same covariates, the base model, distinguished Aβ+ from Aβ- (area under the curve, AUC = 0.78), but was outperformed when plasma GFAP was added to the base model (AUC = 0.91) and further improved with plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio (AUC = 0.92). The current findings demonstrate that plasma GFAP levels are elevated in cognitively normal older adults at risk of AD. These observations suggest that astrocytic damage or activation begins from the pre-symptomatic stage of AD and is associated with brain Aβ load. Observations from the present study highlight the potential of plasma GFAP to contribute to a diagnostic blood biomarker panel (along with plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratios) for cognitively normal older adults at risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratishtha Chatterjee
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Steve Pedrini
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | | | - Kathryn Goozee
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia ,grid.489025.2KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Macquarie Park, NSW Australia ,Anglicare, Castle Hill Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia ,The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, Australia
| | - Victor L. Villemagne
- grid.410678.cDepartment of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Prita R. Asih
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia
| | - Inge M. W. Verberk
- grid.484519.5Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Preeti Dave
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,Anglicare, Castle Hill Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia ,grid.429545.b0000 0004 5905 2729Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA Australia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia ,grid.429545.b0000 0004 5905 2729Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA Australia ,grid.1025.60000 0004 0436 6763Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychology and Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA Australia
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom ,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden ,grid.1649.a000000009445082XClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- grid.484519.5Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ralph N. Martins
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW Australia ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia ,grid.489025.2KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Macquarie Park, NSW Australia ,grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia ,The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, Australia ,grid.429545.b0000 0004 5905 2729Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA Australia
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10
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Dallagi Y, Rahali D, Perrotte M, Dkhili H, Korsan A, El May MV, El Fazaa S, Ramassamy C, El Golli N. Date seeds alleviate behavioural and neuronal complications of metabolic syndrome in rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 129:582-596. [PMID: 33290103 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1849311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Unhealthy dietary habits can play a crucial role in metabolic damages, promoting alteration of neural functions through the lifespan. Recently, dietary change has been perceived as the first line intervention in prevention and/or treatment of metabolic damages and related diseases. In this context, our study was designed to assess the eventual therapeutic effect of date seeds administration on memory and learning and on neuronal markers in a rat Metabolic Syndrome model. For this purpose, 32 adult male Wistar rats were fed with standard diet or high-fat high-sugar diet during ten weeks. After this, 16 rats were sacrified and the remaining rats received an oral administration of 300 mg of date seeds/kg of body weight during four supplementary weeks. Before sacrifice, we evaluate cognitive performances by the Barnes maze test. Afterwards, neuronal, astrocytic, microtubular and oxidative markers were investigated by immunoblotting methods. In Metabolic syndrome rats, results showed impairment of spatial memory and histological alterations. We identified neuronal damages in hippocampus, marked by a decrease of NeuN and an increase of GFAP and pTau396. Finally, we recorded an increase in protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, respectively identified by an up-regulation of protein carbonyls and 4-HNe. Interestingly, date seeds administration improved these behavioural, histological, neuronal and oxidative damages highlighting the neuroprotective effect of this natural compound. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) identified, in date seeds, protocatechuic acid, caffeoylshikimic acid and vanillic acid, that could potentially prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, acting through their antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Dallagi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular physiopathology and Biomolecule valorization, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dalila Rahali
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular physiopathology and Biomolecule valorization, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Morgane Perrotte
- INRS-Institute Armand Frappier, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Canada
| | - Houssem Dkhili
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular physiopathology and Biomolecule valorization, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Asma Korsan
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Michele Veronique El May
- Laboratory of Histology Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis, El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saloua El Fazaa
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular physiopathology and Biomolecule valorization, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- INRS-Institute Armand Frappier, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Food (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Narges El Golli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular physiopathology and Biomolecule valorization, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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11
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Lana D, Ugolini F, Giovannini MG. An Overview on the Differential Interplay Among Neurons-Astrocytes-Microglia in CA1 and CA3 Hippocampus in Hypoxia/Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:585833. [PMID: 33262692 PMCID: PMC7686560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.585833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons have been long regarded as the basic functional cells of the brain, whereas astrocytes and microglia have been regarded only as elements of support. However, proper intercommunication among neurons-astrocytes-microglia is of fundamental importance for the functional organization of the brain. Perturbation in the regulation of brain energy metabolism not only in neurons but also in astrocytes and microglia may be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration, especially in hypoxia/ischemia. Glial activation has long been considered detrimental for survival of neurons, but recently it appears that glial responses to an insult are not equal but vary in different brain areas. In this review, we first take into consideration the modifications of the vascular unit of the glymphatic system and glial metabolism in hypoxic conditions. Using the method of triple-labeling fluorescent immunohistochemistry coupled with confocal microscopy (TIC), we recently studied the interplay among neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in chronic brain hypoperfusion. We evaluated the quantitative and morpho-functional alterations of the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads comparing the hippocampal CA1 area, more vulnerable to ischemia, to the CA3 area, less vulnerable. In these contiguous and interconnected areas, in the same experimental hypoxic conditions, astrocytes and microglia show differential, finely regulated, region-specific reactivities. In both areas, astrocytes and microglia form triad clusters with apoptotic, degenerating neurons. In the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads, the cell body of a damaged neuron is infiltrated and bisected by branches of astrocyte that create a microscar around it while a microglial cell phagocytoses the damaged neuron. These coordinated actions are consistent with the scavenging and protective activities of microglia. In hypoxia, the neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads are more numerous in CA3 than in CA1, further indicating their protective effects. These data, taken from contiguous and interconnected hippocampal areas, demonstrate that glial response to the same hypoxic insult is not equal but varies significantly. Understanding the differences of glial reactivity is of great interest to explain the differential susceptibility of hippocampal areas to hypoxia/ischemia. Further studies may evidence the differential reactivity of glia in different brain areas, explaining the higher or lower sensitivity of these areas to different insults and whether glia may represent a target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anatomopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria G Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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12
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Bravo-Ferrer I, Cuartero MI, Medina V, Ahedo-Quero D, Peña-Martínez C, Pérez-Ruíz A, Fernández-Valle ME, Hernández-Sánchez C, Fernández-Salguero PM, Lizasoain I, Moro MA. Lack of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor accelerates aging in mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:12644-12654. [PMID: 31483997 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901333r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor, largely known for its role in xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification as well as its crucial role as a regulator of inflammation. Here, we have compared a cohort wild-type and AhR-null mice along aging to study the relationship between this receptor and age-associated inflammation, termed as "inflammaging," both at a systemic and the CNS level. Our results show that AhR deficiency is associated with a premature aged phenotype, characterized by early inflammaging, as shown by an increase in plasma cytokines levels. The absence of AhR also promotes the appearance of brain aging anatomic features, such as the loss of the white matter integrity. In addition, AhR-/- mice present an earlier spatial memory impairment and an enhanced astrogliosis in the hippocampus when compared with their age-matched AhR+/+ controls. Importantly, we have found that AhR protein levels decrease with age in this brain structure, strongly suggesting a link between AhR and aging.-Bravo-Ferrer, I., Cuartero, M. I., Medina, V., Ahedo-Quero, D., Peña-Martínez, C., Pérez-Ruíz, A., Fernández-Valle, M. E., Hernández-Sánchez, C., Fernández-Salguero, P. M., Lizasoain, I., Moro, M. A. Lack of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor accelerates aging in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bravo-Ferrer
