1
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Boon NJ, Oliveira RA, Körner PR, Kochavi A, Mertens S, Malka Y, Voogd R, van der Horst SEM, Huismans MA, Smabers LP, Draper JM, Wessels LFA, Haahr P, Roodhart JML, Schumacher TNM, Snippert HJ, Agami R, Brummelkamp TR. DNA damage induces p53-independent apoptosis through ribosome stalling. Science 2024; 384:785-792. [PMID: 38753784 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh7950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In response to excessive DNA damage, human cells can activate p53 to induce apoptosis. Cells lacking p53 can still undergo apoptosis upon DNA damage, yet the responsible pathways are unknown. We observed that p53-independent apoptosis in response to DNA damage coincided with translation inhibition, which was characterized by ribosome stalling on rare leucine-encoding UUA codons and globally curtailed translation initiation. A genetic screen identified the transfer RNAse SLFN11 and the kinase GCN2 as factors required for UUA stalling and global translation inhibition, respectively. Stalled ribosomes activated a ribotoxic stress signal conveyed by the ribosome sensor ZAKα to the apoptosis machinery. These results provide an explanation for the frequent inactivation of SLFN11 in chemotherapy-unresponsive tumors and highlight ribosome stalling as a signaling event affecting cell fate in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas J Boon
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rafaela A Oliveira
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pierré-René Körner
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adva Kochavi
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Mertens
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yuval Malka
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rhianne Voogd
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne E M van der Horst
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten A Huismans
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lidwien P Smabers
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jonne M Draper
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lodewyk F A Wessels
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Haahr
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Gene Expression, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanine M L Roodhart
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ton N M Schumacher
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hugo J Snippert
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Reuven Agami
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thijn R Brummelkamp
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Budzyński MA, Wong AK, Faghihi A, Teves SS. A dynamic role for transcription factors in restoring transcription through mitosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:821-830. [PMID: 38526206 PMCID: PMC11088908 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Mitosis involves intricate steps, such as DNA condensation, nuclear membrane disassembly, and phosphorylation cascades that temporarily halt gene transcription. Despite this disruption, daughter cells remarkably retain the parent cell's gene expression pattern, allowing for efficient transcriptional memory after division. Early studies in mammalian cells suggested that transcription factors (TFs) mark genes for swift reactivation, a phenomenon termed 'mitotic bookmarking', but conflicting data emerged regarding TF presence on mitotic chromosomes. Recent advancements in live-cell imaging and fixation-free genomics challenge the conventional belief in universal formaldehyde fixation, revealing dynamic TF interactions during mitosis. Here, we review recent studies that provide examples of at least four modes of TF-DNA interaction during mitosis and the molecular mechanisms that govern these interactions. Additionally, we explore the impact of these interactions on transcription initiation post-mitosis. Taken together, these recent studies call for a paradigm shift toward a dynamic model of TF behavior during mitosis, underscoring the need for incorporating dynamics in mechanistic models for re-establishing transcription post-mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek A. Budzyński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Alexander K.L. Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Armin Faghihi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sheila S. Teves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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3
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Chen J, Laverty DJ, Talele S, Bale A, Carlson BL, Porath KA, Bakken KK, Burgenske DM, Decker PA, Vaubel RA, Eckel-Passow JE, Bhargava R, Lou Z, Hamerlik P, Harley B, Elmquist WF, Nagel ZD, Gupta SK, Sarkaria JN. Aberrant ATM signaling and homology-directed DNA repair as a vulnerability of p53-mutant GBM to AZD1390-mediated radiosensitization. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadj5962. [PMID: 38354228 PMCID: PMC11064970 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj5962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
ATM is a key mediator of radiation response, and pharmacological inhibition of ATM is a rational strategy to radiosensitize tumors. AZD1390 is a brain-penetrant ATM inhibitor and a potent radiosensitizer. This study evaluated the spectrum of radiosensitizing effects and the impact of TP53 mutation status in a panel of IDH1 wild-type (WT) glioblastoma (GBM) patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). AZD1390 suppressed radiation-induced ATM signaling, abrogated G0-G1 arrest, and promoted a proapoptotic response specifically in p53-mutant GBM in vitro. In a preclinical trial using 10 orthotopic GBM models, AZD1390/RT afforded benefit in a cohort of TP53-mutant tumors but not in TP53-WT PDXs. In mechanistic studies, increased endogenous DNA damage and constitutive ATM signaling were observed in TP53-mutant, but not in TP53-WT, PDXs. In plasmid-based reporter assays, GBM43 (TP53-mutant) showed elevated DNA repair capacity compared with that in GBM14 (p53-WT), whereas treatment with AZD1390 specifically suppressed homologous recombination (HR) efficiency, in part, by stalling RAD51 unloading. Furthermore, overexpression of a dominant-negative TP53 (p53DD) construct resulted in enhanced basal ATM signaling, HR activity, and AZD1390-mediated radiosensitization in GBM14. Analyzing RNA-seq data from TCGA showed up-regulation of HR pathway genes in TP53-mutant human GBM. Together, our results imply that increased basal ATM signaling and enhanced dependence on HR represent a unique susceptibility of TP53-mutant cells to ATM inhibitor-mediated radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Daniel J. Laverty
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Surabhi Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ashwin Bale
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brett L. Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kendra A. Porath
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Katrina K. Bakken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Paul A. Decker
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rachael A. Vaubel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Brendan Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - William F. Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zachary D. Nagel
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shiv K. Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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4
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Varineau JE, Calo E. A common cellular response to broad splicing perturbations is characterized by metabolic transcript downregulation driven by the Mdm2-p53 axis. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050356. [PMID: 38426258 PMCID: PMC10924232 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in core cellular processes elicit stress responses that drive cell-state changes leading to organismal phenotypes. Perturbations in the splicing machinery cause widespread mis-splicing, resulting in p53-dependent cell-state changes that give rise to cell-type-specific phenotypes and disease. However, a unified framework for how cells respond to splicing perturbations, and how this response manifests itself in nuanced disease phenotypes, has yet to be established. Here, we show that a p53-stabilizing Mdm2 alternative splicing event and the resulting widespread downregulation of metabolic transcripts are common events that arise in response to various splicing perturbations in both cellular and organismal models. Together, our results classify a common cellular response to splicing perturbations, put forth a new mechanism behind the cell-type-specific phenotypes that arise when splicing is broadly disrupted, and lend insight into the pleiotropic nature of the effects of p53 stabilization in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade E. Varineau
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eliezer Calo
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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5
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Aranda S, Alcaine-Colet A, Ballaré C, Blanco E, Mocavini I, Sparavier A, Vizán P, Borràs E, Sabidó E, Di Croce L. Thymine DNA glycosylase regulates cell-cycle-driven p53 transcriptional control in pluripotent cells. Mol Cell 2023:S1097-2765(23)00517-8. [PMID: 37506700 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression is linked to transcriptome dynamics and variations in the response of pluripotent cells to differentiation cues, mostly through unknown determinants. Here, we characterized the cell-cycle-associated transcriptome and proteome of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) in naive ground state. We found that the thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) is a cell-cycle-regulated co-factor of the tumor suppressor p53. Furthermore, TDG and p53 co-bind ESC-specific cis-regulatory elements and thereby control transcription of p53-dependent genes during self-renewal. We determined that the dynamic expression of TDG is required to promote the cell-cycle-associated transcriptional heterogeneity. Moreover, we demonstrated that transient depletion of TDG influences cell fate decisions during the early differentiation of mESCs. Our findings reveal an unanticipated role of TDG in promoting molecular heterogeneity during the cell cycle and highlight the central role of protein dynamics for the temporal control of cell fate during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Aranda
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| | - Anna Alcaine-Colet
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Cecilia Ballaré
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Enrique Blanco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Ivano Mocavini
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Vizán
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Blanquerna School of Health Science, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08025, Spain
| | - Eva Borràs
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Di Croce
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
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6
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She R, Fair T, Schaefer NK, Saunders RA, Pavlovic BJ, Weissman JS, Pollen AA. Comparative landscape of genetic dependencies in human and chimpanzee stem cells. Cell 2023; 186:2977-2994.e23. [PMID: 37343560 PMCID: PMC10461406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies of great apes provide a window into our evolutionary past, but the extent and identity of cellular differences that emerged during hominin evolution remain largely unexplored. We established a comparative loss-of-function approach to evaluate whether human cells exhibit distinct genetic dependencies. By performing genome-wide CRISPR interference screens in human and chimpanzee pluripotent stem cells, we identified 75 genes with species-specific effects on cellular proliferation. These genes comprised coherent processes, including cell-cycle progression and lysosomal signaling, which we determined to be human-derived by comparison with orangutan cells. Human-specific robustness to CDK2 and CCNE1 depletion persisted in neural progenitor cells and cerebral organoids, supporting the G1-phase length hypothesis as a potential evolutionary mechanism in human brain expansion. Our findings demonstrate that evolutionary changes in human cells reshaped the landscape of essential genes and establish a platform for systematically uncovering latent cellular and molecular differences between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard She
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Fair
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nathan K Schaefer
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reuben A Saunders
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan J Pavlovic
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Alex A Pollen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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Saini P, Anugula S, Fong YW. The Role of ATP-Binding Cassette Proteins in Stem Cell Pluripotency. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1868. [PMID: 37509507 PMCID: PMC10377311 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are highly proliferative cells that can self-renew indefinitely in vitro. Upon receiving appropriate signals, PSCs undergo differentiation and can generate every cell type in the body. These unique properties of PSCs require specific gene expression patterns that define stem cell identity and dynamic regulation of intracellular metabolism to support cell growth and cell fate transitions. PSCs are prone to DNA damage due to elevated replicative and transcriptional stress. Therefore, mechanisms to prevent deleterious mutations in PSCs that compromise stem cell function or increase the risk of tumor formation from becoming amplified and propagated to progenitor cells are essential for embryonic development and for using PSCs including induced PSCs (iPSCs) as a cell source for regenerative medicine. In this review, we discuss the role of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily in maintaining PSC homeostasis, and propose how their activities can influence cellular signaling and stem cell fate decisions. Finally, we highlight recent discoveries that not all ABC family members perform only canonical metabolite and peptide transport functions in PSCs; rather, they can participate in diverse cellular processes from genome surveillance to gene transcription and mRNA translation, which are likely to maintain the pristine state of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Saini
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.S.); (S.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sharath Anugula
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.S.); (S.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yick W. Fong
- Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.S.); (S.A.)
