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Ibrahim AA, Nsairat H, Al-Sulaibi M, El-Tanani M, Jaber AM, Lafi Z, Barakat R, Abuarqoub DA, Mahmoud IS, Obare SO, Aljabali AAA, Alkilany AM, Alshaer W. Doxorubicin conjugates: a practical approach for its cardiotoxicity alleviation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:399-422. [PMID: 38623735 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2343882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Doxorubicin (DOX) emerges as a cornerstone in the arsenal of potent chemotherapeutic agents. Yet, the clinical deployment of DOX is tarnished by its proclivity to induce severe cardiotoxic effects, culminating in heart failure and other consequential morbidities. In response, a panoply of strategies has undergone rigorous exploration over recent decades, all aimed at attenuating DOX's cardiotoxic impact. The advent of encapsulating DOX within lipidic or polymeric nanocarriers has yielded a dual triumph, augmenting DOX's therapeutic efficacy while mitigating its deleterious side effects. AREAS COVERED Recent strides have spotlighted the emergence of DOX conjugates as particularly auspicious avenues for ameliorating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. These conjugates entail the fusion of DOX through physical or chemical bonds with diminutive natural or synthetic moieties, polymers, biomolecules, and nanoparticles. This spectrum encompasses interventions that impinge upon DOX's cardiotoxic mechanism, modulate cellular uptake and localization, confer antioxidative properties, or refine cellular targeting. EXPERT OPINION The endorsement of DOX conjugates as a compelling stratagem to mitigate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity resounds from this exegesis, amplifying safety margins and the therapeutic profile of this venerated chemotherapeutic agent. Within this ambit, DOX conjugates stand as a beacon of promise in the perpetual pursuit of refining chemotherapy-induced cardiac compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed Alqader Ibrahim
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mazen Al-Sulaibi
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
- College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Areej M Jaber
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Zainab Lafi
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rahmeh Barakat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Duaa Azmi Abuarqoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ismail Sami Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Sherine O Obare
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Lei J, Song Y, Li D, Lei M, Tan R, Liu Y, Zheng H. pH
‐sensitive and charge‐reversal Daunorubicin‐conjugated polymeric micelles for enhanced cancer therapy. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Lei
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
| | - Yajing Song
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
| | - Mengheng Lei
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
| | - Rui Tan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
| | - Hua Zheng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
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Fraguas-Sánchez AI, Martín-Sabroso C, Torres-Suárez AI. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model: a research approach for ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1702-1717. [PMID: 34176455 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210625105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model has attracted a great deal of interest in pharmaceutical and biological research as an alternative or complementary in vivo assay to animal models. Traditionally, CAM assay has been widely used to perform some toxicological studies, specifically to evaluate the skin, ocular and embryo toxicity of new drugs and formulations, and perform angiogenesis studies. Due to the possibility to generate the tumors onto the CAM, this model has also become an excellent strategy to evaluate the metastatic potential of different tumours and test the efficacy of novel anticancer therapies in vivo. Moreover, in the recent years, its use has considerably grown in other research areas, including the evaluation of new anti-infective agents, the development of biodistribution studies and tissue engineering research. OBJECTIVES This manuscript provides a critical overview of the use of CAM model in pharmaceutical and biological research, especially to test the toxicity of new drugs and formulations and the biodistribution and the efficacy of novel anticancer and anti-infective therapies, analyzing its advantages and disadvantages compared to animal models. CONCLUSION The chick chorioallantoic membrane model shows great utility in several research areas, such as cancer, toxicology, biodistribution studies and anti-infective therapies. In fact, it has become an intermediate stage between in vitro experiments and animal studies, and, in the case of toxicological studies (skin and ocular toxicity), has even replaced the animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Fraguas-Sánchez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martín-Sabroso
