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Anyim R, Li S, Armstrong D, Spathis R, James GD, Little MA, Wander K. Predictors of milk cortisol in North American women. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e23985. [PMID: 37712627 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human milk content varies across mother-child dyads, environments, and populations. Among the hormones in milk is cortisol, a glucocorticoid; its impact on the breastfeeding child is unknown. Milk cortisol may constitute a signal to the child's developing physiology which can shape characteristics (e.g., growth, temperament) to prevailing environmental conditions. This exploratory study evaluated the maternal, breastfeeding, and infant characteristics associated with milk cortisol. METHODS We evaluated archived milk specimens for cortisol using enzyme immunoassay and employed an information-theoretic approach to assess associations between milk cortisol and participant characteristics with linear regression modeling. Because we employed secondary data, information for some variables likely to impact milk cortisol variation (e.g., time of day, socioeconomic status, maternal or infant body mass index, milk energy density) was unavailable. RESULTS Participants were 48 lactating mothers from upstate New York, aged 21-40 years. Milk cortisol ranged from 0.098 to 1.007 μg/dL. Child age ranged from 1 to 26 months. In linear regression employing best fit modeling criteria, milk cortisol increased with child age (B: 0.069; p: .000; a 7.1% increase in milk cortisol for each month of child age), while child symptoms of illness (B: -0.398; p: .057; a 33% decrease) and consumption of complementary foods (B: -.525; p: .020; a 41% decrease) were associated with lower milk cortisol. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that increasing milk cortisol with child age plays a role in signaling development (e.g., as increasing independence increases risk for injury and other negative health outcomes), independent of the maternal stressors we could capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Anyim
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Shanita Li
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Armstrong
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Rita Spathis
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Gary D James
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Michael A Little
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Katherine Wander
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
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Anyim R, Li S, Armstrong D, Spathis R, Wander K. Associations between milk cortisol and activity of the immune system of milk. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23960. [PMID: 37485918 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Both the immune system of human milk and milk cortisol have complex short- and long-term effects on child health and development. As understanding continues to grow of the independent effects of each of these components of milk, it is also important to investigate their intersection, including how milk cortisol affects the immune system of milk. We began this important endeavor through secondary analyses of archived milk specimens. METHODS Participants were 31 lactating mothers from upstate New York. We estimated milk cortisol concentrations via enzyme immunoassay. We assessed milk proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6, IL-6) responses to pathogenic (Salmonella) and commensal (Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) bacteria via in vitro stimulation. We estimated ordered logistic regression models to assess associations between milk cortisol and IL-6 responses to bacteria. RESULTS Milk cortisol ranged from 0.098 to 1.007 μg/dL. Milk cortisol was positively associated with IL-6 responses to S. enterica (B: 4.035; 95% CI: 0.674, 7.395) and B. breve (B: 3.675; 95% CI: 0.426, 6.924); this association persisted after controlling for child age. Results were less clear for associations between milk cortisol and IL-6 responses to L. acidophilus (B: 2.318; 95% CI: -1.224, 5.859) and E. coli (B: 2.366; 95% CI: -0.960, 5.692). CONCLUSIONS Complex interactions between cortisol and the immune system extend to milk. Milk cortisol was positively associated with proinflammatory responses to some bacteria in vitro. This may suggest that milk cortisol is causally upstream of protective immune activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Anyim
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Shanita Li
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Armstrong
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Rita Spathis
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Katherine Wander
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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Lebel Y, Milo T, Bar A, Mayo A, Alon U. Excitable dynamics of flares and relapses in autoimmune diseases. iScience 2023; 26:108084. [PMID: 37915612 PMCID: PMC10616393 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many autoimmune disorders exhibit flares in which symptoms erupt and then decline, as exemplified by multiple sclerosis (MS) in its relapsing-remitting form. Existing mathematical models of autoimmune flares often assume regular oscillations, failing to capture the stochastic and non-periodic nature of flare-ups. We suggest that autoimmune flares are driven by excitable dynamics triggered by stochastic events auch as stress, infection and other factors. Our minimal model, involving autoreactive and regulatory T-cells, demonstrates this concept. Autoimmune response initiates antigen-induced expansion through positive feedback, while regulatory cells counter the autoreactive cells through negative feedback. The model explains the decrease in MS relapses during pregnancy and the subsequent surge postpartum, based on lymphocyte dynamics. Additionally, it identifies potential therapeutic targets, predicting significant reduction in relapse rate from mild adjustments of regulatory T cell activity or production. These findings indicate that excitable dynamics may underlie flare-ups across various autoimmune disorders, potentially informing treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Lebel
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Tomer Milo
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Alon Bar
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Avi Mayo
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Uri Alon
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
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Guan X, Zhu J, Yi L, Sun H, Yang M, Huang Y, Pan H, Wei H, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Zhao S. Comparison of the gut microbiota and metabolites between Diannan small ear pigs and Diqing Tibetan pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1197981. [PMID: 37485506 PMCID: PMC10359432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1197981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Host genetics and environment participate in the shaping of gut microbiota. Diannan small ear pigs and Diqing Tibetan pigs are excellent native pig breeds in China and live in different environments. However, the gut microbiota of Diannan small ear pigs and Diqing Tibetan pigs were still rarely understood. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the composition characteristics of gut microbiota and metabolites in Diannan small ear pigs and Diqing Tibetan pigs. Methods Fresh feces of 6 pigs were randomly collected from 20 4-month-old Diannan small ear pigs (DA group) and 20 4-month-old Diqing Tibetan pigs (TA group) for high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) non-targeted metabolome analysis. Results The results revealed that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in the two groups. Chao1 and ACE indices differed substantially between DA and TA groups. Compared with the DA group, the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, and Ruminococcus was significantly enriched in the TA group, while the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae, Actinomyces, and Butyricicoccus was significantly reduced. Cholecalciferol, 5-dehydroepisterol, stigmasterol, adrenic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid were significantly enriched in DA group, which was involved in the steroid biosynthesis and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. 3-phenylpropanoic acid, L-tyrosine, phedrine, rhizoctin B, and rhizoctin D were significantly enriched in TA group, which was involved in the phenylalanine metabolism and phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism. Conclusion We found that significant differences in gut microbiota composition and metabolite between Diannan small ear pigs and Diqing Tibetan pigs, which provide a theoretical basis for exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and pig breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuancheng Guan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Junhong Zhu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Lanlan Yi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Haichao Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Minghua Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongbin Pan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongjiang Wei
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Hongye Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation in Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yanguang Zhao
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Sumei Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Liu Y, Liu Q, Zhao J, Leng X, Han J, Xia F, Pang Y, Chen H. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves attentional control in chronically stressed adults. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1182728. [PMID: 37397442 PMCID: PMC10309114 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1182728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic stress is a long-term condition that negatively affects cognitive ability and mental health. Individuals who experience chronic stress show poor attentional control. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) modulates executive function domains. Therefore, it is beneficial to investigate whether tDCS of the DLPFC could improve attentional control and relieve stress in chronically stressed individuals. Methods We assess the event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with attentional control in individuals with chronic stress after the tDCS intervention. Forty individuals were randomly assigned to either the anodal tDCS group, which received 5 sessions of the 20 min tDCS over the DLPFC (2 mA; n = 20), or the sham tDCS (n = 20). Participants' stress levels, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and state affects were assessed and compared before and after the intervention. The ERP was collected through electroencephalography (EEG) technology during an attentional network test. Results After the anodal tDCS, we found a significant decrease in the perceived stress scale (PSS) scores (from an average score of 35.05 to 27.75), p = 0.01 as well as the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores, p = 0.002. Better performance in the attentional network test, a significant reduction in the N2 amplitudes, and an enhancement in the P3 amplitudes (both cues and targets) were also found in the anodal tDCS group. Discussion Our study findings suggest that tDCS to the left DLPFC could effectively relieve chronic stress, potentially reflected by increased attentional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingjin Liu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuechen Leng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinfeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yazhi Pang
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Research Center of Psychology and Social Development, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Bethge J, Fietz J, Razafimampiandra JC, Ruthsatz K, Dausmann KH. Season and reproductive activity influence cortisol levels in the Malagasy primate Lepilemur edwardsi. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:994-1001. [PMID: 36123775 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the year, wild animals are exposed to a variety of challenges such as changing environmental conditions and reproductive activity. These challenges may affect their stress hormone levels for varying durations and in varying intensities and impacts. Measurements of the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol in the hair of mammals are considered a good biomarker for measuring physiological stress and are increasingly used to evaluate stress hormone levels of wild animals. Here, we examined the influence of season, reproductive activity, sex, as well as body condition on hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in Lepilemur edwardsi, a small Malagasy primate species. L. edwardsi lives in the seasonal dry forests of western Madagascar, which are characterized by a strongly changing resource availability throughout the year. We hypothesized that these seasonal changes of resource availability and additionally the reproductive cycle of this species would influence HCC of L. edwardsi. Results revealed that hair cortisol concentration of females did not change seasonally or with the reproductive cycle. However, we found a significant increase of hair cortisol levels in males from the early wet season during the early dry season (mating season). This increase is presumably due to changed behavior during the mating season, as sportive lemurs travel more and show aggressive behavior during this time of the year. This behavior is energy-costly and stressful, and presumably leads to elevated HCC. As elevated cortisol levels may impair immune function, L. edwardsi males might also be more susceptible to parasites and diseases, which is unfavorable in particular during a period of low resource availability (dry season).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Bethge
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Functional Ecology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Fietz
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jean Claude Razafimampiandra
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Katharina Ruthsatz
- TU Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Evolutionsbiologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin H Dausmann
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Functional Ecology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Associations between Sleep Quality and Heart Rate Variability: Implications for a Biological Model of Stress Detection Using Wearable Technology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095770. [PMID: 35565165 PMCID: PMC9103972 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The autonomic nervous system plays a vital role in the modulation of many vital bodily functions, one of which is sleep and wakefulness. Many studies have investigated the link between autonomic dysfunction and sleep cycles; however, few studies have investigated the links between short-term sleep health, as determined by the Pittsburgh Quality of Sleep Index (PSQI), such as subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction, and autonomic functioning in healthy individuals. AIM In this cross-sectional study, the aim was to investigate the links between short-term sleep quality and duration, and heart rate variability in 60 healthy individuals, in order to provide useful information about the effects of stress and sleep on heart rate variability (HRV) indices, which in turn could be integrated into biological models for wearable devices. METHODS Sleep parameters were collected from participants on commencement of the study, and HRV was derived using an electrocardiogram (ECG) during a resting and stress task (Trier Stress Test). RESULT Low-frequency to high-frequency (LF:HF) ratio was significantly higher during the stress task than during the baseline resting phase, and very-low-frequency and high-frequency HRV were inversely related to impaired sleep during stress tasks. CONCLUSION Given the ubiquitous nature of wearable technologies for monitoring health states, in particular HRV, it is important to consider the impacts of sleep states when using these technologies to interpret data. Very-low-frequency HRV during the stress task was found to be inversely related to three negative sleep indices: sleep quality, daytime dysfunction, and global sleep score.