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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8
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Zhao Q, Liu K, Zhang L, Li Z, Wang L, Cao J, Xu Y, Zheng A, Chen Q, Zhao T. BNIP3-dependent mitophagy safeguards ESC genomic integrity via preventing oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and protecting homologous recombination. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:976. [PMID: 36402748 PMCID: PMC9675825 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have a significantly lower mutation load compared to somatic cells, but the mechanisms that guard genomic integrity in ESCs remain largely unknown. Here we show that BNIP3-dependent mitophagy protects genomic integrity in mouse ESCs. Deletion of Bnip3 increases cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreases ATP generation. Increased ROS in Bnip3-/- ESCs compromised self-renewal and were partially rescued by either NAC treatment or p53 depletion. The decreased cellular ATP in Bnip3-/- ESCs induced AMPK activation and deteriorated homologous recombination, leading to elevated mutation load during long-term propagation. Whereas activation of AMPK in X-ray-treated Bnip3+/+ ESCs dramatically ascended mutation rates, inactivation of AMPK in Bnip3-/- ESCs under X-ray stress remarkably decreased the mutation load. In addition, enhancement of BNIP3-dependent mitophagy during reprogramming markedly decreased mutation accumulation in established iPSCs. In conclusion, we demonstrated a novel pathway in which BNIP3-dependent mitophagy safeguards ESC genomic stability, and that could potentially be targeted to improve pluripotent stem cell genomic integrity for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.512959.3Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Kun Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.512959.3Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zheng Li
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Gastroenterology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Liang Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jiani Cao
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.512959.3Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Youqing Xu
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Gastroenterology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 China
| | - Aihua Zheng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Quan Chen
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300073 China
| | - Tongbiao Zhao
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.512959.3Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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9
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Jacobs K, Doerdelmann C, Krietsch J, González-Acosta D, Mathis N, Kushinsky S, Guarino E, Gómez-Escolar C, Martinez D, Schmid JA, Leary PJ, Freire R, Ramiro AR, Eischen CM, Mendez J, Lopes M. Stress-triggered hematopoietic stem cell proliferation relies on PrimPol-mediated repriming. Mol Cell 2022; 82:4176-4188.e8. [PMID: 36152632 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell division is linked to tumorigenesis by yet-elusive mechanisms. The hematopoietic system reacts to stress by triggering hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) proliferation, which can be accompanied by chromosomal breakage in activated hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, whether these lesions persist in their downstream progeny and induce a canonical DNA damage response (DDR) remains unclear. Inducing HSPC proliferation by simulated viral infection, we report that the associated DNA damage is restricted to HSCs and that proliferating HSCs rewire their DDR upon endogenous and clastogen-induced damage. Combining transcriptomics, single-cell and single-molecule assays on murine bone marrow cells, we found accelerated fork progression in stimulated HSPCs, reflecting engagement of PrimPol-dependent repriming, at the expense of replication fork reversal. Ultimately, competitive bone marrow transplantation revealed the requirement of PrimPol for efficient HSC amplification and bone marrow reconstitution. Hence, fine-tuning replication fork plasticity is essential to support stem cell functionality upon proliferation stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Jacobs
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Doerdelmann
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Krietsch
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel González-Acosta
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; DNA Replication Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolas Mathis
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Saul Kushinsky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Estrella Guarino
- DNA Replication Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gómez-Escolar
- B Lymphocyte Biology Laboratory, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Martinez
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonas A Schmid
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Leary
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Functional Genomic Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain; Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Almudena R Ramiro
- B Lymphocyte Biology Laboratory, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine M Eischen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juan Mendez
- DNA Replication Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Ayaz G, Yan H, Malik N, Huang J. An Updated View of the Roles of p53 in Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2022; 40:883-891. [PMID: 35904997 PMCID: PMC9585900 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The TP53 gene is unarguably one of the most studied human genes. Its encoded protein, p53, is a tumor suppressor and is often called the "guardian of the genome" due to its pivotal role in maintaining genome stability. Historically, most studies of p53 have focused on its roles in somatic cells and tissues, but in the last two decades, its functions in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells have attracted increasing attention. Recent studies have identified p53 as a critical regulator of pluripotency, self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation, and genome stability in mouse and human embryonic stem cells. In this article, we systematically review the studies on the functions of p53 in ESCs, provide an updated overview, attempt to reconcile controversial results described in the literature, and discuss the relevance of these cellular functions of p53 to its roles in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Ayaz
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hualong Yan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Navdeep Malik
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Epigenetics, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Laka K, Mbita Z. P53-Related Anticancer Activities of Drimia calcarata Bulb Extracts Against Lung Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:876213. [PMID: 35769912 PMCID: PMC9235921 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.876213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Current lung cancer treatment strategies are ineffective, and lung cancer cases continue to soar; thus, novel anticancer drugs and targets are needed, and medicinal plants are promising to offer better alternatives. This study was aimed at analysing two p53 splice variants during the potential anticancer activities of Drimia calcarata (Dc) methanol and water extracts against different human lung cancer cell lines of varying p53 mutation status, and these included mutant H1573 and mutant H1437 and p53-wild type (A549) cells. The anticancer activities of the Dc extracts were assessed by establishing the cytotoxic effect and the apoptosis-inducing capacity of these extracts, using the MTT assay and Annexin V analysis, respectively, with the latter confirmed using fluorescence microscopy. The molecular mechanisms induced by these extracts were further evaluated using cell cycle analysis and RT-PCR. Both extracts demonstrated safety against noncancerous lung MRC-5 fibroblasts and exhibited significant anticancer potency (p < 0.001) against the H1437 (IC50 values: 62.50 μg/ml methanol extract and 125 μg/ml WE), H1573 (IC50 value: 125 μg/ml for both extracts) and A549 (IC50 value: 500 μg/ml ME). The water extract had no effect on the viability of A549 cells. Treated H1437 cells underwent p53-dependent apoptosis and S-phase cell cycle arrest while H1573 treated cells underwent p53-independed apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest through upregulation of p21 mRNA expression levels. The expression levels of STAT1, STAT3, STAT5A and STAT5B genes increased significantly (p < 0.001) following the treatment of H1573 cells with ME and WE. Treatment of H1437 cells with ME upregulated the STAT1, STAT3, STAT5A and STAT5B mRNAs. Our results indicate that the proliferative inhibitory effect of D. calcarata extracts on A549 and H1573 cells is correlated with the suppression of Bcl-2, STAT3 and STAT5B while that is not the case in H1437 cells. Thus, our results suggest that the dysregulation of anti-apoptotic molecules Bcl-2, STAT3, STAT5A and STAT5B in H1437 may play a role in cancer cell survival, which may consequently contribute to the development of p53-mutated non-small human lung cancer. Our results indicate that D. calcarata is a promising source of anticancer agents for the treatment of p53-mutant human non-small lung cancer cells than the p53-wild type human non-small lung cancer cells.
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12
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Severe cellular stress drives apoptosis through a dual control mechanism independently of p53. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:282. [PMID: 35680784 PMCID: PMC9184497 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For past two decades, p53 has been claimed as the primary sensor initiating apoptosis. Under severe cellular stress, p53 transcriptional activity activates BH3-only proteins such as Bim, Puma, or Noxa to nullify the inhibitory effects of anti-apoptotic proteins on pro-apoptotic proteins for mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. Cellular stress determines the expression level of p53, and the amount of p53 corresponds to the magnitude of apoptosis. However, our studies indicated that Bim and Puma are not the target genes of p53 in three cancer models, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, and osteosarcoma. Bim counteracted with Bcl-xl to activate apoptosis independently of p53 in response to doxorubicin-induced severe DNA damage in prostate cancer. Moreover, the transcriptional activity of p53 was more related to cell cycle arrest other than apoptosis for responding to DNA damage stress generated by doxorubicin in prostate cancer and glioblastoma. A proteasome inhibitor that causes protein turnover dysfunction, bortezomib, produced apoptosis in a p53-independent manner in glioblastoma and osteosarcoma. p53 in terms of both protein level and nuclear localization in combining doxorubicin with bortezomib treatment was obviously lower than when using DOX alone, inversely correlated with the magnitude of apoptosis in glioblastoma. Using a BH3-mimetic, ABT-263, to treat doxorubicin-sensitive p53-wild type and doxorubicin-resistant p53-null osteosarcoma cells demonstrated only limited apoptotic response. The combination of doxorubicin or bortezomib with ABT-263 generated a synergistic outcome of apoptosis in both p53-wild type and p53-null osteosarcoma cells. Together, this suggested that p53 might have no role in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer, glioblastoma and osteosarcoma. The effects of ABT-263 in single and combination treatment of osteosarcoma or prostate cancer indicated a dual control to regulate apoptosis in response to severe cellular stress. Whether our findings only apply in these three types of cancers or extend to other cancer types remains to be explored.