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Cuartero
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Violeta Medina
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dalia Ahedo-Quero
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carolina Peña-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Ruíz
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Encarnación Fernández-Valle
- Unidad de Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (RMN), Centro de Apoyo a la Investigación (CAI) de Bioimagen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Hernández-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro M Fernández-Salguero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Moro
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Kumar M, Sandhir R. Hydrogen sulfide suppresses homocysteine-induced glial activation and inflammatory response. Nitric Oxide 2019; 90:15-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Diene LD, Costa-Ferro ZSM, Barbosa S, Milanesi BB, Lazzari GZ, Neves LT, Paz LV, Neves PFR, Battisti V, Martins LA, Gehlen G, Mestriner RG, Da Costa JC, Xavier LL. Selective brain neuronal and glial losses without changes in GFAP immunoreactivity: Young versus mature adult Wistar rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 182:111128. [PMID: 31404554 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.111128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Normal ageing results in brain selective neuronal and glial losses. In the present study we analyze neuronal and glial changes in Wistar rats at two different ages, 45 days (young) and 420 days (mature adult), using Nissl staining and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry associated to the Sholl analysis. Comparing mature adults with young rats we noted the former present a decrease in neuronal density in the cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, pyriform cortex, L.D.D.M., L.D.V.L., central medial thalamic nucleus and zona incerta. A decrease in glial density was found in the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. Additionally, the neuron/glia ratio was reduced in the central medial thalamic nucleus and increased in the habenula. No changes were found in the neuronal and glial densities or neuron/glia ratio in the other studied regions. The number of astrocytic primary processes and the number of intersections counted in the Sholl analysis presented no significant difference in any of the studied regions. Overall, neither GFAP positive astrocytic density nor GFAP immunoreactivity showed alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D Diene
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Barbosa
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bueno Milanesi
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Zenato Lazzari
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Tartari Neves
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiê Valéria Paz
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Fernanda Ribas Neves
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Battisti
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Martins
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Régis Gemerasca Mestriner
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaderson C Da Costa
- Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (InsCer/RS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Léder L Xavier
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Munger EL, Edler MK, Hopkins WD, Ely JJ, Erwin JM, Perl DP, Mufson EJ, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Raghanti MA. Astrocytic changes with aging and Alzheimer's disease-type pathology in chimpanzees. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1179-1195. [PMID: 30578640 PMCID: PMC6401278 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the main homeostatic cell of the central nervous system. In addition, astrocytes mediate an inflammatory response when reactive to injury or disease known as astrogliosis. Astrogliosis is marked by an increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and cellular hypertrophy. Some degree of astrogliosis is associated with normal aging and degenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementing illnesses in humans. The recent observation of pathological markers of AD (amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) in aged chimpanzee brains provided an opportunity to examine the relationships among aging, AD-type pathology, and astrocyte activation in our closest living relatives. Stereologic methods were used to quantify GFAP-immunoreactive astrocyte density and soma volume in layers I, III, and V of the prefrontal and middle temporal cortex, as well as in hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3. We found that the patterns of astrocyte activation in the aged chimpanzee brain are distinct from humans. GFAP expression does not increase with age in chimpanzees, possibly indicative of lower oxidative stress loads. Similar to humans, chimpanzee layer I astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex are susceptible to AD-like changes. Both prefrontal cortex layer I and hippocampal astrocytes exhibit a high degree of astrogliosis that is positively correlated with accumulation of amyloid beta and tau proteins. However, unlike humans, chimpanzees do not display astrogliosis in other cortical layers. These results demonstrate a unique pattern of cortical aging in chimpanzees and suggest that inflammatory processes may differ between humans and chimpanzees in response to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Munger
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Melissa K. Edler
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Joseph M. Erwin
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Daniel P. Perl
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elliott J. Mufson
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
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16
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Matias I, Morgado J, Gomes FCA. Astrocyte Heterogeneity: Impact to Brain Aging and Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:59. [PMID: 30941031 PMCID: PMC6433753 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, one of the largest glial cell population in the central nervous system (CNS), play a key function in several events of brain development and function, such as synapse formation and function, control of neurotransmitters release and uptake, production of trophic factors and control of neuronal survival. Initially described as a homogenous population, several evidences have pointed that astrocytes are highly heterogeneous, both morphologically and functionally, within the same region, and across different brain regions. Recent findings suggest that the heterogeneity in the expression profile of proteins involved in astrocyte function may predict the selective vulnerability of brain regions to specific diseases, as well as to the age-related cognitive decline. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes, either in aging as well as in brain disease are scarce. Neuroinflammation, a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases and aging, is reported to have a dubious impact on glial activation, as these cells release pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, anti-oxidants, free radicals, and neurotrophic factors. Despite the emerging evidences supporting that reactive astrocytes have a duality in their phenotype, neurotoxic or neuroprotective properties, depending on the age and stimuli, the underlying mechanisms of their activation, cellular interplays and the impact of regional astrocyte heterogeneity are still a matter of discussion. In this review article, we will summarize recent findings on astrocyte heterogeneity and phenotypes, as well as their likely impact for the brain function during aging and neural diseases. We will focus on the molecules and mechanisms triggered by astrocyte to control synapse formation in different brain regions. Finally, we will discuss new evidences on how the modulation of astrocyte phenotype and function could impact the synaptic deficits and glial dysfunction present in aging and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Matias
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Morgado
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia Carvalho Alcantara Gomes
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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β-Alanine supplementation reduces anxiety and increases neurotrophin expression in both young and older rats. Nutr Res 2019; 62:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Dietary Restriction and Neuroinflammation: A Potential Mechanistic Link. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030464. [PMID: 30678217 PMCID: PMC6386998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is a common feature of the aged brain, and its association with the major neurodegenerative changes involved in cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction is well established. One of the most potent antiaging interventions tested so far is dietary restriction (DR), which extends the lifespan in various organisms. Microglia and astrocytes are two major types of glial cells involved in the regulation of neuroinflammation. Accumulating evidence suggests that the age-related proinflammatory activation of astrocytes and microglia is attenuated under DR. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying DR-mediated regulation of neuroinflammation are not well understood. Here, we review the current understanding of the effects of DR on neuroinflammation and suggest an underlying mechanistic link between DR and neuroinflammation that may provide novel insights into the role of DR in aging and age-associated brain disorders.
