1
|
Lv Y, Wang Q, Lin C, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Hu X. Overexpression of Fgf18 in cranial neural crest cells recapitulates Pierre Robin sequence in mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1376814. [PMID: 38694818 PMCID: PMC11061347 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1376814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of FGF18 in the regulation of craniofacial and skeletal development has been well established. Previous studies have demonstrated that mice with deficiency in Fgf18 exhibit severe craniofacial dysplasia. Recent clinical reports have revealed that the duplication of chromosome 5q32-35.3, which encompasses the Fgf18 gene, can lead to cranial bone dysplasia and congenital craniosynostosis, implicating the consequence of possible overdosed FGF18 signaling. This study aimed to test the effects of augmented FGF18 signaling by specifically overexpressing the Fgf18 gene in cranial neural crest cells using the Wnt1-Cre;pMes-Fgf18 mouse model. The results showed that overexpression of Fgf18 leads to craniofacial abnormalities in mice similar to the Pierre Robin sequence in humans, including abnormal tongue morphology, micrognathia, and cleft palate. Further examination revealed that elevated levels of Fgf18 activated the Akt and Erk signaling pathways, leading to an increase in the proliferation level of tongue tendon cells and alterations in the contraction pattern of the genioglossus muscle. Additionally, we observed that excessive FGF18 signaling contributed to the reduction in the length of Meckel's cartilage and disrupted the development of condylar cartilage, ultimately resulting in mandibular defects. These anomalies involve changes in several downstream signals, including Runx2, p21, Akt, Erk, p38, Wnt, and Ihh. This study highlights the crucial role of maintaining the balance of endogenous FGF18 signaling for proper craniofacial development and offers insights into potential formation mechanisms of the Pierre Robin sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xuefeng Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dordoe C, Huang W, Bwalya C, Wang X, Shen B, Wang H, Wang J, Ye S, Wang P, Xiaoyan B, Li X, Lin L. The role of microglial activation on ischemic stroke: Modulation by fibroblast growth factors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 74:122-133. [PMID: 37573252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the devastating clinical conditions that causes death and permanent disability. Its occurrence causes the reduction of oxygen and glucose supply, resulting in events such as inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the brain. Microglia are brain-resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that exert diverse roles and respond to pathological process after an ischemic insult. The discovery of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in mammals, resulted to the findings that they can treat experimental models of stroke in animals effectively. FGFs function as homeostatic factors that control cells and hormones involved in metabolism, and they also regulate the secretion of proinflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) cytokines after stroke. In this review, we outline current evidence of microglia activation in experimental models of stroke focusing on its ability to exacerbate damage or repair tissue. Also, our review sheds light on the pharmacological actions of FGFs on multiple targets to regulate microglial modulation and highlighted their theoretical molecular mechanisms to provide possible therapeutic targets, as well as their limitations for the treatment of stroke. DATA AVAILABILITY: Not applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Confidence Dordoe
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Canol Bwalya
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Bixin Shen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shasha Ye
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Bao Xiaoyan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goldschagg MGE, Hockman D. FGF18. Differentiation 2023:100735. [PMID: 38007374 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
FGF18 was discovered in 1998. It is a pleiotropic growth factor that stimulates major signalling pathways involved in cell proliferation and growth, and is involved in the development and homeostasis of many tissues such as bone, lung, and central nervous system. The gene consists of five exons that code for a 207 amino acid glycosylated protein. FGF18 is widely expressed in developing and adult chickens, mice, and humans, being seen in the mesenchyme, brain, skeleton, heart, and lungs. Knockout studies of FGF18 in mice lead to perinatal death, characterised by distinct phenotypes such as cleft palate, smaller body size, curved long bones, deformed ribs, and reduced crania. As can be expected from a protein involved in so many functions FGF18 is associated with various diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and most notably various types of cancer such as breast, lung, and ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G E Goldschagg
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dorit Hockman
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gattiglio M, Protzek M, Schröter C. Population-level antagonism between FGF and BMP signaling steers mesoderm differentiation in embryonic stem cells. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio059941. [PMID: 37530863 PMCID: PMC10445724 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesodermal precursor populations for different internal organ systems are specified during gastrulation by the combined activity of extracellular signaling systems such as BMP, Wnt, Nodal and FGF. The BMP, Wnt and Nodal signaling requirements for the differentiation of specific mesoderm subtypes in mammals have been mapped in detail, but how FGF shapes mesodermal cell type diversity is not precisely known. It is also not clear how FGF signaling integrates with the activity of other signaling systems involved in mesoderm differentiation. Here, we address these questions by analyzing the effects of targeted signaling manipulations in differentiating stem cell populations at single-cell resolution. We identify opposing functions of BMP and FGF, and map FGF-dependent and -independent mesodermal lineages. Stimulation with exogenous FGF boosts the expression of endogenous Fgf genes while repressing Bmp ligand genes. This positive autoregulation of FGF signaling, coupled with the repression of BMP signaling, may contribute to the specification of reproducible and coherent cohorts of cells with the same identity via a community effect, both in the embryo and in synthetic embryo-like systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gattiglio
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Systemic Cell Biology, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michelle Protzek
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Systemic Cell Biology, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Schröter
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Systemic Cell Biology, 44227Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goraltchouk A, Mankovskaya S, Kuznetsova T, Hladkova Z, Hollander JM, Luppino F, Seregin A. Comparative evaluation of rhFGF18 and rhGDF11 treatment in a transient ischemia stroke model. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2023; 41:257-270. [PMID: 38363623 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-231347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Background Pharmacological treatments for ischemic stroke remain limited to thrombolysis, which is associated with increased risk of potentially fatal hemorrhage. Treatments with Recombinant Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 18 (rhFGF18) and Growth and Differentiation Factor 11 (rhGDF11) appear promising based on different preclinical models. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of rhFGF18 and rhGDF11 directly on survival, behavioral deficits, and histological fingerprint of cerebral ischemia in the Wistar rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of stroke. Methods Ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced using a 2-hour transient MCAO. Animals were administered rhFGF18 (infusion), rhGDF11 (multi-injection), or Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) vehicle control and followed for 42 days. Motor-Cognitive deficits were evaluated using the Morris Water Maze at Days 0 (pre-MCAO), 7, 21, and 42. Histopathological assessments were performed on Days 21 and 42. Results Day 7 post-ischemia water maze performance times increased 38.3%, 2.1%, and 23.1% for PBS, rhFGF18, and rhGDF11-treated groups, respectively. Fraction of neurons with abnormal morphology (chromatolysis, pyknotic nuclei, somal degeneration) decreased in all groups toward Day 42 and was lowest for rhFGF18. AChE-positive fiber density and activity increased over time in the rhFGF18 group, remained unchanged in the rhGDF11 treatment arm, and declined in the PBS control. Metabolic increases were greatest in rhGDF11 treated animals, with both rhFGF18 and rhGDF11 achieving improvements over PBS, as evidenced by increased succinate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Finally, rhFGF18 treatment exhibited a trend for reduced mortality relative to PBS (5.6%, 95% CI [27.3%, 0.1% ] vs. 22.2%, 95% CI [47.6%, 6.4% ]). Conclusions rhFGF18 treatment appears promising in improving survival and promoting motor-cognitive recovery following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhanna Hladkova
- Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Judith M Hollander