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Bethge J, Razafimampiandra JC, Wulff A, Dausmann KH. Seasonal changes in the parasite prevalence of a small Malagasy lemur species (Lepilemur edwardsi). Integr Zool 2022; 18:427-439. [PMID: 35276032 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections can impact the fitness of individuals and can have influence on animals' population dynamics. An individuals' parasite prevalence often changes depending on external or seasonal changes, e.g., rainfall and ambient temperatures, but also on internal changes, e.g., changes in body condition. In this study we aimed to identify the environmental factors that may influence the intestinal parasite and ectoparasite prevalence of the folivorous Malagasy primate species, Lepilemur edwardsi, living in a seasonal dry deciduous forest. Species living in this habitat have to adapt to seasonal changes of ambient temperature, with almost no precipitation during the dry season and hence strong fluctuations of resource availability throughout the year. We sampled the feces and ectoparasites of L. edwardsi throughout the year. Intestinal parasite prevalence increased from the wet to the dry season and was highest in the late dry season, which might be due to the accompanying decrease in diet-quality. Conversely, ectoparasite prevalence decreased in the dry season, presumably due to the prevailing unfavorable environmental conditions for the development of ectoparasites (i.e., mites and ticks). Paired with the higher resting metabolism and stress level of L. edwardsi during the late dry season, it seems that this species may struggle when dry seasons intensify in its habitat. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Bethge
- Institute of Zoology, Functional Ecology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Jean Claude Razafimampiandra
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, B.P. 906, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Arne Wulff
- Institute of Zoology, Functional Ecology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Kathrin H Dausmann
- Institute of Zoology, Functional Ecology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
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Goodday SM, Karlin E, Alfarano A, Brooks A, Chapman C, Desille R, Karlin DR, Emami H, Woods NF, Boch A, Foschini L, Wildman M, Cormack F, Taptiklis N, Pratap A, Ghassemi M, Goldenberg A, Nagaraj S, Walsh E, Friend S. An Alternative to the Light Touch Digital Health Remote Study: The Stress and Recovery in Frontline COVID-19 Health Care Workers Study. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e32165. [PMID: 34726607 PMCID: PMC8668021 DOI: 10.2196/32165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several app-based studies share similar characteristics of a light touch approach that recruit, enroll, and onboard via a smartphone app and attempt to minimize burden through low-friction active study tasks while emphasizing the collection of passive data with minimal human contact. However, engagement is a common challenge across these studies, reporting low retention and adherence. Objective This study aims to describe an alternative to a light touch digital health study that involved a participant-centric design including high friction app-based assessments, semicontinuous passive data from wearable sensors, and a digital engagement strategy centered on providing knowledge and support to participants. Methods The Stress and Recovery in Frontline COVID-19 Health Care Workers Study included US frontline health care workers followed between May and November 2020. The study comprised 3 main components: (1) active and passive assessments of stress and symptoms from a smartphone app, (2) objective measured assessments of acute stress from wearable sensors, and (3) a participant codriven engagement strategy that centered on providing knowledge and support to participants. The daily participant time commitment was an average of 10 to 15 minutes. Retention and adherence are described both quantitatively and qualitatively. Results A total of 365 participants enrolled and started the study, and 81.0% (n=297) of them completed the study for a total study duration of 4 months. Average wearable sensor use was 90.6% days of total study duration. App-based daily, weekly, and every other week surveys were completed on average 69.18%, 68.37%, and 72.86% of the time, respectively. Conclusions This study found evidence for the feasibility and acceptability of a participant-centric digital health study approach that involved building trust with participants and providing support through regular phone check-ins. In addition to high retention and adherence, the collection of large volumes of objective measured data alongside contextual self-reported subjective data was able to be collected, which is often missing from light touch digital health studies. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04713111; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04713111
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Goodday
- 4YouandMe, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel R Karlin
- 4YouandMe, Seattle, WA, United States.,MindMed, New York, NY, United States.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hoora Emami
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Adrien Boch
- Evidation Health Inc, San Mateo, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Francesca Cormack
- Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abhishek Pratap
- Krembil Center for Neuroinformatics, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marzyeh Ghassemi
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Anna Goldenberg
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sujay Nagaraj
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elaine Walsh
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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- 4YouandMe, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen Friend
- 4YouandMe, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Vojtkovská V, Voslářová E, Večerek V. Changes in Health Indicators of Welfare in Group-Housed Shelter Cats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:701346. [PMID: 34631847 PMCID: PMC8497757 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.701346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect changes in health-oriented welfare indicators of shelter cats housed in a shelter by means of long-term monitoring of health indicators of welfare in a population of group-housed cats in a private, no-kill shelter in the Czech Republic. The cat population housed in a large group was monitored for 1 year. The data recording took place at 2-week intervals. A total of 220 cats were evaluated using a protocol containing eight health-oriented welfare indicators: body condition, third eye visibility, eye discharge, eye irritation, nose discharge, the presence of pathologically induced respiratory sounds, coat condition, and lameness and abnormal posture. The assessment was performed based on the observation by two trained evaluators. The cats' condition was rated on a 5-point scale for each indicator, where the optimal condition was represented by the score of 1 and a severe deterioration by the score of 5 for the given indicator, except for the body condition indicator, where the optimal condition was represented by the score of 3. A deterioration in the score in at least one of the indicators during the stay in the shelter was recorded in 52 (41.6%) of 125 cats that were assessed at least twice. The effect of the LOS, sex and age on the scores for each health indicator was examined via a linear mixed model analysis, as this method allows for handling of dependencies in the data of repeated measurements. The effect of predictors on the third eye visibility scores was not found. The age of cats predicted the coat condition and body condition scores. The LOS predicted scores of the abnormal posture and lameness indicator and scores of a composite index composed of indicators related to upper respiratory tract disease. The results suggest that despite the fact that some improvement of health was documented during the cats' stay in the shelter, there were a non-negligible number of animals experiencing a permanent or long-term deterioration in health. Efforts to minimize the undesirable factors contributing to the deterioration of well-being of cats during their stay in a shelter should be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vojtkovská
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Eva Voslářová
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Večerek
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
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Santamaria F, Barlow CK, Schlagloth R, Schittenhelm RB, Palme R, Henning J. Identification of Koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus) Faecal Cortisol Metabolites Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Enzyme Immunoassays. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060393. [PMID: 34208684 PMCID: PMC8234238 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is an arboreal folivorous marsupial endemic to Australia. Anthropogenic activities and climate change are threats to this species' survival and are potential stressors. A suitable non-invasive method is needed to objectively detect stress in koalas. Under conditions of stress, the concentration of the hormone cortisol in plasma or in saliva is elevated, and this would provide a convenient measure; however, collecting blood or saliva from wild animals is both practically difficult and stressful, and so likely to confound any measurement. In contrast, measurement of cortisol metabolites in faeces provides a practical and non-invasive method to objectively measure stress in koalas. Unfortunately, the identity of the main faecal cortisol metabolites of koalas is unknown. In this study, we have used both untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) to identify several faecal cortisol metabolites in two koalas, one female (18 months old, 4.1 kg) and one male (4 years old, 6.95 kg) upon administration of hydrocortisone (cortisol) sodium succinate. The LC-MS analysis identified tetrahydrocortisol along with several other isomers as cortisol metabolites. After a survey of five enzyme immunoassays, we found that two metabolites, tetrahydrocortisol and 3β-allotetrahydrocortisol, could be detected by EIAs that used antibodies that were raised against their structurally similar corticosterone counterparts, tetrahydrocorticosterone and 3β-allotetrahydrocorticosterone, respectively. While the 3β-allotetrahydrocortisol metabolite was detected in the faeces of only one of the two animals studied, tetrahydrocortisol was detected in both. These results ultimately indicate that tetrahydrocortisol is likely the main faecal cortisol metabolite in koalas, and we demonstrate that it can be measured by an EIA (50c) that was originally developed to measure tetrahydrocorticosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Santamaria
- Flora, Fauna and Freshwater Research and Koala Research Central Queensland, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Christopher K. Barlow
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.K.B.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Rolf Schlagloth
- Flora, Fauna and Freshwater Research and Koala Research Central Queensland, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia;
| | - Ralf B. Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (C.K.B.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
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12
