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Lafta MS, Sokolov AV, Landtblom AM, Ericson H, Schiöth HB, Abu Hamdeh S. Exploring biomarkers in trigeminal neuralgia patients operated with microvascular decompression: A comparison with multiple sclerosis patients and non-neurological controls. Eur J Pain 2024; 28:929-942. [PMID: 38158702 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe facial pain condition often associated with a neurovascular conflict. However, neuroinflammation has also been implicated in TN, as it frequently co-occurs with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS We analysed protein expression levels of TN patients compared to MS patients and controls. Proximity Extension Assay technology was used to analyse the levels of 92 proteins with the Multiplex Neuro-Exploratory panel provided by SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden. Serum and CSF samples were collected from TN patients before (n = 33 and n = 27, respectively) and after (n = 28 and n = 8, respectively) microvascular decompression surgery. Additionally, we included samples from MS patients (n = 20) and controls (n = 20) for comparison. RESULTS In both serum and CSF, several proteins were found increased in TN patients compared to either MS patients, controls, or both, including EIF4B, PTPN1, EREG, TBCB, PMVK, FKBP5, CD63, CRADD, BST2, CD302, CRIP2, CCL27, PPP3R1, WWP2, KLB, PLA2G10, TDGF1, SMOC1, RBKS, LTBP3, CLSTN1, NXPH1, SFRP1, HMOX2, and GGT5. The overall expression of the 92 proteins in postoperative TN samples seems to shift towards the levels of MS patients and controls in both serum and CSF, as compared to preoperative samples. Interestingly, there was no difference in protein levels between MS patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TN patients showed increased serum and CSF levels of specific proteins and that successful surgery normalizes these protein levels, highlighting its potential as an effective treatment. However, the similarity between MS and controls challenges the idea of shared pathophysiology with TN, suggesting distinct underlying mechanisms in these conditions. SIGNIFICANCE This study advances our understanding of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and its association with multiple sclerosis (MS). By analysing 92 protein biomarkers, we identified distinctive molecular profiles in TN patients, shedding light on potential pathophysiological mechanisms. The observation that successful surgery normalizes many protein levels suggests a promising avenue for TN treatment. Furthermore, the contrasting protein patterns between TN and MS challenge prevailing assumptions of similarity between the two conditions and point to distinct pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muataz S Lafta
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksandr V Sokolov
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Landtblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hans Ericson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sami Abu Hamdeh
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Gamit N, Dharmarajan A, Sethi G, Warrier S. Want of Wnt in Parkinson's disease: Could sFRP disrupt interplay between Nurr1 and Wnt signaling? Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115566. [PMID: 37088155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1) is a transcription factor known to regulate the development and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. Reports have confirmed that defect or obliteration of Nurr1 results in neurodegeneration and motor function impairment leading to Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies have also indicated that Nurr1 regulates the expression of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) and mutations in Nurr1 cause α-SYN overexpression, thereby increasing the risk of PD. Nurr1 is modulated via various pathways including Wnt signaling pathway which is known to play an important role in neurogenesis and deregulation of it contributes to PD pathogenesis. Both Wnt/β-catenin dependent and independent pathways are implicated in the activation of Nurr1 and subsequent downregulation of α-SYN. This review highlights the interaction between Nurr1 and Wnt signaling pathways in mDA neuronal development. We further hypothesize how modulation of Wnt signaling pathway by its antagonist, secreted frizzled related proteins (sFRPs) could be a potential route to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naisarg Gamit
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600 116, India; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia; School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Life and Physical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117 600, Singapore
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India; Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India.
