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Wang X, Wu C, Wei H. Humanized Germ-Free Mice for Investigating the Intervention Effect of Commensal Microbiome on Cancer Immunotherapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:1291-1302. [PMID: 35403435 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Significance: A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that the commensal microbiome is deeply involved in the host immune response, accounting for significantly divergent clinical outcomes among cancer patients receiving immunotherapy. Therefore, precise screening and evaluating of functional bacterial strains as novel targets for cancer immunotherapy have attracted great enthusiasm from both academia and industry, which calls for the construction and application of advanced animal models to support translational research in this field. Recent Advances: Significant progress has been made to elucidate the intervention effect of commensal microbiome on immunotherapy based on animal experiments. Especially, correlation between gut microbiota and host response to immunotherapy has been continuously discovered in a variety of cancer types, laying the foundation for causality establishment and mechanism research. Critical Issues: In oncology research, it is particularly not uncommon to see that a promising preclinical result fails to translate into clinical success. The use of conventional murine models in immunotherapy-associated microbiome research is very likely to bring discredit on the preclinical findings. We emphasize the value of germ-free (GF) mice and humanized mice as advanced models in this field. Future Directions: Integrating rederivation and humanization to generate humanized GF mice as preclinical models would make it possible to clarify the role of specific bacterial strains in immunotherapy as well as obtain preclinical findings that are more predictive for humans, leading to novel microbiome-based strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 1291-1302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Wang
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengwei Wu
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Fernandes de Oliveira Costa A, Olops Marani L, Mantello Bianco T, Queiroz Arantes A, Aparecida Lopes I, Antonio Pereira-Martins D, Carvalho Palma L, Santos Scheucher P, Lilian dos Santos Schiavinato J, Sarri Binelli L, Araújo Silva C, Kobayashi SS, Agostinho Machado-Neto J, Magalhães Rego E, Samuel Welner R, Lobo de Figueiredo-Pontes L. Altered distribution and function of NK-cell subsets lead to impaired tumor surveillance in JAK2V617F myeloproliferative neoplasms. Front Immunol 2022; 13:768592. [PMID: 36211444 PMCID: PMC9539129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.768592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer, tumor cells and their neoplastic microenvironment can sculpt the immunogenic phenotype of a developing tumor. In this context, natural killer (NK) cells are subtypes of lymphocytes of the innate immune system recognized for their potential to eliminate neoplastic cells, not only through direct cytolytic activity but also by favoring the development of an adaptive antitumor immune response. Even though the protective effect against leukemia due to NK-cell alloreactivity mediated by the absence of the KIR-ligand has already been shown, and some data on the role of NK cells in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) has been explored, their mechanisms of immune escape have not been fully investigated. It is still unclear whether NK cells can affect the biology of BCR-ABL1-negative MPN and which mechanisms are involved in the control of leukemic stem cell expansion. Aiming to investigate the potential contribution of NK cells to the pathogenesis of MPN, we characterized the frequency, receptor expression, maturation profile, and function of NK cells from a conditional Jak2V617F murine transgenic model, which faithfully resembles the main clinical and laboratory characteristics of human polycythemia vera, and MPN patients. Immunophenotypic analysis was performed to characterize NK frequency, their subtypes, and receptor expression in both mutated and wild-type samples. We observed a higher frequency of total NK cells in JAK2V617F mutated MPN and a maturation arrest that resulted in low-numbered mature CD11b+ NK cells and increased immature secretory CD27+ cells in both human and murine mutated samples. In agreement, inhibitory receptors were more expressed in MPN. NK cells from Jak2V617F mice presented a lower potential for proliferation and activation than wild-type NK cells. Colonies generated by murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) after mutated or wild-type NK co-culture exposure demonstrated that NK cells from Jak2V617F mice were deficient in regulating differentiation and clonogenic capacity. In conclusion, our findings suggest that NK cells have an immature profile with deficient cytotoxicity that may lead to impaired tumor surveillance in MPN. These data provide a new perspective on the behavior of NK cells in the context of myeloid malignancies and can contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies, targeting onco-inflammatory pathways that can potentially control transformed HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Fernandes de Oliveira Costa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Leticia Olops Marani
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mantello Bianco
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Adriana Queiroz Arantes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Izabela Aparecida Lopes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Diego Antonio Pereira-Martins
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Carvalho Palma
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Priscila Santos Scheucher
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Josiane Lilian dos Santos Schiavinato
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Cleide Araújo Silva
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Susumu S. Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Division of Translational Genomics, Exploratory Oncology Research, and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Eduardo Magalhães Rego
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil,Division of Hematology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert Samuel Welner
- Division Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Lorena Lobo de Figueiredo-Pontes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil,Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil,*Correspondence: Lorena Lobo de Figueiredo-Pontes,
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Kim T, Weinberg B, Wong W, Lu TK. Scalable recombinase-based gene expression cascades. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2711. [PMID: 33976199 PMCID: PMC8113245 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal modulation of the expression of multiple genes underlies complex complex biological phenomena. However, there are few scalable and generalizable gene circuit architectures for the programming of sequential genetic perturbations. Here, we describe a modular recombinase-based gene circuit architecture, comprising tandem gene perturbation cassettes (GPCs), that enables the sequential expression of multiple genes in a defined temporal order by alternating treatment with just two orthogonal ligands. We use tandem GPCs to sequentially express single-guide RNAs to encode transcriptional cascades that trigger the sequential accumulation of mutations. We build an all-in-one gene circuit that sequentially edits genomic loci, synchronizes cells at a specific stage within a gene expression cascade, and deletes itself for safety. Tandem GPCs offer a multi-tiered cellular programming tool for modeling multi-stage genetic changes, such as tumorigenesis and cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tackhoon Kim
- Research Lab of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin Weinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilson Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Research Lab of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Domagala J, Lachota M, Klopotowska M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Domagala A, Zhylko A, Soroczynska K, Winiarska M. The Tumor Microenvironment-A Metabolic Obstacle to NK Cells' Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123542. [PMID: 33260925 PMCID: PMC7761432 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells have unique capabilities of recognition and destruction of tumor cells, without the requirement for prior immunization of the host. Maintaining tolerance to healthy cells makes them an attractive therapeutic tool for almost all types of cancer. Unfortunately, metabolic changes associated with malignant transformation and tumor progression lead to immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment, which in turn limits the efficacy of various immunotherapies. In this review, we provide a brief description of the metabolic changes characteristic for the tumor microenvironment. Both tumor and tumor-associated cells produce and secrete factors that directly or indirectly prevent NK cell cytotoxicity. Here, we depict the molecular mechanisms responsible for the inhibition of immune effector cells by metabolic factors. Finally, we summarize the strategies to enhance NK cell function for the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Domagala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.D.); (A.G.-J.); (A.Z.); (K.S.)
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieszko Lachota
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland; (M.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Marta Klopotowska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland; (M.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.D.); (A.G.-J.); (A.Z.); (K.S.)
| | - Antoni Domagala
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, 25-317 Kielce, Poland;
- Department of Urology, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Andriy Zhylko
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.D.); (A.G.-J.); (A.Z.); (K.S.)
| | - Karolina Soroczynska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.D.); (A.G.-J.); (A.Z.); (K.S.)