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19
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The Age-dependent Elevation of miR-335-3p Leads to Reduced Cholesterol and Impaired Memory in Brain. Neuroscience 2018; 390:160-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Kumar A, Rani A, Scheinert RB, Ormerod BK, Foster TC. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin improves spatial memory and NMDA receptor function in aged animals. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 70:184-193. [PMID: 30031231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A redox-mediated decrease in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function contributes to psychiatric diseases and impaired cognition during aging. Inflammation provides a potential source of reactive oxygen species for inducing NMDA receptor hypofunction. The present study tested the hypothesis that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin, which improves spatial episodic memory in aging rats, would enhance NMDA receptor function through a shift in the redox state. Male F344 young and aged rats were prescreened using a 1-day version of the water maze task. Animals were then treated with the indomethacin or vehicle, delivered in a frozen milk treat (orally, twice per day, 18 days), and retested on the water maze. Indomethacin treatment enhanced water maze performance. Hippocampal slices were prepared for examination of CA3-CA1 synaptic responses, long-term potentiation, and NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses. No effect of treatment was observed for the total synaptic response. Long-term potentiation magnitude and NMDA receptor input-output curves were enhanced for aged indomethacin-treated animals. To examine redox regulation of NMDA receptors, a second group of aged animals was treated with indomethacin or vehicle, and the effect of the reducing agent, dithiothreitol ([DTT], 0.5 mM) on NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses was evaluated. As expected, DTT increased the NMDA receptor response and the effect of DTT was reduced by indomethacin treatment. The results indicate that indomethacin acted to diminish the age-related and redox-mediated NMDA receptor hypofunction and suggest that inflammation contributes to cognitive impairment through an increase in redox stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rachel B Scheinert
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, J. Crayton Pruitt Family, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brandi K Ormerod
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, J. Crayton Pruitt Family, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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21
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Pomatto LCD, Cline M, Woodward N, Pakbin P, Sioutas C, Morgan TE, Finch CE, Forman HJ, Davies KJA. Aging attenuates redox adaptive homeostasis and proteostasis in female mice exposed to traffic-derived nanoparticles ('vehicular smog'). Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 121:86-97. [PMID: 29709705 PMCID: PMC5987225 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmental toxicants are catalysts for protein damage, aggregation, and the aging process. Fortunately, evolution selected adaptive homeostasis as a system to mitigate such damage by expanding the normal capacity to cope with toxic stresses. Little is known about the subcellular degradative responses to proteins oxidatively damaged by air pollution. To better understand the impact of environmental toxicants upon the adaptive homeostatic response, female C57BL/6 mice were exposed for 10 weeks to filtered air or reaerosolized vehicular-derived nano-scale particulate matter (nPM), at which point tissues from young (6 month) and middle-aged (21 month) mice were studied. We found significant increases of proteolytic capacity in lung, liver, and heart. Up to two-fold increases were seen in the 20S Proteasome, the Immunoproteasome, the mitochondrial Lon protease, and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a major transcriptional factor for these and other stress-responsive genes. The responses were equivalent in all organs, despite the indirect input of inhaled particles to heart and liver which are downstream of lung. To our knowledge, this is the first exploration of proteostatic responses to oxidative damage by air pollution. Although, middle-aged mice had higher basal levels, their Nrf2-responsive-genes exhibited no response to nanoparticulate exposure. We also found a parallel age-associated rise in the Nrf2 transcriptional inhibitors, Bach1 and c-Myc which appear to attenuate adaptive responses in older mammals, possibly explaining the 'age-ceiling effect.' This report extends prior findings in male mice by demonstrating the involvement of proteolytic responses to traffic-related air pollution in lung, liver, and heart of female mice, with an age-dependent loss of adaptive homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C D Pomatto
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Mayme Cline
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Nicholas Woodward
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Payam Pakbin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the Viterbi School of Engineering, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the Viterbi School of Engineering, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Todd E Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
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22
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Garwood CJ, Ratcliffe LE, Simpson JE, Heath PR, Ince PG, Wharton SB. Review: Astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease and other age-associated dementias: a supporting player with a central role. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 43:281-298. [PMID: 27442752 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have essential roles in the central nervous system and are also implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. Forming non-overlapping domains, astrocytes are highly complex cells. Immunohistochemistry to a variety of proteins can be used to study astrocytes in tissue, labelling different cellular components and sub-populations, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, ALDH1L1, CD44, NDRG2 and amino acid transporters, but none of these labels the entire astrocyte population. Increasing heterogeneity is recognized in the astrocyte population, a complexity that is relevant both to their normal function and pathogenic roles. They are involved in neuronal support, as active components of the tripartite synapse and in cell interactions within the neurovascular unit (NVU), where they are essential for blood-brain barrier maintenance and neurovascular coupling. Astrocytes change with age, and their responses may modulate the cellular effects of neurodegenerative pathologies, which alone do not explain all of the variance in statistical models of neurodegenerative dementias. Astrocytes respond to both the neurofibrillary tangles and plaques of Alzheimer's disease, to hyperphosphorylated tau and Aβ, eliciting an effect which may be neuroprotective or deleterious. Not only astrocyte hypertrophy, in the form of gliosis, occurs, but also astrocyte injury and atrophy. Loss of normal astrocyte functions may contribute to reduced support for neurones and dysfunction of the NVU. Understanding how astrocytes contribute to dementia requires an understanding of the underlying heterogeneity of astrocyte populations, and the complexity of their responses to pathology. Enhancing the supportive and neuroprotective components of the astrocyte response has potential translational applications in therapeutic approaches to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - L E Ratcliffe
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - J E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - P R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - P G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - S B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
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23
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Ganguly P, Thompson V, Gildawie K, Brenhouse HC. Adolescent food restriction in rats alters prefrontal cortex microglia in an experience-dependent manner. Stress 2018; 21:162-168. [PMID: 29307257 PMCID: PMC6109256 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1423054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells of the brain that can regulate neural communication and excitability. Any environmental influence on microglial activity has the potential to alter subsequent neural physiology and behavior. Within the prefrontal cortex, several types of stressors have been shown to increase microglial expression of activation markers such as ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1), which suggests altered microglial activity. Recent reports in rodents suggest that exposure to forms of early-life stress such as maternal separation can alter microglial responsivity to subsequent challenges. Several learning paradigms used in rodents require food restriction to provoke motivational states that facilitate approach behaviors. Here, we tested whether food restriction (increasing from 13 g/day-23 g/day in males and 10 g/day-20 g/day in females, which reduced body weight to 72-84% free-fed weight) in adolescent rats is a sufficient challenge to affect microglial Iba-1 expression, and whether previous exposure to postnatal maternal separation influenced microglial outcomes. We measured prefrontal cortex Iba-1 expression and microglial morphology after 20 days of ad libitum or restricted food availability in males and females with or without exposure to maternal separation. Food-restricted animals displayed higher levels of Iba-1 in the prefrontal cortex, with hyper-ramified microglial morphology in maternally separated males and control females, compared to those that were free-fed. Together, our data provide evidence that food restriction paradigms may have unintended effects in some behavioral protocols.