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3
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Rueda‐Carrasco J, Martin‐Bermejo MJ, Pereyra G, Mateo MI, Borroto A, Brosseron F, Kummer MP, Schwartz S, López‐Atalaya JP, Alarcon B, Esteve P, Heneka MT, Bovolenta P. SFRP1 modulates astrocyte-to-microglia crosstalk in acute and chronic neuroinflammation. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51696. [PMID: 34569685 PMCID: PMC8567217 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. It fosters a dysfunctional neuron-microglia-astrocyte crosstalk that, in turn, maintains microglial cells in a perniciously reactive state that often enhances neuronal damage. The molecular components that mediate this critical communication are not fully explored. Here, we show that secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), a multifunctional regulator of cell-to-cell communication, is part of the cellular crosstalk underlying neuroinflammation. In mouse models of acute and chronic neuroinflammation, SFRP1, largely astrocyte-derived, promotes and sustains microglial activation, and thus a chronic inflammatory state. SFRP1 promotes the upregulation of components of the hypoxia-induced factor-dependent inflammatory pathway and, to a lower extent, of those downstream of the nuclear factor-kappa B. We thus propose that SFRP1 acts as an astrocyte-to-microglia amplifier of neuroinflammation, representing a potential valuable therapeutic target for counteracting the harmful effect of chronic inflammation in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rueda‐Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - María Jesús Martin‐Bermejo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - Guadalupe Pereyra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - María Inés Mateo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - Aldo Borroto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
| | - Frederic Brosseron
- NeurologyUniversitätsklinikum BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Markus P Kummer
- NeurologyUniversitätsklinikum BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Stephanie Schwartz
- NeurologyUniversitätsklinikum BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | | | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
| | - Pilar Esteve
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
| | - Michael T Heneka
- NeurologyUniversitätsklinikum BonnBonnGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BonnGermany
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaCSIC‐UAMMadridSpain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)MadridSpain
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4
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Morazzani EM, Compton JR, Leary DH, Berry AV, Hu X, Marugan JJ, Glass PJ, Legler PM. Proteolytic cleavage of host proteins by the Group IV viral proteases of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and Zika virus. Antiviral Res 2019; 164:106-122. [PMID: 30742841 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The alphaviral nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) cysteine proteases (EC 3.4.22.-) are essential for the proteolytic processing of the nonstructural (ns) polyprotein and are validated drug targets. A common secondary role of these proteases is to antagonize the effects of interferon (IFN). After delineating the cleavage site motif of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) nsP2 cysteine protease, we searched the human genome to identify host protein substrates. Here we identify a new host substrate of the VEEV nsP2 protease, human TRIM14, a component of the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) signalosome. Short stretches of homologous host-pathogen protein sequences (SSHHPS) are present in the nonstructural polyprotein and TRIM14. A 25-residue cyan-yellow fluorescent protein TRIM14 substrate was cleaved in vitro by the VEEV nsP2 protease and the cleavage site was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. A TRIM14 cleavage product also was found in VEEV-infected cell lysates. At least ten other Group IV (+)ssRNA viral proteases have been shown to cleave host proteins involved in generating the innate immune responses against viruses, suggesting that the integration of these short host protein sequences into the viral protease cleavage sites may represent an embedded mechanism of IFN antagonism. This interference mechanism shows several parallels with those of CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi/RISC, but with a protease recognizing a protein sequence common to both the host and pathogen. The short host sequences embedded within the viral genome appear to be analogous to the short phage sequences found in a host's CRISPR spacer sequences. To test this algorithm, we applied it to another Group IV virus, Zika virus (ZIKV), and identified cleavage sites within human SFRP1 (secreted frizzled related protein 1), a retinal Gs alpha subunit, NT5M, and Forkhead box protein G1 (FOXG1) in vitro. Proteolytic cleavage of these proteins suggests a possible link between the protease and the virus-induced phenotype of ZIKV. The algorithm may have value for selecting cell lines and animal models that recapitulate virus-induced phenotypes, predicting host-range and susceptibility, selecting oncolytic viruses, identifying biomarkers, and de-risking live virus vaccines. Inhibitors of the proteases that utilize this mechanism may both inhibit viral replication and alleviate suppression of the innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Morazzani
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jaimee R Compton
- Center for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Dagmar H Leary
- Center for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | | | - Xin Hu