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13
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Ho CJ, Tsai CY, Zhu WH, Pao YH, Chen HW, Hu CJ, Lee YL, Huang TS, Chen CH, Loh JK, Hong YR, Wang C. Compound cellular stress maximizes apoptosis independently of p53 in glioblastoma. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1153-1165. [PMID: 35311459 PMCID: PMC9103265 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2041954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the apoptotic response of two glioblastoma cells, p53 wild type U87 and p53 mutated T98G, to doxorubicin, bortezomib, and vorinostat, which respectively target DNA, 26S proteasome and histone deacetylase, to clarify p53's function in apoptosis. We demonstrated that doxorubicin induced apoptosis in U87 cells but not in T98G cells. The level of p53 was definitively correlated to the extent of DNA damage and apoptosis initiation. Dominant-negative p53 reduced p21 expression, but did not affect doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, so the transcriptional activity of p53 seemed not to participate in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. However, p53 concentrated into the nucleus during heavy apoptosis. Bortezomib could induce apoptosis in U87 with high sensitivity and T98G cells with low sensitivity. In contrast, vorinostat promoted apoptosis in both U87 and T98G cells and reduced the basal level of p53 in U87 cells, indicating that p53 played no role in the vorinostat-induced apoptosis. To clearly define the role of p53 in bortezomib- and doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, we combined doxorubicin with bortezomib to treat U87 cells to assess this combination's effect on apoptosis and p53 status. Interestingly, the combination of doxorubicin with bortezomib engendered compound stress, resulting in a synergistic outcome for apoptosis in U87 cells. However, the amounts of p53 in the total count and in the nucleus were much lower with the combination than with doxorubicin alone, suggesting that p53 played no role in either the compound stress, doxorubicin-only or bortezomib-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jung Ho
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University,Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Tsai
- Post Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hua Zhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Pao
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wen Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ju Hu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Shuo Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Joon-Khim Loh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Department of Biochemistry & Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chihuei Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- CONTACT Chihuei Wang
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14
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Abdulhasan M, Ruden X, Marben T, Harris S, Ruden DM, Awonuga AO, Puscheck EE, Rappolee DA. Using Live Imaging and Fluorescence Ubiquitinated Cell Cycle Indicator Embryonic Stem Cells to Distinguish G1 Cell Cycle Delays for General Stressors like Perfluoro-Octanoic Acid and Hyperosmotic Sorbitol or G2 Cell Cycle Delay for Mutagenic Stressors like Benzo(a)pyrene. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:296-310. [PMID: 35678645 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lowest observable adverse effects level (LOAEL) is a standard point-of-departure dose in toxicology. However, first observable adverse effects level (FOAEL) was recently reported and is used, in this study, as one criterion to detect a mutagenic stimulus in a live imager. Fluorescence ubiquitinated cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) embryonic stem cells (ESC) are green in the S-G2-M phase of the cell cycle and not green in G1-phase. Standard media change here is a mild stress that delays G1-phase and media change increases green 2.5- to 5-fold. Since stress is mild, media change rapidly increases green cell number, but higher stresses of environmental toxicants and positive control hyperosmotic stress suppress increased green after media change. Perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) previously suppressed progression of nongreen to green cell cycle progression. Here, bisphenol A (BPA), cortisol, and positive control hyperosmotic sorbitol also suppress green fluorescence, but benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) at high doses (10 μM) increases green fluorescence throughout the 74-h exposure. Since any stress can affect many cell cycle phases, messenger RNA (mRNA) markers are best interpreted in ratios as dose-dependent mutagens increase in G2/G1 and nonmutagens increase G1/G2. After 74-h exposure, RNAseq detects G1 and G2 markers and increasing BaP doses increase G2/G1 ratios but increasing hyperosmotic sorbitol and PFOA doses increase G1/G2 marker ratios. BaP causes rapid green increase in FOAEL at 2 h of stimulus, whereas retinoic acid caused significant green fluorescence increases only late in culture. Using a live imager to establish FOAEL and G2 delay with FUCCI ESC is a new method to allow commercial and basic developmental biologists to detect drugs and environmental stimuli that are mutagenic. Furthermore, it can be used to test compounds that prevent mutations. In longitudinal studies, uniquely provided by this viable reporter and live imager protocol, follow-up can be done to test whether the preventative compound itself causes harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdulhasan
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Ob/Gyn, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Reproductive Stress 3M, Inc., Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan, USA
| | - Ximena Ruden
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Ob/Gyn, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Teya Marben
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Ob/Gyn, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biology, College of Engineering and Science, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sean Harris
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Douglas M Ruden
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Ob/Gyn, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Institutes for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Awoniyi O Awonuga
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Ob/Gyn, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Puscheck
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Ob/Gyn, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Reproductive Stress 3M, Inc., Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan, USA.,Invia Fertility Clinics, Hoffman Estates, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel A Rappolee
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Ob/Gyn, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Reproductive Stress 3M, Inc., Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan, USA.,Program for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
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15
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The Chromatin Architectural Protein CTCF Is Critical for Cell Survival upon Irradiation-Induced DNA Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073896. [PMID: 35409255 PMCID: PMC8999573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CTCF is a nuclear protein initially discovered for its role in enhancer-promoter insulation. It has been shown to play a role in genome architecture and in fact, its DNA binding sites are enriched at the borders of chromatin domains. Recently, we showed that depletion of CTCF impairs the DNA damage response to ionizing radiation. To investigate the relationship between chromatin domains and DNA damage repair, we present here clonogenic survival assays in different cell lines upon CTCF knockdown and ionizing irradiation. The application of a wide range of ionizing irradiation doses (0–10 Gy) allowed us to investigate the survival response through a biophysical model that accounts for the double-strand breaks’ probability distribution onto chromatin domains. We demonstrate that the radiosensitivity of different cell lines is increased upon lowering the amount of the architectural protein. Our model shows that the deficiency in the DNA repair ability is related to the changes in the size of chromatin domains that occur when different amounts of CTCF are present in the nucleus.