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24
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Post-natal Deletion of Neuronal cAMP Responsive-Element Binding (CREB)-1 Promotes Pro-inflammatory Changes in the Mouse Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2230-2245. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Keratins Are Altered in Intestinal Disease-Related Stress Responses. Cells 2016; 5:cells5030035. [PMID: 27626448 PMCID: PMC5040977 DOI: 10.3390/cells5030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin (K) intermediate filaments can be divided into type I/type II proteins, which form obligate heteropolymers. Epithelial cells express type I-type II keratin pairs, and K7, K8 (type II) and K18, K19 and K20 (type I) are the primary keratins found in the single-layered intestinal epithelium. Keratins are upregulated during stress in liver, pancreas, lung, kidney and skin, however, little is known about their dynamics in the intestinal stress response. Here, keratin mRNA, protein and phosphorylation levels were studied in response to murine colonic stresses modeling human conditions, and in colorectal cancer HT29 cells. Dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-colitis was used as a model for intestinal inflammatory stress, which elicited a strong upregulation and widened crypt distribution of K7 and K20. K8 levels were slightly downregulated in acute DSS, while stress-responsive K8 serine-74 phosphorylation (K8 pS74) was increased. By eliminating colonic microflora using antibiotics, K8 pS74 in proliferating cells was significantly increased, together with an upregulation of K8 and K19. In the aging mouse colon, most colonic keratins were upregulated. In vitro, K8, K19 and K8 pS74 levels were increased in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in HT29 cells. In conclusion, intestinal keratins are differentially and dynamically upregulated and post-translationally modified during stress and recovery.
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26
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Lana D, Iovino L, Nosi D, Wenk GL, Giovannini MG. The neuron-astrocyte-microglia triad involvement in neuroinflammaging mechanisms in the CA3 hippocampus of memory-impaired aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2016; 83:71-88. [PMID: 27466072 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of inflammaging on memory encoding, and qualitative and quantitative modifications on proinflammatory proteins, apoptosis, neurodegeneration and morphological changes of neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads in CA3 Stratum Pyramidale (SP), Stratum Lucidum (SL) and Stratum Radiatum (SR) of young (3months) and aged rats (20months). Aged rats showed short-term memory impairments in the inhibitory avoidance task, increased expression of iNOS and activation of p38MAPK in SP, increase of apoptotic neurons in SP and of ectopic neurons in SL, and decrease of CA3 pyramidal neurons. The number of astrocytes and their branches length decreased in the three CA3 subregions of aged rats, with morphological signs of clasmatodendrosis. Total and activated microglia increased in the three CA3 subregions of aged rats. In aged rats CA3, astrocytes surrounded ectopic degenerating neurons forming "micro scars" around them. Astrocyte branches infiltrated the neuronal cell body, and, together with activated microglia formed "triads". In the triads, significantly more numerous in CA3 SL and SR of aged rats, astrocytes and microglia cooperated in fragmentation and phagocytosis of ectopic neurons. Inflammaging-induced modifications of astrocytes and microglia in CA3 of aged rats may help clearing neuronal debris derived from low-grade inflammation and apoptosis. These events might be common mechanisms underlying many neurodegenerative processes. The frequency to which they appear might depend upon, or might be the cause of, the burden and severity of neurodegeneration. Targeting the triads may represent a therapeutic strategy which may control inflammatory processes and spread of further cellular damage to neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Ludovica Iovino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, Viale Morgagni 63 and Section of Anatomy and Histology, Largo Brambilla 3, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, Viale Morgagni 63 and Section of Anatomy and Histology, Largo Brambilla 3, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Gary L Wenk
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, OH, USA..
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
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27
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Daverey A, Agrawal SK. Curcumin alleviates oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in astrocytes. Neuroscience 2016; 333:92-103. [PMID: 27423629 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a critical role in various neurodegenerative diseases, thus alleviating oxidative stress is a potential strategy for therapeutic intervention and/or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, alleviation of oxidative stress through curcumin is investigated in A172 (human glioblastoma cell line) and HA-sp (human astrocytes cell line derived from the spinal cord) astrocytes. H2O2 was used to induce oxidative stress in astrocytes (A172 and HA-sp). Data show that H2O2 induces activation of astrocytes in dose- and time-dependent manner as evident by increased expression of GFAP in A172 and HA-sp cells after 24 and 12h respectively. An upregulation of Prdx6 was also observed in A172 and HA-sp cells after 24h of H2O2 treatment as compared to untreated control. Our data also showed that curcumin inhibits oxidative stress-induced cytoskeleton disarrangement, and impedes the activation of astrocytes by inhibiting upregulation of GFAP, vimentin and Prdx6. In addition, we observed an inhibition of oxidative stress-induced inflammation, apoptosis and mitochondria fragmentation after curcumin treatment. Therefore, our results suggest that curcumin not only protects astrocytes from H2O2-induced oxidative stress but also reverses the mitochondrial damage and dysfunction induced by oxidative stress. This study also provides evidence for protective role of curcumin on astrocytes by showing its effects on attenuating reactive astrogliosis and inhibiting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Daverey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sandeep K Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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28
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Nie J, Yang X. Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity by Exercise Training as a Basis for Ischemic Stroke Rehabilitation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:5-16. [PMID: 26910247 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, rehabilitation of ischemic stroke draws more and more attention in the world, and has been linked to changes of synaptic plasticity. Exercise training improves motor function of ischemia as well as cognition which is associated with formation of learning and memory. The molecular basis of learning and memory might be synaptic plasticity. Research has therefore been conducted in an attempt to relate effects of exercise training to neuroprotection and neurogenesis adjacent to the ischemic injury brain. The present paper reviews the current literature addressing this question and discusses the possible mechanisms involved in modulation of synaptic plasticity by exercise training. This review shows the pathological process of synaptic dysfunction in ischemic roughly and then discusses the effects of exercise training on scaffold proteins and regulatory protein expression. The expression of scaffold proteins generally increased after training, but the effects on regulatory proteins were mixed. Moreover, the compositions of postsynaptic receptors were changed and the strength of synaptic transmission was enhanced after training. Finally, the recovery of cognition is critically associated with synaptic remodeling in an injured brain, and the remodeling occurs through a number of local regulations including mRNA translation, remodeling of cytoskeleton, and receptor trafficking into and out of the synapse. We do provide a comprehensive knowledge of synaptic plasticity enhancement obtained by exercise training in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Nie