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Juan J Marugan
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Pamela J Glass
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Patricia M Legler
- Center for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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5
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Miao N, Bian S, Lee T, Mubarak T, Huang S, Wen Z, Hussain G, Sun T. Opposite Roles of Wnt7a and Sfrp1 in Modulating Proper Development of Neural Progenitors in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:247. [PMID: 30065628 PMCID: PMC6056652 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wingless (Wnt)-mediated signals are involved in many important aspects of development of the mammalian cerebral cortex. How Wnts interact with their modulators in cortical development is still unclear. Here, we show that Wnt7a and secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (Sfrp1), a soluble modulator of Wnts, are co-expressed in mouse embryonic cortical neural progenitors (NPs). Knockout of Wnt7a in mice causes microcephaly due to reduced NP population and neurogenesis, and Sfrp1 has an opposing effect compared to Wnt7a. Similar to Dkk1, Sfrp1 decreases the Wnt1 and Wnt7a activity in vitro. Our results suggest that Wnt7a and Sfrp1 play opposite roles to ensure proper NP progeny in the developing cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Miao
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shan Bian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Trevor Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Taufif Mubarak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shiying Huang
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Wen
- Marine Biomedical Laboratory and Center for Translational Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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6
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Denley MCS, Gatford NJF, Sellers KJ, Srivastava DP. Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role? Front Neurosci 2018; 12:245. [PMID: 29887794 PMCID: PMC5981095 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex undergoes rapid folding in an "inside-outside" manner during embryonic development resulting in the establishment of six discrete cortical layers. This unique cytoarchitecture occurs via the coordinated processes of neurogenesis and cell migration. In addition, these processes are fine-tuned by a number of extracellular cues, which exert their effects by regulating intracellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, multiple brain regions have been shown to develop in a sexually dimorphic manner. In many cases, estrogens have been demonstrated to play an integral role in mediating these sexual dimorphisms in both males and females. Indeed, 17β-estradiol, the main biologically active estrogen, plays a critical organizational role during early brain development and has been shown to be pivotal in the sexually dimorphic development and regulation of the neural circuitry underlying sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors in males and females. However, whether and how estrogens, and 17β-estradiol in particular, regulate the development of the cerebral cortex is less well understood. In this review, we outline the evidence that estrogens are not only present but are engaged and regulate molecular machinery required for the fine-tuning of processes central to the cortex. We discuss how estrogens are thought to regulate the function of key molecular players and signaling pathways involved in corticogenesis, and where possible, highlight if these processes are sexually dimorphic. Collectively, we hope this review highlights the need to consider how estrogens may influence the development of brain regions directly involved in the sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors as well as development of sexually dimorphic regions such as the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. S. Denley
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. F. Gatford
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine J. Sellers
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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sFRP-mediated Wnt sequestration as a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 75:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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8
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Spiers H, Hannon E, Schalkwyk LC, Smith R, Wong CCY, O'Donovan MC, Bray NJ, Mill J. Methylomic trajectories across human fetal brain development. Genome Res 2015; 25:338-52. [PMID: 25650246 PMCID: PMC4352878 DOI: 10.1101/gr.180273.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic processes play a key role in orchestrating transcriptional regulation during development. The importance of DNA methylation in fetal brain development is highlighted by the dynamic expression of de novo DNA methyltransferases during the perinatal period and neurodevelopmental deficits associated with mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene. However, our knowledge about the temporal changes to the epigenome during fetal brain development has, to date, been limited. We quantified genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation at ∼ 400,000 sites in 179 human fetal brain samples (100 male, 79 female) spanning 23 to 184 d post-conception. We identified highly significant changes in DNA methylation across fetal brain development at >7% of sites, with an enrichment of loci becoming hypomethylated with fetal age. Sites associated with developmental changes in DNA methylation during fetal brain development were significantly underrepresented in promoter regulatory regions but significantly overrepresented in regions flanking CpG islands (shores and shelves) and gene bodies. Highly significant differences in DNA methylation were observed between males and females at a number of autosomal sites, with a small number of regions showing sex-specific DNA methylation trajectories across brain development. Weighted gene comethylation network analysis (WGCNA) revealed discrete modules of comethylated loci associated with fetal age that are significantly enriched for genes involved in neurodevelopmental processes. This is, to our knowledge, the most extensive study of DNA methylation across human fetal brain development to date, confirming the prenatal period as a time of considerable epigenomic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Spiers