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Torres-Suárez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Breijyeh Z, Karaman R. Enzyme Models-From Catalysis to Prodrugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113248. [PMID: 34071328 PMCID: PMC8198240 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are highly specific biological catalysts that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions within the cell. Our knowledge of how enzymes work remains incomplete. Computational methodologies such as molecular mechanics (MM) and quantum mechanical (QM) methods play an important role in elucidating the detailed mechanisms of enzymatic reactions where experimental research measurements are not possible. Theories invoked by a variety of scientists indicate that enzymes work as structural scaffolds that serve to bring together and orient the reactants so that the reaction can proceed with minimum energy. Enzyme models can be utilized for mimicking enzyme catalysis and the development of novel prodrugs. Prodrugs are used to enhance the pharmacokinetics of drugs; classical prodrug approaches focus on alternating the physicochemical properties, while chemical modern approaches are based on the knowledge gained from the chemistry of enzyme models and correlations between experimental and calculated rate values of intramolecular processes (enzyme models). A large number of prodrugs have been designed and developed to improve the effectiveness and pharmacokinetics of commonly used drugs, such as anti-Parkinson (dopamine), antiviral (acyclovir), antimalarial (atovaquone), anticancer (azanucleosides), antifibrinolytic (tranexamic acid), antihyperlipidemia (statins), vasoconstrictors (phenylephrine), antihypertension (atenolol), antibacterial agents (amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cefuroxime axetil), paracetamol, and guaifenesin. This article describes the works done on enzyme models and the computational methods used to understand enzyme catalysis and to help in the development of efficient prodrugs.
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Blackburn C, Tai H, Salerno M, Wang X, Hartsuiker E, Wang W. Folic acid and rhodamine labelled pH responsive hyperbranched polymers: Synthesis, characterization and cell uptake studies. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Alvi MM, Nicoletto RE, Eshmawi BA, Kim HK, Cammarata CR, Ofner CM. Intracellular trafficking and cytotoxicity of a gelatine-doxorubicin conjugate in two breast cancer cell lines. J Drug Target 2019; 28:487-499. [PMID: 31601131 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1679820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Details of intracellular pathways of cytotoxicity remain unclear for doxorubicin conjugates being studied to treat breast cancer tumours. A high molecular weight gelatine-doxorubicin conjugate was investigated with an emphasis on lysosome participation. The conjugate was synthesised and characterised. Cell uptake and cellular localisation in MCF-7 and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 cells were determined with fluorescence microscopy. Nuclear content of released DOX was determined by UHPLC. Cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay. Lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP) was followed by lysosomal release of fluorescently labelled dextran. After incubation at an equivalent 10 µM DOX, conjugate lysosome accumulation was substantial in both cell lines by 24 h, at which time the conjugate cytotoxic effect was first observed. By 48 h, the conjugate was nearly fourfold more toxic in TNBC than in MCF-7 cells. The MCF-7 nucleus drug content from conjugate released DOX was small but confirmed intra-lysosomal drug release. The conjugate induced LMP in 100% of TNBC cells but LMP was virtually absent in MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that the conjugate induces cytotoxicity by a lysosomal pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells and has potential for treatment of TNBC tumours. Support: NIH/NCI R15CA135421, the Agnes Varis Trust for Women's Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Alvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel E Nicoletto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bayan A Eshmawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyun Kate Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher R Cammarata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Clyde M Ofner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zhang SJ, Wang YG. A Facial Synthesis of 7-Selenodaunomycinone Derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823401103168947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
7-selenodaunomycinone derivatives 3a–e were synthesised by condensation of daunomycinone 2 with aryl selenols catalysed by trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane at room temperature. When the concentration of aryl selenol exceeds 2 to 2–3 times, 7-deoxydaunomycinone 4 can be obtained. Also 7 S-configuration of 3a can turn into 7 R-isomer catalysed by boron trifluoride-etherate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Jia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yan Guang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Coyne CP, Narayanan L. Anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity by complementary simultaneous selective “targeted” delivery for pulmonary adenocarcinoma: fludarabine-(5′-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R] in dual-combination with dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti-EGFR]. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-018-0401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Fang Y, Xue J, Gao S, Lu A, Yang D, Jiang H, He Y, Shi K. Cleavable PEGylation: a strategy for overcoming the "PEG dilemma" in efficient drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2018; 24:22-32. [PMID: 29069920 PMCID: PMC8812578 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1388451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To prolong the circulation time of drug, PEGylation has been widely used via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, thereby providing new hope for better treatment. However, PEGylation also brings the "PEG dilemma", which is difficult for the cellular absorption of drugs and subsequent endosomal escape. As a result, the activity of drugs is inevitably lost after PEG modification. To achieve successful drug delivery for effective treatment, the crucial issue associated with the use of PEG-lipids, that is, “PEG dilemma” must be addressed. In this paper, we introduced the development and application of nanocarriers with cleavable PEGylation, and discussed various strategies for overcoming the PEG dilemma. Compared to the traditional ones, the vehicle systems with different environmental-sensitive PEG-lipids were discussed, which cleavage can be achieved in response to the intracellular as well as the tumor microenvironment. This smart cleavable PEGylation provides us an efficient strategy to overcome “PEG dilemma”, thereby may be a good candidate for the cancer treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Jianxiu Xue
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Shan Gao
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Anqi Lu
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Dongjuan Yang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Hong Jiang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yang He
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Kai Shi
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
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10
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Khunsuk PO, Chawalitpong S, Sawutdeechaikul P, Palaga T, Hoven VP. Gold Nanorods Stabilized by Biocompatible and Multifunctional Zwitterionic Copolymer for Synergistic Cancer Therapy. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:164-174. [PMID: 29185337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A zwitterionic copolymer between methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and methacrylic acid (MA), PMAMPC is introduced as a potential versatile polymeric stabilizer for gold nanorods (AuNRs). The MA units in the copolymer serve as built-in feature for multiple functionalization, namely introducing additional thiol groups as active sites for binding with the AuNRs and conjugating with doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug via acid-labile hydrazone linkage. The MPC units, on the other hand, provide biocompatibility and antifouling characteristics. The chemically modified PMAMPC can act as an effective stabilizer for AuNRs yielding PMAMPC-DOX-AuNRs with a fairly uniform size and shape with good colloidal stability. In vitro cytotoxicity suggested that PMAMPC can not only improve the AuNRs biocompatibility, but also decrease DOX toxicity to a certain extent. The PMAMPC-DOX-AuNRs were efficiently internalized inside cancer cells and localized in lysosomes, where DOX was presumably acid-triggered released as monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the combined photothermal-chemo treatment of cancer cells using PMAMPC-DOX-AuNRs exhibited a higher therapeutic efficacy than either single treatment alone. These results suggested that the PMAMPC-DOX-AuNRs could potentially be applied in pH-triggered drug delivery for synergistic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phim-On Khunsuk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supatta Chawalitpong
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pritsana Sawutdeechaikul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Materials and Bio-interfaces, Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Voravee P Hoven
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Materials and Bio-interfaces, Chulalongkorn University , Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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11
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Alginate hydrogel improves anti-angiogenic bevacizumab activity in cancer therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 119:271-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Bazban-Shotorbani S, Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Karkhaneh A, Serpooshan V, Jacob KI, Moshaverinia A, Mahmoudi M. Revisiting structure-property relationship of pH-responsive polymers for drug delivery applications. J Control Release 2017; 253:46-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Panek J, Koziolova E, Stepanek P, Etrych T, Janouskova O. Intracellular fate of polymer therapeutics investigated by fluorescence lifetime imaging and fluorescence pattern analysis. Physiol Res 2017; 65:S217-S224. [PMID: 27762587 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers bearing anticancer drugs are promising candidates to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy and minimize side effects. The most potent cytostatics used in the treatment of various cancers are anthracyclines, e.g. doxorubicin or pirarubicin. Recently, polymer therapeutics carrying anthracyclines have been intensively studied. The precise characterization of in vitro nanocarrier biological behavior brings a better understanding of the nanocarrier characteristics and enables prediction of the behavior of the nanocarrier