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.D.); (A.G.-J.); (A.Z.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225-992-199
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5
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Transcriptional Regulation of Natural Killer Cell Development and Functions. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061591. [PMID: 32560225 PMCID: PMC7352776 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the major lymphocyte subset of the innate immune system. Their ability to mediate anti-tumor cytotoxicity and produce cytokines is well-established. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with the development of human or murine NK cells are not fully understood. Knowledge is being gained about the environmental cues, the receptors that sense the cues, signaling pathways, and the transcriptional programs responsible for the development of NK cells. Specifically, a complex network of transcription factors (TFs) following microenvironmental stimuli coordinate the development and maturation of NK cells. Multiple TFs are involved in the development of NK cells in a stage-specific manner. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understandings of TFs involved in the regulation of NK cell development, maturation, and effector function, in the aspects of their mechanisms, potential targets, and functions.
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6
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Wallner FK, Hultquist Hopkins M, Woodworth N, Lindvall Bark T, Olofsson P, Tilevik A. Correlation and cluster analysis of immunomodulatory drugs based on cytokine profiles. Pharmacol Res 2017; 128:244-251. [PMID: 29079427 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Drug discovery is a constant struggle to overcome hurdles posed by the complexity of biological systems. One of these hurdles is to find and understand the molecular target and the biological mechanism of action. Although the molecular target has been determined, the true biological effect may be unforeseen also for well-established drugs. Hence, there is a need for novel ways to increase the knowledge of the biological effects of drugs in the developmental process. In this study, we have determined cytokine profiles for 26 non-biological immunomodulatory drugs or drug candidates and used these profiles to cluster the compounds according to their effect in a preclinical ex vivo culture model of arthritis. This allows for prediction of functions and drug target of a novel drug candidate based on profiles obtained in this study. Results from the study showed that the JAK inhibitors tofacitinib and ruxolitinib formed a robust cluster and were found to have a distinct cytokine profile compared to the other drugs. Another robust cluster included the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine A and tacrolimus and the protein kinase inhibitors fostamatinib disodium and sotrastaurin acetate, which caused a strong overall inhibition of the cytokine production. The results of this methodology indicate that cytokine profiles can be used to provide a fingerprint-like identification of a drug as a tool to benchmark novel drugs and to improve descriptions of mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik K Wallner
- Redoxis AB/ProNoxis AB, Medicon Village, 223 81, Lund, Sweden; School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, 541 28, Skövde, Sweden; Wallner Medicinal Chemistry AB, Frimästareg 6, 415 07, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Nina Woodworth
- Redoxis AB/ProNoxis AB, Medicon Village, 223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Olofsson
- Redoxis AB/ProNoxis AB, Medicon Village, 223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Tilevik
- School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, 541 28, Skövde, Sweden.
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7
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Wallner FK, Hultqvist Hopkins M, Lindvall T, Olofsson P, Tilevik A. Cytokine correlation analysis based on drug perturbation. Cytokine 2017; 90:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Famili F, Naber BAE, Vloemans S, de Haas EFE, Tiemessen MM, Staal FJT. Discrete roles of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling in hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1981. [PMID: 26583322 PMCID: PMC4670932 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate proliferation, fate decisions and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and thymic stem cells are highly complex. Several signaling pathways including Wnt signaling have important roles during these processes. Both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling are important in normal and malignant hematopoiesis and lymphoid development, yet their precise roles are controversial. In a side-by-side comparison, we investigated the roles of the canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathway in hematopoiesis and thymopoiesis. As complete loss-of-function models for non-canonical Wnt signaling are not yet available and highly complex for canonical Wnt signaling, we decided to use a gain-of-function approach. To this end, Wnt3a and Wn5a, two well-known prototypical canonical and non-canonical Wnt ligands were produced in hematopoiesis supporting stromal assays. High levels of Wnt3a signaling blocked T-cell development at early stages, whereas intermediate levels accelerated T-cell development. In contrast, Wnt5a signaling prompted apoptosis in developing thymocytes, without affecting differentiation at a particular stage. To explore the role of Wnt3a and Wnt5a in vivo, we transduced HSCs isolated from fetal liver, transduced with Wnt3a and Wnt5a vectors, and performed reconstitution assays in irradiated C57Bl/6 mice. Wnt3a overexpression led to increased lymphopoiesis, whereas Wnt5a augments myelopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) and spleen. Thus, the canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling have discrete roles in hematopoiesis and thymopoiesis, and understanding their right dose of action is crucial for prospective translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Famili
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - B A E Naber
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Vloemans
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E F E de Haas
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M M Tiemessen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F J T Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Quesenberry PJ, Goldberg LR, Dooner MS. Concise reviews: A stem cell apostasy: a tale of four H words. Stem Cells 2015; 33:15-20. [PMID: 25183450 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The field of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology has become increasingly dominated by the pursuit and study of highly purified populations of HSCs. Such HSCs are typically isolated based on their cell surface marker expression patterns and ultimately defined by their multipotency and capacity for self-generation. However, even with progressively more stringent stem cell separation techniques, the resultant HSC population remains heterogeneous with respect to both self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Critical studies on unseparated whole bone marrow have definitively shown that long-term engraftable HSCs are in active cell cycle and thus continually changing phenotype. Therefore, they cannot be purified by current approaches dependent on stable surface epitope expression because the surface markers are continually changing as well. These critical cycling cells are discarded with current stem cell purifications. Despite this, research defining such characteristics as self-renewal capacity, lineage-commitment, bone marrow niches, and proliferative state of HSCs continues to focus predominantly on this small subpopulation of purified marrow cells. This review discusses the research leading to the hierarchical model of hematopoiesis and questions the dogmas pertaining to HSC quiescence and purification.
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10
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Kuczma M, Kraj P. Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Regulates Development and Activation of CD4(+) T Cells. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 99:171-93. [PMID: 26279376 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are growth factors belonging to the TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) superfamily. BMPs were found to regulate multiple cell processes such as proliferation, survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. They were originally described to play a pivotal role in inducing bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon formation at both heterotopic and orthotopic sites but were found to play a significant role in embryogenesis and development of multiple tissues and organs. Activities of BMPs are regulated by a number of secreted proteins, which modulate their availability to bind cellular receptors. The functions of individual BMPs are highly redundant due to binding the same receptors and inducing overlapping signal transduction pathways. Recently, BMPs were found to regulate cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. BMPs are involved in thymic development of T cells at the early, double negative, as well as later, double positive, stages of thymopoesis. They specifically modulate thymic development of regulatory T cells (T(reg)). In the periphery, BMPs affect T cell activation, promoting generation of T(reg) cells. We found that mice deficient for one of the receptors activated by BMPs demonstrated slower growth of transplantable melanoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kuczma
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Piotr Kraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
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Meijers RWJ, Betjes MGH, Baan CC, Litjens NHR. T-cell ageing in end-stage renal disease patients: Assessment and clinical relevance. World J Nephrol 2014; 3:268-276. [PMID: 25374821 PMCID: PMC4220360 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v3.i4.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have a defective T-cell-mediated immune system which is related to excessive premature ageing of the T-cell compartment. This is likely to be caused by the uremia-associated pro-inflammatory milieu, created by loss of renal function. Therefore, ESRD patients are highly susceptible for infections, have an increased risk for virus-associated cancers, respond poorly to vaccination and have an increased risk for atherosclerotic diseases. Three ageing parameters can be used to assess an immunological T-cell age. First, thymic output can be determined by assessing the T-cell receptor excision circles-content together with CD31 expression within the naïve T cells. Second, the telomere length of T cells and third the T-cell differentiation status are also indicators of T-cell ageing. Analyses based on these parameters in ESRD patients revealed that the immunological T-cell age is increased by on average 20 years compared to the chronological age. After kidney transplantation (KTx) the aged T-cell phenotype persists although the pro-inflammatory milieu is diminished. This might be explained by epigenetic modifications at hematopoietic stem cells level. Assessment of an immunological T-cell age could be an important tool to identify KTx recipients who are at risk for allograft rejection or to prevent over-immunosuppression.