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16
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Raj S, Jaiswal SK, DePamphilis ML. Cell Death and the p53 Enigma During Mammalian Embryonic Development. Stem Cells 2022; 40:227-238. [PMID: 35304609 PMCID: PMC9199838 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Twelve forms of programmed cell death (PCD) have been described in mammalian cells, but which of them occurs during embryonic development and the role played by the p53 transcription factor and tumor suppressor remains enigmatic. Although p53 is not required for mouse embryonic development, some studies conclude that PCD in pluripotent embryonic stem cells from mice (mESCs) or humans (hESCs) is p53-dependent whereas others conclude that it is not. Given the importance of pluripotent stem cells as models of embryonic development and their applications in regenerative medicine, resolving this enigma is essential. This review reconciles contradictory results based on the facts that p53 cannot induce lethality in mice until gastrulation and that experimental conditions could account for differences in results with ESCs. Consequently, activation of the G2-checkpoint in mouse ESCs is p53-independent and generally, if not always, results in noncanonical apoptosis. Once initiated, PCD occurs at equivalent rates and to equivalent extents regardless of the presence or absence of p53. However, depending on experimental conditions, p53 can accelerate initiation of PCD in ESCs and late-stage blastocysts. In contrast, DNA damage following differentiation of ESCs in vitro or formation of embryonic fibroblasts in vivo induces p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Raj
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sushil K Jaiswal
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Present address: National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melvin L DePamphilis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding author: Melvin L. DePamphilis, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bldg. 6A, Rm 3A15, 6 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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Newman H, Catt S, Vining B, Vollenhoven B, Horta F. DNA repair and response to sperm DNA damage in oocytes and embryos, and the potential consequences in ART: a systematic review. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 28:6483093. [PMID: 34954800 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm DNA damage is considered a predictive factor for the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing ART. Laboratory evidence suggests that zygotes and developing embryos have adopted specific response and repair mechanisms to repair DNA damage of paternal origin. We have conducted a systematic review in accordance with guidelines from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to identify and review the maternal mechanisms used to respond and repair sperm DNA damage during early embryonic development, how these mechanisms operate and their potential clinical implications. The literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE and Embase databases until May 2021. Out of 6297 articles initially identified, 36 studies were found to be relevant through cross referencing and were fully extracted. The collective evidence in human and animal models indicate that the early embryo has the capacity to repair DNA damage within sperm by activating maternally driven mechanisms throughout embryonic development. However, this capacity is limited and likely declines with age. The link between age and decreased DNA repair capacity could explain decreased oocyte quality in older women, poor reproductive outcomes in idiopathic cases, and patients who present high sperm DNA damage. Ultimately, further understanding mechanisms underlying the maternal repair of sperm DNA damage could lead to the development of targeted therapies to decrease sperm DNA damage, improved oocyte quality to combat incoming DNA insults or lead to development of methodologies to identify individual spermatozoa without DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Newman
- Education Program in Reproduction & Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - S Catt
- Education Program in Reproduction & Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - B Vining
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - B Vollenhoven
- Education Program in Reproduction & Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia.,Monash IVF, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Women's and Newborn Program, Monash Health, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - F Horta
- Education Program in Reproduction & Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia.,Monash IVF, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
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18
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Jaiswal SK, Raj S, DePamphilis ML. Developmental Acquisition of p53 Functions. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111675. [PMID: 34828285 PMCID: PMC8622856 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkably, the p53 transcription factor, referred to as “the guardian of the genome”, is not essential for mammalian development. Moreover, efforts to identify p53-dependent developmental events have produced contradictory conclusions. Given the importance of pluripotent stem cells as models of mammalian development, and their applications in regenerative medicine and disease, resolving these conflicts is essential. Here we attempt to reconcile disparate data into justifiable conclusions predicated on reports that p53-dependent transcription is first detected in late mouse blastocysts, that p53 activity first becomes potentially lethal during gastrulation, and that apoptosis does not depend on p53. Furthermore, p53 does not regulate expression of genes required for pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs); it contributes to ESC genomic stability and differentiation. Depending on conditions, p53 accelerates initiation of apoptosis in ESCs in response to DNA damage, but cell cycle arrest as well as the rate and extent of apoptosis in ESCs are p53-independent. In embryonic fibroblasts, p53 induces cell cycle arrest to allow repair of DNA damage, and cell senescence to prevent proliferation of cells with extensive damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K. Jaiswal
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sonam Raj
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Melvin L. DePamphilis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Ho CJ, Ko HJ, Liao TS, Zheng XR, Chou PH, Wang LT, Lin RW, Chen CH, Wang C. Severe cellular stress activates apoptosis independently of p53 in osteosarcoma. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:275. [PMID: 34608124 PMCID: PMC8490387 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis induced by doxorubicin, bortezomib, or paclitaxel, targeting DNA, 26S proteasome, and microtubules respectively, was assessed in two osteosarcoma cells, p53 wild-type U2OS and p53-null MG63 cells. Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis only occurred in U2OS, not in MG63. In contrast, bortezomib and paclitaxel could drive U2OS or MG63 toward apoptosis effectively, suggesting that apoptosis induced by bortezomib or paclitaxel is p53-independent. The expressions of Bcl2 family members such as Bcl2, Bcl-xl, and Puma could be seen in U2OS and MG63 cells with or without doxorubicin, bortezomib, or paclitaxel treatment. In contrast, another member, Bim, only could be observed in U2OS, not in MG63, under the same conditions. Bim knockdown did not affect the doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in U2OS, suggested that a BH3-only protein other than Bim might participate in apoptosis induced by doxorubicin. Using a BH3-mimetic, ABT-263, to inhibit Bcl2 or Bcl-xl produced a limited apoptotic response in U2OS and MG63 cells, suggesting that this BH3-mimetic cannot activate the Bax/Bak pathway efficiently. Significantly, ABT-263 enhanced doxorubicin- and bortezomib-induced apoptosis synergistically in U2OS and MG63 cells. These results implied that the severe cellular stress caused by doxorubicin or bortezomib might be mediated through a dual process to control apoptosis. Respectively, doxorubicin or bortezomib activates a BH3-only protein in one way and corresponding unknown factors in another way to affect mitochondrial outer membrane permeability, resulting in apoptosis. The combination of doxorubicin with ABT-263 could produce synergistic apoptosis in MG63 cells, which lack p53, suggesting that p53 has no role in doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma. In addition, ABT-263 enhanced paclitaxel to induce moderate levels of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jung Ho
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Jiun Ko
- Department of Biochemistry & Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Shao Liao
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Ren Zheng
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsu Chou
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Wei Lin
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chihuei Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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20
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BRCA2 Promotes Spontaneous Homologous Recombination In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153663. [PMID: 34359565 PMCID: PMC8345144 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRCA2 is known to be a tumor suppressor involved in homologous recombination repair and presumed to prevent genome instability in normal tissues prior to the development of tumors. Typical assessment of BRCA2 deficiency on the genome involves cell-based models using cancer cells with mixed genetic contexts, but the role in normal tissue in vivo has not been clearly demonstrated. METHODS Using conditional deletion of Brca2 exon 11, the region containing all eight BRC repeats, in the retinal pigment epithelium and the pink-eyed unstable mouse model, we evaluate the frequency of DNA deletion events. RESULTS In the current study, we show that conditional loss of Brca2 exon 11 results in a decreased frequency of spontaneous homologous recombination compared to wild-type mice. Of note, we observe no apparent concomitant increase in events that indicate single-strand annealing by the pink-eyed unstable mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our results demonstrate that BRCA2, as expected, is required for high-fidelity homologous recombination DNA repair in normal tissues, here in a tissue undergoing normal proliferation through normal development.
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Generation of human embryonic stem cell models to exploit the EWSR1-CREB fusion promiscuity as a common pathway of transformation in human tumors. Oncogene 2021; 40:5095-5104. [PMID: 34193943 PMCID: PMC8364490 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations constitute driver mutations in solid tumors and leukemias. The mechanisms of how related or even identical gene fusions drive the pathogenesis of various tumor types remain elusive. One remarkable example is the presence of EWSR1 fusions with CREB1 and ATF1, members of the CREB family of transcription factors, in a variety of sarcomas, carcinomas and mesotheliomas. To address this, we have developed in vitro models of oncogenic fusions, in particular, EWSR1-CREB1 and EWSR1-ATF1, in human embryonic stem (hES) cells, which are capable of multipotent differentiation, using CRISPR-Cas9 technology and HDR together with conditional fusion gene expression that allows investigation into the early steps of cellular transformation. We show that expression of EWSR1-CREB1/ATF1 fusion in hES cells recapitulates the core gene signatures, respectively, of angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) and gastrointestinal clear cell sarcoma (GI-CCS), although both fusions lead to cell lethality. Conversely, expression of the fusions in hES cells differentiated to mesenchymal progenitors is compatible with prolonged viability while maintaining the core gene signatures. Moreover, in the context of a mesenchymal lineage, the proliferation of cells expressing the EWSR1-CREB1 fusion is further extended by deletion of the tumor suppressor TP53. We expect the generation of isogenic lines carrying oncogenic fusions in various cell lineages to expand our general understanding of how those single genetic events drive tumorigenesis while providing valuable resources for drug discovery.