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Anthropogenic Influences on Distance Traveled and Vigilance Behavior and Stress-Related Endocrine Correlates in Free-Roaming Giraffes. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051239. [PMID: 33923117 PMCID: PMC8145588 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Change in an animal’s behavior due to anthropogenic influences is often expressed in a change in movement patterns and increased vigilance and can result in the secretion of stress-related hormones. However, animals can get habituated to human presence after repeated stimulation. We aimed to obtain a first insight into the effect of human observers on the behavior and stress-related hormone concentrations of free-roaming giraffes as well as their habituation process. Giraffes walked further distances and had elevated fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentration (stress hormone) in the presence of humans, but anthropogenic influences on their distance walked and fGCM concentration decreased with the increase of habituation. The giraffes were vigilant towards human observers; however, the percentage of time spent on observing a human observer did not decrease with the increase of habituation. Abstract Giraffes are an important tourist attraction, and human presence to wildlife is increasing. This has an impact on an animal’s behavior and its endocrine correlates. Studies on other species show alterations in movement patterns, vigilance, and stress-related hormone levels in the presence of humans. Limited information is available on how anthropogenic activities alter giraffe’s behavior, social structure, and related endocrine parameters. The purpose of this study was to obtain insight into anthropogenic influences on giraffe’s behavior and adrenal activity. We used GPS devices mounted onto giraffes to compare the distance walked in the presence or absence of human observers. We also conducted behavioral observations to assess their vigilance and collected fecal samples to analyze their fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations. Giraffes walked significantly further distances in the presence of humans, but the cumulative time that observers were present decreased the hourly distance walked with an observer present, suggesting that the giraffes were becoming habituated. The number of observers present significantly increased the percentage of time spent on observing an observer as well as the number of unhabituated individuals present in the herd. The percentage of time spent observing a human observer did not decrease with the increase of habituation. Last, fGCM concentrations increased with human presence but decreased when individuals became habituated to human presence. More research is needed to understand the effect of anthropogenic influences in different scenarios (e.g., tourism, vehicles, hunting, etc.).
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Rudak PT, Choi J, Parkins KM, Summers KL, Jackson DN, Foster PJ, Skaro AI, Leslie K, McAlister VC, Kuchroo VK, Inoue W, Lantz O, Haeryfar SMM. Chronic stress physically spares but functionally impairs innate-like invariant T cells. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108979. [PMID: 33852855 PMCID: PMC8112805 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The deleterious effects of psychological stress on mainstream T lymphocytes are well documented. However, how stress impacts innate-like T cells is unclear. We report that long-term stress surprisingly abrogates both T helper 1 (TH1)- and TH2-type responses orchestrated by invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. This is not due to iNKT cell death because these cells are unusually refractory to stress-inflicted apoptosis. Activated iNKT cells in stressed mice exhibit a “split” inflammatory signature and trigger sudden serum interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-23, and IL-27 spikes. iNKT cell dysregulation is mediated by cell-autonomous glucocorticoid receptor signaling and corrected upon habituation to predictable stressors. Importantly, under stress, iNKT cells fail to potentiate cytotoxicity against lymphoma or to reduce the burden of metastatic melanoma. Finally, stress physically spares mouse mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells but hinders their TH1-/TH2-type responses. The above findings are corroborated in human peripheral blood and hepatic iNKT/MAIT cell cultures. Our work uncovers a mechanism of stress-induced immunosuppression. Invariant T cells are emergency responders to infection and cancer. Rudak et al. report that psychological stress unusually spares these innate-like T lymphocytes but alters or impairs their cytokine production and cytotoxic and/or antimetastatic capacities through a cell-autonomous, glucocorticoid receptor-dependent mechanism. This may explain certain aspects of stress-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Katie M Parkins
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kelly L Summers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Dwayne N Jackson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Anton I Skaro
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Ken Leslie
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Vivian C McAlister
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie and INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Western University, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada.
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14
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Zardooz H, Sadeghimahalli F, Khodagholi F. Early postnatal stress impairs insulin secretion in response to psychological stress in adult rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:277-286. [PMID: 32458408 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adversity in early life can induce metabolic defects in exposure to stress in adulthood. Therefore, the exploration of involving mechanisms can be helpful in the treatment of metabolic disorders. So, the present study was conducted in terms of exploring the effects of interaction between early postnatal stress and young adulthood psychological stress on insulin secretion and pancreatic GLUT-2 levels in male rats. METHODS Footshock as a model of early life stress (at 2 weeks of age) and psychological stress induced by communication box as a model of young adulthood stress (at 8-10 weeks of age) were induced in male Wistar rats for five consecutive days (2 times/day). Blood samples were drawn to measure glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell dysfunction (HOMA-B), before and after stress protocol in young adult rats. Corticosterone was measured on days 1 and 5 of stress induction. The day after the stress period, factors including glucose tolerance, TNF-alpha, isolated islets' insulin output and levels of pancreatic GLUT-2 protein via western blotting were determined. RESULTS The combination of early footshock exposure and psychological stress during adulthood did not affect plasma corticosterone, but increased plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B and TNF-alpha levels. Plasma TNF was not only increased by the combination of both stressors, but also after only E STR exposure. HOMA-IR was increased in both Psy STR and E + Psy-STR groups. Plasma glucose just increased in Psy STR group. The combination of these two life stressors further increased the in vitro insulin secretion from isolated islets in response to 16.7-mM glucose. The level of Glut2 was increased in Psy STR and decreased in both E STR and E + Psy STR groups. Finally, glucose tolerance was impaired and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was increased in E + Psy STR group. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, inducing stress in early life makes the organism more susceptible to metabolic defects in exposure to psychological stress later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zardooz
- Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Sadeghimahalli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Diabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - F Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Altuntaş H, Gwokyalya R, Bayram N. Immunotoxic effects of force-fed ethephon on model organism Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:1761-1768. [PMID: 33461353 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1873358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of chemical substances like plant growth regulators in agricultural practices to boost production has become inevitable; thus, they have accumulated in the environment in tremendous amounts. However, due to their nonselective nature, they affect several components of the ecosystem like the invertebrates. In this study, therefore, the effects of force-fed Ethephon on the cellular mediated immune system of model insect G. mellonella larvae were investigated using the lethal doses LD25 and LD50 determined in a previous study. Our results indicated that treating G. mellonella larvae with ETF significantly reduces the number of circulating hemocytes and also reduces the number of live cells while increasing the apoptotic and necrotic cell ratios at all doses. Additionally, ETF increased the number of spherulocytes, oenocytes and prohemocytes as well as the mitotic indices while reducing the number of granulocytes in circulation but did not alter the number of plasmatocytes. Moreover, the in vivo encapsulation assays showed significant suppression of the encapsulation abilities of the ETF treated G. mellonella larval hemocytes at both ETF doses. The findings of the current study are indicative of the ecotoxic effects that may arise due to ETF and that its usage should be controlled or monitored as it poses major threats to several organisms and the ecosystem at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Altuntaş
- Department of Biology, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Rehemah Gwokyalya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nur Bayram
- Instıtute of Graduate Programs, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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16
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Moreira M, Schrama D, Farinha AP, Cerqueira M, Raposo de Magalhães C, Carrilho R, Rodrigues P. Fish Pathology Research and Diagnosis in Aquaculture of Farmed Fish; a Proteomics Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E125. [PMID: 33430015 PMCID: PMC7827161 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main constraints in aquaculture production is farmed fish vulnerability to diseases due to husbandry practices or external factors like pollution, climate changes, or even the alterations in the dynamic of product transactions in this industry. It is though important to better understand and characterize the intervenients in the process of a disease outbreak as these lead to huge economical losses in aquaculture industries. High-throughput technologies like proteomics can be an important characterization tool especially in pathogen identification and the virulence mechanisms related to host-pathogen interactions on disease research and diagnostics that will help to control, prevent, and treat diseases in farmed fish. Proteomics important role is also maximized by its holistic approach to understanding pathogenesis processes and fish responses to external factors like stress or temperature making it one of the most promising tools for fish pathology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Moreira
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO—Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Denise Schrama
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Farinha
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Marco Cerqueira
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Cláudia Raposo de Magalhães
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Raquel Carrilho
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Islam MS, Chaudhuri I, Mobin MA, Islam M, Mahmud MS, KutubUddin M, Kabir KMA, Kamrujjaman M. The Perspective of Acquired Immunity to Combat against Infectious Diseases: An Overview. Health (London) 2021. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2021.139077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Vojtkovská V, Voslářová E, Večerek V. Methods of Assessment of the Welfare of Shelter Cats: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091527. [PMID: 32872242 PMCID: PMC7552334 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At any moment, there are millions of cats housed in foster care facilities for abandoned and stray animals for various reasons worldwide. Care, management and regulation among these facilities differ. Moreover, shelters can never substitute the full comfort of a good home for the animal, and the welfare of cats in shelters is a subject of discussion in many respects. Cats are animals sensitive to changes; for most of them, placement in a shelter is a stressful experience because of changes in routine, environment and the presence of other animals. Stress is reflected in changes in behaviour, causes fluctuations in physiological values and disrupts the immune system, which is a predisposition to the development or reactivation of disease. Evaluation of the presence and intensity of negative impacts is possible through the use of evaluation tools based on indicators that help set the environment and management of keeping so as to disrupt the quality of life as little as possible. Although a comprehensive and valid welfare tool that would evaluate animal-based and at the same time resource-based (or management-based) indicators of cats in shelters is not currently available, it is possible to use partial evaluation of individual welfare indicators to assess welfare. This review aims to provide the readers with an insight into current options of assessment of the welfare of cats in shelters with an emphasis on behavioural, physiological and health indicators with an application in both practical and scientific contexts.