- Remedium Bio, Inc., Needham, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao T, McMahon M, Reynolds K, Saha SK, Stokes A, Zhou CJ. The role of Lrp6-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the development and intervention of spinal neural tube defects in mice. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275313. [PMID: 35514236 PMCID: PMC9194482 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the common and severe birth defects with poorly understood etiology. Mutations in the Wnt co-receptor LRP6 are associated with NTDs in humans. Either gain-of-function (GOF) or loss-of-function (LOF) mutations of Lrp6 can cause NTDs in mice. NTDs in Lrp6-GOF mutants may be attributed to altered β-catenin-independent noncanonical Wnt signaling. However, the mechanisms underlying NTDs in Lrp6-LOF mutants and the role of Lrp6-mediated canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in neural tube closure remain unresolved. We previously demonstrated that β-catenin signaling is required for posterior neuropore (PNP) closure. In the current study, conditional ablation of Lrp6 in dorsal PNP caused spinal NTDs with diminished activities of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its downstream target gene Pax3, which is required for PNP closure. β-catenin-GOF rescued NTDs in Lrp6-LOF mutants. Moreover, maternal supplementation of a Wnt/β-catenin signaling agonist reduced the frequency and severity of spinal NTDs in Lrp6-LOF mutants by restoring Pax3 expression. Together, these results demonstrate the essential role of Lrp6-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in PNP closure, which could also provide a therapeutic target for NTD intervention through manipulation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling activities. Summary: Conditional ablation of Lrp6 in dorsal neural folds causes spinal neural tube defects that can be rescued by genetic activation of β-catenin or maternal supplementation of Wnt signaling agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Moira McMahon
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Arjun Stokes
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McFann SE, Shvartsman SY, Toettcher JE. Putting in the Erk: Growth factor signaling and mesoderm morphogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 149:263-310. [PMID: 35606058 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that FGF signaling contributes to mesoderm formation, a germ layer found in triploblasts that is composed of highly migratory cells that give rise to muscles and to the skeletal structures of vertebrates. FGF signaling activates several pathways in the developing mesoderm, including transient activation of the Erk pathway, which triggers mesodermal fate specification through the induction of the gene brachyury and activates morphogenetic programs that allow mesodermal cells to position themselves in the embryo. In this review, we discuss what is known about the generation and interpretation of transient Erk signaling in mesodermal tissues across species. We focus specifically on mechanisms that translate the level and duration of Erk signaling into cell fate and cell movement instructions and discuss strategies for further interrogating the role that Erk signaling dynamics play in mesodermal gastrulation and morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E McFann
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States; Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jared E Toettcher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sapir T, Sela-donenfeld D, Karlinski M, Reiner O. Brain Organization and Human Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:1642. [PMID: 35626679 PMCID: PMC9139716 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortex is a highly organized structure that develops from the caudal regions of the segmented neural tube. Its spatial organization sets the stage for future functional arealization. Here, we suggest using a developmental perspective to describe and understand the etiology of common cortical malformations and their manifestation in the human brain.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sears KE, Gullapalli K, Trivedi D, Mihas A, Bukys MA, Jensen J. Controlling neural territory patterning from pluripotency using a systems developmental biology approach. iScience 2022; 25:104133. [PMID: 35434550 PMCID: PMC9010746 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful manufacture of specialized human cells requires process understanding of directed differentiation. Here, we apply high-dimensional Design of Experiments (HD-DoE) methodology to identify critical process parameters (CPPs) that govern neural territory patterning from pluripotency—the first stage toward specification of central nervous system (CNS) cell fates. Using computerized experimental design, 7 developmental signaling pathways were simultaneously perturbed in human pluripotent stem cell culture. Regionally specific genes spanning the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes of the developing embryo were measured after 3 days and mathematical models describing pathway control were developed using regression analysis. High-dimensional models revealed particular combinations of signaling inputs that induce expression profiles consistent with emerging CNS territories and defined CPPs for anterior and posterior neuroectoderm patterning. The results demonstrate the importance of combinatorial control during neural induction and challenge the use of generic neural induction strategies such as dual-SMAD inhibition, when seeking to specify particular lineages from pluripotency. Mathematical models describe pathway control of neuroectoderm marker expression Stage 1 media conditions optimized for regionally specific neuroectoderm in 3 days Optimized conditions are more consistent than dual-SMADi across hiPSC lines
Collapse
|
10
|
Song Z, Li Y, Shang C, Shang G, Kou H, Li J, Chen S, Liu H. Sprifermin: Effects on Cartilage Homeostasis and Therapeutic Prospects in Cartilage-Related Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:786546. [PMID: 34970547 PMCID: PMC8712868 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.786546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When suffering from osteoarthritis (OA), articular cartilage homeostasis is out of balance and the living quality declines. The treatment of knee OA has always been an unsolved problem in the world. At present, symptomatic treatment is mainly adopted for OA. Drug therapy is mainly used to relieve pain symptoms, but often accompanied with adverse reactions; surgical treatment involves the problem of poor integration between the repaired or transplanted tissues and the natural cartilage, leading to the failure of repair. Biotherapy which aims to promote cartilage in situ regeneration and to restore endochondral homeostasis is expected to be an effective method for the prevention and treatment of OA. Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) are intended for targeted treatment of OA. The DMOADs prevent excessive destruction of articular cartilage through anti-catabolism and stimulate tissue regeneration via excitoanabolic effects. Sprifermin (recombinant human FGF18, rhFGF18) is an effective DMOAD, which can not only promote the proliferation of articular chondrocyte and the synthesis of extracellular matrix, increase the thickness of cartilage in a dose-dependent manner, but also inhibit the activity of proteolytic enzymes and remarkedly slow down the degeneration of cartilage. This paper reviews the unique advantages of Sprifermin in repairing cartilage injury and improving cartilage homeostasis, aiming to provide an important strategy for the effective prevention and treatment of cartilage injury-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongmian Song
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunfeng Shang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guowei Shang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Kou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells. [DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
12
|
Guy B, Zhang JS, Duncan LH, Johnston RJ. Human neural organoids: Models for developmental neurobiology and disease. Dev Biol 2021; 478:102-121. [PMID: 34181916 PMCID: PMC8364509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human organoids stand at the forefront of basic and translational research, providing experimentally tractable systems to study human development and disease. These stem cell-derived, in vitro cultures can generate a multitude of tissue and organ types, including distinct brain regions and sensory systems. Neural organoid systems have provided fundamental insights into molecular mechanisms governing cell fate specification and neural circuit assembly and serve as promising tools for drug discovery and understanding disease pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss several human neural organoid systems, how they are generated, advances in 3D imaging and bioengineering, and the impact of organoid studies on our understanding of the human nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Guy
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jingliang Simon Zhang
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Leighton H Duncan
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Robert J Johnston