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22
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Song HR, Kim HK, Kim SG, Lim HJ, Kim HY, Han MK. Changes in the phosphorylation of nucleotide metabolism‑associated proteins by leukemia inhibitory factor in mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:431. [PMID: 33846773 PMCID: PMC8060798 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a stem cell growth factor that maintains self‑renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). LIF is a cytokine in the interleukin‑6 family and signals via the common receptor subunit gp130 and ligand‑specific LIF receptor. LIF causes heterodimerization of the LIF receptor and gp130, activating the Janus kinase/STAT and MAPK pathways, resulting in changes in protein phosphorylation. The present study profiled LIF‑mediated protein phosphorylation changes in mESCs via proteomic analysis. mESCs treated in the presence or absence of LIF were analyzed via two‑dimensional differential in‑gel electrophoresis and protein and phosphoprotein staining. Protein identification was performed by matrix‑assisted laser desorption/ionization‑time of flight mass spectrophotometry. Increased phosphorylation of 16 proteins and decreased phosphorylation of 34 proteins in response to LIF treatment was detected. Gene Ontology terms enriched in these proteins included 'organonitrogen compound metabolic process', 'regulation of mRNA splicing via spliceosome' and 'nucleotide metabolic process'. The present results revealed that LIF modulated phosphorylation levels of nucleotide metabolism‑associated proteins, thus providing insight into the mechanism underlying LIF action in mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Ryung Song
- Department of Microbiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Kyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gook Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Yi Kim
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Kwan Han
- Department of Microbiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
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23
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Liu NQ, Maresca M, van den Brand T, Braccioli L, Schijns MMGA, Teunissen H, Bruneau BG, Nora EP, de Wit E. WAPL maintains a cohesin loading cycle to preserve cell-type-specific distal gene regulation. Nat Genet 2021; 53:100-109. [PMID: 33318687 PMCID: PMC7610352 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The cohesin complex has an essential role in maintaining genome organization. However, its role in gene regulation remains largely unresolved. Here we report that the cohesin release factor WAPL creates a pool of free cohesin, in a process known as cohesin turnover, which reloads it to cell-type-specific binding sites. Paradoxically, stabilization of cohesin binding, following WAPL ablation, results in depletion of cohesin from these cell-type-specific regions, loss of gene expression and differentiation. Chromosome conformation capture experiments show that cohesin turnover is important for maintaining promoter-enhancer loops. Binding of cohesin to cell-type-specific sites is dependent on the pioneer transcription factors OCT4 (POU5F1) and SOX2, but not NANOG. We show the importance of cohesin turnover in controlling transcription and propose that a cycle of cohesin loading and off-loading, instead of static cohesin binding, mediates promoter and enhancer interactions critical for gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qing Liu
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michela Maresca
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teun van den Brand
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luca Braccioli
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijne M G A Schijns
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Teunissen
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elphѐge P Nora
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elzo de Wit
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Mori Y, Ogonuki N, Hasegawa A, Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Ogura A, Wang Y, McCarrey JR, Shinohara T. OGG1 protects mouse spermatogonial stem cells from reactive oxygen species in culture†. Biol Reprod 2020; 104:706-716. [PMID: 33252132 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) are required for spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) self-renewal, they induce DNA damage and are harmful to SSCs. However, little is known about how SSCs protect their genome during self-renewal. Here, we report that Ogg1 is essential for SSC protection against ROS. While cultured SSCs exhibited homologous recombination-based DNA double-strand break repair at levels comparable with those in pluripotent stem cells, they were significantly more resistant to hydrogen peroxide than pluripotent stem cells or mouse embryonic fibroblasts, suggesting that they exhibit high levels of base excision repair (BER) activity. Consistent with this observation, cultured SSCs showed significantly lower levels of point mutations than somatic cells, and showed strong expression of BER-related genes. Functional screening revealed that Ogg1 depletion significantly impairs survival of cultured SSCs upon hydrogen peroxide exposure. Thus, our results suggest increased expression of BER-related genes, including Ogg1, protects SSCs from ROS-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Mori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Narumi Ogonuki
- RIKEN, BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hasegawa
- RIKEN, BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Mito Kanatsu-Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN, BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - John R McCarrey
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Takashi Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Chromosomal aberration arises during somatic reprogramming to pluripotent stem cells. Cell Div 2020; 15:12. [PMID: 33292330 PMCID: PMC7641821 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-020-00068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has opened new therapeutic possibilities. However, karyotypic abnormalities detected in iPSCs compromised their utility, especially chromosomal aberrations found at early passages raised serious safety concerns. The mechanism underlying the chromosomal abnormality in early-passage iPSCs is not known. Methods Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were stimulated with KMOS (KLF4, cMYC, OCT4 and SOX2) proteins to enhance their proliferative capacity and many vigorous clones were obtained. Clonal reprogramming was carried out by KMOS mRNAs transfection to confirm the ‘chromosomal mutagenicity’ of reprogramming process. Subculturing was performed to examine karyotypic stability of iPSCs after the re-establishment of stemness. And antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) was added to the culture medium for further confirmming the mutagenicity in the first few days of reprogramming. Results Chromosomal aberrations were found in a small percentage of newly induced iPS clones by reprogramming transcription factors. Clonal reprogramming ruled out the aberrant chromosomes inherited from rare karyotypically abnormal parental cell subpopulation. More importantly, the antioxidant NAC effectively reduced the occurrence of chromosomal aberrations at the early stage of reprogramming. Once iPS cell lines were established, they restored karyotypic stability in subsequent subculturing. Conclusions Our results provided the first line of evidence for the ‘chromosomal mutagenicity’ of reprogramming process.
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Chung CYT, Lo PHY, Lee KKH. Babam2 Regulates Cell Cycle Progression and Pluripotency in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells as Revealed by Induced DNA Damage. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100397. [PMID: 33050379 PMCID: PMC7600899 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BRISC and BRCA1-A complex member 2 (Babam2) plays an essential role in promoting cell cycle progression and preventing cellular senescence. Babam2-deficient fibroblasts show proliferation defect and premature senescence compared with their wild-type (WT) counterpart. Pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are known to have unlimited cell proliferation and self-renewal capability without entering cellular senescence. Therefore, studying the role of Babam2 in ESCs would enable us to understand the mechanism of Babam2 in cellular aging, cell cycle regulation, and pluripotency in ESCs. For this study, we generated Babam2 knockout (Babam2−/−) mESCs to investigate the function of Babam2 in mESCs. We demonstrated that the loss of Babam2 in mESCs leads to abnormal G1 phase retention in response to DNA damage induced by gamma irradiation or doxorubicin treatments. Key cell cycle regulators, CDC25A and CDK2, were found to be degraded in Babam2−/− mESCs following gamma irradiation. In addition, Babam2−/− mESCs expressed p53 strongly and significantly longer than in control mESCs, where p53 inhibited Nanog expression and G1/S cell cycle progression. The combined effects significantly reduced developmental pluripotency in Babam2−/− mESCs. In summary, Babam2 maintains cell cycle regulation and pluripotency in mESCs in response to induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk Yiu Tenny Chung
- MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; (C.Y.T.C.); (P.H.Y.L.)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong-University of Southampton Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Paulisally Hau Yi Lo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; (C.Y.T.C.); (P.H.Y.L.)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong-University of Southampton Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth Ka Ho Lee
- MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; (C.Y.T.C.); (P.H.Y.L.)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong-University of Southampton Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Correspondence:
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27
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Zhang W, Tian Y, Gao Q, Li X, Li Y, Zhang J, Yao C, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Li L, Yu Y, Fan Y, Shuai L. Inhibition of Apoptosis Reduces Diploidization of Haploid Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells during Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:185-197. [PMID: 32502463 PMCID: PMC7363743 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes of haploid embryonic stem cells (haESCs) are dominant for recessive traits in mice. However, one major obstacle to their use is self-diploidization in daily culture. Although haESCs maintain haploidy well by deleting p53, whether they can sustain haploidy in differentiated status and the mechanism behind it remain unknown. To address this, we induced p53-deficient haESCs into multiple differentiated lineages maintain haploid status in vitro. Haploid cells also remained in chimeric embryos and teratomas arising from p53-null haESCs. Transcriptome analysis revealed that apoptosis genes were downregulated in p53-null haESCs compared with that in wild-type haESCs. Finally, we knocked out p73, another apoptosis-related gene, and observed stabilization of haploidy in haESCs. These results indicated that the main mechanism of diploidization was apoptosis-related gene-triggered cell death in haploid cell cultures. Thus, we can derive haploid somatic cells by manipulating the apoptosis gene, facilitating genetic screens of lineage-specific development. haEpiLCs and haNSCLCs differentiated from p53-null haESCs in vitro p53-null haESCs contributed to chimeric embryos and teratoma Downregulation of apoptosis genes resulted in haploidy stabilization Deletion of p73 was also of benefit for haploidy sustenance
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yaru Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yanni Li
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Jinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chunmeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuna Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiding Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Luyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China.
| | - Ling Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Jaiswal SK, Oh JJ, DePamphilis ML. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis are not dependent on p53 prior to p53-dependent embryonic stem cell differentiation. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1091-1106. [PMID: 32478947 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous efforts to determine whether or not the transcription factor and tumor suppressor protein p53 is required for DNA damage-induced apoptosis in pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) produced contradictory conclusions. To resolve this issue, p53+/+ and p53-/- ESCs derived by two different methods were used to quantify time-dependent changes in nuclear DNA content; annexin-V binding; cell permeabilization; and protein expression, modification, and localization. The results revealed that doxorubicin (Adriamycin [ADR]) concentrations 10 to 40 times less than commonly used in previous studies induced the DNA damage-dependent G2-checkpoint and completed apoptosis within the same time frame, regardless of the presence or absence of p53, p21, and PUMA. Increased ADR concentrations delayed initiation of apoptosis in p53-/- ESCs, but the rates of apoptosis remained equivalent. Similar results were obtained by inducing apoptosis with either staurosporine inhibition of kinase activities or WX8 disruption of lysosome homeostasis. Differentiation of ESCs by LIF deprivation revealed p53-dependent formation of haploid cells, increased genomic stability, and suppression of the G2-checkpoint. Minimal induction of DNA damage now resulted in p53-facilitated apoptosis, but regulation of pluripotent gene expression remained p53-independent. Primary embryonic fibroblasts underwent p53-dependent total cell cycle arrest (a prelude to cell senescence), and p53-independent apoptosis occurred in the presence of 10-fold higher levels of ADR, consistent with previous studies. Taken together, these results reveal that the multiple roles of p53 in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis are first acquired during pluripotent stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Jaiswal
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John J Oh
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melvin L DePamphilis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Stage-Specific Effects of Ionizing Radiation during Early Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113975. [PMID: 32492918 PMCID: PMC7312565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early embryonic cells are sensitive to genotoxic stressors such as ionizing radiation. However, sensitivity to these stressors varies depending on the embryonic stage. Recently, the sensitivity and response to ionizing radiation were found to differ during the preimplantation period. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the change during this period are beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we focus on the changes in radio-sensitivity and responses to ionizing radiation during the early developmental stages of the preimplantation (before gastrulation) period in mammals, Xenopus, and fish. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms and the similarities and differences between species.