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Dekelaita DJ, Epps CW, Stewart KM, Sedinger JS, Powers JG, Gonzales BJ, Abella‐Vu RK, Darby NW, Hughson DL. Survival of Adult Female Bighorn Sheep Following a Pneumonia Epizootic. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniella J. Dekelaita
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331‐3803 USA
| | - Clinton W. Epps
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331‐3803 USA
| | - Kelley M. Stewart
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno Reno NV 89557‐0186 USA
| | - James S. Sedinger
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno Reno NV 89557‐0186 USA
| | - Jenny G. Powers
- Biological Resources Division National Park Service 1201 Oakridge Drive Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Ben J. Gonzales
- Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife 1701 Nimbus Road Rancho Cordova CA 95670‐4503 USA
| | - Regina K. Abella‐Vu
- Wildlife Branch, California Department of Fish and Wildlife 1812 Ninth Street Sacramento CA 95811 USA
| | - Neal W. Darby
- Mojave National Preserve, National Park Service 2701 Barstow Road Barstow CA 92311 USA
| | - Debra L. Hughson
- Mojave National Preserve, National Park Service 2701 Barstow Road Barstow CA 92311 USA
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20
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Sheth U, Dande P. Pityriasis capitis: Causes, pathophysiology, current modalities, and future approach. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:35-47. [PMID: 32416039 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pityriasis capitis commonly known as dandruff is one of the most common and widely seen dermatological disease that affects majority of the world population. It is more than superficial flaking, as it leads to significant structural changes in the stratum corneum and inflammatory biomarkers. Various intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as Malassezia yeast, host epidermal conditions, sebaceous secretion, and abnormal immune responses, are found to contribute to the pathogenesis. Regardless of wide research, detail understanding, and treatment modalities, it still remains to be a cause of concern due to its recurring nature. AIMS The objective of this study is to enhance the understanding of its wide causes, pathophysiology, current treatment, and future approach. METHODS The article also aims at evaluating various promising anti-dandruff agents that can be further researched to become the leads in anti-dandruff therapy. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The article summarizes the current knowledge on dandruff and present new facts and evidences in order to spread awareness, create potential for new herbal treatment options, and effectively control the most commercially exploited scalp disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umang Sheth
- SVKM's NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur Campus, Shirpur, India
| | - Payal Dande
- SVKM's NMIMS, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shirpur Campus, Shirpur, India
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21
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Pusceddu MM, Barboza M, Keogh CE, Schneider M, Stokes P, Sladek JA, Kim HJD, Torres-Fuentes C, Goldfild LR, Gillis SE, Brust-Mascher I, Rabasa G, Wong KA, Lebrilla C, Byndloss MX, Maisonneuve C, Bäumler AJ, Philpott DJ, Ferrero RL, Barrett KE, Reardon C, Gareau MG. Nod-like receptors are critical for gut-brain axis signalling in mice. J Physiol 2019; 597:5777-5797. [PMID: 31652348 DOI: 10.1113/jp278640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS •Nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptors regulate cognition, anxiety and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. •Nod-like receptors regulate central and peripheral serotonergic biology. •Nod-like receptors are important for maintenance of gastrointestinal physiology. •Intestinal epithelial cell expression of Nod1 receptors regulate behaviour. ABSTRACT Gut-brain axis signalling is critical for maintaining health and homeostasis. Stressful life events can impact gut-brain signalling, leading to altered mood, cognition and intestinal dysfunction. In the present study, we identified nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptors (NLR), Nod1 and Nod2, as novel regulators for gut-brain signalling. NLR are innate immune pattern recognition receptors expressed in the gut and brain, and are important in the regulation of gastrointestinal physiology. We found that mice deficient in both Nod1 and Nod2 (NodDKO) demonstrate signs of stress-induced anxiety, cognitive impairment and depression in the context of a hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. These deficits were coupled with impairments in the serotonergic pathway in the brain, decreased hippocampal cell proliferation and immature neurons, as well as reduced neural activation. In addition, NodDKO mice had increased gastrointestinal permeability and altered serotonin signalling in the gut following exposure to acute stress. Administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, abrogated behavioural impairments and restored serotonin signalling. We also identified that intestinal epithelial cell-specific deletion of Nod1 (VilCre+ Nod1f/f ), but not Nod2, increased susceptibility to stress-induced anxiety-like behaviour and cognitive impairment following exposure to stress. Together, these data suggest that intestinal epithelial NLR are novel modulators of gut-brain communication and may serve as potential novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of gut-brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M Pusceddu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Barboza
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ciara E Keogh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Melinda Schneider
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Stokes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Sladek
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Jung D Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Torres-Fuentes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lily R Goldfild
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shane E Gillis
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gonzalo Rabasa
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kyle A Wong
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlito Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mariana X Byndloss
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Science and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim E Barrett
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mélanie G Gareau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pathogenesis at the Functional Limit of Redox Homeostasis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1651724. [PMID: 31885772 PMCID: PMC6899283 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1651724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease characterized by the production of autoreactive antibodies and cytokines, which are thought to have a major role in disease activity and progression. Immune system exposure to excessive amounts of autoantigens that are not efficiently removed is reported to play a significant role in the generation of autoantibodies and the pathogenesis of SLE. While several mechanisms of cell death-based autoantigenic exposure and compromised autoantigen removal have been described in relation to disease onset, a significant association with the development of SLE can be attributed to increased apoptosis and impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Both apoptosis and impaired phagocytosis can be caused by hydrogen peroxide whose cellular production is enhanced by exposure to endogenous hormones or environmental chemicals, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE. Hydrogen peroxide can cause lymphocyte apoptosis and glutathione depletion, both of which are associated with the severity of SLE. The cellular accumulation of hydrogen peroxide is facilitated by the myriad of stimuli causing increased cellular bioenergetic activity that enhances metabolic production of this toxic oxidizing agent such as emotional stress and infection, which are recognized SLE exacerbating factors. When combined with impaired cellular hydrogen peroxide removal caused by xenobiotics and genetically compromised hydrogen peroxide elimination due to enzymatic polymorphic variation, a mechanism for cellular accumulation of hydrogen peroxide emerges, leading to hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis and impaired phagocytosis, enhanced autoantigen exposure, formation of autoantibodies, and development of SLE.