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dordoe C, Chen K, Huang W, Chen J, Hu J, Wang X, Lin L. Roles of Fibroblast Growth Factors and Their Therapeutic Potential in Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671131. [PMID: 33967812 PMCID: PMC8102031 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death worldwide, and its treatment remains a challenge. Complex pathological processes are involved in stroke, which causes a reduction in the supply of oxygen and energy to the brain that triggers subsequent cascade events, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis, resulting in brain injury. Stroke is a devastating disease for which there are few treatments, but physical rehabilitation can help improve stroke recovery. Although there are very few treatments for stroke patients, the discovery of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in mammals has led to the finding that FGFs can effectively treat stroke in animal models. As presented in this review, FGFs play essential roles by functioning as homeostatic factors and controlling cells and hormones involved in metabolism. They could be used as effective therapeutic agents for stroke. In this review, we will discuss the pharmacological actions of FGFs on multiple targets, including their ability to directly promote neuron survival, enhance angiogenesis, protect against blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and regulate microglial modulation, in the treatment of ischemic stroke and their theoretical mechanisms and actions, as well as the therapeutic potential and limitations of FGFs for the clinical treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Confidence Dordoe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children' Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Matsumoto R, Takahashi Y. Human pituitary development and application of iPSCs for pituitary disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2069-2079. [PMID: 33206204 PMCID: PMC11071979 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary plays a pivotal role in maintaining systemic homeostasis by secreting several hormones. During fetal development, the pituitary develops from the oral ectoderm in contact with the adjacent hypothalamus. This process is regulated by the fine-tuned expression of transcription and growth factors. Impairments of this process result in congenital pituitary hypoplasia leading to dysfunction of the pituitary. Although animal models such as knockout mice have helped to clarify these underlying mechanisms, the developmental processes of the human pituitary gland and the mechanisms of human pituitary disorders have not been fully understood. This is because, at least in part, of the lack of a human pituitary developmental model. Recently, methods for in vitro induction of the pituitary gland from human pluripotent stem cells were developed. These models can be utilized not only for regenerative medicine but also for human pituitary studies on developmental biology and for modeling of pituitary disorders, such as hypopituitarism and pituitary tumors. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress in the applications of pluripotent stem cells for pituitary research and discuss further perspectives for pituitary studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryusaku Matsumoto
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takahashi
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Agrawal S, Maity S, AlRaawi Z, Al-Ameer M, Kumar TKS. Targeting Drugs Against Fibroblast Growth Factor(s)-Induced Cell Signaling. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:214-240. [PMID: 33045958 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999201012201926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is comprised of 23 highly regulated monomeric proteins that regulate a plethora of developmental and pathophysiological processes, including tissue repair, wound healing, angiogenesis, and embryonic development. Binding of FGF to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), a tyrosine kinase receptor, is facilitated by a glycosaminoglycan, heparin. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate the tyrosine kinase residues that mediate induction of downstream signaling pathways, such as RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT. Dysregulation of the FGF/FGFR signaling occurs frequently in cancer due to gene amplification, FGF activating mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, integration, and oncogenic fusions. Aberrant FGFR signaling also affects organogenesis, embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and has been associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cancer, and other pathophysiological changes. OBJECTIVE This comprehensive review will discuss the biology, chemistry, and functions of FGFs, and its current applications toward wound healing, diabetes, repair and regeneration of tissues, and fatty liver diseases. In addition, specific aberrations in FGFR signaling and drugs that target FGFR and aid in mitigating various disorders, such as cancer, are also discussed in detail. CONCLUSION Inhibitors of FGFR signaling are promising drugs in the treatment of several types of cancers. The clinical benefits of FGF/FGFR targeting therapies are impeded due to the activation of other RTK signaling mechanisms or due to the mutations that abolish the drug inhibitory activity on FGFR. Thus, the development of drugs with a different mechanism of action for FGF/FGFR targeting therapies is the recent focus of several preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Sanhita Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Zeina AlRaawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Musaab Al-Ameer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a heterogeneous rostral forebrain region that regulates physiological processes essential for survival, energy metabolism, and reproduction, mainly mediated by the pituitary gland. In the updated prosomeric model, the hypothalamus represents the rostralmost forebrain, composed of two segmental regions (terminal and peduncular hypothalamus), which extend respectively into the non-evaginated preoptic telencephalon and the evaginated pallio-subpallial telencephalon. Complex genetic cascades of transcription factors and signaling molecules rule their development. Alterations of some of these molecular mechanisms acting during forebrain development are associated with more or less severe hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunctions, which may be associated with brain malformations such as holoprosencephaly or septo-optic dysplasia. Studies on transgenic mice with mutated genes encoding critical transcription factors implicated in hypothalamic-pituitary development are contributing to understanding the high clinical complexity of these pathologies. In this review article, we will analyze first the complex molecular genoarchitecture of the hypothalamus resulting from the activity of previous morphogenetic signaling centers and secondly some malformations related to alterations in genes implicated in the development of the hypothalamus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Diaz
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB-Arrixaca Institute, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Boylan M, Anderson MJ, Ornitz DM, Lewandoski M. The Fgf8 subfamily (Fgf8, Fgf17 and Fgf18) is required for closure of the embryonic ventral body wall. Development 2020; 147:dev189506. [PMID: 32907848 PMCID: PMC7595690 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The closure of the embryonic ventral body wall in amniotes is an important morphogenetic event and is essential for life. Defects in human ventral wall closure are a major class of birth defect and a significant health burden. Despite this, very little is understood about how the ventral body wall is formed. Here, we show that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands FGF8, FGF17 and FGF18 are essential for this process. Conditional mouse mutants for these genes display subtle migratory defects in the abdominal muscles of the ventral body wall and an enlarged umbilical ring, through which the internal organs are extruded. By refining where and when these genes are required using different Cre lines, we show that Fgf8 and Fgf17 are required in the presomitic mesoderm, whereas Fgf18 is required in the somites. This study identifies complex and multifactorial origins of ventral wall defects and has important implications for understanding their origins during embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Boylan
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prajapati RS, Mitter R, Vezzaro A, Ish-Horowicz D. Greb1 is required for axial elongation and segmentation in vertebrate embryos. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio047290. [PMID: 31988092 PMCID: PMC7044451 DOI: 10.1242/bio.047290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate embryonic development, the formation of axial structures is driven by a population of stem-like cells that reside in a region of the tailbud called the chordoneural hinge (CNH). We have compared the mouse CNH transcriptome with those of surrounding tissues and shown that the CNH and tailbud mesoderm are transcriptionally similar, and distinct from the presomitic mesoderm. Amongst CNH-enriched genes are several that are required for axial elongation, including Wnt3a, Cdx2, Brachyury/T and Fgf8, and androgen/oestrogen receptor nuclear signalling components such as Greb1 We show that the pattern and duration of tailbud Greb1 expression is conserved in mouse, zebrafish and chicken embryos, and that Greb1 is required for axial elongation and somitogenesis in zebrafish embryos. The axial truncation phenotype of Greb1 morphant embryos can be explained by much reduced expression of No tail (Ntl/Brachyury), which is required for axial progenitor maintenance. Posterior segmentation defects in the morphants (including misexpression of genes such as mespb, myoD and papC) appear to result, in part, from lost expression of the segmentation clock gene, her7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Mitter
- Cancer Research UK Developmental Genetics Laboratory, CRUK London Research Institute
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Annalisa Vezzaro
- Cancer Research UK Developmental Genetics Laboratory, CRUK London Research Institute
- Veyrier, 1255, Switzerland
| | - David Ish-Horowicz
- Cancer Research UK Developmental Genetics Laboratory, CRUK London Research Institute