during in vivo application. Advanced fluorescence detection methods, e.g. fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), were successfully exploited to describe the properties of various polymeric nano-systems and contributed to a complex view of anthracyclines' intracellular transport and DNA intercalation. Here, we report the application of a specific technique for processing FLIM images, called fluorescence pattern decomposition, to evaluate early events after doxorubicin or pirarubicin treatment of cells. Moreover, we characterized changes in the intracellular localization and release of the anthracyclines during the incubation of cells with polymer nanotherapeutics based on poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide] (pHPMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Panek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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14
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Coyne CP, Narayanan L. Gemcitabine-(5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R]: molecular design, synthetic organic chemistry reactions, and antineoplastic cytotoxic potency in populations of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549). Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 89:379-399. [PMID: 27561602 PMCID: PMC5396302 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One molecular-based approach that increases potency and reduces dose-limited sequela is the implementation of selective 'targeted' delivery strategies for conventional small molecular weight chemotherapeutic agents. Descriptions of the molecular design and organic chemistry reactions that are applicable for synthesis of covalent gemcitabine-monophosphate immunochemotherapeutics have to date not been reported. The covalent immunopharmaceutical, gemcitabine-(5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R] was synthesized by reacting gemcitabine with a carbodiimide reagent to form a gemcitabine carbodiimide phosphate ester intermediate which was subsequently reacted with imidazole to create amine-reactive gemcitabine-(5'-phosphorylimidazolide) intermediate. Monoclonal anti-IGF-1R immunoglobulin was combined with gemcitabine-(5'-phosphorylimidazolide) resulting in the synthetic formation of gemcitabine-(5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R]. The gemcitabine molar incorporation index for gemcitabine-(5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-R1] was 2.67:1. Cytotoxicity Analysis - dramatic increases in antineoplastic cytotoxicity were observed at and between the gemcitabine-equivalent concentrations of 10-9 M and 10-7 M where lethal cancer cell death increased from 0.0% to a 93.1% maximum (100.% to 6.93% residual survival), respectively. Advantages of the organic chemistry reactions in the multistage synthesis scheme for gemcitabine-(5'-phosphoramidate)-[anti-IGF-1R] include their capacity to achieve high chemotherapeutic molar incorporation ratios; option of producing an amine-reactive chemotherapeutic intermediate that can be preserved for future synthesis applications; and non-dedicated organic chemistry reaction scheme that allows substitutions of either or both therapeutic moieties, and molecular delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody P. Coyne
- Department of Basic SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineWise CenterMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
- College of Veterinary MedicineWise CenterMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
| | - Lakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Basic SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineWise CenterMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
- College of Veterinary MedicineWise CenterMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
- Present address: Fishery and Wildlife Research CenterMississippi State UniversityLocksley Way 201Mississippi StateMSUSA
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Ma H, Zhao M, Wang Y, Zhu H, Wang Y, Zhao S, Wu J, Peng S. Cholyl-l-lysine-carboxylbutyryl adriamycin prodrugs targeting chemically induced liver injury. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:470-478. [PMID: 32263663 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02205g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By use of carboxylbutyryl as a linker, adriamycin (ADR) and cholyl-l-Lys (an anti-inflammatory agent) were covalently conjugated and Nα-cholyl-Nε-(N-carbonylpropionoadriamycin)-l-Lys (BCBALys) was constructed as a liver-targeting nano-delivery system to release cholyl-l-Lys and protect the liver from CCl4-induced injury. In ultrapure water and rat plasma, 10-6 M BCBALys formed nanoparticles of 42-231 nm in diameter and ∼116 nm in height. In a CCl4-injured mouse model, however, only 2 µmol kg-1 of BCBALys effectively protected the liver of the mice from injury, and the mouse liver histology showed no hepatic architecture loss and inflammatory cell infiltration. BCBALys selectively accumulated in the liver of CCl4-injured mice, but not in other vital organs, and released cholyl-l-Lys. These data demonstrated that BCBALys exhibited high efficacy for treating CCl4-induced liver injury in a targeted manner. The chemical mechanism of BCBALys nanoparticle formation and the pharmacological mechanism of BCBALys mouse liver protection from CCl4-induced injury were also revealed by experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Ma
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P. R. China.