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Paul F, Amit I. Plasticity in the transcriptional and epigenetic circuits regulating dendritic cell lineage specification and function. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 30:1-8. [PMID: 24820527 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are critical and functionally versatile innate immune sentinels. Here, we coarsely partition the adult DC lineage into three developmental subtypes and argue that pioneer transcription factors and chromatin remodeling are responsible for specification and plasticity between the DC subsets. Subsequently, intricate signaling-dependent transcription factor networks generate different functional states in response to pathogen stimuli within a specified DC subtype. To expand our understanding of lineage heterogeneity and functional activation states, we discuss the use of single cell genomics approaches in the context of a newly emerging systems immunology era, complementing the dichotomous definition of immune cells based solely on their surface marker expression. Rapid developments in single cell genomics are beginning to provide us with robust tools to potentially revise the working models of DC specification and the common hematopoietic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Paul
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Freud AG, Yu J, Caligiuri MA. Human natural killer cell development in secondary lymphoid tissues. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:132-7. [PMID: 24661538 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For nearly a decade it has been appreciated that critical steps in human natural killer (NK) cell development likely occur outside of the bone marrow and potentially necessitate distinct microenvironments within extramedullary tissues. The latter include the liver and gravid uterus as well as secondary lymphoid tissues such as tonsils and lymph nodes. For as yet unknown reasons these tissues are naturally enriched with NK cell developmental intermediates (NKDI) that span a maturation continuum starting from an oligopotent CD34(+)CD45RA(+) hematopoietic precursor cell to a cytolytic mature NK cell. Indeed despite the detection of NKDI within the aforementioned tissues, relatively little is known about how, why, and when these tissues may be most suited to support NK cell maturation and how this process fits in with other components of the human immune system. With the discovery of other innate lymphoid subsets whose immunophenotypes overlap with those of NKDI, there is also need to revisit and potentially re-characterize the basic immunophenotypes of the stages of the human NK cell developmental pathway in vivo. In this review, we provide an overview of human NK cell development in secondary lymphoid tissues and discuss the many questions that remain to be answered in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon G Freud
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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14
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Yu J, Freud AG, Caligiuri MA. Location and cellular stages of natural killer cell development. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:573-82. [PMID: 24055329 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The identification of distinct tissue-specific natural killer (NK) cell populations that apparently mature from local precursor populations has brought new insight into the diversity and developmental regulation of this important lymphoid subset. NK cells provide a necessary link between the early (innate) and late (adaptive) immune responses to infection. Gaining a better understanding of the processes that govern NK cell development should allow us to harness better NK cell functions in multiple clinical settings, as well as to gain further insight into how these cells undergo malignant transformation. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding sites and cellular stages of NK cell development in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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15
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Dahlem T, Cho S, Spangrude GJ, Weis JJ, Weis JH. Overexpression of Snai3 suppresses lymphoid- and enhances myeloid-cell differentiation. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1038-43. [PMID: 22531927 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The altered expression of transcription factors in hematopoietic stem cells and their subsequent lineages can alter the development of lymphoid and myeloid lineages. The role of the transcriptional repressor Snai3 protein in the derivation of cells of the hemato-poietic system was investigated. Snai3 is expressed in terminal T-cell and myeloid lineages, therefore, we chose to determine if expressing Snai3 in the early stages of hematopoietic development would influence cell-lineage determination. Expression of Snai3 by retroviral transduction of hematopoietic stem cells using bone marrow chimera studies demonstrated a block in lymphoid-cell development and enhanced expansion of myeloid-lineage cells. Analysis of Snai3-expressing hematopoietic precursor cells showed normal numbers of immature cells, but a block in the development of cells committed to lymphoid lineages. These data indicate that the overexpression of Snai3 does alter bone marrow cell development and that the identification of genes whose expression is altered by the presence of Snai3 would aid in our understanding of these developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Dahlem
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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16
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Szteyn K, Yang W, Schmid E, Lang F, Shumilina E. Lipopolysaccharide-sensitive H+ current in dendritic cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C204-12. [PMID: 22572846 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00059.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells equipped to transport antigens from the periphery to lymphoid tissues and to present them to T cells. Ligation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), expressed on the DC surface, by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), elements of the Gram-negative bacteria outer wall, induces DC maturation. Initial steps of maturation include stimulation of antigen endocytosis and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with eventual downregulation of endocytic capacity in fully matured DCs. ROS production depends on NADPH oxidase (NOX2), the activity of which requires continuous pH and charge compensation. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the functional expression of voltage-gated proton (Hv1) channels in mouse bone marrow-derived DCs. In whole cell patch-clamp experiments, we recorded Zn(2+) (50 μM)-sensitive outwardly rectifying currents activated upon depolarization, which were highly selective for H(+), with the reversal potential shift of 38 mV per pH unit. The threshold voltage of activation (V(threshold)) was dependent on the pH gradient and was close to the empirically predicted V(threshold) for the Hv1 currents. LPS (1 μg/ml) had bimodal effects on Hv1 channels: acute LPS treatment increased Hv1 channel activity, whereas 24 h of LPS incubation significantly inhibited Hv1 currents and decreased ROS production. Activation of H(+) currents by acute application of LPS was abolished by PKC inhibitor GFX (10 nM). According to electron current measurements, acute LPS application was associated with increased NOX2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Szteyn
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Choi J, Ko M, Jeon S, Jeon Y, Park K, Lee C, Lee H, Seong RH. The SWI/SNF-like BAF complex is essential for early B cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3791-803. [PMID: 22427636 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the process of B cell development, transcription factors, such as E2A and Ebf1, have been known to play key roles. Although transcription factors and chromatin regulators work in concert to direct the expression of B lineage-specific genes, little is known about the involvement of regulators for chromatin structure during B lymphopoiesis. In this article, we show that deletion of Srg3/mBaf155, a scaffold subunit of the SWI/SNF-like BAF complex, in the hematopoietic lineage caused defects at both the common lymphoid progenitor stage and the transition from pre-pro-B to early pro-B cells due to failures in the expression of B lineage-specific genes, such as Ebf1 and Il7ra, and their downstream target genes. Moreover, mice that were deficient in the expression of Brg1, a subunit of the complex with ATPase activity, also showed defects in early B cell development. We also found that the expression of Ebf1 and Il7ra is directly regulated by the SWI/SNF-like BAF complex. Thus, our results suggest that the SWI/SNF-like BAF complex facilitates early B cell development by regulating the expression of B lineage-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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18