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Xiang Ya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaosu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Xiang Ya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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29
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Kaur H, Patro I, Tikoo K, Sandhir R. Curcumin attenuates inflammatory response and cognitive deficits in experimental model of chronic epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Zhao W, Jiang B, Hu H, Zhang S, Lv S, Yuan J, Qian Y, Zou Y, Li X, Jiang H, Liu F, Shao C, Gong Y. Lack of CUL4B leads to increased abundance of GFAP-positive cells that is mediated by PTGDS in mouse brain. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4686-97. [PMID: 26025376 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the mammalian brain and are important for the functions of the central nervous system. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is regarded as a hallmark of mature astrocytes, though some GFPA-positive cells may act as neural stem cells. Missense heterozygous mutations in GFAP cause Alexander disease that manifests leukodystrophy and intellectual disability. Here, we show that CUL4B, a scaffold protein that assembles E3 ubiquitin ligase, represses the expression of GFAP in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) during brain development. Lack of Cul4b in NPCs in cultures led to increased generation of astrocytes, marked by GFAP and S100β. The GFAP+ cells were also found to be more abundant in the brains of nervous system-specific Cul4b knockout mice in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrated that the increased generation of GFAP+ cells from Cul4b-null NPCs was mediated by an upregulation of prostaglandin D2 synthase PTGDS. We showed that the increased GFAP expression can be attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of the PTGDS enzymatic activity or by shRNA-mediated knockdown of Ptgds. Importantly, exogenously added PTGDS could promote the generation of GFAP+ cells from wild-type NPCs. We further observed that Ptgds is targeted and repressed by the CUL4B/PRC2 complex. Together, our results demonstrate CUL4B as a negative regulator of GFAP expression during neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Baichun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Huili Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuqian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shuaishuai Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jupeng Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanyan Qian
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yongxin Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China and
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China,
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China,
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31
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Rivas-Arancibia S, Zimbrón LFH, Rodríguez-Martínez E, Maldonado PD, Borgonio Pérez G, Sepúlveda-Parada M. Oxidative stress-dependent changes in immune responses and cell death in the substantia nigra after ozone exposure in rat. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:65. [PMID: 25999851 PMCID: PMC4419716 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease has been associated with the selective loss of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a major role. The resulting increase in reactive oxygen species triggers a sequence of events that leads to cell damage, activation of microglia cells and neuroinflammatory responses. Our objective was to study whether chronic exposure to low doses of ozone, which produces oxidative stress itself, induces progressive cell death in conjunction with glial alterations in the substantia nigra. Animals were exposed to an ozone-free air stream (control) or to low doses of ozone for 7, 15, 30, 60, or 90 days. Each group underwent (1) spectrophotometric analysis for protein oxidation; (2) western blot testing for microglia reactivity and nuclear factor kappa B expression levels; and (3) immunohistochemistry for cytochrome c, GFAP, Iba-1, NFkB, and COX-2. Our results indicate that ozone induces an increase in protein oxidation levels, changes in activated astrocytes and microglia, and cell death. NFkB and cytochrome c showed an increase until 30 days of exposure, while cyclooxygenase 2 in the substantia nigra increased from 7 days up to 90 days of repetitive ozone exposure. These results suggest that oxidative stress caused by ozone exposure induces changes in inflammatory responses and progressive cell death in the substantia nigra in rats, which could also be occurring in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selva Rivas-Arancibia
- Laboratorio de estrés Oxidativo y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, México
| | - Luis Fernando Hernández Zimbrón
- Laboratorio de estrés Oxidativo y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, México
| | - Erika Rodríguez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de estrés Oxidativo y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, México
| | - Perla D Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez México, México
| | - Gabino Borgonio Pérez
- Laboratorio de estrés Oxidativo y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, México
| | - María Sepúlveda-Parada
- Laboratorio de estrés Oxidativo y Plasticidad Cerebral, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, México
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32
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S100B and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein as Indexes to Monitor Damage Severity in an In Vitro Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:991-9. [PMID: 25898931 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading and rising cause of death and disability worldwide. There is great interest in S100B and Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP) as candidate biomarkers of TBI for diagnosis, triage, prognostication and drug development. However, conflicting results especially on S100B hamper their routine application in clinical practice. To try to address this question, we mimicked TBI damage utilizing a well-validated, simplified in vitro model of graded stretch injury induced in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC). Different severities of trauma, from mild to severe, have been tested by using an equi-biaxial stretch of the OHSCs at a specified Lagrangian strain of 0 (controls), 5, 10, 20 and 50 %. OHSC were analysed at 3, 6, 18, 24, 48 and 96 h post-injury. Cell death, gene expressions and release into the culture medium of S100B and GFAP were determined at each time point. Gene expression and release of S100B slightly increased only in 20 and 50 % stretched OHSC. GFAP over-expression occurred in 10, 20 and 50 % and was inversely correlated with time post-injury. GFAP release significantly increased with time at any level of injury (p < 0.01 with respect to controls). Consequently, the total amount of GFAP released showed a strong linear relationship with the severity of injury (R(2) = 0.7662; p < 0.001). Under these experimental conditions, S100B seems to be useful in diagnosing only moderate to severe TBI-like injuries. Differently, GFAP demonstrates adequate biomarker requisites since its cellular release is affected by all grades of injury severity.