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Rudak PT, Gangireddy R, Choi J, Burhan AM, Summers KL, Jackson DN, Inoue W, Haeryfar SMM. Stress-elicited glucocorticoid receptor signaling upregulates TIGIT in innate-like invariant T lymphocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:793-804. [PMID: 31108170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is known to impede certain host defense mechanisms, including those governed by conventional T lymphocytes. However, whether innate-like T lymphocytes, such as invariant natural killer T (iNKT) and mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, are impacted by stress is unclear. Herein, we report that prolonged psychological stress caused by physical confinement results in robust upregulation of T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT), an immune checkpoint receptor that controls antitumor and antiviral immune responses. Elevated TIGIT expression was found not only on NK and conventional T cells, but also on iNKT and MAIT cells. Stress-provoked TIGIT upregulation was reversed through treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486, but not with 6-hydroxydopamine that induces chemical sympathectomy. A Cre/Lox gene targeting model in which GR was ablated in cells expressing Lck under its proximal promoter revealed that TIGIT upregulation in stressed animals stems from direct GR signaling in T and iNKT cells. In fact, long-term oral administration of exogenous corticosterone (CS) to wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice was sufficient to increase TIGIT expression levels on T and iNKT cells. In vitro treatment with CS also potently and selectively upregulated TIGIT, but not CTLA-4 or LAG-3, on mouse iNKT and MAIT hybridomas. These results were recapitulated using primary hepatic iNKT and MAIT cells from wild-type B6 and B6.MAITCAST mice, respectively. Subjecting B6.MAITCAST mice to physical restraint also raised the frequency of TIGIT+ cells among hepatic MAIT cells in a GR-dependent manner. Finally, we found that TIGIT is similarly upregulated in a chronic variable stress model in which animals are exposed to unpredictable heterotypic stressors without developing habituation. Taken together, our findings link, for the first time to our knowledge, GR signaling to TIGIT expression. We propose that glucocorticoid hormones dampen immune responses, in part, by enhancing TIGIT expression across multiple critical subsets of effector lymphocytes, including innate-like T cells. Therefore, TIGIT may constitute an attractive target in immune-enhancing interventions for sustained physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rakshith Gangireddy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amer M Burhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly L Summers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dwayne N Jackson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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24
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Jessop DC, Reid M, Solomon L. Financial concern predicts deteriorations in mental and physical health among university students. Psychol Health 2019; 35:196-209. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1626393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna C. Jessop
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Matthew Reid
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Lucy Solomon
- Academic Registry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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Scarola SJ, Perdomo Trejo JR, Granger ME, Gerecke KM, Bardi M. Immunomodulatory Effects of Stress and Environmental Enrichment in Long-Evans Rats ( Rattus norvegicus). Comp Med 2019; 69:35-47. [PMID: 30728094 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stress can influence the secretion of neuroendocrine mediators, thereby exposing immune cells to altered signaling and interactions. Here we investigated the synergetic effect of stress and environmental enrichment on the immune response of Long-Evans rats. Subjects (n = 46) were assigned to 5 treatment groups: acute compared with chronic stress with or without environmental enrichment, plus an unmanipulated control group. Animals also were classified as active, passive, and flexible copers according to back-test assessment. Rats were exposed to enrichment in an open-field containing objects in different areas for 30 min 3 times each week, thus modeling the effects of a temporary increase in environmental stimuli. Animals assigned to chronic stress groups were exposed to predator sound stressors for 30 min daily, whereas animals assigned to acute stress groups were exposed once each week. After 7 wk, a dermal punch biopsy was administered to activate the immune response, after which rats were challenged through a forced swim test. Biologic samples were collected to measure corticosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), oxytocin, testosterone, and the cytokines IL6 and IL10. Rats exposed to chronic stress had lower DHEA:corticosterone ratios, suggesting increased allostatic load. Enrichment exposure modulated these effects, lowering overall corticosterone and testosterone levels and increasing DHEA and oxytocin levels in animals exposed to the predator sound. The immune response was decreased in rats exposed to chronic stress, but the effect of environmental enrichment helped to mitigate the negative influence on cells producing IL6. Combining acute stress and exposure to an enriched environment returned a healthier profile in terms of both immune activation and stress regulation. By using a multidimensional scaling model, we found that a combination of 'good' stress and exposure to brief sessions of enriching stimuli can reliably predict health in Long-Evans rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Scarola
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia
| | - Jose R Perdomo Trejo
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia
| | - Megan E Granger
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia
| | - Kimberly M Gerecke
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia
| | - Massimo Bardi
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia;,
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Tisseverasinghe A, Peschken C, Hitchon C. Anxiety and Mood Disorders in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Current Insights and Future Directions. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2018; 20:85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-018-0797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Vazzana M, Celi M, Arizza V, Calandra G, Buscaino G, Ferrantelli V, Bracciali C, Sarà G. Noise elicits hematological stress parameters in Mediterranean damselfish (Chromis chromis, perciformes): A mesocosm study. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 62:147-152. [PMID: 28108343 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, technological developments and the widespread rise of anthropic activities have increased the exposure of organisms to noise pollution, thus evoking great interest in its biological effects, particularly on the immune system. The aim of the present work was to investigate some of the biochemical parameters in the blood of Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758) following in vivo exposure to noise levels of 200 and 300 Hz. Our results revealed that, compared to the control specimens, the fish exposed to noise had significantly increased levels of stress biomarkers such as glucose, lactate and total proteins in plasma, as well as a rise in the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Biologia Animale e Antropologia Biologica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Celi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Biologia Animale e Antropologia Biologica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Biologia Animale e Antropologia Biologica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18-90123 Palermo, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze del Mare e della Terra, Università di Palermo, Via delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy; U.O. Granitola Cape Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Via del Faro, 4-91021 Capo Granitola (TP), Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Palermo, Italy; Istituto Euro Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Calandra
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Biologia Animale e Antropologia Biologica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 18-90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Buscaino
- U.O. Granitola Cape Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Via del Faro, 4-91021 Capo Granitola (TP), Italy
| | | | - Claudia Bracciali
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Mare e della Terra, Università di Palermo, Via delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Mare e della Terra, Università di Palermo, Via delle Scienze Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Huang L, Ma XY, Jiang ZY, Hu YJ, Zheng CT, Yang XF, Wang L, Gao KG. Effects of soybean isoflavone on intestinal antioxidant capacity and cytokines in young piglets fed oxidized fish oil. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:965-974. [PMID: 27921401 PMCID: PMC5172600 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of glycitein, a synthetic soybean isoflavone (ISF), on the intestinal antioxidant capacity, morphology, and cytokine content in young piglets fed oxidized fish oil, 72 4-d-old male piglets were assigned to three treatments. The control group was fed a basal diet containing fresh fish oil, and the other two groups received the same diet except for the substitution with the same dosage of oxidized fish oil alone or with ISF (oxidized fish oil plus ISF). After 21 d of feeding, supplementation of oxidized fish oil increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NO, and Caspase-3 in jejunal mucosa, and decreased the villous height in duodenum and the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and IL-4 in the jejunal mucosa compared with supplementation with fresh oil. The addition of oxidized fish oil plus ISF partially alleviated this negative effect. The addition of oxidized fish oil plus ISF increased the villous height and levels of sIgA and IL-4 in jejunal mucosa, but decreased the levels of IL-1β and IL-2 in jejunal mucosa (P<0.05) compared with oxidized fish oil. Collectively, these results show that dietary supplementation of ISF could partly alleviate the negative effect of oxidized fish oil by improving the intestinal morphology as well as the antioxidant capacity and immune function in young piglets.