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Haymaker CL, Guloglu FB, Cascio JA, Hardaway JC, Dhakal M, Wan X, Hoeman CM, Zaghouani S, Rowland LM, Tartar DM, VanMorlan AM, Zaghouani H. Bone marrow-derived IL-13Rα1-positive thymic progenitors are restricted to the myeloid lineage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3208-16. [PMID: 22351937 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The earliest thymic progenitors (ETPs) were recently shown to give rise to both lymphoid and myeloid cells. Whereas the majority of ETPs are derived from IL-7Rα-positive cells and give rise exclusively to T cells, the origin of the myeloid cells remains undefined. In this study, we show both in vitro and in vivo that IL-13Rα1(+) ETPs yield myeloid cells with no potential for maturation into T cells, whereas IL-13Rα1(-) ETPs lack myeloid potential. Moreover, transfer of lineage-negative IL-13Rα1(+) bone marrow stem cells into IL-13Rα1-deficient mice reconstituted thymic IL-13Rα1(+) myeloid ETPs. Myeloid cells or macrophages in the thymus are regarded as phagocytic cells whose function is to clear apoptotic debris generated during T cell development. However, the myeloid cells derived from IL-13Rα1(+) ETPs were found to perform Ag-presenting functions. Thus, IL-13Rα1 defines a new class of myeloid restricted ETPs yielding APCs that could contribute to development of T cells and the control of immunity and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Haymaker
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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19
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Liu L, Papa EF, Dooner MS, Machan JT, Johnson KW, Goldberg LR, Quesenberry PJ, Colvin GA. Homing and long-term engraftment of long- and short-term renewal hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31300. [PMID: 22347459 PMCID: PMC3276536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC) and short-term hematopoietic stem cells (ST-HSC) have been characterized as having markedly different in vivo repopulation, but similar in vitro growth in liquid culture. These differences could be due to differences in marrow homing. We evaluated this by comparing results when purified ST-HSC and LT-HSC were administered to irradiated mice by three different routes: intravenous, intraperitoneal, and directly into the femur. Purified stem cells derived from B6.SJL mice were competed with marrow cells from C57BL/6J mice into lethally irradiated C57BL/6J mice. Serial transplants into secondary recipients were also carried out. We found no advantage for ST-HSC engraftment when the cells were administered intraperitoneally or directly into femur. However, to our surprise, we found that the purified ST-HSC were not short-term in nature but rather gave long-term multilineage engraftment out to 387 days, albeit at a lower level than the LT-HSC. The ST-HSC also gave secondary engraftment. These observations challenge current models of the stem cell hierarchy and suggest that stem cells are in a continuum of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Elaine F. Papa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Dooner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Jason T. Machan
- Department of Biostatistics, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Departments of Orthopaedics and Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kevin W. Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Laura R. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Quesenberry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gerald A. Colvin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
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20
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Abstract
DC are specialized antigen-presenting cells that serve as essential mediators of immunity and tolerance. DC's functional versatility is enabled in part by the various DC subsets with heterogeneous cell surface markers and anatomic locations. Here, we review the development and homeostasis of DC found in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Parmar K, Kim J, Sykes SM, Shimamura A, Stuckert P, Zhu K, Hamilton A, Deloach MK, Kutok JL, Akashi K, Gilliland DG, D'andrea A. Hematopoietic stem cell defects in mice with deficiency of Fancd2 or Usp1. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1186-95. [PMID: 20506303 DOI: 10.1002/stem.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a human genetic disease characterized by a DNA repair defect and progressive bone marrow failure. Central events in the FA pathway are the monoubiquitination of the Fancd2 protein and the removal of ubiquitin by the deubiquitinating enzyme, Usp1. Here, we have investigated the role of Fancd2 and Usp1 in the maintenance and function of murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Bone marrow from Fancd2-/- mice and Usp1-/- mice exhibited marked hematopoietic defects. A decreased frequency of the HSC populations including Lin-Sca-1+Kit+ cells and cells enriched for dormant HSCs expressing signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) markers, was observed in the bone marrow of Fancd2-deficient mice. In addition, bone marrow from Fancd2-/- mice contained significantly reduced frequencies of late-developing cobblestone area-forming cell activity in vitro compared to the bone marrow from wild-type mice. Furthermore, Fancd2-deficient and Usp1-deficient bone marrow had defective long-term in vivo repopulating ability. Collectively, our data reveal novel functions of Fancd2 and Usp1 in maintaining the bone marrow HSC compartment and suggest that FA pathway disruption may account for bone marrow failure in FA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalindi Parmar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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22
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Chen Z, Ayala P, Wang M, Fayad L, Katz RL, Romaguera J, Caraway N, Neelapu SS, Kwak LW, Simmons PJ, McCarty N. Prospective isolation of clonogenic mantle cell lymphoma-initiating cells. Stem Cell Res 2010; 5:212-25. [PMID: 20851072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we have prospectively isolated and characterized, for the first time, clonogenic cells with self-renewal capacities from mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a particularly deadly form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Self-renewal and tumorigenic activities were enriched in MCL cell fractions that lacked expression of the prototypic B-cell surface marker, CD19. CD45+CD19- cells represented a relatively small fraction of the total MCL tumor cells; however, they recapitulated the heterogeneity of original patient tumors on transplantation into immunodeficient mice. As few as 100 of these cells displayed self-renewal capacities in secondary and tertiary recipient mice by in vivo limiting dilution assays. Similar to leukemic stem cells, CD45+CD19- MCL cells also displayed a quiescent status as determined by dye efflux assays. In summary, this study is the first to isolate subpopulations of MCL cells that have self-renewal and tumorigenic capacities. Identification and characterization of MCL-ICs are important first steps toward understanding how self-renewal and tumorigenicity are regulated in MCL and designing targeted therapies against MCL-ICs will ultimately lead to improved outcomes for MCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), The University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Quesenberry PJ, Dooner MS, Aliotta JM. Stem cell plasticity revisited: the continuum marrow model and phenotypic changes mediated by microvesicles. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:581-92. [PMID: 20382199 PMCID: PMC2887723 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype of marrow hematopoietic stem cells is determined by cell-cycle state and microvesicle entry into the stem cells. The stem cell population is continually changing based on cell-cycle transit and can only be defined on a population basis. Purification of marrow stem cells only addresses the heterogeneity of these populations. When whole marrow is studied, the long-term repopulating stem cells are in active cell cycle. However, with some variability, when highly purified stem cells are studied, the cells appear to be dormant. Thus, the study of purified stem cells is intrinsically misleading. Tissue-derived microvesicles enhanced by injury effect the phenotype of different cell classes. We propose that previously described stem cell plasticity is due to microvesicle modulation. We further propose a stem cell population model in which the individual cell phenotypes continually change, but the population phenotype is relatively stable. This, in turn, is modulated by microvesicle and microenvironmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Quesenberry
- Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Providence, RI
| | - Mark S. Dooner
- Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Providence, RI
| | - Jason M. Aliotta
- Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Providence, RI
- Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Providence, RI
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24