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Eilis Hannon
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
| | - Leonard C Schalkwyk
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe C Y Wong
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Bray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Mill
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom;
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Nicoleau C, Varela C, Bonnefond C, Maury Y, Bugi A, Aubry L, Viegas P, Bourgois-Rocha F, Peschanski M, Perrier AL. Embryonic stem cells neural differentiation qualifies the role of Wnt/β-Catenin signals in human telencephalic specification and regionalization. Stem Cells 2013; 31:1763-74. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Nicoleau
- Inserm U861; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
- UEVE U861; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
| | | | | | - Yves Maury
- CECS; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
| | | | - Laetitia Aubry
- Inserm U861; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
- UEVE U861; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
| | - Pedro Viegas
- Inserm U861; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
- UEVE U861; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
| | - Fany Bourgois-Rocha
- Inserm U861; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
- UEVE U861; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
| | - Marc Peschanski
- Inserm U861; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
- UEVE U861; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
| | - Anselme L Perrier
- Inserm U861; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
- UEVE U861; I-STEM, AFM, Evry 91030 Cedex France
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Panaccione I, Napoletano F, Forte AM, Kotzalidis GD, Del Casale A, Rapinesi C, Brugnoli C, Serata D, Caccia F, Cuomo I, Ambrosi E, Simonetti A, Savoja V, De Chiara L, Danese E, Manfredi G, Janiri D, Motolese M, Nicoletti F, Girardi P, Sani G. Neurodevelopment in schizophrenia: the role of the wnt pathways. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:535-58. [PMID: 24403877 PMCID: PMC3763761 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the role of Wnt pathways in the neurodevelopment of schizophrenia. METHODS SYSTEMATIC PUBMED SEARCH, USING AS KEYWORDS ALL THE TERMS RELATED TO THE WNT PATHWAYS AND CROSSING THEM WITH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING AREAS: normal neurodevelopment and physiology, neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia, schizophrenia, and antipsychotic drug action. RESULTS Neurodevelopmental, behavioural, genetic, and psychopharmacological data point to the possible involvement of Wnt systems, especially the canonical pathway, in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and in the mechanism of antipsychotic drug action. The molecules most consistently found to be associated with abnormalities or in antipsychotic drug action are Akt1, glycogen synthase kinase3beta, and beta-catenin. However, the extent to which they contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia or to antipsychotic action remains to be established. CONCLUSIONS The study of the involvement of Wnt pathway abnormalities in schizophrenia may help in understanding this multifaceted clinical entity; the development of Wnt-related pharmacological targets must await the collection of more data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Panaccione
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Napoletano
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Forte
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio D. Kotzalidis
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Del Casale
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Rapinesi
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Brugnoli
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Serata
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Caccia
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cuomo
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Ambrosi
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Simonetti
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Savoja
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia De Chiara
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Danese
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Delfina Janiri
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Girardi
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Centro Lucio Bini, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sani
- NESMOS Department (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), Sapienza University, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Centro Lucio Bini, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Rome, Italy
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11