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Afanassieff M, Perold F, Bouchereau W, Cadiou A, Beaujean N. Embryo-derived and induced pluripotent stem cells: Towards naive pluripotency and chimeric competency in rabbits. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111908. [PMID: 32057751 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both embryo-derived (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines have been established in rabbit. They exhibit the essential characteristics of primed pluripotency. In this review, we described their characteristic features at both molecular and functional levels. We also described the attempts to reprogram rabbit pluripotent stem cells (rbPSCs) toward the naive state of pluripotency using methods established previously to capture this state in rodents and primates. In the last section, we described and discussed our current knowledge of rabbit embryo development pertaining to the mechanisms of early lineage segregation. We argued that the molecular signature of naive-state pluripotency differs between mice and rabbits. We finally discussed some of the key issues to be addressed for capturing the naive state in rbPSCs, including the generation of embryo/PSC chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Afanassieff
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, F-69500, Bron, France.
| | - Florence Perold
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, F-69500, Bron, France
| | - Wilhelm Bouchereau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, F-69500, Bron, France
| | - Antoine Cadiou
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, F-69500, Bron, France
| | - Nathalie Beaujean
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, F-69500, Bron, France
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31
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Critical Role for P53 in Regulating the Cell Cycle of Ground State Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:175-183. [PMID: 32004494 PMCID: PMC7013234 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) grown in serum-supplemented conditions are characterized by an extremely short G1 phase due to the lack of G1-phase control. Concordantly, the G1-phase-specific P53-P21 pathway is compromised in serum ESCs. Here, we provide evidence that P53 is activated upon transition of serum ESCs to their pluripotent ground state using serum-free 2i conditions and that is required for the elongated G1 phase characteristic of ground state ESCs. RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analyses reveal that P53 directly regulates the expression of the retinoblastoma (RB) protein and that the hypo-phosphorylated, active RB protein plays a key role in G1-phase control. Our findings suggest that the P53-P21 pathway is active in ground state 2i ESCs and that its role in the G1-checkpoint is abolished in serum ESCs. Taken together, the data reveal a mechanism by which inactivation of P53 can lead to loss of RB and uncontrolled cell proliferation. The P53-P21 pathway is activated upon adaptation of ESCs to their pluripotent ground state. P53 is required for the elongated G1-phase characteristic to 2i ESCs. P53 binds the promoter and activates Rb1 expression.
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32
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de Dieuleveult M, Miotto B. Ubiquitin Dynamics in Stem Cell Biology: Current Challenges and Perspectives. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900129. [PMID: 31967345 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination plays a central role in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal, propagation, and differentiation. In this review, the functions of ubiquitin dynamics in a myriad of cellular processes, acting along side the pluripotency network, to regulate embryonic stem cell identity are highlighted. The implication of deubiquitinases (DUBs) and E3 Ubiquitin (Ub) ligases in cellular functions beyond protein degradation is reported, including key functions in the regulation of mRNA stability, protein translation, and intra-cellular trafficking; and how it affects cell metabolism, the micro-environment, and chromatin organization is discussed. Finally, unsolved issues in the field are emphasized and will need to be tackled in order to fully understand the contribution of ubiquitin dynamics to stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud de Dieuleveult
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Miotto
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, F-75014, Paris, France
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Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are capable of unlimited self-renewal in culture and differentiation into all functional cell types in the body, and thus hold great promise for regenerative medicine. To achieve their clinical potential, it is critical for PSCs to maintain genomic stability during the extended proliferation. The critical tumor suppressor p53 is required to maintain genomic stability of mammalian cells. In response to DNA damage or oncogenic stress, p53 plays multiple roles in maintaining genomic stability of somatic cells by inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence to prevent the passage of genetic mutations to the daughter cells. p53 is also required to maintain the genomic stability of PSCs. However, in response to the genotoxic stresses, a primary role of p53 in PSCs is to induce the differentiation of PSCs and inhibit pluripotency, providing mechanisms to maintain the genomic stability of the self-renewing PSCs. In addition, the roles of p53 in cellular metabolism might also contribute to genomic stability of PSCs by limiting oxidative stress. In summary, the elucidation of the roles of p53 in PSCs will be a prerequisite for developing safe PSC-based cell therapy.
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Gonnot F, Langer D, Bourillot PY, Doerflinger N, Savatier P. Regulation of Cyclin E by transcription factors of the naïve pluripotency network in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2697-2712. [PMID: 31462142 PMCID: PMC6773236 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1656475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous, non-cell cycle-dependent expression of cyclin E is a characteristic feature of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). We studied the 5′ regulatory region of Cyclin E, also known as Ccne1, and identified binding sites for transcription factors of the naïve pluripotency network, including Esrrb, Klf4, and Tfcp2l1 within 1 kilobase upstream of the transcription start site. Luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChiP–qPCR) study highlighted one binding site for Esrrb that is essential to transcriptional activity of the promoter region, and three binding sites for Klf4 and Tfcp2l1. Knockdown of Esrrb, Klf4, and Tfcp2l1 reduced Cyclin E expression whereas overexpression of Esrrb and Klf4 increased it, indicating a strong correlation between the expression level of these factors and that of cyclin E. We observed that cyclin E overexpression delays differentiation induced by Esrrb depletion, suggesting that cyclin E is an important target of Esrrb for differentiation blockade. We observed that mESCs express a low level of miR-15a and that transfection of a miR-15a mimic decreases Cyclin E mRNA level. These results lead to the conclusion that the high expression level of Cyclin E in mESCs can be attributed to transcriptional activation by Esrrb as well as to the absence of its negative regulator, miR-15a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gonnot
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm , Bron , France
| | - Diana Langer
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm , Bron , France
| | - Pierre-Yves Bourillot
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm , Bron , France
| | - Nathalie Doerflinger
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm , Bron , France
| | - Pierre Savatier
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm , Bron , France
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Binó L, Veselá I, Papežíková I, Procházková J, Vašíček O, Štefková K, Kučera J, Hanáčková M, Kubala L, Pacherník J. The depletion of p38alpha kinase upregulates NADPH oxidase 2/NOX2/gp91 expression and the production of superoxide in mouse embryonic stem cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671:18-26. [PMID: 31176685 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
P38alpha kinase plays an important role in the regulation of both cell stress response and cell fate. In this study, we report that p38alpha kinase-deficient embryonic stem cells exhibit a higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in contrast to their wild-type counterpart. Analysis of the expressions of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and dual oxidases, crucial enzymes involved in intracellular ROS formation, shows NOX2/gp91phox is over-expressed in p38alpha deficient cells. The particular increase in superoxide formation was confirmed by the specific detection of hydroethidine derivate 2-hydroxyethidium. ROS formation decreased when the level of NOX2 was silenced by siRNA in p38alpha deficient cells. These data suggest the importance of p38alpha kinase in the regulation of ROS metabolism in embryonic stem cells and the significance of the observed phenomena of cancer cell-like phenotypes, which is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Binó
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Veselá
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Papežíková
- Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Vašíček
- Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Štefková
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Kučera
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Hanáčková
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Pacherník
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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36
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Kermi C, Aze A, Maiorano D. Preserving Genome Integrity During the Early Embryonic DNA Replication Cycles. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050398. [PMID: 31137726 PMCID: PMC6563053 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the very early stages of embryonic development chromosome replication occurs under rather challenging conditions, including a very short cell cycle, absence of transcription, a relaxed DNA damage response and, in certain animal species, a highly contracted S-phase. This raises the puzzling question of how the genome can be faithfully replicated in such a peculiar metabolic context. Recent studies have provided new insights into this issue, and unveiled that embryos are prone to accumulate genetic and genomic alterations, most likely due to restricted cellular functions, in particular reduced DNA synthesis quality control. These findings may explain the low rate of successful development in mammals and the occurrence of diseases, such as abnormal developmental features and cancer. In this review, we will discuss recent findings in this field and put forward perspectives to further study this fascinating question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chames Kermi
- Laboratoire Surveillance et Stabilité du Génome, Institut de Génétique Humaine, UMR9002, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 318 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5441, USA.
| | - Antoine Aze
- Laboratoire Surveillance et Stabilité du Génome, Institut de Génétique Humaine, UMR9002, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Domenico Maiorano
- Laboratoire Surveillance et Stabilité du Génome, Institut de Génétique Humaine, UMR9002, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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Bloom JC, Loehr AR, Schimenti JC, Weiss RS. Germline genome protection: implications for gamete quality and germ cell tumorigenesis. Andrology 2019; 7:516-526. [PMID: 31119900 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germ cells have a unique and critical role as the conduit for hereditary information and therefore employ multiple strategies to protect genomic integrity and avoid mutations. Unlike somatic cells, which often respond to DNA damage by arresting the cell cycle and conducting DNA repair, germ cells as well as long-lived pluripotent stem cells typically avoid the use of error-prone repair mechanisms and favor apoptosis, reducing the risk of genetic alterations. Testicular germ cell tumors, the most common cancers of young men, arise from pre-natal germ cells. OBJECTIVES To summarize the current understanding of DNA damage response mechanisms in pre-meiotic germ cells and to discuss how they impact both the origins of testicular germ cell tumors and their remarkable responsiveness to genotoxic chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a review of literature gathered from PubMed regarding the DNA damage response properties of testicular germ cell tumors and the germ cells from which they arise, as well as the influence of these mechanisms on therapeutic responses by testicular germ cell tumors. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of how the developmental origins of male germ cells and their inherent germ cell-like DNA damage response directly impact the development and therapeutic sensitivity of testicular germ cell tumors. CONCLUSIONS The DNA damage response of germ cells directly impacts the development and therapeutic sensitivity of testicular germ cell tumors. Recent advances in the study of primordial germ cells, post-natal mitotically dividing germ cells, and pluripotent stem cells will allow for new investigations into the initiation, progression, and treatment of testicular germ cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bloom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - A R Loehr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J C Schimenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - R S Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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38
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Li Y, Huang C, Zha L, Kong M, Yang Q, Zhu Y, Peng Y, Ouyang Q, Lu G, Lin G, Zhou D. Generation of NERCe003-A-3, a p53 compound heterozygous mutation human embryonic stem cell line, by CRISPR/Cas9 editing. Stem Cell Res 2019; 34:101371. [PMID: 30658254 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a tumor suppressor gene involved mainly in the regulation of the G1/S cell cycle phase, DNA repair, and senescence. Although p53 is frequently altered in human cancer, the consequences of its depletion in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are unknown. We generated NERCe003-A-3, a p53 knockout hESC line, from the normal NERCe003-A hESC line by using CRISPR/Cas9 editing. This cell line maintained a normal 46, XY karyotype. Further analysis suggested that the cells expressed pluripotency-related markers and had the capacity to differentiate in vitro into derivatives of all three germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkang Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuan Huang
- Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Lagabaiyila Zha
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyue Kong
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiaohui Yang
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yinghong Zhu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingying Peng
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Ouyang
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China; Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China; Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China; Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China.