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells and essential mediators of immunity and tolerance. This group of cells is heterogeneous in terms of cell-surface markers, anatomic location, and function. Here, we review the development and function of DCs found in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues in the steady state. DC and monocyte lineages originate from a common progenitor, the monocyte and dendritic cell progenitor (MDP). The two cell types diverge when MDPs give rise to monocytes and committed DC progenitors (CDPs) in the bone marrow. CDPs give rise to pre-DCs, which migrate from the bone marrow to lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues to produce the two major subpopulations of lymphoid tissue DCs and non-lymphoid tissue CD103(+) DCs. Within tissues and during development, DC division and homeostasis are regulated by the hormone Flt3L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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25
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Bezirganyan KB, Davtyan TK, Galoyan AA. Hypothalamic proline rich polypeptide regulates hematopoiesis. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:917-24. [PMID: 20020325 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The AGAPEPAEPAQPGVY proline-rich polypeptide (PRP-1) was isolated from neurosecretory granules of the bovine neurohypophysis; it is produced by N. supraopticus and N. paraventricularis. It has been shown that PRP-1 has many potentially beneficial biological effects including immunoregulatory, hematopoietic, antimicrobial and anti-neurodegenerative properties. Here we demonstrated that PRP-1 administration influence on redistribution of monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes between bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood and promotes the influx of granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages from BM into peripheral blood and accumulation of immature granulocyte and monocyte in BM and delayed the maturation of T cells in BM. PRP-1 increased colony-forming cell proliferation in rat cells in vivo. In PRP-treated rat BM, the CFU number at day 4, 7 and 14 was considerably increased in comparison with untreated rats BM and no difference was found at day 21 and day 28. We found that PRP-1 enhances erythroid and myeloid colonies formation in human CD34(+) progenitor cell culture in the presence of different growth factors and down-regulates T cells colony formation and specific surface markers expression during induction of human CD34(+) progenitor cells differentiation into T lymphocytes lineage. We suggested that the hypothalamic PRP-1 possibly represents an endogenous peptide whose primary functions are to regulate neuronal survival and differentiation and hematopoiesis within neurosecretory hypothalamus-bone marrow humoral axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina B Bezirganyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry, NAS RA, 5/1 Sevag Str., Yerevan, 375014, Republic of Armenia
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26
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Quesenberry PJ, Dooner GJ, Dooner MS. Problems in the promised land: status of adult marrow stem cell biology. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:775-83. [PMID: 19447161 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Long-term engrafting marrow hematopoietic stem cells have been considered to be a quiescent stem cell in G(0). However, there are contradictory reports on this point in the literature, showing marked variability of results over time and between mice. Furthermore, there are circadian rhythms for stem cells and progenitors. In general, most studies have not taken stochastic variability or circadian rhythms into account. In addition, stem cell purification has represented the present gold standard in stem cell research. However, evidence exists that the stem cell separations leave behind most stem cells and are not random. Thus, purified stem cells may not be representative of the stem cells in the unseparated marrow cell population. The epitope-based purification of stem cells may have misled the stem cell field. Lastly, there are interesting published studies indicating that the irradiated marrow microenvironment might be toxic to marrow stem cells, limiting self-renewal capacity, and that quantitative engraftment occurs in nonablated mice. These considerations suggest that in carrying out stem cell studies, attention needs to be directed to the appropriate number of repeat experiments, to circadian rhythms, to possible purification skewing of results, and to the most appropriate transplant assay model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Quesenberry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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27
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Grigoryan T, Wend P, Klaus A, Birchmeier W. Deciphering the function of canonical Wnt signals in development and disease: conditional loss- and gain-of-function mutations of beta-catenin in mice. Genes Dev 2008; 22:2308-41. [PMID: 18765787 PMCID: PMC2749675 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1686208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is one of a handful of powerful signaling pathways that play crucial roles in the animal life by controlling the genetic programs of embryonic development and adult homeostasis. When disrupted, these signaling pathways cause developmental defects, or diseases, among them cancer. The gateway of the canonical Wnt pathway, which contains >100 genes, is an essential molecule called beta-catenin (Armadillo in Drosophila). Conditional loss- and gain-of-function mutations of beta-catenin in mice provided powerful tools for the functional analysis of canonical Wnt signaling in many tissues and organs. Such studies revealed roles of Wnt signaling that were previously not accessible to genetic analysis due to the early embryonic lethality of conventional beta-catenin knockout mice, as well as the redundancy of Wnt ligands, receptors, and transcription factors. Analysis of conditional beta-catenin loss- and gain-of-function mutant mice demonstrated that canonical Wnt signals control progenitor cell expansion and lineage decisions both in the early embryo and in many organs. Canonical Wnt signaling also plays important roles in the maintenance of various embryonic or adult stem cells, and as recent findings demonstrated, in cancer stem cell types. This has opened new opportunities to model numerous human diseases, which have been associated with deregulated Wnt signaling. Our review summarizes what has been learned from genetic studies of the Wnt pathway by the analysis of conditional beta-catenin loss- and gain-of-function mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Grigoryan
- Max-Delbück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Wend
- Max-Delbück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Klaus
- Max-Delbück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Quesenberry PJ, Aliotta JM. The paradoxical dynamism of marrow stem cells: considerations of stem cells, niches, and microvesicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:137-47. [PMID: 18665337 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Marrow stem cell regulation represents a complex and flexible system. It has been assumed that the system was intrinsically hierarchical in nature, but recent data has indicated that at the progenitor/stem cell level the system may represent a continuum with reversible alterations in phenotype occurring as the stem cells transit cell cycle. Short and long-term engraftment, in vivo and in vitro differentiation, gene expression, and progenitor numbers have all been found to vary reversibly with cell cycle. In essence, the stem cells appear to show variable potential, probably based on transcription factor access, as they proceed through cell cycle. Another critical component of the stem cell regulation is the microenvironment, so-called niches. We propose that there are not just several unique niche cells, but a wide variety of niche cells which continually change phenotype to appropriately interact with the continuum of stem cell phenotypes. A third component of the regulatory system is microvesicle transfer of genetic information between cells. We have shown that marrow cells can express the genetic phenotype of pulmonary epithelial cells after microvesicle transfer from lung to marrow cells. Similar transfers of tissue specific mRNA occur between liver, brain, and heart to marrow cells. Thus, there would appear to be a continuous genetic modulation of cells through microvesicle transfer between cells. We propose that there is an interactive triangulated Venn diagram with continuously changing stem cells interacting with continuously changing areas of influence, both being modulated by transfer of genetic information by microvesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Quesenberry
- Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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29
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Lai AY, Kondo M. T and B lymphocyte differentiation from hematopoietic stem cell. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:207-12. [PMID: 18583148 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Until the past few years, it has been thought that lymphoid and myeloid lineage segregation represents the first step of lineage restriction during hematopoiesis from hematopoietic stem cell. Recent investigation of the cell populations within multipotent progenitors in the bone marrow has led to new understanding of how hematopoietic stem cells diversify into different hematopoietic cell types. This review focuses on the recent advances in understanding the developmental events that occur during hematopoietic stem cell specification into the T and B lymphocyte lineages in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Y Lai