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Egashira Y, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Intercellular cross-talk in intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Res 2015; 1623:97-109. [PMID: 25863131 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disorder with high mortality and morbidity. Currently, there are few treatment strategies for ICH-induced brain injury. A recent increase in interest in the pathophysiology of ICH has led to elucidation of the pathways underlying ICH-induced brain injury, pathways where intercellular and hematoma to cell signaling play important roles. In this review, we summarize recent advances in ICH research focusing on intercellular and hematoma:cell cross-talk related to brain injury and recovery after ICH. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Egashira
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Smith RW, Wang J, Mothersill CE, Lee LEJ, Seymour CB. Proteomic responses in the gills of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas, Rafinesque, 1820) after 6 months and 2 years of continuous exposure to environmentally relevant dietary226Ra. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:248-56. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.988894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Yurek DM, Hasselrot U, Cass WA, Sesenoglu-Laird O, Padegimas L, Cooper MJ. Age and lesion-induced increases of GDNF transgene expression in brain following intracerebral injections of DNA nanoparticles. Neuroscience 2014; 284:500-512. [PMID: 25453772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies that used compacted DNA nanoparticles (DNP) to transfect cells in the brain, we observed higher transgene expression in the denervated striatum when compared to transgene expression in the intact striatum. We also observed that long-term transgene expression occurred in astrocytes as well as neurons. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that the higher transgene expression observed in the denervated striatum may be a function of increased gliosis. Several aging studies have also reported an increase of gliosis as a function of normal aging. In this study we used DNPs that encoded for human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (hGDNF) and either a non-specific human polyubiquitin C (UbC) or an astrocyte-specific human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. The DNPs were injected intracerebrally into the denervated or intact striatum of young, middle-aged or aged rats, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) transgene expression was subsequently quantified in brain tissue samples. The results of our studies confirmed our earlier finding that transgene expression was higher in the denervated striatum when compared to intact striatum for DNPs incorporating either promoter. In addition, we observed significantly higher transgene expression in the denervated striatum of old rats when compared to young rats following injections of both types of DNPs. Stereological analysis of GFAP+ cells in the striatum confirmed an increase of GFAP+ cells in the denervated striatum when compared to the intact striatum and also an age-related increase; importantly, increases in GFAP+ cells closely matched the increases in GDNF transgene levels. Thus neurodegeneration and aging may lay a foundation that is actually beneficial for this particular type of gene therapy while other gene therapy techniques that target neurons are actually targeting cells that are decreasing as the disease progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Yurek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - U Hasselrot
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - W A Cass
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | | | - L Padegimas
- Copernicus Therapeutics, Inc., Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - M J Cooper
- Copernicus Therapeutics, Inc., Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
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Lu Y, He M, Zhang Y, Xu S, Zhang L, He Y, Chen C, Liu C, Pi H, Yu Z, Zhou Z. Differential pro-inflammatory responses of astrocytes and microglia involve STAT3 activation in response to 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108318. [PMID: 25275372 PMCID: PMC4183530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes play important role in maintaining the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS). Several CNS impacts have been postulated to be associated with radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields exposure. Given the important role of inflammation in neural physiopathologic processes, we investigated the pro-inflammatory responses of microglia and astrocytes and the involved mechanism in response to RF fields. Microglial N9 and astroglial C8-D1A cells were exposed to 1800 MHz RF for different time with or without pretreatment with STAT3 inhibitor. Microglia and astrocytes were activated by RF exposure indicated by up-regulated CD11b and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). However, RF exposure induced differential pro-inflammatory responses in astrocytes and microglia, characterized by different expression and release profiles of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2, nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). Moreover, the RF exposure activated STAT3 in microglia but not in astrocytes. Furthermore, the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic ameliorated the RF-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia but not in astrocytes. Our results demonstrated that RF exposure differentially induced pro-inflammatory responses in microglia and astrocytes, which involved differential activation of STAT3 in microglia and astrocytes. Our data provide novel insights into the potential mechanisms of the reported CNS impacts associated with mobile phone use and present STAT3 as a promising target to protect humans against increasing RF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Lu
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mindi He
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shangcheng Xu
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifeng Pi
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Astrocytes show reduced support of motor neurons with aging that is accelerated in a rodent model of ALS. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1130-9. [PMID: 25443290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a crucial role in supporting motor neurons in health and disease. However, there have been few attempts to understand how aging may influence this effect. Here, we report that rat astrocytes show an age-dependent senescence phenotype and a significant reduction in their ability to support motor neurons. In a rodent model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) overexpressing mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), the rate of astrocytes acquiring a senescent phenotype is accelerated and they subsequently provide less support to motor neurons. This can be partially reversed by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Replacing aging astrocytes with young ones producing GDNF may therefore have a significant survival promoting affect on aging motor neurons and those lost through diseases such as ALS.
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Ureshino RP, Rocha KK, Lopes GS, Bincoletto C, Smaili SS. Calcium signaling alterations, oxidative stress, and autophagy in aging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:123-37. [PMID: 24512092 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Aging is a multi-factorial process that may be associated with several functional and structural deficits which can evolve into degenerative diseases. In this review, we present data that may depict an expanded view of molecular aging theories, beginning with the idea that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the major effectors in this process. In addition, we have correlated the importance of autophagy as a neuroprotective mechanism and discussed a link between age-related molecules, Ca(2+) signaling, and oxidative stress. RECENT ADVANCES There is evidence suggesting that alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis, including mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload and alterations in electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, which increase cell vulnerability, are linked to oxidative stress in aging. As much as Ca(2+) signaling is altered in aged cells, excess ROS can be produced due to an ineffective coupling of mitochondrial respiration. Damaged mitochondria might not be removed by the macroautophagic system, which is hampered in aging by lipofuscin accumulation, boosting ROS generation, damaging DNA, and, ultimately, leading to apoptosis. CRITICAL ISSUES This process can lead to altered protein expression (such as p53, Sirt1, and IGF-1) and progress to cell death. This cycle can lead to increased cell vulnerability in aging and contribute to an increased susceptibility to degenerative processes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding of Ca(2+) signaling and molecular aging alterations is important for preventing apoptosis in age-related diseases. In addition, caloric restriction, resveratrol and autophagy modulation appear to be predominantly cytoprotective, and further studies of this process are promising in age-related disease therapeutics.
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Bolton JL, Auten RL, Bilbo SD. Prenatal air pollution exposure induces sexually dimorphic fetal programming of metabolic and neuroinflammatory outcomes in adult offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 37:30-44. [PMID: 24184474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental chemical exposures during critical windows of development may contribute to the escalating prevalence of obesity. We tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP), a primary component of air pollution, would prime microglia long-term, resulting in exacerbated metabolic and affective outcomes following exposure to a high-fat diet in adulthood. Time-mated mouse dams were intermittently exposed to respiratory instillations of either vehicle (VEH) or DEP throughout gestation. Adult male and female offspring were then fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 9 weeks. The male offspring of DEP-exposed dams exhibited exaggerated weight gain, insulin resistance, and anxiety-like behavior on HFD compared to the male offspring of VEH-exposed dams, whereas female offspring did not differ according to prenatal treatment. Furthermore, HFD induced evidence of macrophage infiltration of both adipose tissue and the brain in both sexes, but these cells were more activated specifically in DEP/HFD males. DEP/HFD males also expressed markedly higher levels of microglial/macrophage, but not astrocyte, activation markers in the hippocampus, whereas females exhibited only a suppression of astrocyte activation markers due to HFD. In a second experiment, DEP male offspring mounted an exaggerated peripheral IL-1β response to an LPS challenge at postnatal day (P)30, whereas their central IL-1β response did not differ from VEH male offspring, which is suggestive of macrophage priming due to prenatal DEP exposure. In sum, prenatal air pollution exposure "programs" offspring for increased susceptibility to diet-induced metabolic, behavioral, and neuroinflammatory changes in adulthood in a sexually dimorphic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Bolton
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Richard L Auten
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Therapeutic and space radiation exposure of mouse brain causes impaired DNA repair response and premature senescence by chronic oxidant production. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 5:607-22. [PMID: 23928451 PMCID: PMC3796214 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent epidemiological evidences linking radiation exposure and a number of human ailments including cancer, mechanistic understanding of how radiation inflicts long-term changes in cerebral cortex, which regulates important neuronal functions, remains obscure. The current study dissects molecular events relevant to pathology in cerebral cortex of 6 to 8 weeks old female C57BL/6J mice two and twelve months after exposure to a γ radiation dose (2 Gy) commonly employed in fractionated radiotherapy. For a comparative study, effects of 1.6 Gy heavy ion 56Fe radiation on cerebral cortex were also investigated, which has implications for space exploration. Radiation exposure was associated with increased chronic oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis. These results when considered with decreased cortical thickness, activation of cell-cycle arrest pathway, and inhibition of DNA double strand break repair factors led us to conclude to our knowledge for the first time that radiation caused aging-like pathology in cerebral cortical cells and changes after heavy ion radiation were more pronounced than γ radiation.