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Coyne CP, Narayanan L. Dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR]: molecular design, synthetic organic chemistry reactions, and antineoplastic cytotoxic potency against pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549). Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:2575-97. [PMID: 27574398 PMCID: PMC4990379 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Corticosteroids are effective in the management of a variety of disease states, such as several forms of neoplasia (leukemia and lymphoma), autoimmune conditions, and severe inflammatory responses. Molecular strategies that selectively "target" delivery of corticosteroids minimize or prevents large amounts of the pharmaceutical moiety from passively diffusing into normal healthy cell populations residing within tissues and organ systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS The covalent immunopharmaceutical, dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR] was synthesized by reacting dexamethasone-21-monophosphate with a carbodiimide reagent to form a dexamethasone phosphate carbodiimide ester that was subsequently reacted with imidazole to create an amine-reactive dexamethasone-(C21-phosphorylimidazolide) intermediate. Monoclonal anti-EGFR immunoglobulin was combined with the amine-reactive dexamethasone-(C21-phosphorylimidazolide) intermediate, resulting in the synthesis of the covalent immunopharmaceutical, dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR]. Following spectrophotometric analysis and validation of retained epidermal growth factor receptor type 1 (EGFR)-binding avidity by cell-ELISA, the selective anti-neoplasic cytotoxic potency of dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR] was established by MTT-based vitality stain methodology using adherent monolayer populations of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549) known to overexpress the tropic membrane receptors EGFR and insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1. RESULTS The dexamethasone:IgG molar-incorporation-index for dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR] was 6.95:1 following exhaustive serial microfiltration. Cytotoxicity analysis: covalent bonding of dexamethasone to monoclonal anti-EGFR immunoglobulin did not significantly modify the ex vivo antineoplastic cytotoxicity of dexamethasone against pulmonary adenocarcinoma at and between the standardized dexamethasone equivalent concentrations of 10(-9) M and 10(-5) M. Rapid increases in antineoplastic cytotoxicity were observed at and between the dexamethasone equivalent concentrations of 10(-9) M and 10(-7) M where cancer cell death increased from 7.7% to a maximum of 64.9% (92.3%-35.1% residual survival), respectively, which closely paralleled values for "free" noncovalently bound dexamethasone. DISCUSSION Organic chemistry reaction regimens were optimized to develop a multiphase synthesis regimen for dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR]. Attributes of dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramide)-[anti-EGFR] include a high dexamethasone molar incorporation-index, lack of extraneous chemical group introduction, retained EGFR-binding avidity ("targeted" delivery properties), and potential to enhance long-term pharmaceutical moiety effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
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17
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Jain AS, Dhawan VV, Sarmento B, Nagarsenker MS. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluations of Lipid Anti-Cancer Nanoformulations: Insights and Assessment of Bioavailability Enhancement. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:553-71. [PMID: 27068527 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoformulations have been extensively investigated for improving oral efficacy of plethora of drugs. Chemotherapeutic agents remain a preferred option for effective management of cancer; however, most chemotherapeutic agents suffer from limitation of poor oral bioavailability that is associated with their physicochemical properties. Drug delivery via lipid-based nanosystems possesses strong rational and potential for improving oral bioavailability of such anti-cancer molecules through various mechanisms, viz. improving their gut solubilisation owing to micellization, improving mucosal permeation, improving lymphatic uptake, inhibiting intestinal metabolism and/or inhibiting P-glycoprotein efflux of molecules in the gastrointestinal tract. Various in vitro characterization techniques have been reported in literature that aid in getting insights into mechanisms of lipid-based nanodevices in improving oral efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. The review focuses on different characterization techniques that can be employed for evaluation of lipid-based nanosystems and their role in effective anti-cancer drug delivery.