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39
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Dubbury SJ, Boutz PL, Sharp PA. CDK12 regulates DNA repair genes by suppressing intronic polyadenylation. Nature 2018; 564:141-145. [PMID: 30487607 PMCID: PMC6328294 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations that attenuate homologous recombination (HR)-mediated repair promote tumorigenesis and sensitize cells to chemotherapeutics that cause replication fork collapse, a phenotype known as 'BRCAness'1. BRCAness tumours arise from loss-of-function mutations in 22 genes1. Of these genes, all but one (CDK12) function directly in the HR repair pathway1. CDK12 phosphorylates serine 2 of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain heptapeptide repeat2-7, a modification that regulates transcription elongation, splicing, and cleavage and polyadenylation8,9. Genome-wide expression studies suggest that depletion of CDK12 abrogates the expression of several HR genes relatively specifically, thereby blunting HR repair3-7,10,11. This observation suggests that the mutational status of CDK12 may predict sensitivity to targeted treatments against BRCAness, such as PARP1 inhibitors, and that CDK12 inhibitors may induce sensitization of HR-competent tumours to these treatments6,7,10,11. Despite growing clinical interest, the mechanism by which CDK12 regulates HR genes remains unknown. Here we show that CDK12 globally suppresses intronic polyadenylation events in mouse embryonic stem cells, enabling the production of full-length gene products. Many HR genes harbour more intronic polyadenylation sites than other expressed genes, and these sites are particularly sensitive to loss of CDK12. The cumulative effect of these sites accounts for the enhanced sensitivity of HR gene expression to CDK12 loss, and we find that this mechanism is conserved in human tumours that contain loss-of-function CDK12 mutations. This work clarifies the function of CDK12 and underscores its potential both as a chemotherapeutic target and as a tumour biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Dubbury
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul L Boutz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Phillip A Sharp
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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40
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Rodrigues M, Antonucci I, Elabd S, Kancherla S, Marchisio M, Blattner C, Stuppia L. p53 Is Active in Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1507-1517. [PMID: 30044176 PMCID: PMC6209428 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increasing interest in human amniotic fluid cells, very little is known about the regulation and function of p53 in this cell type. In this study, we show that undifferentiated human amniotic fluid cells express p53, yet at lower levels than in cancer cells. The p53 protein in amniotic fluid cells is mainly localized in the nuclei, however, its antiproliferative activity is compromised in these cells. Igf2, a maternal imprinted gene, and c-jun, a proto-oncogene, are regulated by p53 in these cells. DNA damage leads to an increase in p53 abundance in human amniotic fluid cells and to transcriptional activation of its target genes. Interestingly, cell differentiation toward the neural lineage leads to p53 induction as differentiation progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, G. d' Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ivana Antonucci
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, G. d' Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Centre of Aging Science and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Seham Elabd
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Human Physiology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shilpa Kancherla
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Centre of Aging Science and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, G. d' Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Christine Blattner
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, G. d' Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Centre of Aging Science and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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41
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Kim SM, Jeon Y, Kim D, Jang H, Bae JS, Park MK, Kim H, Kim S, Lee H. AIMP3 depletion causes genome instability and loss of stemness in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:972. [PMID: 30250065 PMCID: PMC6155375 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional protein-3 (AIMP3) is a component of the multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex and is involved in diverse cellular processes. Given that AIMP3 deficiency causes early embryonic lethality in mice, AIMP3 is expected to play a critical role in early mouse development. To elucidate a functional role of AIMP3 in early mouse development, we induced AIMP3 depletion in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) derived from blastocysts of AIMP3f/f; CreERT2 mice. In the present study, AIMP3 depletion resulted in loss of self-renewal and ability to differentiate to three germ layers in mESCs. AIMP3 depletion led to accumulation of DNA damage by blocking double-strand break repair, in particular homologous recombination. Through microarray analysis, the p53 signaling pathway was identified as being activated in AIMP3-depleted mESCs. Knockdown of p53 rescued loss of stem cell characteristics by AIMP3 depletion in mESCs. These results imply that AIMP3 depletion in mESCs leads to accumulation of DNA damage and p53 transactivation, resulting in loss of stemness. We propose that AIMP3 is involved in maintenance of genome stability and stemness in mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Kim
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jeon
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonchol Jang
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - June Sung Bae
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongtae Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, 10408, Republic of Korea.
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Renzova T, Bohaciakova D, Esner M, Pospisilova V, Barta T, Hampl A, Cajanek L. Inactivation of PLK4-STIL Module Prevents Self-Renewal and Triggers p53-Dependent Differentiation in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:959-972. [PMID: 30197118 PMCID: PMC6178195 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles account for centrosomes and cilia formation. Recently, a link between centrosomal components and human developmental disorders has been established. However, the exact mechanisms how centrosome abnormalities influence embryogenesis and cell fate are not understood. PLK4-STIL module represents a key element of centrosome duplication cycle. We analyzed consequences of inactivation of the module for early events of embryogenesis in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We demonstrate that blocking of PLK4 or STIL functions leads to centrosome loss followed by both p53-dependent and -independent defects, including prolonged cell divisions, upregulation of p53, chromosome instability, and, importantly, reduction of pluripotency markers and induction of differentiation. We show that the observed loss of key stem cells properties is connected to alterations in mitotic timing and protein turnover. In sum, our data define a link between centrosome, its regulators, and the control of pluripotency and differentiation in PSCs. Blocking of PLK4-STIL module in hESCs/hiPSCs leads to: Centrosome loss, prolonged and error-prone mitosis; p53-dependent differentiation; Reduction of pluripotency linked to altered protein turnover
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Renzova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Esner
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic; Cellular Imaging Core Facility, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Barta
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Hampl
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Cajanek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
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43
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Menghi F, Barthel FP, Yadav V, Tang M, Ji B, Tang Z, Carter GW, Ruan Y, Scully R, Verhaak RGW, Jonkers J, Liu ET. The Tandem Duplicator Phenotype Is a Prevalent Genome-Wide Cancer Configuration Driven by Distinct Gene Mutations. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:197-210.e5. [PMID: 30017478 PMCID: PMC6481635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The tandem duplicator phenotype (TDP) is a genome-wide instability configuration primarily observed in breast, ovarian, and endometrial carcinomas. Here, we stratify TDP tumors by classifying their tandem duplications (TDs) into three span intervals, with modal values of 11 kb, 231 kb, and 1.7 Mb, respectively. TDPs with ∼11 kb TDs feature loss of TP53 and BRCA1. TDPs with ∼231 kb and ∼1.7 Mb TDs associate with CCNE1 pathway activation and CDK12 disruptions, respectively. We demonstrate that p53 and BRCA1 conjoint abrogation drives TDP induction by generating short-span TDP mammary tumors in genetically modified mice lacking them. Lastly, we show how TDs in TDP tumors disrupt heterogeneous combinations of tumor suppressors and chromatin topologically associating domains while duplicating oncogenes and super-enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Menghi
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Floris P Barthel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Vinod Yadav
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ming Tang
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bo Ji
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Zhonghui Tang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | - Yijun Ruan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ralph Scully
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Roel G W Verhaak
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Oncode Institute and Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, the Netherlands
| | - Edison T Liu
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.