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29
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Christensen RAG, Raiber L, Macpherson AK, Kuk JL. The association between obesity and self-reported sinus infection in non-smoking adults: a cross-sectional study. Clin Obes 2016; 6:389-394. [PMID: 27860347 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article was to examine the associations between having had a sinus infection (SI) and BMI and physical activity (PA), diet quality, stress and/or sleep. A total of 2915 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006 were examined. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between having had an SI with BMI and PA, diet quality, stress or sleep. As these factors are known to influence one another, a fully adjusted model with PA, diet quality, stress and sleep was also constructed to examine their independent associations with having had an SI. Overall, 15.5 ± 1.2% of the population report having had an SI in the past year. In all models, individuals with obesity were approximately twice as likely to have had an SI compared to those of normal weight (P < 0.05). While PA and diet quality were not significantly associated with having had an SI (P > 0.05), individuals with stress and sleep troubles were also twice as likely to have had an SI (P < 0.05) independent of BMI. In the fully adjusted model, only the associations for BMI and sleep troubles remained significant (P < 0.05). Results from this study suggest that obesity and sleep troubles, but not PA, quality of diet and stress, are associated with having had an SI. As interactions exist between obesity, immune system factors and exposure to infectious disease(s), more research is necessary to understand the directionality of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A G Christensen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - L Raiber
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - A K Macpherson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - J L Kuk
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
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30
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van Dixhoorn IDE, Reimert I, Middelkoop J, Bolhuis JE, Wisselink HJ, Groot Koerkamp PWG, Kemp B, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N. Enriched Housing Reduces Disease Susceptibility to Co-Infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Virus (PRRSV) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) in Young Pigs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161832. [PMID: 27606818 PMCID: PMC5015855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Until today, anti-microbial drugs have been the therapy of choice to combat bacterial diseases. Resistance against antibiotics is of growing concern in man and animals. Stress, caused by demanding environmental conditions, can reduce immune protection in the host, influencing the onset and outcome of infectious diseases. Therefore psychoneuro-immunological intervention may prove to be a successful approach to diminish the impact of diseases and antibiotics use. This study was designed to investigate the effect of social and environmental enrichment on the impact of disease, referred to as “disease susceptibility”, in pigs using a co-infection model of PRRSV and A. pleuropneumoniae. Twenty-eight pigs were raised in four pens under barren conditions and twenty-eight other pigs were raised in four pens under enriched conditions. In the enriched pens a combination of established social and environmental enrichment factors were introduced. Two pens of the barren (BH) and two pens of the enriched housed (EH) pigs were infected with PRRSV followed by A. pleuropneumoniae, the other two pens in each housing treatment served as control groups. We tested if differences in disease susceptibility in terms of pathological and clinical outcome were related to the different housing regimes and if this was reflected in differences in behavioural and immunological states of the animals. Enriched housed pigs showed a faster clearance of viral PRRSV RNA in blood serum (p = 0.014) and histologically 2.8 fold less interstitial pneumonia signs in the lungs (p = 0.014). More barren housed than enriched housed pigs developed lesions in the lungs (OR = 19.2, p = 0.048) and the lesions in the barren housed pigs showed a higher total pathologic tissue damage score (p<0.001) than those in enriched housed pigs. EH pigs showed less stress-related behaviour and differed immunologically and clinically from BH pigs. We conclude that enriched housing management reduces disease susceptibility to co-infection of PRRSV and A. pleuropneumoniae in pigs. Enrichment positively influences behavioural state, immunological response and clinical outcome in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inonge Reimert
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jenny Middelkoop
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J. Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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31
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Yada T, Tort L. Stress and Disease Resistance: Immune System and Immunoendocrine Interactions. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802728-8.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Pijanowski L, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Irnazarow I, Chadzinska M. Stress-induced adaptation of neutrophilic granulocyte activity in K and R3 carp lines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:886-892. [PMID: 26505123 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Both in mammals and fish, stress induces remarkable changes in the immune response. We focused on stress-induced changes in the activity of neutrophilic granulocytes in the R3 and K lines of common carp, which showed differential stress responses. Our study clearly demonstrates that a prolonged restraint stress differentially affects the activity of K and R3 carp neutrophils. In the K line, stress decreased the respiratory burst, while in the R3 line it reduced the release of extracellular DNA. Surprisingly, the stress-induced changes in ROS production and NET formation did not correlate with changes in gene expression of the inflammatory mediators and GR receptors. In neutrophilic granulocytes from K carp, gene expression of the stress-sensitive cortisol GR1 receptor was significantly higher than in neutrophils from R3 fish, which will make these cells more sensitive to high levels of cortisol. Moreover, upon stress, neutrophilic granulocytes of K carp up-regulated gene expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 while this was not observed in neutrophilic granulocytes of R3 carp. Therefore, we can hypothesize that, in contrast to R3 neutrophils, the more cortisol sensitive neutrophils from K carp respond to stress with up-regulation of IL-10 and consequently reduction of ROS production. Most probably the ROS-independent NET formation in K carp is not regulated by this anti-inflammatory cytokine. These data may indicate a predominantly ROS-independent formation of NETs by carp neutrophilic granulocytes. Moreover, they underline the important role of IL-10 in stress-induced immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pijanowski
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - B M L Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - I Irnazarow
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kalinowa 2, PL- 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - M Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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Roth L, Rombouts M, Schrijvers DM, Lemmens K, De Keulenaer GW, Martinet W, De Meyer GRY. Chronic intermittent mental stress promotes atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, myocardial infarction and sudden death in mice. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:288-94. [PMID: 26233915 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques are prone to plaque rupture leading to acute cardiovascular syndromes and death. Elucidating the risk of plaque rupture is important to define better therapeutic or preventive strategies. In the present study, we investigated the effect of chronic intermittent mental stress on atherosclerotic plaque stability and cardiovascular mortality in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice with a heterozygous mutation in the fibrillin-1 gene (Fbn1(C1039G+/)(-)). This mouse model displays exacerbated atherosclerosis with spontaneous plaque ruptures, myocardial infarction and sudden death, when fed a Western-type diet (WD). Female ApoE(-/-)Fbn1(C1039G+/-) mice were fed a WD for up to 25 weeks. After 10 weeks WD, mice were divided in a control (n = 27) and mental stress (n = 29) group. The chronic intermittent mental stress protocol consisted of 3 triggers: water avoidance, damp bedding and restraint stress, in a randomly assigned order lasting 6 h every weekday for 15 weeks. Chronic intermittent mental stress resulted in a significant increase in the amount of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques of the proximal ascending aorta, whereas type I collagen and fibrous cap thickness were decreased. The coronary arteries of mental stress-treated mice showed larger plaques, more stenosis, and an increased degree of perivascular fibrosis. Moreover, myocardial infarctions occurred more frequently in the mental stress group. As compared to the control group, the survival of stressed ApoE(-/-)Fbn1(C1039G+/-) mice decreased from 67% to 52% at 25 weeks WD, presumably due to myocardial infarctions. In conclusion, chronic intermittent mental stress promotes plaque instability, myocardial infarctions, and mortality of ApoE(-/-)Fbn1(C1039G+/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Roth
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Miche Rombouts
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Katrien Lemmens
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Alonso JF, Romero S, Ballester MR, Antonijoan RM, Mañanas MA. Stress assessment based on EEG univariate features and functional connectivity measures. Physiol Meas 2015; 36:1351-65. [PMID: 26015439 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/36/7/1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The biological response to stress originates in the brain but involves different biochemical and physiological effects. Many common clinical methods to assess stress are based on the presence of specific hormones and on features extracted from different signals, including electrocardiogram, blood pressure, skin temperature, or galvanic skin response. The aim of this paper was to assess stress using EEG-based variables obtained from univariate analysis and functional connectivity evaluation. Two different stressors, the Stroop test and sleep deprivation, were applied to 30 volunteers to find common EEG patterns related to stress effects. Results showed a decrease of the high alpha power (11 to 12 Hz), an increase in the high beta band (23 to 36 Hz, considered a busy brain indicator), and a decrease in the approximate entropy. Moreover, connectivity showed that the high beta coherence and the interhemispheric nonlinear couplings, measured by the cross mutual information function, increased significantly for both stressors, suggesting that useful stress indexes may be obtained from EEG-based features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Alonso
- Department of Automatic Control (ESAII), Biomedical Engineering Research Centre (CREB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain. Barcelona College of Industrial Engineering (EUETIB), UPC, Barcelona, Spain. Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
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35
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Gein SV. Dynorphins in regulation of immune system functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:397-405. [PMID: 24954590 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914050034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dynorphins constitute a family of opioid peptides manifesting the highest affinity for κ-opiate receptors. Immune system cells are known to express a κ-receptor similar to that in the central nervous system, and as a consequence dynorphins are involved in the interaction between cells of the nervous and immune systems. In this review, data on dynorphin structure are analyzed and generalized, the κ-opiate receptor is characterized, and data on the regulation by dynorphins of functioning of the innate and adaptive immunity cells are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Gein
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, 614081, Russia.