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18
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Ulbrich K, Holá K, Šubr V, Bakandritsos A, Tuček J, Zbořil R. Targeted Drug Delivery with Polymers and Magnetic Nanoparticles: Covalent and Noncovalent Approaches, Release Control, and Clinical Studies. Chem Rev 2016; 116:5338-431. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1120] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Ulbrich
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Holá
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17 Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Šubr
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Heyrovsky Square 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aristides Bakandritsos
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17 Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tuček
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17 Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17 Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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19
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Kelly GJ, Kia AFA, Hassan F, O'Grady S, Morgan MP, Creaven BS, McClean S, Harmey JH, Devocelle M. Polymeric prodrug combination to exploit the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial peptides against cancer cells. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9278-9286. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01815g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first targeted anticancer polymeric prodrug candidates of antimicrobial peptides, intended for combination therapy with another polymeric prodrug of an approved antineoplastic agent (doxorubicin) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. J. Kelly
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | | | - F. Hassan
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - S. O'Grady
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - M. P. Morgan
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - B. S. Creaven
- Department of Science
- Institute of Technology Tallaght
- Dublin 24
- Ireland
| | - S. McClean
- Centre of Microbial Host Interactions
- Institute of Technology Tallaght
- Dublin 24
- Ireland
| | - J. H. Harmey
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - M. Devocelle
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
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20
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Mielańczyk A, Neugebauer D. Designing Drug Conjugates Based on Sugar Decorated V-Shape and Star Polymethacrylates: Influence of Composition and Architecture of Polymeric Carrier. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2303-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mielańczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry
and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dorota Neugebauer
- Department of Physical Chemistry
and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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21
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KOZIOLOVA E, JANOUSKOVA O, CHYTIL P, STUDENOVSKY M, KOSTKA L, ETRYCH T. Nanotherapeutics With Anthracyclines: Methods of Determination and Quantification of Anthracyclines in Biological Samples. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S1-10. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines, e.g. doxorubicin, pirarubicin, are widely used as cytostatic agents in the polymer nanotherapeutics designed for the highly effective antitumor therapy with reduced side effects. However, their precise dosage scheme needs to be optimized, which requires an accurate method for their quantification on the cellular level in vitro during nanocarrier development and in body fluids and tissues during testing in vivo. Various methods detecting the anthracycline content in biological samples have already been designed. Most of them are highly demanding and they differ in exactness and reproducibility. The cellular uptake and localization is predominantly observed and determined by microscopy techniques, the anthracycline content is usually quantified by chromatographic analysis using fluorescence detection. We reviewed and compared published methods concerning the detection of anthracycline nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. KOZIOLOVA
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Sousa-Herves A, Würfel P, Wegner N, Khandare J, Licha K, Haag R, Welker P, Calderón M. Dendritic polyglycerol sulfate as a novel platform for paclitaxel delivery: pitfalls of ester linkage. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3923-32. [PMID: 25516353 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04428b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS) is evaluated as a delivery platform for the anticancer, tubulin-binding drug paclitaxel (PTX). The conjugation of PTX to dPGS is conducted via a labile ester linkage. A non-sulfated dendritic polyglycerol (dPG) is used as a control, and the labeling with an indocarbocyanine dye (ICC) renders multifunctional conjugates that can be monitored by fluorescence microscopy. The conjugates are characterized by (1)H NMR, UV-vis measurements, and RP-HPLC. In vitro cytotoxicity of PTX and dendritic conjugates is evaluated using A549 and A431 cell lines, showing a reduced cytotoxic efficacy of the conjugates compared to PTX. The study of uptake kinetics reveals a linear, non saturable uptake in tumor cells for dPGS-PTX-ICC, while dPG-PTX-ICC is hardly taken up. Despite the marginal uptake of dPG-PTX-ICC, it prompts tubulin polymerization to a comparable extent as PTX. These observations suggest a fast ester hydrolysis and premature drug release, as confirmed by HPLC measurements in the presence of plasma enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sousa-Herves