- Cancer Research UK Developmental Genetics Laboratory, and University College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Gastrulation is the process whereby cells exit pluripotency and concomitantly acquire and pattern distinct cell fates. This is driven by the convergence of WNT, BMP, Nodal and FGF signals, which are tightly spatially and temporally controlled, resulting in regional and stage-specific signaling environments. The combination, level and duration of signals that a cell is exposed to, according its position within the embryo and the developmental time window, dictates the fate it will adopt. The key pathways driving gastrulation exhibit complex interactions, which are difficult to disentangle in vivo due to the complexity of manipulating multiple signals in parallel with high spatiotemporal resolution. Thus, our current understanding of the signaling dynamics regulating gastrulation is limited. In vitro stem cell models have been established, which undergo organized cellular differentiation and patterning. These provide amenable, simplified, deconstructed and scalable models of gastrulation. While the foundation of our understanding of gastrulation stems from experiments in embryos, in vitro systems are now beginning to reveal the intricate details of signaling regulation. Here we discuss the current state of knowledge of the role, regulation and dynamic interaction of signaling pathways that drive mouse gastrulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hagan AS, Boylan M, Smith C, Perez-Santamarina E, Kowalska K, Hung IH, Lewis RM, Hajihosseini MK, Lewandoski M, Ornitz DM. Generation and validation of novel conditional flox and inducible Cre alleles targeting fibroblast growth factor 18 (Fgf18). Dev Dyn 2019; 248:882-893. [PMID: 31290205 PMCID: PMC7029619 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) functions in the development of several tissues, including the lung, limb bud, palate, skeleton, central nervous system, and hair follicle. Mice containing a germline knockout of Fgf18 (Fgf18 -/- ) die shortly after birth. Postnatally, FGF18 is being evaluated for pathogenic roles in fibrosis and several types of cancer. The specific cell types that express FGF18 have been difficult to identify, and the function of FGF18 in postnatal development and tissue homeostasis has been hampered by the perinatal lethality of Fgf18 null mice. RESULTS We engineered a floxed allele of Fgf18 (Fgf18 flox ) that allows conditional gene inactivation and a CreERT2 knockin allele (Fgf18 CreERT2 ) that allows the precise identification of cells that express Fgf18 and their lineage. We validated the Fgf18 flox allele by targeting it in mesenchymal tissue and primary mesoderm during embryonic development, resulting in similar phenotypes to those observed in Fgf18 null mice. We also use the Fgf18 CreERT2 allele, in combination with a conditional fluorescent reporter to confirm known and identify new sites of Fgf18 expression. CONCLUSION These alleles will be useful to investigate FGF18 function during organogenesis and tissue homeostasis, and to target specific cell lineages at embryonic and postnatal time points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Hagan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael Boylan
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Craig Smith
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Karolina Kowalska
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Irene H. Hung
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Renate M. Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shi J, Gao Q, Cao Y, Fu J. Dennd1a, a susceptibility gene for polycystic ovary syndrome, is essential for mouse embryogenesis. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:351-362. [PMID: 30884041 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DENND1A has been identified as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small GTPase Rab35, which functions in endocytic trafficking to mediate the recycling of selective cargos. Genetic alterations within the DENND1A gene have been implicated in human disease such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the role of DENND1A in developmental and reproductive processes is largely unknown. RESULTS Using Dennd1a gene knockout mice, we uncovered that homogeneous Dennd1a-/- mutants died around embryonic day (E) 14.5. The brain of Dennd1a-/- embryos exhibited defects, partially attributed to the dysregulation of cell division and survival in the telencephalon. The transcription of Fgf8 mRNA was ectopically elevated in the dorsal midline of telencephalon, concomitant with a decrease of active β-catenin and Axin2 in the brain of Dennd1a-/- embryos. During liver morphogenesis, the ablation of Dennd1a impaired hepatic cell proliferation, the differentiation of hepatocyte, and hepatic hematopoiesis. In addition, loss of Dennd1a also affected the development of primordial germ cells. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that Dennd1a, a susceptibility gene for PCOS, is essential for embryogenesis, probably through the mediation of endocytic recycling of selective cargos that are involved in cell signaling crucial for the development of multiple embryonic organ systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongzhi Cao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiang Fu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wymeersch FJ, Skylaki S, Huang Y, Watson JA, Economou C, Marek-Johnston C, Tomlinson SR, Wilson V. Transcriptionally dynamic progenitor populations organised around a stable niche drive axial patterning. Development 2019; 146:dev168161. [PMID: 30559277 PMCID: PMC6340148 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The elongating mouse anteroposterior axis is supplied by progenitors with distinct tissue fates. It is not known whether these progenitors confer anteroposterior pattern to the embryo. We have analysed the progenitor population transcriptomes in the mouse primitive streak and tail bud throughout axial elongation. Transcriptomic signatures distinguish three known progenitor types (neuromesodermal, lateral/paraxial mesoderm and notochord progenitors; NMPs, LPMPs and NotoPs). Both NMP and LPMP transcriptomes change extensively over time. In particular, NMPs upregulate Wnt, Fgf and Notch signalling components, and many Hox genes as progenitors transit from production of the trunk to the tail and expand in number. In contrast, the transcriptome of NotoPs is stable throughout axial elongation and they are required for normal axis elongation. These results suggest that NotoPs act as a progenitor niche whereas anteroposterior patterning originates within NMPs and LPMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip J Wymeersch
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Stavroula Skylaki
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yali Huang
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Julia A Watson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Constantinos Economou
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Carylyn Marek-Johnston
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Simon R Tomlinson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Valerie Wilson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ito K, Ohkawara B, Yagi H, Nakashima H, Tsushima M, Ota K, Konishi H, Masuda A, Imagama S, Kiyama H, Ishiguro N, Ohno K. Lack of Fgf18 causes abnormal clustering of motor nerve terminals at the neuromuscular junction with reduced acetylcholine receptor clusters. Sci Rep 2018; 8:434. [PMID: 29323161 PMCID: PMC5765005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
FGF receptor 2 is involved in the formation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), but its in vivo ligand remains to be determined. Laser capture microdissection of the mouse spinal motor neurons (SMNs) revealed that Fgf18 mRNA is highly expressed in SMNs in adults. Expression of Fgf18 mRNA was the highest in the spinal cord at embryonic day (E) 15.5, which gradually decreased to postnatal day 7. FGF18 protein was localized at the NMJs of the tibialis anterior muscle at E18.5 and in adults. Fgf18−/− mice at E18.5 showed decreased expressions of the NMJ-specific Chrne and Colq genes in the diaphragm. In Fgf18−/− diaphragms, the synaptophysin-positive areas at the nerve terminals and the acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-positive areas at the motor endplates were both approximately one-third of those in wild-type embryos. Fgf18−/− diaphragms ultrastructurally showed abnormal aggregation of multiple nerve terminals making a gigantic presynapse with sparse synaptic vesicles, and simplified motor endplates. In Fgf18−/− diaphragms, miniature endplate potentials were low in amplitude with markedly reduced frequency. In C2C12 myotubes, FGF18 enhanced AChR clustering, which was blocked by inhibiting FGFRs or MEK1. We propose that FGF18 plays a pivotal role in AChR clustering and NMJ formation in mouse embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenyu Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bisei Ohkawara
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Yagi
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakashima
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikito Tsushima
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kyotaro Ota
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konishi
- Departments of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Masuda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiro Imagama