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44
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Liu Z, Zhang C, Skamagki M, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Zhang W, Kong D, Chang CW, Feng J, Han X, Townes TM, Li H, Kim K, Zhao R. Elevated p53 Activities Restrict Differentiation Potential of MicroRNA-Deficient Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 9:1604-1617. [PMID: 29141234 PMCID: PMC5688240 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) deficient for microRNAs (miRNAs), such as Dgcr8−/− or Dicer−/– embryonic stem cells (ESCs), contain no mature miRNA and cannot differentiate into somatic cells. How miRNA deficiency causes differentiation defects remains poorly understood. Here, we report that miR-302 is sufficient to enable neural differentiation of differentiation-incompetent Dgcr8−/− ESCs. Our data showed that miR-302 directly suppresses the tumor suppressor p53, which is modestly upregulated in Dgcr8−/− ESCs and serves as a barrier restricting neural differentiation. We demonstrated that direct inactivation of p53 by SV40 large T antigen, a short hairpin RNA against Trp53, or genetic ablation of Trp53 in Dgcr8−/− PSCs enables neural differentiation, while activation of p53 by the MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3a in wild-type ESCs inhibits neural differentiation. Together, we demonstrate that a major function of miRNAs in neural differentiation is suppression of p53 and that modest activation of p53 blocks neural differentiation of miRNA-deficient PSCs. miR-302 enables neural differentiation of differentiation-incompetent Dgcr8−/− ESCs miR-302 directly suppresses p53 expression p53 inhibits neural differentiation of Dgcr8−/− and wild-type PSCs p53 may eliminate genetically defective embryos to save maternal resources
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Maria Skamagki
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Dexin Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jingyang Feng
- Cook County Health and Hospital System, John H. Stroger Hospital, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xiaosi Han
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Tim M Townes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kitai Kim
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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45
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Zaveri L, Dhawan J. Cycling to Meet Fate: Connecting Pluripotency to the Cell Cycle. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:57. [PMID: 29974052 PMCID: PMC6020794 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are characterized by their high proliferative rates, their ability to self-renew and their potential to differentiate to all the three germ layers. This rapid proliferation is brought about by a highly modified cell cycle that allows the cells to quickly shuttle from DNA synthesis to cell division, by reducing the time spent in the intervening gap phases. Many key regulators that define the somatic cell cycle are either absent or exhibit altered behavior, allowing the pluripotent cell to bypass cell cycle checkpoints typical of somatic cells. Experimental analysis of this modified stem cell cycle has been challenging due to the strong link between rapid proliferation and pluripotency, since perturbations to the cell cycle or pluripotency factors result in differentiation. Despite these hurdles, our understanding of this unique cell cycle has greatly improved over the past decade, in part because of the availability of new technologies that permit the analysis of single cells in heterogeneous populations. This review aims to highlight some of the recent discoveries in this area with a special emphasis on different states of pluripotency. We also discuss the highly interlinked network that connects pluripotency factors and key cell cycle genes and review evidence for how this interdependency may promote the rapid cell cycle. This issue gains translational importance since disruptions in stem cell proliferation and differentiation can impact disorders at opposite ends of a spectrum, from cancer to degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamuk Zaveri
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Jyotsna Dhawan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India.,CSIR - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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46
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Ermakov A, Daks A, Fedorova O, Shuvalov O, Barlev NA. Ca 2+ -depended signaling pathways regulate self-renewal and pluripotency of stem cells. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1086-1096. [PMID: 29851182 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ -mediated signaling is widely spread in nature and plays critical role in the individual development of various organisms ranging from microorganisms to mammals. In vertebrates, Ca2+ is involved in important developmental events: fertilization, body plan establishment, and organogenesis. The two later events are defined by embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ESCs are capable of self-renewal and are pluripotent by nature, that is, can give rise to all types of cells that make up the body. Given the paramount importance of Ca2+ signalization in the development, it is therefore not surprising this process also plays role in the biology of stem cells. In this review, we scrutinize the published experimental data on the role of Ca2+ ions in embryonic stem cells self-renewal and pluripotency. In line with this, we also discuss possible mechanisms of p53 inhibition as a major hindrance to self-renewal of ESCs. Finally, we argue about the role of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of heteromeric transmembrane receptors, and GPCR-mediated signalization in stem cells, and propose the role for the GPCR-G-protein-PLC-Ca2+ -downstream signaling pathway in the regulation of pluripotency of both mouse and human ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Oleg Shuvalov
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia
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Wang S, Yang L, Bai R, Ren S, Niu Y, Ma Y, Ji W, Chen Y. Interaction of p53 and ASPPs regulates rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells conversion to neural fate concomitant with apoptosis. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1146-1153. [PMID: 29895189 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1464848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a key regulator of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Recent studies show that the delicate balance of p53 expression is important for neural tube defects, neuronal degeneration, embryonic lethality, as well as differentiation and dedifferentiation. Moreover, p53 showed different regulatory patterns between rodent and primate embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, the role of p53 and apoptosis stimulating protein of p53 (ASPP) during neural differentiation (ND) from primate ESCs is still unknown. In this study, using an FGF-2 and/or HGF selectively containing ND culture systems for rhesus monkey ESCs (rESCs), the changes of p53 and ASPPs, and p53 targets, i.e. BAX and p21, were analyzed. Our results showed that the expression patterns of ASPP1/ASPP2 and iASPP were opposite in rESCs but similar in differentiated cells, and the expression of p53 was approximately consistent with BAX, but not p21. These findings indicate that the strong expression of iASPP in ESCs and weak expression of ASPP1/ASPP2 maintain the stability of stemness; and in ND niche, unimpaired iASPP may decrease its inhibition of ASPP1/ASPP2 expression, the interaction of p53 and ASPPs causing rESCs to convert towards a neural fate concomitant with apoptosis, but not to cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- a Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology , Kunming , China
| | - Lichuan Yang
- c Kunming College of Life Science , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China.,d Kunming Institute of Zoology , The Chinese Academy of Science , Kunming , China
| | - Raoxian Bai
- a Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology , Kunming , China
| | - Shuaiwei Ren
- a Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology , Kunming , China
| | - Yuyu Niu
- a Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology , Kunming , China
| | - Yuanye Ma
- d Kunming Institute of Zoology , The Chinese Academy of Science , Kunming , China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- a Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology , Kunming , China
| | - Yongchang Chen
- a Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedicine Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Provincial Academy of Science and Technology , Kunming , China.,d Kunming Institute of Zoology , The Chinese Academy of Science , Kunming , China
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48
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Hu Q, Xie Y, Ge Y, Nie X, Tao J, Zhao Y. Resting T cells are hypersensitive to DNA damage due to defective DNA repair pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:662. [PMID: 29855463 PMCID: PMC5981309 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood cells are challenged by intrinsic and exogenous stress that may result in many types of damage to DNA. As a major participant in cell-mediated immunity in blood, T lymphocytes are maintained in their quiescent (resting) state for most of their lives and switch to the proliferating state once stimulated. How resting and stimulated T cells address DNA damage remains largely unknown. Here, we report that while different types of DNA damage are efficiently repaired in stimulated T cells, they result in massive apoptosis of resting T cells. Mechanistically, DNA damage in resting T cells activates the ATM/ATR/DNA-PKcs signaling pathway but fails to induce the formation of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci, leading to unrepaired DNA damage that activates apoptosis in a p53-independent but JNK/p73-dependent manner. Mice challenged with high DNA damage stress display far fewer T cells in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and spleens. Collectively, these results reveal that resting T cells are hypersensitive to DNA damage due to defects in DNA damage repair mechanisms. These findings provide new insight into T-cell function and maintenance of immunity under highly stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanlong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Nie
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Tao
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 410080 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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49
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Feng W, Jasin M. Homologous Recombination and Replication Fork Protection: BRCA2 and More! COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 82:329-338. [PMID: 29686033 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2017.82.035006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BRCA2 is a breast and ovarian tumor suppressor that guards against genome instability, a hallmark of cancer. Significant progress has been made in improving our understanding of BRCA2 function from biochemical, cellular, and mouse studies. The knowledge gained has been actively exploited to develop therapeutic strategies, including PARP inhibition, which has shown promising clinical outcomes. Recently, tremendous excitement has been generated by the findings of the roles of BRCA2 and other proteins in suppressing replication stress through homologous recombination and in the protection of stalled replication forks. Processes such as mitotic DNA synthesis and fork reversal have taken center stage in these studies. Here, we discuss our recent findings in the context of these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Feng
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065.,Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065.,Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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50
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Brown N, Song L, Kollu NR, Hirsch ML. Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors and Stem Cells: Friends or Foes? Hum Gene Ther 2018; 28:450-463. [PMID: 28490211 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The infusion of healthy stem cells into a patient-termed "stem-cell therapy"-has shown great promise for the treatment of genetic and non-genetic diseases, including mucopolysaccharidosis type 1, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, numerous immunodeficiency disorders, and aplastic anemia. Stem cells for cell therapy can be collected from the patient (autologous) or collected from another "healthy" individual (allogeneic). The use of allogenic stem cells is accompanied with the potentially fatal risk that the transplanted donor T cells will reject the patient's cells-a process termed "graft-versus-host disease." Therefore, the use of autologous stem cells is preferred, at least from the immunological perspective. However, an obvious drawback is that inherently as "self," they contain the disease mutation. As such, autologous cells for use in cell therapies often require genetic "correction" (i.e., gene addition or editing) prior to cell infusion and therefore the requirement for some form of nucleic acid delivery, which sets the stage for the AAV controversy discussed herein. Despite being the most clinically applied gene delivery context to date, unlike other more concerning integrating and non-integrating vectors such as retroviruses and adenovirus, those based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) have not been employed in the clinic. Furthermore, published data regarding AAV vector transduction of stem cells are inconsistent in regards to vector transduction efficiency, while the pendulum swings far in the other direction with demonstrations of AAV vector-induced toxicity in undifferentiated cells. The variation present in the literature examining the transduction efficiency of AAV vectors in stem cells may be due to numerous factors, including inconsistencies in stem-cell collection, cell culture, vector preparation, and/or transduction conditions. This review summarizes the controversy surrounding AAV vector transduction of stem cells, hopefully setting the stage for future elucidation and eventual therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Brown
- 1 Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina
| | - Liujiang Song
- 1 Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina
| | - Nageswara R Kollu
- 1 Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina
| | - Matthew L Hirsch
- 1 Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina
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