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, 101 Jones Building, DUMC Box 3010, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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30
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The earliest thymic progenitors for T cells possess myeloid lineage potential. Nature 2008; 452:764-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nature06840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Norris HH, Martin AJ, Lybarger LP, Andersen H, Chervenak DC, Chervenak R. TCRbeta enhancer activation in early and late lymphoid progenitors. Cell Immunol 2007; 247:59-71. [PMID: 17961527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An earlier report from our laboratory indicates that the activation of the T cell receptor (TCR) beta enhancer (Ebeta) is not always an indicator of T lineage potential in bone marrow-resident pre-lymphocytes. In order to more precisely investigate the consequences of Ebeta activation in lymphopoiesis, a genetic reporter animal, in which the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) is controlled by Ebeta, was used to examine two well-defined lymphopotent populations. Adoptive transfer experiments suggest that primitive lymphoid precursor populations (specifically, hematopoietic stem cells) consist of two discrete-populations discernible by Ebeta-GFP activation, although the two populations display no overt differences in lineage potential. In contrast, subsets of more differentiated pre-lymphocytes (specifically, common lymphoid progenitors), while also discernible by Ebeta-GFP activation, display different capacities for reconstituting lymphoid compartments. Interestingly, late lymphoid progenitors containing inactive Ebeta elements generated both T and B cells in vivo, in accord with the original description of this population; however, progenitors containing active Ebeta elements displayed an unexpected bias toward the B lineage. Our findings suggest that Ebeta activation is an indicator of B lineage specification in late, but not early lymphoid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary H Norris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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32
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Abstract
Lymphoid organs are important regulators of lymphocyte development and immune responses. During vertebrate evolution, primary lymphoid organs appeared earlier than secondary lymphoid organs. Among the sites of primary lymphopoiesis during evolution and ontogeny, those for B cell differentiation have differed considerably, although they often have had myelolymphatic characteristics. In contrast, only a single site for T cell differentiation has occurred, exclusively the thymus. Based on those observations and the known features of variable-diversity-joining gene recombination, we propose a model for the successive specification of different lymphocyte lineages during vertebrate evolution. According to our model, T cells were the first lymphocytes to acquire variable-diversity-joining-type receptors, and the thymus was the first lymphoid organ to evolve in vertebrates to deal with potentially autoreactive, somatically diversified T cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology, D-79279 Freiburg, Germany.
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33
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Boehm T, Bleul CC. Thymus-homing precursors and the thymic microenvironment. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:477-84. [PMID: 16920024 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
T cells develop in the thymus from precursors that are generated in the bone marrow and continuously seed the thymus through the blood. During evolution, 'outsourcing' the development of one blood lineage, namely the T-cell lineage, to an anatomically distinct hematopoietic organ required the generation of migratory precursors in the bone marrow, their homing to specialized, precursor-retaining thymic niches and their subsequent differentiation. Niche building and precursor homing are therefore intricately linked and should be viewed in context. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the developmental and genetic events that prepare the thymic epithelial microenvironment for its complex tasks, and highlight recent progress in the definition of the thymus-settling cells and the homing process that leads them into the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck-Institute of Immunobiology, Stuebeweg, 51 D-79108, Freiburg, Germany.
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34
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Lai AY, Kondo M. Asymmetrical lymphoid and myeloid lineage commitment in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:1867-73. [PMID: 16880261 PMCID: PMC2118384 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of lineage commitment from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is not well understood. Although commitment to either the lymphoid or the myeloid lineage is popularly viewed as the first step of lineage restriction from HSCs, this model of hematopoietic differentiation has recently been challenged. The previous identification of multipotent progenitors (MPPs) that can produce lymphocytes and granulocyte/macrophages (GMs) but lacks erythroid differentiation ability suggests the existence of an alternative HSC differentiation program. Contribution to different hematopoietic lineages by these MPPs under physiological conditions, however, has not been carefully examined. In this study, we performed a refined characterization of MPPs by subfractionating three distinct subsets based on Flt3 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression. These MPP subsets differ in their ability to give rise to erythroid and GM lineage cells but are equally potent in lymphoid lineage differentiation in vivo. The developmental hierarchy of these MPP subsets demonstrates the sequential loss of erythroid and then GM differentiation potential during early hematopoiesis. Our results suggest that the first step of lineage commitment from HSCs is not simply a selection between the lymphoid and the myeloid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Y Lai
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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35
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Ishii T, Bruno E, Hoffman R, Xu M. Involvement of various hematopoietic-cell lineages by the JAK2V617F mutation in polycythemia vera. Blood 2006; 108:3128-34. [PMID: 16757685 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-017392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The JAK2(V617F) mutation has been shown to occur in the overwhelming majority of patients with polycythemia vera (PV). To study the role of the mutation in the excessive production of differentiated hematopoietic cells in PV, CD19+, CD3+, CD34+, CD33+, and glycophorin A+ cells and granulocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood (PB) of 8 patients with PV and 3 healthy donors mobilized with G-CSF, and the percentage of JAK2(V617F) mutant allele was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The JAK2(V617F) mutation was present in cells belonging to each of the myeloid lineages and was also present in B and T lymphocytes in a subpopulation of patients with PV. The proportion of hematopoietic cells expressing the JAK2(V617F) mutation decreased after differentiation of CD34+ cells in vitro in the presence of optimal concentrations of SCF, IL-3, IL-6, and Epo. These data suggest that the JAK2(V617F) mutation may not provide a proliferative and/or survival advantage for the abnormal PV clone. Although the JAK2(V617F) mutation plays an important role in the biologic origins of PV, it is likely not the sole event leading to PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Ishii
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 S Wolcott Ave, COMRB, Rm 5035 (M/C 704), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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36
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Abstract
T cells developing in the adult thymus ultimately derive from haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Here, we summarize research into the identity of the haematopoietic progenitors that leave the bone marrow, migrate through the blood and settle in the thymus to generate T cells. Accumulating data indicate that various different bone-marrow progenitors are T-cell-lineage competent and might contribute to intrathymic T-cell development. Such developmental flexibility implies a mechanism of T-cell-lineage commitment that can operate on a range of T-cell-lineage-competent progenitors, and further indicates that only those T-cell-lineage-competent progenitors able to migrate to, and settle in, the thymus should be considered physiological T-cell progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Bhandoola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 3400 Spruce Street, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA.