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Departments of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sato T, Kikkawa T, Saito T, Itoi K, Osumi N. Organizing activity of Fgf8 on the anterior telencephalon. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:701-712. [PMID: 29124740 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The anterior part of the embryonic telencephalon gives rise to several brain regions that are important for animal behavior, including the frontal cortex (FC) and the olfactory bulb. The FC plays an important role in decision-making behaviors, such as social and cognitive behavior, and the olfactory bulb is involved in olfaction. Here, we show the organizing activity of fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) in the regionalization of the anterior telencephalon, specifically the FC and the olfactory bulb. Misexpression of Fgf8 in the most anterior part of the mouse telencephalon at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) by ex utero electroporation resulted in a lateral shift of dorsal FC subdivision markers and a lateral expansion of the dorsomedial part of the FC, the future anterior cingulate and prelimbic cortex. Fgf8-transfected brains had lacked ventral FC, including the future orbital cortex, which was replaced by the expanded olfactory bulb. The olfactory region occupied a larger area of the FC when transfection efficiency of Fgf8 was higher. These results suggest that Fgf8 regulates the proportions of the FC and olfactory bulb in the anterior telencephalon and has a medializing effect on the formation of FC subdivisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, 980-8578, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takako Kikkawa
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Saito
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Keiichi Itoi
- Department of Information Biology, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhai F, Song N, Ma J, Gong W, Tian H, Li X, Jiang C, Wang H. FGF18 inhibits MC3T3-E1 cell osteogenic differentiation via the ERK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4127-4132. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
26
|
Hung IH, Schoenwolf GC, Lewandoski M, Ornitz DM. A combined series of Fgf9 and Fgf18 mutant alleles identifies unique and redundant roles in skeletal development. Dev Biol 2016; 411:72-84. [PMID: 26794256 PMCID: PMC4801039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is a critical regulator of skeletal development. Fgf9 and Fgf18 are the only FGF ligands with identified functions in embryonic bone growth. Mice lacking Fgf9 or Fgf18 have distinct skeletal phenotypes; however, the extent of overlapping or redundant functions for these ligands and the stage-specific contributions of FGF signaling to chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are not known. To identify separate versus shared roles for FGF9 and FGF18, we generated a combined series of Fgf9 and Fgf18 null alleles. Analysis of embryos lacking alleles of Fgf9 and Fgf18 shows that both encoded ligands function redundantly to control all stages of skeletogenesis; however, they have variable potencies along the proximodistal limb axis, suggesting gradients of activity during formation of the appendicular skeleton. Congenital absence of both Fgf9 and Fgf18 results in a striking osteochondrodysplasia and revealed functions for FGF signaling in early proximal limb chondrogenesis. Additional defects were also noted in craniofacial bones, vertebrae, and ribs. Loss of alleles of Fgf9 and Fgf18 also affect the expression of genes encoding other key intrinsic skeletal regulators, including IHH, PTHLH (PTHrP), and RUNX2, revealing potential direct, indirect, and compensatory mechanisms to coordinate chondrogenesis and osteogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene H Hung
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States; Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, United States; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Gary C Schoenwolf
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, United States
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, United States
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Du W, Prochazka J, Prochazkova M, Klein OD. Expression of FGFs during early mouse tongue development. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 20:81-7. [PMID: 26748348 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute one of the largest growth factor families, and several ligands and receptors in this family are known to play critical roles during tongue development. In order to provide a comprehensive foundation for research into the role of FGFs during the process of tongue formation, we measured the transcript levels by quantitative PCR and mapped the expression patterns by in situ hybridization of all 22 Fgfs during mouse tongue development between embryonic days (E) 11.5 and E14.5. During this period, Fgf5, Fgf6, Fgf7, Fgf9, Fgf10, Fgf13, Fgf15, Fgf16 and Fgf18 could all be detected with various intensities in the mesenchyme, whereas Fgf1 and Fgf2 were expressed in both the epithelium and the mesenchyme. Our results indicate that FGF signaling regulates tongue development at multiple stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ochiai H, Suga H, Yamada T, Sakakibara M, Kasai T, Ozone C, Ogawa K, Goto M, Banno R, Tsunekawa S, Sugimura Y, Arima H, Oiso Y. BMP4 and FGF strongly induce differentiation of mouse ES cells into oral ectoderm. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:290-8. [PMID: 26209816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, oral ectoderm differentiates into the adenohypophysis, dental epithelia, salivary glands, and nasal pit. Few reports exist concerning the induction of oral ectoderm from embryonic stem (ES) cells. Generally, any lot differences in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and serum replacer may affect the induction of ES cell-differentiation. Using a previously established culture strategy for differentiation, the proportion of cell aggregates containing Pitx1+ oral ectoderm varied widely between 9-36% when several different lots of FBS or serum replacer were used. We therefore tried to enhance the differentiation method. We found that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) treatments improved oral ectoderm induction. Such treatment also improved the differentiation of oral ectoderm into the adenohypophysis. Furthermore, increased BMP4 treatment induced dental epithelium and mesenchyme. Such differentiation suggests that the Pitx1+ layer displays similar properties to oral ectoderm, as found in vivo. Differentiation of ES cells into oral ectoderm using different lots of FBS and serum replacer increased 78-90% after treatment with BMP4 and FGF. In summary, we have established a robust strategy for the induction of oral ectoderm differentiation from mouse ES cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Tomiko Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Mayu Sakakibara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kasai
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Chikafumi Ozone
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ogawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Motomitsu Goto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Banno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shin Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang L, Chen YG. Signaling Control of Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells toward Mesendoderm. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1409-22. [PMID: 26119455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mesendoderm (ME) refers to the primitive streak in mammalian embryos, which has the ability to further differentiate into mesoderm and endoderm. A better understanding on the regulatory networks of ME differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells would provide important insights on early embryo patterning and a possible guidance for ES applications in regenerative medicine. Studies on developmental biology and embryology have offered a great deal of knowledge about key signaling pathways involved in primitive streak formation. Recently, various chemically defined recipes have been formulated to induce differentiation of ES cells toward ME in vitro, which greatly facilitate the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of different signals involved in ME specification. Among the extrinsic signals, transforming growth factor-β/Activin signaling and Wnt signaling have been shown to be the most critical ones. On another side, intrinsic epigenetic regulation has been indicated to be important in ME determination. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on the extrinsic and intrinsic regulations of ES cells-to-ME differentiation and the crosstalk among them, aiming to get a general overview on ME specification and primitive streak formation.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Abramyan J. Lineage-specific loss of FGF17 within the avian orders Galliformes and Passeriformes. Gene 2015; 563:180-9. [PMID: 25791492 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The genomic and developmental complexity of vertebrates is commonly attributed to two rounds of whole genome duplications which occurred at the base of the vertebrate radiation. These duplications led to the rise of several, multi-gene families of developmental proteins like the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs); a signaling protein family which functions at various stages of embryonic development. One of the major FGF assemblages arising from these duplications is the FGF8 subfamily, which includes FGF8, FGF17, and FGF18 in tetrapods. While FGF8 and FGF18 are found in all tetrapods and are critical for embryonic survival, genomic analyses suggest putative loss of FGF17 in various lineages ranging from frogs and fish, to the chicken. This study utilizes 27 avian genomes in conjunction with molecular analyses of chicken embryos to confirm the loss of FGF17 in chicken as a true, biological occurrence. FGF17 is also missing in the turkey, black grouse, Japanese quail and northern bobwhite genomes. These species, along with chicken, form a monophyletic clade in the order Galliformes. Four additional species, members of the clade Passeroidea, within the order Passeriformes, are also missing FGF17. Additionally, analysis of intact FGF17 in other avian lineages reveals that it is still under strong purifying selection, despite being seemingly dispensable. Thus, FGF17 likely represents a molecular spandrel arising from a genome duplication event and due to its high connectivity with FGF8/FGF18, and potential for interference with their function, is retained under strong purifying selection, despite itself not having a strong selective advantage.