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Sridharan A, Pehar M, Salamat MS, Pugh TD, Bendlin BB, Willette AA, Anderson RM, Kemnitz JW, Colman RJ, Weindruch RH, Puglielli L, Johnson SC. Calorie restriction attenuates astrogliosis but not amyloid plaque load in aged rhesus macaques: a preliminary quantitative imaging study. Brain Res 2013; 1508:1-8. [PMID: 23473840 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While moderate calorie restriction (CR) in the absence of malnutrition has been consistently shown to have a systemic, beneficial effect against aging in several animals models, its effect on the brain microstructure in a non-human primate model remains to be studied using post-mortem histopathologic techniques. In the present study, we investigated differences in expression levels of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and β-amyloid plaque load in the hippocampus and the adjacent cortical areas of 7 Control (ad libitum)-fed and 6 CR male rhesus macaques using immunostaining methods. CR monkeys expressed significantly lower levels (∼30% on average) of GFAP than Controls in the CA region of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, suggesting a protective effect of CR in limiting astrogliosis. These results recapitulate the neuroprotective effects of CR seen in shorter-lived animal models. There was a significant positive association between age and average amyloid plaque pathology in these animals, but there was no significant difference in amyloid plaque distribution between the two groups. Two of the seven Control animals (28.6%) and one of the six CR animal (16.7%) did not express any amyloid plaques, five of seven Controls (71.4%) and four of six CR animals (66.7%) expressed minimal to moderate amyloid pathology, and one of six CR animals (16.7%) expressed severe amyloid pathology. That CR affects levels of GFAP expression but not amyloid plaque load provides some insight into the means by which CR is beneficial at the microstructural level, potentially by offsetting the increased load of oxidatively damaged proteins, in this non-human primate model of aging. The present study is a preliminary post-mortem histological analysis of the effects of CR on brain health, and further studies using molecular and biochemical techniques are warranted to elucidate underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadhavi Sridharan
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Smith RW, Wang J, Schültke E, Seymour CB, Bräuer-Krisch E, Laissue JA, Blattmann H, Mothersill CE. Proteomic changes in the rat brain induced by homogenous irradiation and by the bystander effect resulting from high energy synchrotron X-ray microbeams. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 89:118-27. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.732252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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43
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Cerbai F, Lana D, Nosi D, Petkova-Kirova P, Zecchi S, Brothers HM, Wenk GL, Giovannini MG. The neuron-astrocyte-microglia triad in normal brain ageing and in a model of neuroinflammation in the rat hippocampus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45250. [PMID: 23028880 PMCID: PMC3445467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by a decline in cognitive functions; along with a variety of neurobiological changes. The association between inflammation and ageing is based on complex molecular and cellular changes that we are only just beginning to understand. The hippocampus is one of the structures more closely related to electrophysiological, structural and morphological changes during ageing. In the present study we examined the effect of normal ageing and LPS-induced inflammation on astroglia-neuron interaction in the rat hippocampus of adult, normal aged and LPS-treated adult rats. Astrocytes were smaller, with thicker and shorter branches and less numerous in CA1 Str. radiatum of aged rats in comparison to adult and LPS-treated rats. Astrocyte branches infiltrated apoptotic neurons of aged and LPS-treated rats. Cellular debris, which were more numerous in CA1 of aged and LPS-treated rats, could be found apposed to astrocytes processes and were phagocytated by reactive microglia. Reactive microglia were present in the CA1 Str. Radiatum, often in association with apoptotic cells. Significant differences were found in the fraction of reactive microglia which was 40% of total in adult, 33% in aged and 50% in LPS-treated rats. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) increased significantly in hippocampus homogenates of aged and LPS-treated rats. The number of CA1 neurons decreased in aged rats. In the hippocampus of aged and LPS-treated rats astrocytes and microglia may help clearing apoptotic cellular debris possibly through CX3CL1 signalling. Our results indicate that astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus of aged and LPS-infused rats possibly participate in the clearance of cellular debris associated with programmed cell death. The actions of astrocytes may represent either protective mechanisms to control inflammatory processes and the spread of further cellular damage to neighboring tissue, or they may contribute to neuronal damage in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cerbai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Lana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Legal Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Zecchi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Legal Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Holly M. Brothers
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gary L. Wenk
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, Koutsogiannopoulou E, Anastasiadou E, Stravopodis DJ, Tsangaris GT, Margaritis LH. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31:250-74. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.631068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Athina Samara
- Genetics and Gene Therapy Division, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | | | - Anta Xanthopoulou
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Papadopoulou
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Vougas
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Eugenia Koutsogiannopoulou
- Genetics and Gene Therapy Division, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Ema Anastasiadou
- Genetics and Gene Therapy Division, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Th. Tsangaris
- Proteomics Research Unit, Center of Basic Research II, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens,
Athens, Greece
| | - Lukas H. Margaritis
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Athens University,
Athens, Greece
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Maskey D, Kim HJ, Kim HG, Kim MJ. Calcium-binding proteins and GFAP immunoreactivity alterations in murine hippocampus after 1 month of exposure to 835 MHz radiofrequency at SAR values of 1.6 and 4.0 W/kg. Neurosci Lett 2011; 506:292-6. [PMID: 22133805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Widespread use of wireless mobile communication has raised concerns of adverse effect to the brain owing to the proximity during use due to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Changes in calcium ion concentrations via binding proteins can disturb calcium homeostasis; however, the correlation between calcium-binding protein (CaBP) immunoreactivity (IR) and glial cells has not been determined with different SAR values. Different SAR values [1.6 (E1.6 group) and 4.0 (E4 group) W/kg] were applied to determine the distribution of calbindin D28-k (CB), calretinin (CR), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) IR in murine hippocampus. Compared with sham control group, decreased CB and CR IRs, loss of CB and CR immunoreactive cells and increased GFAP IR exhibiting hypertrophic cytoplasmic processes were noted in both experimental groups. E4 group showed a prominent decrement in CB and CR IR than the E1.6 group due to down-regulation of CaBP proteins and neuronal loss. GFAP IR was more prominent in the E4 group than the E1.6 group. Decrement in the CaBPs can affect the calcium-buffering capacity leading to cell death, while increased GFAP IR and changes in astrocyte morphology, may mediate brain injury due to radiofrequency exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Maskey
- Department of Anatomy, Dankook University College of Medicine, San 29, Anseo-Dong, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
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46