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37
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Kang HS, Kim EM, Lee S, Yoon SR, Kawamura T, Lee YC, Kim S, Myung PK, Wang SM, Choi I. Stage-dependent gene expression profiles during natural killer cell development. Genomics 2005; 86:551-65. [PMID: 16054799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow. To understand the molecular regulation of NK cell development, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was applied to HSCs, NK precursor (pNK) cells, and mature NK cells (mNK) cultured without or with OP9 stromal cells. From 170,464 total individual tags from four SAGE libraries, 35,385 unique genes were identified. A set of genes was expressed in a stage-specific manner: 15 genes in HSCs, 30 genes in pNK cells, and 27 genes in mNK cells. Among them, lipoprotein lipase induced NK cell maturation and cytotoxic activity. Identification of genome-wide profiles of gene expression in different stages of NK cell development affords us a fundamental basis for defining the molecular network during NK cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Sik Kang
- Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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38
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Jacquelin B, Kortulewski T, Vaigot P, Pawlik A, Gruel G, Alibert O, Soularue P, Joubert C, Gidrol X, Tronik-Le Roux D. Novel pathway for megakaryocyte production after in vivo conditional eradication of integrin αIIb-expressing cells. Blood 2005; 106:1965-74. [PMID: 15947096 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that regulate hematopoiesis in physiologic and pathologic conditions is limited. Using a molecular approach based on cDNA microarrays, we demonstrated the emergence of an alternative pathway for mature bone marrow cell recovery after the programmed and reversible eradication of CD41+ cells in transgenic mice expressing a conditional toxigene targeted by the platelet αIIb promoter. The expression profile of the newly produced CD41+ cells showed high levels of transcripts encoding Ezh2, TdT, Rag2, and various immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains. In this context, we identified and characterized a novel population of Lin-Sca-1hic-Kit- cells, with a lymphoid-like expression pattern, potentially involved in the reconstitution process. Our study revealed novel transcriptional cross talk between myeloid and lymphoid lineages and identified gene expression modifications that occur in vivo under these particular stress conditions, opening important prospects for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Jacquelin
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de l'Hématopoïèse, Service de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Evry, France
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39
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Smith EMK, Akerblad P, Kadesch T, Axelson H, Sigvardsson M. Inhibition of EBF function by active Notch signaling reveals a novel regulatory pathway in early B-cell development. Blood 2005; 106:1995-2001. [PMID: 15920012 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe Notch signaling pathway is involved in several lineage commitment and differentiation events. One of these is fate determination of the common lymphoid progenitor, promoting T-cell development at the expense of B-cell differentiation. It has been suggested that this process relies on Notch's ability to inhibit E proteins, which are crucial for early B-cell development. Here, we report that Notch signaling also modulates the function of the transcription factor, early B-cell factor (EBF). Transient transfection of intracellular Notch1 (Notch1-IC) into a pre-B cell line resulted in the down-regulation of EBF-regulated promoters and diminished the capacity of EBF to activate these promoters in an epithelial cell line. This correlated with a reduction in the ability of EBF to bind DNA. Ligand-induced stimulation of endogenous Notch receptors with Delta4 mimicked the activity of Notch1-IC toward EBF. These data suggest that Notch signaling may affect B-versus T-lineage commitment by the targeting of both EBF and E2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M K Smith
- Department for Stem Cell Biology, Lund University, BMC B12, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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40
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Balciunaite G, Ceredig R, Massa S, Rolink AG. A B220+ CD117+ CD19- hematopoietic progenitor with potent lymphoid and myeloid developmental potential. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2019-30. [PMID: 15971276 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we identify in the bone marrow (BM) of normal mice a subpopulation of B220+ CD117+ CD19- NK1.1- cells with potent lymphoid and myeloid developmental potential. These cells represent 0.1-0.2% of nucleated BM cells. By limiting dilution analysis in the presence of the appropriate combination of stromal cells and cytokines, 1 in 5-10 sorted cells formed B cells, 1 in 10-15 formed T cells and 1 in 5-10 generated macrophages. When cultured on a mixture of OP9 stroma and OP9 stromal cells expressing the Notch ligand Delta-like-1, single cells generated both T and B cells. Following intravenous infusion, freshly sorted cells transiently reconstituted both the T and B cell progenitor compartments, generating cohorts of mature T and B lymphocytes. The relationship between B220+ CD117+ CD19- NK1.1- cells of wild-type mice and other multi-lineage BM progenitors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Balciunaite
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology, Center for Biomedicine Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (DKBW), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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41
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Benz C, Bleul CC. A multipotent precursor in the thymus maps to the branching point of the T versus B lineage decision. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:21-31. [PMID: 15983065 PMCID: PMC2212901 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic precursors continuously colonize the thymus where they give rise mainly to T cells, but also to B and dendritic cells. The lineage relationship between these three cell types is unclear, and it remains to be determined if precursors in the thymus are multipotent, oligopotent, or lineage restricted. Resolution of this question necessitates the determination of the clonal differentiation potential of the most immature precursors in the thymus. Using a CC chemokine receptor 9–enhanced green fluorescent protein knock-in allele like a surface marker of unknown function, we identify a multipotent precursor present in bone marrow, blood, and thymus. Single cells of this precursor give rise to T, B, and dendritic cells. A more differentiated stage of this multipotent precursor in the thymus has lost the capacity to generate B but not T, dendritic, and myeloid cells. Thus, the newly identified precursor maps to the branching point of the T versus B lineage decision in the hematopoietic lineage hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Benz
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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42
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Sandberg ML, Sutton SE, Pletcher MT, Wiltshire T, Tarantino LM, Hogenesch JB, Cooke MP. c-Myb and p300 regulate hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Dev Cell 2005; 8:153-66. [PMID: 15691758 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Revised: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation and differentiation is needed to maintain a lifetime supply of blood cells. Using genome-wide ENU mutagenesis and phenotypic screening, we have identified a mouse line that harbors a point mutation in the transactivation (TA) domain of the transcription factor c-Myb (M303V), which reduces c-Myb-dependent TA by disrupting its interaction with the transcriptional coactivator p300. The biological consequences of the c-Myb(M303V/M303V) mutation include thrombocytosis, megakaryocytosis, anemia, lymphopenia, and the absence of eosinophils. Detailed analysis of hematopoiesis in c-Myb(M303V/M303V) mice reveals distinct blocks in T cell, B cell, and red blood cell development, as well as a remarkable 10-fold increase in the number of HSCs. Cell cycle analyses show that twice as many HSCs from c-Myb(M303V/M303V) animals are actively cycling. Thus c-Myb, through interaction with p300, controls the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Sandberg
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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43
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Bleier JI, Pillarisetty VG, Shah AB, DeMatteo RP. Increased and long-term generation of dendritic cells with reduced function from IL-6-deficient bone marrow. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7408-16. [PMID: 15187118 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The importance of IL-6 in dendritic cell (DC) development and function has not been well defined. To establish the role of IL-6, we studied bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) and freshly isolated splenic DC from IL-6(-/-)-transgenic mice. We found that although IL-6(-/-) bone marrow had a similar composition to that of wild-type (WT) mice, it generated up to 10 times more DC when cultured in GM-CSF. The difference persisted even when IL-6(-/-) and WT bone marrow were cultured together, excluding the possibility that the effects were simply due to different cytokine microenvironments. In comparison to WT BMDC, IL-6(-/-) BMDC captured at least as much Ag, had an equivalent surface phenotype, and matured similarly in response to LPS or CpG. However, IL-6(-/-) BMDC induced less T cell allostimulation and Ag-specific T cell activation, but only the former was related to their inability to generate IL-6. Although WT bone marrow cultures died within 4 wk, IL-6(-/-) cultures continued to generate BMDC for >120 days, although the BMDC became immature and less functional. In vivo, we found that IL-6(-/-) mice had similar numbers and types of splenic DC as WT mice, both normally and after treatment with either Flt-3 ligand or GM-CSF. These findings demonstrate that IL-6 has profound effects on DC development in vitro, although the number and subtype composition of DC are unaffected by the absence of IL-6 in vivo. Furthermore, secretion of IL-6 is critical to certain DC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Bleier