Collapse
|
32
|
Azzarelli R, Hardwick LJA, Philpott A. Emergence of neuronal diversity from patterning of telencephalic progenitors. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 2015; 4:197-214. [PMID: 25619507 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, hundreds of distinct neuronal subtypes are generated from a single layer of multipotent neuroepithelial progenitor cells. Within the rostral CNS, initial regionalization of the telencephalon marks the territories where the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia originate. Subsequent refinement of the primary structures determines the formation of domains of differential gene expression, where distinct fate-restricted progenitors are located. To understand how diversification of neural progenitors and neurons is achieved in the telencephalon, it is important to address early and late patterning events in this context. In particular, important questions include: How does the telencephalon become specified and regionalized along the major spatial axes? Within each region, are the differences in neuronal subtypes established at the progenitor level or at the postmitotic stage? If distinct progenitors exist that are committed to subtype-specific neuronal lineages, how does the diversification emerge? What is the contribution of positional and temporal cues and how is this information integrated into the intrinsic programs of cell identity? WIREs For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Azzarelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent chronic joint disease, increases in prevalence with age, and affects majority of individuals over the age of 65 and is a leading musculoskeletal cause of impaired mobility in the elderly. Because the precise molecular mechanisms which are involved in the degradation of cartilage matrix and development of OA are poorly understood and there are currently no effective interventions to decelerate the progression of OA or retard the irreversible degradation of cartilage except for total joint replacement surgery. In this paper, the important molecular mechanisms related to OA pathogenesis will be summarized and new insights into potential molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of OA will be provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingjiang Xia
- Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mok GF, Cardenas R, Anderton H, Campbell KHS, Sweetman D. Interactions between FGF18 and retinoic acid regulate differentiation of chick embryo limb myoblasts. Dev Biol 2014; 396:214-23. [PMID: 25446536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During limb development Pax3 positive myoblasts delaminate from the hypaxial dermomyotome of limb level somites and migrate into the limb bud where they form the dorsal and ventral muscle masses. Only then do they begin to differentiate and express markers of myogenic commitment and determination such as Myf5 and MyoD. However the signals regulating this process remain poorly characterised. We show that FGF18, which is expressed in the distal mesenchyme of the limb bud, induces premature expression of both Myf5 and MyoD and that blocking FGF signalling also inhibits endogenous MyoD expression. This expression is mediated by ERK MAP kinase but not PI3K signalling. We also show that retinoic acid (RA) can inhibit the myogenic activity of FGF18 and that blocking RA signalling allows premature induction of MyoD by FGF18 at HH19. We propose a model where interactions between FGF18 in the distal limb and retinoic acid in the proximal limb regulate the timing of myogenic gene expression during limb bud development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gi Fay Mok
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ryan Cardenas
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Helen Anderton
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Keith H S Campbell
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Dylan Sweetman
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Herion NJ, Salbaum JM, Kappen C. Traffic jam in the primitive streak: the role of defective mesoderm migration in birth defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2014; 100:608-22. [PMID: 25115487 PMCID: PMC9828327 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Gastrulation is the process in which the three germ layers are formed that contribute to the formation of all major tissues in the developing embryo. We here review mouse genetic models in which defective gastrulation leads to mesoderm insufficiencies in the embryo. Depending on severity of the abnormalities, the outcomes range from incompatible with embryonic survival to structural birth defects, such as heart defects, spina bifida, or caudal dysgenesis. The combined evidence from the mutant models supports the notion that these congenital anomalies can originate from perturbations of mesoderm specification, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and mesodermal cell migration. Knowledge about the molecular pathways involved may help to improve strategies for the prevention of major structural birth defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils J. Herion
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Department of Developmental Biology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - J. Michael Salbaum
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Laboratory for Regulation of Gene Expression, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Claudia Kappen
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Department of Developmental Biology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana,Correspondence to: Claudia Kappen, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Department of Developmental Biology, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Barr L, Getgood A, Guehring H, Rushton N, Henson FMD. The effect of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor-18 on articular cartilage following single impact load. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:923-7. [PMID: 24719286 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to ascertain the effect of recombinant human Fibroblast Growth Factor-18 (rhFGF18) on the repair response of mechanically damaged articular cartilage. Articular cartilage discs were harvested from healthy mature horses (n = 4) and subjected to single impact load (SIL). The impacted explants, together with unimpacted controls were cultured in modified DMEM ± 200 ng/ml rhFGF18 for up to 30 days. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release into the media was measured using the dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay. Aggrecan neopepitope CS846, collagen type II synthesis (CPII) and cleavage (C2C) were measured by ELISA. Histological analysis and TUNEL staining were used to assess repair cell number and cell death. Impacted explants treated with rhFGF18 showed significantly more GAG and CS846 release into the media (p < 0.05), there was also a significant decrease in C2C levels at Day 20. Loaded sections treated with rhFGF18 had more repair cells and significantly less cell death (p < 0.001) at Day 30 in culture. In an in vitro damage/repair model, rhFGF18 increases the proteoglycan synthesis, the repair cell number and prevents apoptosis at Day 30. This suggests that rhFGF18 may be a good candidate for enhancement of cartilage repair following mechanical damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Barr
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The cortical hem, a source of Wingless-related (WNT) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the dorsomedial telencephalon, is the embryonic organizer for the hippocampus. Whether the hem is a major regulator of cortical patterning outside the hippocampus has not been investigated. We examined regional organization across the entire cerebral cortex in mice genetically engineered to lack the hem. Indicating that the hem regulates dorsoventral patterning in the cortical hemisphere, the neocortex, particularly dorsomedial neocortex, was reduced in size in late-stage hem-ablated embryos, whereas cortex ventrolateral to the neocortex expanded dorsally. Unexpectedly, hem ablation also perturbed regional patterning along the rostrocaudal axis of neocortex. Rostral neocortical domains identified by characteristic gene expression were expanded, and caudal domains diminished. A similar shift occurs when fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8 is increased at the rostral telencephalic organizer, yet the FGF8 source was unchanged in hem-ablated brains. Rather we found that hem WNT or BMP signals, or both, have opposite effects to those of FGF8 in regulating transcription factors that control the size and position of neocortical areas. When the hem is ablated a necessary balance is perturbed, and cerebral cortex is rostralized. Our findings reveal a much broader role for the hem in cortical development than previously recognized, and emphasize that two major signaling centers interact antagonistically to pattern cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michio Yoshida
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Forrest Gulden
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A Grove
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Baba O, Ota MS, Terashima T, Tabata MJ, Takano Y. Expression of transcripts for fibroblast growth factor 18 and its possible receptors during postnatal dentin formation in rat molars. Odontology 2015; 103:136-42. [PMID: 24374984 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-013-0147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) regulate the proliferation and differentiation of various cells via their respective receptors (FGFRs). During the early stages of tooth development in fetal mice, FGFs and FGFRs have been shown to be expressed in dental epithelia and mesenchymal cells at the initial stages of odontogenesis and to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. However, little is known about the expression patterns of FGFs in the advanced stages of tooth development. In the present study, we focused on FGF18 expression in the rat mandibular first molar (M1) during the postnatal crown and root formation stages. FGF18 signals by RT-PCR using cDNAs from M1 were very weak at postnatal day 5 and were significantly up-regulated at days 7, 9 and 15. Transcripts were undetectable by in situ hybridization (ISH) but could be detected by in situ RT-PCR in the differentiated odontoblasts and cells of the sub-odontoblastic layer in both crown and root portions of M1 at day 15. The transcripts of FGFR2c and FGFR3, possible candidate receptors of FGF18, were detected by RT-PCR and ISH in differentiated odontoblasts throughout postnatal development. These results suggest the continual involvement of FGF18 signaling in the regulation of odontoblasts during root formation where it may contribute to dentin matrix formation and/or mineralization.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ma X, Pietsch J, Wehland M, Schulz H, Saar K, Hübner N, Bauer J, Braun M, Schwarzwälder A, Segerer J, Birlem M, Horn A, Hemmersbach R, Waβer K, Grosse J, Infanger M, Grimm D. Differential gene expression profile and altered cytokine secretion of thyroid cancer cells in space. FASEB J 2013; 28:813-35. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-243287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Institute of BiomedicineDepartment of PharmacologyAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Jessica Pietsch
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic, and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic, and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin‐BuchGermany
| | - Katrin Saar
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin‐BuchGermany
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin‐BuchGermany
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max Planck Institute for BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Markus Braun
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO)Gravitational Biology GroupUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Achim Schwarzwälder
- Life Science, Orbital Systems, and Space Exploration, Astrium/European Aeronautic Defense and Space (EADS)ImmenstaadGermany
| | - Jürgen Segerer
- Life Science, Orbital Systems, and Space Exploration, Astrium/European Aeronautic Defense and Space (EADS)ImmenstaadGermany
| | - Maria Birlem
- Life Science, Orbital Systems, and Space Exploration, Astrium/European Aeronautic Defense and Space (EADS)ImmenstaadGermany
| | - Astrid Horn
- Life Science, Orbital Systems, and Space Exploration, Astrium/European Aeronautic Defense and Space (EADS)ImmenstaadGermany
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- Institute of Aerospace MedicineDeutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR)CologneGermany
| | - Kai Waβer
- Institute of Aerospace MedicineDeutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR)CologneGermany
| | - Jirka Grosse
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic, and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Institute of BiomedicineDepartment of PharmacologyAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic, and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Greig LC, Woodworth MB, Galazo MJ, Padmanabhan H, Macklis JD. Molecular logic of neocortical projection neuron specification, development and diversity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:755-69. [PMID: 24105342 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The sophisticated circuitry of the neocortex is assembled from a diverse repertoire of neuronal subtypes generated during development under precise molecular regulation. In recent years, several key controls over the specification and differentiation of neocortical projection neurons have been identified. This work provides substantial insight into the 'molecular logic' underlying cortical development and increasingly supports a model in which individual progenitor-stage and postmitotic regulators are embedded within highly interconnected networks that gate sequential developmental decisions. Here, we provide an integrative account of the molecular controls that direct the progressive development and delineation of subtype and area identity of neocortical projection neurons.