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36
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Feng J, Wang S, Song D. Inhibition of T Cell and Stimulation of B Cell Proliferation by Restraint Stress Mediated by Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel 1.3 Expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajmb.2015.53008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Douxfils J, Lambert S, Mathieu C, Milla S, Mandiki SNM, Henrotte E, Wang N, Dieu M, Raes M, Rougeot C, Kestemont P. Influence of domestication process on immune response to repeated emersion stressors in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis, L.). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 173C:52-60. [PMID: 24674818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Domestication might be a possible way to reduce the physiological response to long-term stressors and deleterious effects on immunity. The present study aimed to evaluate the chronic immune response induced by repeated emersions and the possible impact of domestication by comparing farmed Eurasian perch with short (F1) and long (F4) captive-life history. In the first experiment, fish were exposed to a single emersion and physiological stress response was measured in the short term to characterize fish sensitivity to the tested stressor. Serum cortisol and glucose elevated within 6h post-stress and splenosomatic index (SSI) decreased within 48h, indicating that the species was affected by emersion stressor. In the second experiment, F1 and F4 generations were submitted to repeated water emersions (3 times/week during 44days). On day 9, 18 and 44, samplings were performed 48h post-stressor to highlight any sustained disruption of immune system. Serum cortisol, glucose, SSI and lysozyme activity were evaluated and serum proteome was analyzed using 2D-DIGE. Any of the tested variables were affected by repeated emersions and proteomic analysis only revealed that alpha-2 macroglobulins (a2Ms) were up-regulated in the serum of stressed individuals. Domestication also resulted in the up-regulation of five a2M isoforms and down-regulation of complement C3 and Ig light chain proteins, independently of any stressor exposure. In conclusion, the results suggested that repeated emersions are not severe stressors for Eurasian perch, probably explaining why domestication had no influence on fish responses. Changes associated with domestication are highly complex and certainly need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Douxfils
- University of Namur (UNamur), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - S Lambert
- University of Namur (UNamur), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - C Mathieu
- University of Namur (UNamur), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - S Milla
- University of Namur (UNamur), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - S N M Mandiki
- University of Namur (UNamur), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - E Henrotte
- University of Namur (UNamur), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - N Wang
- University of Namur (UNamur), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - M Dieu
- University of Namur (UNamur), Research Unit in Cellular Biology (URBC)-NARILIS, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - M Raes
- University of Namur (UNamur), Research Unit in Cellular Biology (URBC)-NARILIS, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - C Rougeot
- University of Liège, Aquaculture Research and Education Centre (CEFRA), Chemin de la Justice, B-5000 Tihange, Belgium
| | - P Kestemont
- University of Namur (UNamur), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Allen AP, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G. Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: focus on the Trier Social Stress Test. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 38:94-124. [PMID: 24239854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Validated biological and psychological markers of acute stress in humans are an important tool in translational research. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), involving public interview and mental arithmetic performance, is among the most popular methods of inducing acute stress in experimental settings, and reliably increases hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. However, although much research has focused on HPA axis activity, the TSST also affects the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system, the immune system, cardiovascular outputs, gastric function and cognition. We critically assess the utility of different biological and psychological markers, with guidance for future research, and discuss factors which can moderate TSST effects. We outline the effects of the TSST in stress-related disorders, and if these responses can be abrogated by pharmacological and psychological treatments. Modified TSST protocols are discussed, and the TSST is compared to alternative methods of inducing acute stress. Our analysis suggests that multiple readouts are necessary to derive maximum information; this strategy will enhance our understanding of the psychobiology of stress and provide the means to assess novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Allen
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul J Kennedy
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Koop JAH, Owen JP, Knutie SA, Aguilar MA, Clayton DH. Experimental demonstration of a parasite-induced immune response in wild birds: Darwin's finches and introduced nest flies. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:2514-23. [PMID: 24567824 PMCID: PMC3930052 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological immunology aims to explain variation among hosts in the strength and efficacy of immunological defenses. However, a shortcoming has been the failure to link host immune responses to actual parasites under natural conditions. Here, we present one of the first experimental demonstrations of a parasite-induced immune response in a wild bird population. The recently introduced ectoparasitic nest fly Philornis downsi severely impacts the fitness of Darwin's finches and other land birds in the Galápagos Islands. An earlier study showed that female medium ground finches (Geospiza fortis) had P. downsi-binding antibodies correlating with presumed variation in fly exposure over time. In the current study, we experimentally manipulated fly abundance to test whether the fly does, in fact, cause changes in antibody levels. We manipulated P. downsi abundance in nests and quantified P. downsi-binding antibody levels of medium ground finch mothers, fathers, and nestlings. We also quantified host behaviors, such as preening, which can integrate with antibody-mediated defenses against ectoparasites. Philornis downsi-binding antibody levels were significantly higher among mothers at parasitized nests, compared to mothers at (fumigated) nonparasitized nests. Mothers with higher antibody levels tended to have fewer parasites in their nests, suggesting that antibodies play a role in defense against parasites. Mothers showed no behavioral changes that would enhance the effectiveness of the immune response. Neither adult males, nor nestlings, had P. downsi-induced immunological or behavioral responses that would enhance defense against flies. None of the parasitized nests fledged any offspring, despite the immune response by mothers. Thus, this study shows that, while the immune response of mothers appeared to be defensive, it was not sufficient to rescue current reproductive fitness. This study further shows the importance of testing the fitness consequences of immune defenses, rather than assuming that such responses increase host fitness. Host immune responses can protect against the negative fitness consequences of parasitism; however, the strength and effectiveness of these responses vary among hosts. Strong host immune responses are often assumed to correlate with greater host fitness. This study investigates the relationship between host immune response, parasite load, and host fitness using Darwin's finches and an invasive nest parasite. We found that while the immune response of mothers appeared defensive, it did not rescue current reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A H Koop
- Department of Biology, University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Jeb P Owen
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University Pullman, Washington, 99164
| | - Sarah A Knutie
- Department of Biology, University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Maria A Aguilar
- Department of Biology, University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Dale H Clayton
- Department of Biology, University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
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Everds NE, Snyder PW, Bailey KL, Bolon B, Creasy DM, Foley GL, Rosol TJ, Sellers T. Interpreting Stress Responses during Routine Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:560-614. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623312466452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress often occurs during toxicity studies. The perception of sensory stimuli as stressful primarily results in catecholamine release and activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis to increase serum glucocorticoid concentrations. Downstream effects of these neuroendocrine signals may include decreased total body weights or body weight gain; food consumption and activity; altered organ weights (e.g., thymus, spleen, adrenal); lymphocyte depletion in thymus and spleen; altered circulating leukocyte counts (e.g., increased neutrophils with decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils); and altered reproductive functions. Typically, only some of these findings occur in a given study. Stress responses should be interpreted as secondary (indirect) rather than primary (direct) test article–related findings. Determining whether effects are the result of stress requires a weight-of-evidence approach. The evaluation and interpretation of routinely collected data (standard in-life, clinical pathology, and anatomic pathology endpoints) are appropriate and generally sufficient to assess whether or not changes are secondary to stress. The impact of possible stress-induced effects on data interpretation can partially be mitigated by toxicity study designs that use appropriate control groups (e.g., cohorts treated with vehicle and subjected to the same procedures as those dosed with test article), housing that minimizes isolation and offers environmental enrichment, and experimental procedures that minimize stress and sampling and analytical bias. This article is a comprehensive overview of the biological aspects of the stress response, beginning with a Summary (Section 1) and an Introduction (Section 2) that describes the historical and conventional methods used to characterize acute and chronic stress responses. These sections are followed by reviews of the primary systems and parameters that regulate and/or are influenced by stress, with an emphasis on parameters evaluated in toxicity studies: In-life Procedures (Section 3), Nervous System (Section 4), Endocrine System (Section 5), Reproductive System (Section 6), Clinical Pathology (Section 7), and Immune System (Section 8). The paper concludes (Section 9) with a brief discussion on Minimizing Stress-Related Effects (9.1.), and a final section explaining why Parameters routinely measured are appropriate for assessing the role of stress in toxicology studies (9.2.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keith L. Bailey
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and the Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas J. Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Aller MA, Arias JI, Prieto I, Gilsanz C, Arias A, Yang H, Arias J. Surgical inflammatory stress: the embryo takes hold of the reins again. Theor Biol Med Model 2013; 10:6. [PMID: 23374964 PMCID: PMC3577641 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The surgical inflammatory response can be a type of high-grade acute stress response associated with an increasingly complex trophic functional system for using oxygen. This systemic neuro-immune-endocrine response seems to induce the re-expression of 2 extraembryonic-like functional axes, i.e. coelomic-amniotic and trophoblastic-yolk-sac-related, within injured tissues and organs, thus favoring their re-development. Accordingly, through the up-regulation of two systemic inflammatory phenotypes, i.e. neurogenic and immune-related, a gestational-like response using embryonic functions would be induced in the patient's injured tissues and organs, which would therefore result in their repair. Here we establish a comparison between the pathophysiological mechanisms that are produced during the inflammatory response and the physiological mechanisms that are expressed during early embryonic development. In this way, surgical inflammation could be a high-grade stress response whose pathophysiological mechanisms would be based on the recapitulation of ontogenic and phylogenetic-related functions. Thus, the ultimate objective of surgical inflammation, as a gestational process, is creating new tissues/organs for repairing the injured ones. Since surgical inflammation and early embryonic development share common production mechanisms, the factors that hamper the wound healing reaction in surgical patients could be similar to those that impair the gestational process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Aller
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose-Ignacio Arias
- General and Digestive Surgery Unit, Monte Naranco Hospital, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Isabel Prieto
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, La Paz Hospital, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gilsanz
- General and Digestive Surgery Unit, Sudeste University Hospital, Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arias
- Department of Medicine, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heping Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, USC Research Centre for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaime Arias
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Aberra FN, Lewis JD. As in the chicken or the egg: stress or inflammatory bowel disease? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:63-4. [PMID: 23063680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Douxfils J, Deprez M, Mandiki SNM, Milla S, Henrotte E, Mathieu C, Silvestre F, Vandecan M, Rougeot C, Mélard C, Dieu M, Raes M, Kestemont P. Physiological and proteomic responses to single and repeated hypoxia in juvenile Eurasian perch under domestication--clues to physiological acclimation and humoral immune modulations. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1112-1122. [PMID: 22982557 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the physiological and humoral immune responses of Eurasian perch submitted to 4-h hypoxia in either single or repeated way. Two generations (F1 and F5) were tested to study the potential changes in these responses with domestication. In both generations, single and repeated hypoxia resulted in hyperglycemia and spleen somatic index reduction. Glucose elevation and lysozyme activity decreased following repeated hypoxia. Complement hemolytic activity was unchanged regardless of hypoxic stress or domestication level. A 2D-DIGE proteomic analysis showed that some C3 components were positively modulated by single hypoxia while C3 up- and down-regulations and over-expression of transferrin were observed following repeated hypoxia. Domestication was associated with a low divergence in stress and immune responses to hypoxia but was accompanied by various changes in the abundance of serum proteins related to innate/specific immunity and acute phase response. Thus, it appeared that the humoral immune system was modulated following single and repeated hypoxia (independently of generational level) or during domestication and that Eurasian perch may display physiological acclimation to frequent hypoxic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Douxfils
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), NARILIS, University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium.