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Chen J, Li X, Gao L, Hu Y, Zhong W, Xing MMQ. A Facile Strategy for In Situ Controlled Delivery of Doxorubicin with a pH-Sensitive Injectable Hydrogel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984414410013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In light of the challenges along with the traditional intravenous administration of chemotherapeutics, injectable hydrogel-drug system emerges as a powerful tool for noninvasive and in situ controlled-release of drugs. Herein, we report a novel strategy of drug delivery system with pH responsive injectable hydrogels by taking advantages of two biomaterials. The first one is a pH sensitive polymer-drug (prodrug) conjugate, poly (ethylene glycol)–doxorubicin (MPEG–DOX) with hydrazone linkage. This prodrug interacted with a second biomaterial, α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) under mild conditions and subsequently formed the hydrogels in minutes with tunable stiffness. The gels showed a sustained release behavior dependent on the surrounding pH and released drugs effectively killed tumor cells (MCF-7). The quick cell uptake and efficient intracellular delivery of DOX were observed under a confocal microscope. This study thus provides a novel and simple drug encapsulation strategy to deliver poorly soluble drugs in situ for a potential targeted chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P4, Canada
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Southern Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Liqian Gao
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #04-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Key Lab of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Malcolm MQ Xing
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P4, Canada
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24
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Layer-by-layer microcapsules for pH-controlled delivery of small molecules. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-014-0153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Tsai WB, Lai HY, Lee JL, Lo CW, Chen WS. Enhancement of the cytotoxicity and selectivity of doxorubicin to hepatoma cells by synergistic combination of galactose-decorated γ-poly(glutamic acid) nanoparticles and low-intensity ultrasound. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5510-5517. [PMID: 24754730 DOI: 10.1021/la500352g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Specific drug delivery to solid tumors remains one of the challenges in cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to combine three drug-targeting strategies, polymer-drug conjugate, ligand presentation and ultrasound treatment, to enhance the efficacy and selectivity of doxorubicin (DXR) to hepatoma cells. The conjugation of DXR to γ-poly(glutamic acids) (γ-PGA) decreased the cytotoxicity of DXR, while the conjugation of galactosamine (Gal) to the γ-PGA-DXR conjugate restored the cytotoxic efficacy of DXR on hepatoma cells due to increased uptake of DXR. Furthermore, low-intensity ultrasound treatment increased the cell-killing ability of γ-PGA-DXR conjugates by 20%. The in vitro results showed the potential of the γ-PGA-DXR-Gal conjugate for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bor Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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26
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Liang CH, Ye WL, Zhu CL, Na R, Cheng Y, Cui H, Liu DZ, Yang ZF, Zhou SY. Synthesis of Doxorubicin α-Linolenic Acid Conjugate and Evaluation of Its Antitumor Activity. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1378-90. [DOI: 10.1021/mp4004139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-hui Liang
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- Department
of Pharmacy, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an 710002, China
| | - Wei-liang Ye
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Chun-lai Zhu
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Ren Na
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Han Cui
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Dao-zhou Liu
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Zhi-fu Yang
- Department
of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Si-yuan Zhou
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
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27