Collapse
|
41
|
Annenkov A. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling in the control of neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) development. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:440-71. [PMID: 23982746 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Important developmental responses are elicited in neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC) by activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), including the fibroblast growth factor receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptors and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). Signalling through these RTK is necessary and sufficient for driving a number of developmental processes in the central nervous system. Within each of the four RTK families discussed here, receptors are activated by sets of ligands that do not cross-activate receptors of the other three families, and therefore, their activation can be independently regulated by ligand availability. These RTK pathways converge on a conserved core of signalling molecules, but differences between the receptors in utilisation of signalling molecules and molecular adaptors for intracellular signal propagation become increasingly apparent. Intracellular inhibitors of RTK signalling are widely involved in the regulation of developmental signalling in NSPC and often determine developmental outcomes of RTK activation. In addition, cellular responses of NSPC to the activation of a given RTK may be significantly modulated by signal strength. Cellular propensity to respond also plays a role in developmental outcomes of RTK signalling. In combination, these mechanisms regulate the balance between NSPC maintenance and differentiation during development and in adulthood. Attribution of particular developmental responses of NSPC to specific pathways of RTK signalling becomes increasingly elucidated. Co-activation of several RTK in developing NSPC is common, and analysis of co-operation between their signalling pathways may advance knowledge of RTK role in NSPC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Annenkov
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK,
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Alfano C, Studer M. Neocortical arealization: evolution, mechanisms, and open questions. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:411-47. [PMID: 23239642 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is a structure with no equals in the vertebrates and is the seat of the highest cerebral functions, such as thoughts and consciousness. It is radially organized into six layers and tangentially subdivided into functional areas deputed to the elaboration of sensory information, association between different stimuli, and selection and triggering of voluntary movements. The process subdividing the neocortical field into several functional areas is called "arealization". Each area has its own cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and peculiar functions. In the last century, several neuroscientists have investigated areal structure and the mechanisms that have led during evolution to the rising of the neocortex and its organization. The extreme conservation in the positioning and wiring of neocortical areas among different mammalian families suggests a conserved genetic program orchestrating neocortical patterning. However, the impressive plasticity of the neocortex, which is able to rewire and reorganize areal structures and connectivity after impairments of sensory pathways, argues for a more complex scenario. Indeed, even if genetics and molecular biology helped in identifying several genes involved in the arealization process, the logic underlying the neocortical bauplan is still beyond our comprehension. In this review, we will introduce the present knowledge and hypotheses on the ontogenesis and evolution of neocortical areas. Then, we will focus our attention on some open issues, which are still unresolved, and discuss some recent studies that might open new directions to be explored in the next few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Alfano
- Institute of Biology Valrose, iBV, UMR INSERM1091/CNRS7277/UNS, Nice, F-06108, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Davis SW, Ellsworth BS, Peréz Millan MI, Gergics P, Schade V, Foyouzi N, Brinkmeier ML, Mortensen AH, Camper SA. Pituitary gland development and disease: from stem cell to hormone production. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 106:1-47. [PMID: 24290346 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of pituitary development have become better understood in the past two decades. The signaling pathways regulating pituitary growth and shape have emerged, and the balancing interactions between the pathways are now appreciated. Markers for multipotent progenitor cells are being identified, and signature transcription factors have been discovered for most hormone-producing cell types. We now realize that pulsatile hormone secretion involves a 3D integration of cellular networks. About a dozen genes are known to cause pituitary hypoplasia when mutated due to their essential roles in pituitary development. Similarly, a few genes are known that predispose to familial endocrine neoplasia, and several genes mutated in sporadic pituitary adenomas are documented. In the next decade, we anticipate gleaning a deeper appreciation of these processes at the molecular level, insight into the development of the hypophyseal portal blood system, and evolution of better therapeutics for congenital and acquired hormone deficiencies and for common craniopharyngiomas and pituitary adenomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Oisi Y, Ota KG, Kuraku S, Fujimoto S, Kuratani S. Craniofacial development of hagfishes and the evolution of vertebrates. Nature 2013; 493:175-80. [PMID: 23254938 DOI: 10.1038/nature11794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclostomes, the living jawless vertebrates including hagfishes and lampreys, represent the most basal lineage of vertebrates. Although the monophyly of cyclostomes has been supported by recent molecular analyses, the phenotypic traits of hagfishes, especially the lack of some vertebrate-defining features and the reported endodermal origin of the adenohypophysis, have been interpreted as hagfishes exhibiting a more ancestral state than those of all other vertebrates. Furthermore, the adult anatomy of hagfishes cannot be compared easily with that of lampreys. Here we describe the craniofacial development of a series of staged hagfish embryos, which shows that their adenohypophysis arises ectodermally, consistent with the molecular phylogenetic data. This finding also allowed us to identify a pan-cyclostome pattern, one not shared by jawed vertebrates. Comparative analyses indicated that many of the hagfish-specific traits can be explained by changes secondarily introduced into the hagfish lineage. We also propose a possibility that the pan-cyclostome pattern may reflect the ancestral programme for the craniofacial development of all living vertebrates.
Collapse
|
45
|
Bian Q, Liu SF, Huang JH, Yang Z, Tang DZ, Zhou Q, Ning Y, Zhao YJ, Lu S, Shen ZY, Wang YJ. Oleanolic acid exerts an osteoprotective effect in ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic rats and stimulates the osteoblastic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Menopause. 2012;19:225-233. [PMID: 22011754 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182272ef1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oleanolic acid (OA) and its glycosides have been reported to prevent bone loss by inhibiting the formation of osteoclasts. However, because bone formation and resorption are balanced processes in bone metabolism, no studies have described the effect of OA on osteogenesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the osteoprotective effect of OA in rats with ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis and to search for the molecular targets of OA in bone mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs). METHODS Two-month-old female mice that underwent OVX were treated with OA (20 mg/kg a day). After 2 weeks and after 3 months, bone mass was evaluated by micro-CT, morphometry, and immunohistochemical detection. In addition, the expression of 256 genes was measured via microarray and confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The effects of OA on the activities of bMSCs were also observed in vitro using alkaline phosphatase and cell proliferation assays. RESULTS Micro-CT displayed only a tendency for bone loss at 2 weeks but a decrease in bone mass at 3 months after OVX. OA treatment increased osteoblast number, increasing osteocalcin and runt-related protein 2 protein levels in vivo and facilitating the osteoblastic differentiation of bMSCs in vitro at doses of 10(-6) and 10(-5) M. Gene expression profile analysis revealed that OVX caused a marked dysregulation of gene expression, especially at 2 weeks, some of which was rescued by OA. Few of these genes overlapped, but their functions were involved in the Notch signaling pathway between two phases of the osteoporotic process. CONCLUSIONS OA exerts an osteoprotective effect in OVX-induced osteoporotic rats and stimulates the osteoblastic differentiation of bMSCs in vitro. The molecular mechanism of this effect might be related to the Notch signaling pathway and requires further investigation.