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Kuhla B, Albrecht D, Bruckmaier R, Viergutz T, Nürnberg G, Metges CC. Proteome and radioimmunoassay analyses of pituitary hormones and proteins in response to feed restriction of dairy cows. Proteomics 2010; 10:4491-500. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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Kuljiš RO. The fourth element targeting hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Front Neurol 2010; 1:144. [PMID: 21188267 PMCID: PMC3008923 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2010.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite well over a century of research on all forms of the disorder known as Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is still not known whether the condition targets initially neurons, glial cells, other cellular elements in the brain, or components of cells, such as synapses, or molecules independently of their cellular compartmentalization, or otherwise (e.g., specific neuronal circuits). Multiple lines of highly suggestive but as yet insufficient experimental evidence are discussed here to formulate the hypothesis that AD results from primary (i.e., direct and initial) or secondary targeting of what we designate as the Fourth Element Cell (4EC): a relatively recently identified type of brain cell that exhibits features in common with neurons (e.g., synapses, participation in glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurotransmission), astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and their precursors, but is in other respects clearly distinct from all of them. The 4EC is proposed to be the main target of both: (1) converging insults (i.e., not true "causes") that over time cause sporadic forms of AD as postulated by the Danger Signal Hypothesis - which was not formulated with 4EC in mind - as well as (2) the causes of inherited (i.e., familial) forms of neurodegeneration that resemble certain aspects of the clinical manifestations of sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo O. Kuljiš
- The Brain-Mind Project, Inc. and Encephalogistics, Inc. Galveston, TX, USA
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Maskey D, Pradhan J, Aryal B, Lee CM, Choi IY, Park KS, Kim SB, Kim HG, Kim MJ. Chronic 835-MHz radiofrequency exposure to mice hippocampus alters the distribution of calbindin and GFAP immunoreactivity. Brain Res 2010; 1346:237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Baran H, Kepplinger B, Draxler M. Endogenous Kynurenine Aminotransferases Inhibitor is Proposed to Act as "Glia Depressing Factor" (GDF). Int J Tryptophan Res 2010; 3:13-22. [PMID: 22084585 PMCID: PMC3195239 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous neuroinhibitory amino acid receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (KYNA) has been hypothetically linked to physiological processes and to the pathogenesis of several brain disorders. The aim of this study was to search KYNA metabolism i.e. KYNA levels and enzymes synthesising KYNA kynurenine aminotransferase I and II (KAT I and II) in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the peripheral nervous system. Within the investigated species we found a remarkably low KYNA content (3.4 nM) in piglet's serum compared to rat and human serum. Furthermore, in contrast to high KAT activity present in rat and human livers, a lack of KAT I and KAT II activity was found in piglet liver and other piglet peripheral organs. Therefore we attempted to find a reason for the absence of KYNA formation in piglet peripheral tissue and we researched to find if KYNA formation in rat liver homogenate (measured under standard assay conditions for KAT activity) can be influenced by the application of piglet tissue homogenates and other body fluids. KYNA formation in rat liver homogenate was investigated in the presence of piglet liver, piglet brain, rat brain and human brain homogenates, and also in the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the control and of Multiple Sclerosis patients. We found a significant and dose dependent reduction of rat liver KAT I and KAT II activities in the presence of piglet brain, piglet liver, and human brain, but not in the presence of rat brain homogenate. Interestingly, CSF of the human control subjects significantly lowered rat liver KAT I activity. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of CSF of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients was significantly weaker when compared to the CSF of control subjects. Our data, for the first time, indicated the presence of active component(s)-depressing factor-in the body, which was able to block KYNA formation. Reduced KAT inhibitory effect by CSF of MS patients would suggest a lowered "depressing factor" level in CSF of MS patients and is possibly responsible for an enhancement of KYNA formation and for glia activation and gliosis in the CNS. Subsequently, two fractions obtained after centrifugation of CSF from patients with Neuroborreliosis showed a significantly different ability to block KAT I activity. The CSF-sediment fraction exerts a stronger inhibitory activity than the CSF-supernatant fraction, supporting further the presence of a depressing factor. For the first time, data revealed and demonstrated the ability of endogenous components to block KYNA's synthesis. We propose that a glia depressing factor (GDF), which is abundantly present in the body, might simultaneously control glia cell's KAT activity, respectively KYNA synthesis and also glia proliferation. The mechanism(s) of action, the composition and structure of this factor needs to be further elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Baran
- Neurochemical Laboratory, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Pain Treatment and Neurorehabilitation, LKM Mauer-Amstetten
- Division of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medical University Vienna, Vienna
| | - Berthold Kepplinger
- Neurochemical Laboratory, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Pain Treatment and Neurorehabilitation, LKM Mauer-Amstetten
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychiatric Hospital LKM Mauer, Amstetten-Mauer
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital LKM Amstetten, Amstetten, Austria
| | - Markus Draxler
- Neurochemical Laboratory, Karl Landsteiner Research Institute for Pain Treatment and Neurorehabilitation, LKM Mauer-Amstetten
- Division of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Medical University Vienna, Vienna
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Shin AC, MohanKumar SMJ, Sirivelu MP, Claycombe KJ, Haywood JR, Fink GD, MohanKumar PS. Chronic exposure to a high-fat diet affects stress axis function differentially in diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34:1218-26. [PMID: 20212497 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Consumption of a high-fat (HF) diet is a contributing factor for the development of obesity. HF diet per se acts as a stressor, stimulating hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity resulting in elevated glucocorticoid levels; however, the mechanism behind this activation is unclear. We hypothesized that consumption of an HF diet activates HPA axis by increasing norepinephrine (NE) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, leading to elevation in corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) concentration in the median eminence (ME) resulting in elevated serum corticosterone (CORT). SUBJECTS To test this hypothesis, diet-induced obese (DIO) and diet-resistant (DR) rats were exposed to either chow or HF diet for 6 weeks. MEASUREMENTS At the end of 6 weeks, NE in the PVN was measured using HPLC, CRH in the ME, and CORT and leptin levels in the serum were measured using RIA and ELISA, respectively. The gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in NE synthesis, and leptin receptor in brainstem noradrenergic nuclei were also measured. RESULTS HF diet increased PVN NE in both DIO and DR rats (P<0.05). However, this was accompanied by increases in CRH and CORT secretion only in DR animals, but not in DIO rats. Leptin receptor mRNA levels in the brainstem noradrenergic areas were not affected in both DIO and DR rats. However, HF diet increased TH mRNA levels only in DIO rats. CONCLUSION Significant differences occur in all the arms of HPA axis function between DIO and DR rats. Further studies are needed to determine whether this could be a causative factor or a consequence to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Shin
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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