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Collinge M, Burns-Naas LA, Chellman GJ, Kawabata TT, Komocsar WJ, Piccotti JR, Shenton J, Wierda D. Developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) testing of pharmaceuticals: Current practices, state of the science, knowledge gaps, and recommendations. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:210-30. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.661486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Segner H, Sundh H, Buchmann K, Douxfils J, Sundell KS, Mathieu C, Ruane N, Jutfelt F, Toften H, Vaughan L. Health of farmed fish: its relation to fish welfare and its utility as welfare indicator. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 38:85-105. [PMID: 21681416 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This brief review focuses on health and biological function as cornerstones of fish welfare. From the function-based point of view, good welfare is reflected in the ability of the animal to cope with infectious and non-infectious stressors, thereby maintaining homeostasis and good health, whereas stressful husbandry conditions and protracted suffering will lead to the loss of the coping ability and, thus, to impaired health. In the first part of the review, the physiological processes through which stressful husbandry conditions modulate health of farmed fish are examined. If fish are subjected to unfavourable husbandry conditions, the resulting disruption of internal homeostasis necessitates energy-demanding physiological adjustments (allostasis/acclimation). The ensuing energy drain leads to trade-offs with other energy-demanding processes such as the functioning of the primary epithelial barriers (gut, skin, gills) and the immune system. Understanding of the relation between husbandry conditions, allostatic responses and fish health provides the basis for the second theme developed in this review, the potential use of biological function and health parameters as operational welfare indicators (OWIs). Advantages of function- and health-related parameters are that they are relatively straightforward to recognize and to measure and are routinely monitored in most aquaculture units, thereby providing feasible tools to assess fish welfare under practical farming conditions. As the efforts to improve fish welfare and environmental sustainability lead to increasingly diverse solutions, in particular integrated production, it is imperative that we have objective OWIs to compare with other production forms, such as high-density aquaculture. However, to receive the necessary acceptance for legislation, more robust scientific backing of the health- and function-related OWIs is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Tort L. Stress and immune modulation in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1366-75. [PMID: 21782845 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stress is an event that most animals experience and that induces a number of responses involving all three regulatory systems, neural, endocrine and immune. When the stressor is acute and short-term, the response pattern is stimulatory and the fish immune response shows an activating phase that specially enhances innate responses. If the stressor is chronic the immune response shows suppressive effects and therefore the chances of an infection may be enhanced. In addition, coping with the stressor imposes an allostatic cost that may interfere with the needs of the immune response. In this paper the mechanisms behind these immunoregulatory changes are reviewed and the role of the main neuroendocrine mechanisms directly affecting the building of the immune response and their consequences are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Tort
- Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193-Cerdanyola, Spain.
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Douxfils J, Mathieu C, Mandiki SNM, Milla S, Henrotte E, Wang N, Vandecan M, Dieu M, Dauchot N, Pigneur LM, Li X, Rougeot C, Mélard C, Silvestre F, Van Doninck K, Raes M, Kestemont P. Physiological and proteomic evidences that domestication process differentially modulates the immune status of juvenile Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) under chronic confinement stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:1113-1121. [PMID: 22008286 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to evaluate the influence of domestication process on the stress response and subsequent immune modulation in Eurasian perch juveniles (Perca fluviatilis) submitted to chronic confinement. Briefly, F1 and F4 generations were confined into small-size tanks and sampled 7 and 55 days after stocking. Cortisol and glucose levels as well as lysozyme activity and immunoglobulin level were evaluated in the serum. Spleen Somatic Index and spleen ROS production were also measured. A proteomic analysis was performed on serum sampled on day 7. Finally, both generations were genetically characterized using a microsatellite approach. Globally, results revealed that chronic confinement did not elicit a typical stress response but resulted in a prolonged immune stimulation. Proteomic results suggested that domestication process influenced the immune status of perch submitted to chronic confinement as the F1 confined fish displayed lower abundance of C3 complement component, transferrin and Apolipoprotein E. Microsatellite data showed a strong genetic drift as well as reduced genetic diversity, allelic number and heterozygosity along with domestication process. The present work is the first to report that fish under domestication can develop an immune response, assessed by a combined approach, following recurrent challenges imposed by captive environment despite a reduced genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Douxfils
- University of Namur (FUNDP), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Gein SV, Baeva TA. Endogenous opioid peptides in regulation of innate immunity cell functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:309-19. [PMID: 21568865 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous opioid peptides comprise a group of bioregulatory factors involved in regulation of functional activity of various physiological systems of an organism. One of most important functions of endogenous opioids is their involvement in the interaction between cells of the nervous and immune systems. Summary data on the effects of opioid peptides on regulation of functions of innate immunity cells are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Gein
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.
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Allergotoxicology: Research of Pollutant Influence on the Development of Allergic Reactions. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2010; 61:85-94. [DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-61-2010-1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alergotoksikologija: Istraživanja Utjecaja Polutanata na Pojavu Alergijskih ReakcijaAlergotoksikologija je znanstvenoistraživačko područje koje se bavi ispitivanjem utjecaja polutanata (onečišćivača zraka) na nastanak alergijskih reakcija i bolesti. Ispitivanja su prvobitno bila usmjerena na polutante vanjskih prostora, a u novije vrijeme sve više na polutante unutarnjih prostora u kojima ljudi provode većinu vremena. Polutanti po svojoj prirodi mogu biti krute, tekuće ili plinovite čestice, koje se razlikuju s obzirom na veličinu, sastav i izvor iz kojeg nastaju. S obzirom na izvor mogu biti biološkog i nebiološkog podrijetla. Polutanti koji su predmet suvremenih istraživanja s gledišta nastanka alergijskih bolesti su respirabilne krute čestice, ozon, dušični oksidi i bioaerosoli. Mehanizam djelovanja polutanata ovisi o veličini čestica, njihovoj topljivosti i mjestu ulaska u organizam. Dosadašnja ispitivanja su pokazala da različite čestice uvjetuju različite imunosne i neimunosne odgovore u organizmu. Interakcija polutanata i alergena može se zbivati izvan eksponirane osobe, tj. sa samim alergenom ili u eksponiranoj osobi na sluznicama i koži. Polutanti mogu biti nosioci alergena i mogu interferirati na različitim nivoima u nastanku alergijske reakcije. U ovom prikazu razmatraju se dosadašnja saznanja o mehanizmima djelovanja polutanata na alergene, na imunosni sustav izloženih osoba na osnovi epidemioloških populacijskih istraživanja, kliničkih studija ekspozcije u kontroliranim uvjetima i eksperimentalnih testnih sistema in vivo i in vitro.
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Pagliarone AC, Missima F, Orsatti CL, Bachiega TF, Sforcin JM. Propolis effect on Th1/Th2 cytokines production by acutely stressed mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 125:230-233. [PMID: 19607903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Propolis has gained special attention due to its biological properties, however, little is known about its immunomodulatory effects in stress conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate propolis effect on Th1/Th2 cytokines production by spleen cells of acutely stressed mice. Serum corticosterone concentration was determined as a stress indicator. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male BALB/c mice were submitted to restraint stress and treated with propolis (200mg/kg) for 3 days. Supernatants of splenocytes cultures were assessed for Th1/Th2 cytokines determination. RESULTS Regarding Th1 cytokines production, no alterations were seen in IL-2 production; however, IFN-gamma production was inhibited in stressed mice, even when treated with propolis. As to Th2 cytokines, IL-4 was inhibited in stressed mice, but normal levels were seen when these animals were treated with propolis. No significant differences were found in IL-10 production between the experimental groups. Stressed groups (treated or not with propolis) showed higher corticosterone concentrations in comparison to control group. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that propolis treatment was not able to counteract the stress-induced immunosuppressive effect on IFN-gamma production; however, propolis showed an immunorestorative role, increasing IL-4 production in stressed mice, favoring humoral immune response during stress. Since the exact mechanisms of this natural product on immune system are still unclear, further studies are still required for a better comprehension of propolis use as a therapeutic alternative against the stress-induced negative effects that could lead to the development of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Pagliarone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, 18618-000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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