Collapse
|
46
|
Paek H, Hwang JY, Zukin RS, Hébert JM. β-Catenin-dependent FGF signaling sustains cell survival in the anterior embryonic head by countering Smad4. Dev Cell 2011; 20:689-99. [PMID: 21571225 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that FGFs secreted from embryonic signaling centers are key mediators of cell survival. However, the mechanisms regulating FGF-dependent cell survival remain obscure. At the rostral end of the embryo, for example, ablation of FGF signaling leads to the rapid death of the precursor cells that form the anterior head, including the telencephalon. Here, we outline a core genetic circuit that regulates survival in the embryonic mouse head: WNT signaling through β-catenin directly maintains FGF expression and requires FGF function in vivo to oppose proapoptotic TGF-β signaling through SMAD4. Moreover, these antagonistic pathways converge on the transcriptional regulation of apoptosis, and genes such as Cdkn1a, suggesting a mechanism for how signaling centers in the embryonic head regulate cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hunki Paek
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Observations accruing in recent years imply that the areal patterning and size dimensioning of the mammalian neocortex are influenced by diverse sets of tangentially migrating glutamatergic neurons that invade the cortical plate and, in so doing, modify the properties of the neopallial proliferative compartments. This developmental scenario sheds new light upon the old issue of how the mammalian neocortex evolved its more complex structure from nonmammalian antecedent forms. In reviewing these novelties, I first point out the topological position of the neopallial island as a central component of the pallium in all gnathostomes, surrounded by a ring of prospective allocortical pallial regions and a more distant set of peripheral neighboring forebrain areas. Early patterning arises from the periphery via passive planar signaling. This process probably establishes the pallium field and its basic island plus allocortical ring organization, as well as a rough prepatterning of some regional subareas. Afterwards, patterning and modulated growth are also actively influenced by the convergence of separate streams of tangentially migrating subpial cells (partly peripheral and partly allocortical in origin) which collectively form the Cajal-Retzius neuronal population in layer I. Effects of these cells include the inside-out stratification of the cortical plate and they may also contribute to the evolutionary emergence of the 6-layered neocortical structure. The most recent addition to our knowledge of pallio-pallial migrations is the existence of a subsequent deep tangential migration of ventropallial cells into the neopallial primordium, whose signaling influence upon local progenitors magnifies the cortex population by 20%. These glutamatergic cells dispersedly invade the entire cortex but largely die postnatally. The crucial implications of these data for comparative thinking on mammalian neocortex evolution and interpretation of potential homologs in sauropsids are explored. Finally, a new conjecture regarding a possible role of the hitherto disregarded lateral pallium is advanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The cerebral cortex has a central role in cognitive and emotional processing. As such, understanding the mechanisms that govern its development and function will be central to understanding the bases of severe neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly those that first appear in childhood. In this review, I highlight recent progress in elucidating genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms that control cortical development. I discuss basic aspects of cortical developmental anatomy, and mechanisms that regulate cortical size and area formation, with an emphasis on the roles of fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling and specific transcription factors. I then examine how specific types of cortical excitatory projection neurons are generated, and how their axons grow along stereotyped pathways to their targets. Next, I address how cortical inhibitory (GABAergic) neurons are generated, and point out the role of these cells in controlling cortical plasticity and critical periods. The paper concludes with an examination of four possible developmental mechanisms that could contribute to some forms of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John L R Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Center for Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yu X, Nieman BJ, Sudarov A, Szulc KU, Abdollahian DJ, Bhatia N, Lalwani AK, Joyner AL, Turnbull DH. Morphological and functional midbrain phenotypes in Fibroblast Growth Factor 17 mutant mice detected by Mn-enhanced MRI. Neuroimage 2011; 56:1251-8. [PMID: 21356319 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing efforts to develop and utilize mouse models of a variety of neuro-developmental diseases, there is an urgent need for sensitive neuroimaging methods that enable in vivo analysis of subtle alterations in brain anatomy and function in mice. Previous studies have shown that the brains of Fibroblast Growth Factor 17 null mutants (Fgf17(-/-)) have anatomical abnormalities in the inferior colliculus (IC)-the auditory midbrain-and minor foliation defects in the cerebellum. In addition, changes in the expression domains of several cortical patterning genes were detected, without overt changes in forebrain morphology. Recently, it has also been reported that Fgf17(-/-) mutants have abnormal vocalization and social behaviors, phenotypes that could reflect molecular changes in the cortex and/or altered auditory processing / perception in these mice. We used manganese (Mn)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) to analyze the anatomical phenotype of Fgf17(-/-) mutants in more detail than achieved previously, detecting changes in IC, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, hypothalamus and frontal cortex. We also used MEMRI to characterize sound-evoked activity patterns, demonstrating a significant reduction of the active IC volume in Fgf17(-/-) mice. Furthermore, tone-specific (16- and 40-kHz) activity patterns in the IC of Fgf17(-/-) mice were observed to be largely overlapping, in contrast to the normal pattern, separated along the dorsal-ventral axis. These results demonstrate that Fgf17 plays important roles in both the anatomical and functional development of the auditory midbrain, and show the utility of MEMRI for in vivo analyses of mutant mice with subtle brain defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sterneckert J, Stehling M, Bernemann C, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Greber B, Gentile L, Ortmeier C, Sinn M, Wu G, Ruau D, Zenke M, Brintrup R, Klein DC, Ko K, Schöler HR. Neural induction intermediates exhibit distinct roles of Fgf signaling. Stem Cells 2011; 28:1772-81. [PMID: 20715182 DOI: 10.1002/stem.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the neural plate is an intricate process in early mammalian embryonic development mediated by cells of the inner cell mass and involving a series of steps, including development of the epiblast. Here, we report on the creation of an embryonic stem (ES) cell-based system to isolate and identify neural induction intermediates with characteristics of epiblast cells and neural plate. We demonstrate that neural commitment requires prior differentiation of ES cells into epiblast cells that are indistinguishable from those derived from natural embryos. We also demonstrate that epiblast cells can be isolated and cultured as epiblast stem cell lines. Fgf signaling is shown to be required for the differentiation of ES cells into these epiblast cells. Fgf2, widely used for maintenance of both human ES cells and epiblast stem cells, inhibits formation of early neural cells by epiblast intermediates in a dose-dependent manner and is sufficient to promote transient self-renewal of epiblast stem cells. In contrast, Fgf8, the endogenous embryonic neural inducer, fails to promote epiblast self-renewal, but rather promotes more homogenous neural induction with transient self-renewal of early neural cells. Removal of Fgf signaling entirely from epiblast cells promotes rapid neural induction and subsequent neurogenesis. We conclude that Fgf signaling plays different roles during the differentiation of ES cells, with an initial requirement in epiblast formation and a subsequent role in self-renewal. Fgf2 and Fgf8 thus stimulate self-renewal in different cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Sterneckert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|