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Sebastián-Serrano A, Sandonis A, Cardozo M, Rodríguez-Tornos FM, Bovolenta P, Nieto M. Pαx6 expression in postmitotic neurons mediates the growth of axons in response to SFRP1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31590. [PMID: 22359602 PMCID: PMC3281087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, the mechanisms that specify neuronal subclasses are coupled to those that determine their axonal response to guidance cues. Pax6 is a homedomain transcription factor required for the specification of a variety of neural precursors. After cell cycle exit, Pax6 expression is often shut down in the precursor progeny and most postmitotic neurons no longer express detectable levels of the protein. There are however exceptions and high Pax6 protein levels are found, for example, in postmitotic retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), dopaminergic neurons of the olfactory bulb and the limbic system in the telencephalon. The function of Pax6 in these differentiating neurons remains mostly elusive. Here, we demonstrate that Pax6 mediates the response of growing axons to SFRP1, a secreted molecule expressed in several Pax6-positive forebrain territories. Forced expression of Pax6 in cultured postmitotic cortical neurons, which do not normally express Pax6, was sufficient to increment axonal length. Growth was blocked by the addition of anti-SFRP1 antibodies, whereas exogenously added SFRP1 increased axonal growth of Pax6-transfected neurons but not that of control or untransfected cortical neurons. In the reverse scenario, shRNA-mediated knock-down of Pax6 in mouse retinal explants specifically abolished RGCs axonal growth induced by SFRP1, but had no effect on RGCs differentiation and it did not modify the effect of Shh or Netrin on axon growth. Taken together these results demonstrate that expression of Pax6 is necessary and sufficient to render postmitotic neurons competent to respond to SFRP1. These results reveal a novel and unexpected function of Pax6 in postmitotic neurons and situate Pax6 and SFRP1 as pair regulators of axonal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Africa Sandonis
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM, and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Cardozo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM, and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UAM, and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Nieto
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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12
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Ivaniutsin U, Chen Y, Mason JO, Price DJ, Pratt T. Adenomatous polyposis coli is required for early events in the normal growth and differentiation of the developing cerebral cortex. Neural Dev 2009; 4:3. [PMID: 19149881 PMCID: PMC2649069 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) is a large multifunctional protein known to be important for Wnt/β-catenin signalling, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cell polarity. In the developing cerebral cortex, Apc is expressed in proliferating cells and its expression increases as cells migrate to the cortical plate. We examined the consequences of loss of Apc function for the early development of the cerebral cortex. Results We used Emx1Cre to inactivate Apc specifically in proliferating cerebral cortical cells and their descendents starting from embryonic day 9.5. We observed reduction in the size of the mutant cerebral cortex, disruption to its organisation, and changes in the molecular identity of its cells. Loss of Apc leads to a decrease in the size of the proliferative pool, disrupted interkinetic nuclear migration, and increased apoptosis. β-Catenin, pericentrin, and N-cadherin proteins no longer adopt their normal high concentration at the apical surface of the cerebral cortical ventricular zone, indicating that cell polarity is disrupted. Consistent with enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signalling resulting from loss of Apc we found increased levels of TCF/LEF-dependent transcription and expression of endogenous Wnt/β-catenin target genes (Axin2 (conductin), Lef1, and c-myc) in the mutant cerebral cortex. In the Apc mutant cerebral cortex the expression of transcription factors Foxg1, Pax6, Tbr1, and Tbr2 is drastically reduced compared to normal and many cells ectopically express Pax3, Wnt1, and Wt1 (but not Wnt2b, Wnt8b, Ptc, Gli1, Mash1, Olig2, or Islet1). This indicates that loss of Apc function causes cerebral cortical cells to lose their normal identity and redirect to fates normally found in more posterior-dorsal regions of the central nervous system. Conclusion Apc is required for multiple aspects of early cerebral cortical development, including the regulation of cell number, interkinetic nuclear migration, cell polarity, and cell type specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uladzislau Ivaniutsin
- Genes and Development Group, Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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13
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Solberg N, Machon O, Krauss S. Effect of canonical Wnt inhibition in the neurogenic cortex, hippocampus, and premigratory dentate gyrus progenitor pool. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:1799-811. [PMID: 18521945 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling is crucial for the correct development of both cortical and hippocampal structures in the dorsal telencephalon. In this study, we examined the role of the canonical Wnt signaling in the dorsal telencephalon of mouse embryos at defined time periods by inhibition of the pathway with ectopic expression of Dkk1. Transgenic mice with the D6-driven Dkk1 gene exhibited reduced canonical Wnt signaling in the cortex and hippocampus. As a result, all hippocampal fields were reduced in size. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was severely reduced both in the premigratory and migratory progenitor pool. The lower number of progenitors in the dentate gyrus was not rescued after migration to the subgranular zone and thus the dentate gyrus lacked the entire internal blade and a part of the external blade from postnatal to adult stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Solberg