- Hepatobiliary Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10024, USA
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44
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Weinmann AS. Novel ChIP-based strategies to uncover transcription factor target genes in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:381-6. [PMID: 15122203 DOI: 10.1038/nri1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Weinmann
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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45
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Abstract
Notch receptors and ligands were first identified in flies and worms, where they were shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and, in particular, binary cell fate decisions in a variety of developmental contexts. The first mammalian Notch homolog was discovered to be a partner in a chromosomal translocation in a subset of human T-cell leukemias. Subsequent studies in mice and humans have shown that Notch signaling plays essential roles at multiple stages of hematopoiesis, and also regulates the development or homeostasis of cells in many tissues and organs. Thus, it is not surprising that mutations which disrupt Notch signaling cause a wide range of cancers and developmental disorders. Perhaps because it is so widely used, Notch signaling is subject to many unusual forms of regulation. In this review, we will first outline key aspects of Notch signaling and its regulation by endocytosis, glycosylation, and ubiquitination. We will then overview recent literature elucidating how Notch regulates cell-lineage decisions in a variety of developmental contexts. Finally, we will describe the roles of dysregulated Notch signaling in causing several types of cancer and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Harper
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Rm 8104, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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46
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Kondo M, Wagers AJ, Manz MG, Prohaska SS, Scherer DC, Beilhack GF, Shizuru JA, Weissman IL. Biology of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors: implications for clinical application. Annu Rev Immunol 2003; 21:759-806. [PMID: 12615892 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell biology is scientifically, clinically, and politically a current topic. The hematopoietic stem cell, the common ancestor of all types of blood cells, is one of the best-characterized stem cells in the body and the only stem cell that is clinically applied in the treatment of diseases such as breast cancer, leukemias, and congenital immunodeficiencies. Multicolor cell sorting enables the purification not only of hematopoietic stem cells, but also of their downstream progenitors such as common lymphoid progenitors and common myeloid progenitors. Recent genetic approaches including gene chip technology have been used to elucidate the gene expression profile of hematopoietic stem cells and other progenitors. Although the mechanisms that control self-renewal and lineage commitment of hematopoietic stem cells are still ambiguous, recent rapid advances in understanding the biological nature of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells have broadened the potential application of these cells in the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonari Kondo
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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47
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Abstract
Cytokine and antigen receptor signals play well-characterized roles in promoting the survival and maturation of T and B lymphocyte progenitors through sequential developmental stages. Emerging studies suggest equally important roles for more ancient signaling pathways that evolved prior to the adaptive immune system in jawed vertebrates. In particular, there are at least two essential functions for the highly conserved Notch signaling pathway in lymphocyte development. First, Notch signals are essential for the development of T cell progenitors in the thymus and intestinal epithelium. Second, Notch signals are required to suppress B cell development in the thymus. This review will focus on focus on recent advances in our understanding of how Notch signaling regulates this developmental switch, as well as how Notch might regulate subsequent survival and cell fate decisions in developing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Room 8104, 555 University Avenue, Ont., Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8.
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48
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de Andrés B, Gonzalo P, Minguet S, Martínez-Marin JA, Soro PG, Marcos MAR, Gaspar ML. The first 3 days of B-cell development in the mouse embryo. Blood 2002; 100:4074-81. [PMID: 12393735 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lineage-committed cells are believed to arise in the liver of mouse embryos at 14 days after coitus (dpc). However, pre-B-specific gene transcripts and DJH gene rearrangements have been detected in earlier, midgestation embryos. We describe here a population of c-kit(+)AA4.1(+)CD19(+)Pax5(+) cells present in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) area and in the livers of 11-dpc mouse embryos. In contrast to multipotent c-kit(+)AA4.1(+)CD19(-) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), these c-kit(+)AA4.1(+)CD19(+) progenitors differentiated only to B-lineage cells in vitro. We propose that mouse embryonic B lymphopoiesis starts earlier than previously thought, at 10 to 11 dpc, both in liver and extra-liver hematopoietic sites. The B-cell differentiation program is not delayed with respect to the emerging lymphohematopoiesis events in the midgestation mouse embryo (8-9 dpc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen de Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Spain
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49
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Uinuk-Ool T, Mayer WE, Sato A, Dongak R, Cooper MD, Klein J. Lamprey lymphocyte-like cells express homologs of genes involved in immunologically relevant activities of mammalian lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:14356-61. [PMID: 12391333 PMCID: PMC137888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.212527699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2002] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To shed light on the origin of adaptive immunity, a cDNA library was prepared from purified lymphocyte-like cells of a jawless vertebrate, the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Randomly selected cDNA clones were sequenced, and their homologies to proteins in the databases were determined. Of the sequences homologous to proteins involved in immune responses, five were selected for further characterization. Their encoding genes corresponded to loci that in jawed vertebrates are essential for activities of lymphocytes. These activities include regulation of T and B cell stimulation and proliferation (CD45); stabilization of molecular complexes involved in lymphocyte activation, adhesion, migration, and differentiation (CD9/CD81); adaptor functions in signaling leading to the activation of B lymphocytes (BCAP) and T lymphocytes (CAST); and amino acid transport associated with cell activation (CD98). The presence of these genes in the lamprey genome and their expression in lymphocyte-like cells support the notion that these cells perform many of the functions of gnathostome lymphocytes. It reopens the question of the stage jawless fishes reached in the evolution of their immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Uinuk-Ool
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immungenetik, Corrensstrasse 42, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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50
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Waskow C, Paul S, Haller C, Gassmann M, Rodewald HR. Viable c-Kit(W/W) mutants reveal pivotal role for c-kit in the maintenance of lymphopoiesis. Immunity 2002; 17:277-88. [PMID: 12354381 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit (c-Kit(W/W)) have hematopoietic defects causing perinatal death. We have identified a viable c-Kit(W/W) mouse, termed the "Vickid" mouse. Around birth, c-Kit plays a redundant role in T and no role in B cell development. Here, we show an age-dependent, progressive decline of pro-T and pro-B cells accompanied by loss of common lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow in adult mice lacking c-Kit. Adult c-Kit(W/W) hematopoietic stem cells can engraft in host bone marrow but fail to radioprotect, form spleen colonies, or establish sustained lymphopoiesis. These defects in adult T and B cell development are also evident in a second viable c-Kit(W/W) strain, rescued by overexpression of erythropoietin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Waskow
- Department for Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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