- Section for Cellular and Genetic Therapy, Institute of Microbiology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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14
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Trevant B, Gaur T, Hussain S, Symons J, Komm BS, Bodine PVN, Stein GS, Lian JB. Expression of secreted frizzled related protein 1, a Wnt antagonist, in brain, kidney, and skeleton is dispensable for normal embryonic development. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:113-26. [PMID: 18498122 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Secreted frizzled related protein-1 (sFRP1), an antagonist of Wnt signaling, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis and negatively regulates bone formation. The spatial and temporal pattern of endogenous sFRP1 expression and loss-of-function were examined in the sFRP1-LacZ knock-in mouse (sFRP1-/-) during embryonic development and post-natal growth. beta-gal activity representing sFRP1 expression is robust in brain, skeleton, kidney, eye, spleen, abdomen, heart and somites in early embryos, but sFRP1 gene inactivation in these tissues did not compromise normal embryonic and post-natal development. Kidney histology revealed increased numbers of glomeruli in KO mice, observed after 5 years of breeding. In the skeleton, we show sFRP1 expression is found in relation to the mineralizing front of bone tissue during skeletal development from E15.5 to birth. Trabecular bone volume and bone mineral density in the sFRP1-/- mouse compared to WT was slightly increased during post-natal growth. Calvarial osteoblasts from newborn sFRP1-/- mice exhibited a 20% increase in cell proliferation and differentiation at the early stages of osteoblast maturation. sFRP1 expression was observed in osteoclasts, but this did not affect osteoclast number or activity. These findings have identified functions for sFRP1 in kidney and bone that are not redundant with other sFRPs. In summary, the absence of major organ abnormalities, the enhanced bone formation and a normal life span with no detection of spontaneous tumors suggests that targeting sFRP1 can be used as a therapeutic strategy for increasing bone mass in metabolic bone disorders or promoting fracture healing by modulating Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brune Trevant
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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15
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Tondreau T, Dejeneffe M, Meuleman N, Stamatopoulos B, Delforge A, Martiat P, Bron D, Lagneaux L. Gene expression pattern of functional neuronal cells derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:166. [PMID: 18405367 PMCID: PMC2358905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal tissue has limited potential to self-renew or repair after neurological diseases. Cellular therapies using stem cells are promising approaches for the treatment of neurological diseases. However, the clinical use of embryonic stem cells or foetal tissues is limited by ethical considerations and other scientific problems. Thus, bone marrow mesenchymal stomal cells (BM-MSC) could represent an alternative source of stem cells for cell replacement therapies. Indeed, many studies have demonstrated that MSC can give rise to neuronal cells as well as many tissue-specific cell phenotypes. METHODS BM-MSC were differentiated in neuron-like cells under specific induction (NPBM + cAMP + IBMX + NGF + Insulin). By day ten, differentiated cells presented an expression profile of real neurons. Functionality of these differentiated cells was evaluated by calcium influx through glutamate receptor AMPA3. RESULTS Using microarray analysis, we compared gene expression profile of these different samples, before and after neurogenic differentiation. Among the 1943 genes differentially expressed, genes down-regulated are involved in osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, adipogenesis, myogenesis and extracellular matrix component (tuftelin, AGC1, FADS3, tropomyosin, fibronectin, ECM2, HAPLN1, vimentin). Interestingly, genes implicated in neurogenesis are increased. Most of them are involved in the synaptic transmission and long term potentialisation as cortactin, CASK, SYNCRIP, SYNTL4 and STX1. Other genes are involved in neurite outgrowth, early neuronal cell development, neuropeptide signaling/synthesis and neuronal receptor (FK506, ARHGAP6, CDKRAP2, PMCH, GFPT2, GRIA3, MCT6, BDNF, PENK, amphiregulin, neurofilament 3, Epha4, synaptotagmin). Using real time RT-PCR, we confirmed the expression of selected neuronal genes: NEGR1, GRIA3 (AMPA3), NEF3, PENK and Epha4. Functionality of these neuron-like cells was demonstrated by Ca2+ influx through glutamate receptor channel (AMPA3) in the presence of two agonist glutamate, AMPA or CNQX antagonist. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that BM-MSC have the potential to differentiate in neuronal cells with specific gene expression and functional properties. BM-MSC are thus promising candidates for cell-based therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Tondreau
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, 121, Bd de Waterloo, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Kudo LC, Karsten SL, Chen J, Levitt P, Geschwind DH. Genetic analysis of anterior posterior expression gradients in the developing mammalian forebrain. Cereb Cortex 2006; 17:2108-22. [PMID: 17150988 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic regulatory factors play critical roles in early cortical patterning, including the development of the anteroposterior (A-P) axis. To identify genes that are differentially expressed along the A-P axis of the developing cerebral cortex, we analyzed gene expression in presumptive frontal, parietal, and occipital cerebral walls of E12.5 mouse using complementary DNA microarrays. We identified 106 genes, including expressed sequence tags (ESTs), expressed in an A-P gradient in the embryonic brain and screened 88 by in situ hybridization for confirmation. Central nervous system (CNS) expression patterns of many of these genes were previously unknown. Others, such as Sfrp1, CoupTF1, and FABP7, were expressed in a manner consistent with previous studies, providing independent confirmation. Two related transcription factors, previously not implicated in CNS development, Fhl1 and Fhl2, were observed to be enriched in posterior and anterior telencephalon, respectively. We studied patterning gradients in Fhl1 knockout mice but observed no changes in gene expression related to A-P regionalization in the Fhl1 knockout mice. These data provide an important set of new candidates for studies of cortical patterning and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili C Kudo
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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17
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Machon O, van den Bout CJ, Backman M, Kemler R, Krauss S. Role of β-catenin in the developing cortical and hippocampal neuroepithelium. Neuroscience 2003; 122:129-43. [PMID: 14596855 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
beta-Catenin plays a pivotal role in Wnt signaling during embryogenesis and is a component of adherens junctions. Since targeted disruption of the beta-catenin gene is lethal at gastrulation we have used a D6-Cre mouse line for conditional inactivation of beta-catenin in the mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus after embryonic day (E) 10.5. In D6-Cre floxed beta-catenin mice, hippocampal CA1-CA2 fields are disrupted in similar manner as in Wnt-3a and LEF-1 mutants. The cortex of D6-Cre floxed beta-catenin mutants is strongly affected which contrasts with the normal cortex observed in Wnt-3a and LEF-1 mutants. Severe abnormalities in the organization of the neuroepithelium are observed that include disrupted interkinetic nuclear migration, loss of adherens junctions, impaired radial migration of neurons toward superficial layers and decreased cell proliferation after E15.5. At newborn stage, a premature disassembly of the radial glial scaffold and increased numbers of astrocytes are found in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Machon
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha, Czech Republic
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18
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Job C, Tan SS. Erratum to “Constructing the mammalian neocortex: the role of intrinsic factors”. Dev Biol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is subdivided into regions that are specialised for the processing of particular forms of information. These regions are distinct in terms of their cytoarchitecture, electrophysiology, and connectivity. How this regional diversity is generated through development is currently a topic of considerable interest and has centered upon two main issues. First, to what extent are these regions prespecified by intrinsic genetic mechanisms? Second, what is the influence of extrinsic activity in transmitting signals that ultimately shape functional regions? Historically, experimental evidence has tended to emphasise the role of extrinsic influences, but the identification and analysis of several genes that are expressed asymmetrically in the developing neocortex have tempered this viewpoint. We review current literature from the standpoint that intrinsic influences act early in neocortical development to generate molecular patterning whose main role is the guidance of long-range projections from the dorsal thalamus. Extrinsic influences appear to generate receptive fields for peripheral input, the summation of which determines the areal extent of particular neocortical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Job
- Brain Development Laboratory, Howard Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Gunnersen JM, Augustine C, Spirkoska V, Kim M, Brown M, Tan SS. Global analysis of gene expression patterns in developing mouse neocortex using serial analysis of gene expression. Mol Cell Neurosci 2002; 19:560-73. [PMID: 11988023 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2001.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular inventories of the developing mouse neocortex before and after birth were generated using the global gene expression profiling tool serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Libraries were generated from embryonic day 15 and postnatal day 1 mouse neocortex and more than 40,000 tags were collected (20,211 and 22,001 tags, representing 11,706 and 12,402 transcripts, respectively). Comparison of the two libraries resulted in the identification of 321 transcripts that were differentially expressed (P < 0.05). Differential expression was independently verified for selected genes by Northern blotting, and in situ hybridization revealed spatial expression patterns in the neocortex. Differentially expressed transcripts included genes known to be important in neocortical development (e.g., brain factor 1, neuroD2, and Id2), genes not previously associated with neocortical development (such as brahma-related gene 1, receptor for activated C-kinase I, hypermethylated in cancer 2, and Evi9), and genes of unknown identity or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gunnersen
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
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