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Coyne CP, Jones T, Bear R. Anti-Neoplastic Cytotoxicity of Gemcitabine-(C 4- amide)-[anti-EGFR] in Dual-combination with Epirubicin-(C 3- amide)-[anti-HER2/ neu] against Chemotherapeutic-Resistant Mammary Adenocarcinoma (SKBr-3) and the Complementary Effect of Mebendazole. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND THERAPEUTIC ONCOLOGY 2014; 2:203. [PMID: 25844392 PMCID: PMC4381351 DOI: 10.17303/jcrto.2014.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Delineate the feasibility of simultaneous, dual selective "targeted" chemotherapeutic delivery and determine if this molecular strategy can promote higher levels anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity than if only one covalent immunochemotherapeutic is selectively "targeted" for delivery at a single membrane associated receptor over-expressed by chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma. METHODOLOGY Gemcitabine and epirubicin were covalently bond to anti-EGFR and anti-HER2/neu utilizing a rapid multi-phase synthetic organic chemistry reaction scheme. Determination that 96% or greater gemcitabine or epirubicin content was covalently bond to immunoglobulin fractions following size separation by micro-scale column chromatography was established by methanol precipitation analysis. Residual binding-avidity of gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-EG-FR] applied in dual-combination with epirubicin-(C3-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] was determined by cell-ELIZA utilizing chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma (SKBr-3) populations. Lack of fragmentation or polymerization was validated by SDS-PAGE/immunodetection/chemiluminescent autoradiography. Anti-neoplastic cytotoxic potency was determined by vitality stain analysis of chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma (SKBr-3) monolayers known to uniquely over-express EGFR (2 × 105/cell) and HER2/neu (1 × 106/cell) receptor complexes. The covalent immunochemotherapeutics gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-EGFR] and epirubicin-(C3-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] were applied simultaneously in dual-combination to determine their capacity to collectively evoke elevated levels of anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity. Lastly, the tubulin/microtubule inhibitor mebendazole evaluated to determine if it's potential to complemented the anti-neoplastic cytotoxic properties of gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-EGFR] in dual-combination with epirubicin-(C3-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu]. RESULTS Dual-combination of gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-EGFR] with epirubicin-(C3-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] produced greater levels of anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity than either of the covalent immunochemotherapeutics alone. The benzimidazole microtubule/tubulin inhibitor, mebendazole complemented the anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity of gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-EGFR] in dual-combination with epirubicin-(C3-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu]. CONCLUSIONS The dual-combination of gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-EGFR] with epirubicin-(C3-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] produced higher levels of selectively "targeted" anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity against chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma (SKBr-3) than either covalent immunochemotherapeutic alone. The benzimidazole tubulin/microtubule inhibitor, mebendazole also possessed anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity against chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma (SKBr-3) and complemented the potency and efficacy of gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-EGFR] in dual-combination with epirubicin-(C3-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu].
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Affiliation(s)
- CP Coyne
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine at Wise Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - Toni Jones
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine at Wise Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - Ryan Bear
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine at Wise Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
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28
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Paliwal SR, Paliwal R, Vyas SP. A review of mechanistic insight and application of pH-sensitive liposomes in drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:231-42. [PMID: 24524308 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.882469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pH-sensitive liposomes have been extensively used as an alternative to conventional liposomes in effective intracellular delivery of therapeutics/antigen/DNA/diagnostics to various compartments of the target cell. Such liposomes are destabilized under acidic conditions of the endocytotic pathway as they usually contain pH-sensitive lipid components. Therefore, the encapsulated content is delivered into the intracellular bio-environment through destabilization or its fusion with the endosomal membrane. The therapeutic efficacy of pH-sensitive liposomes enables them as biomaterial with commercial utility especially in cancer treatment. In addition, targeting ligands including antibodies can be anchored on the surface of pH-sensitive liposomes to target specific cell surface receptors/antigen present on tumor cells. These vesicles have also been widely explored for antigen delivery and serve as immunological adjuvant to enhance the immune response to antigens. The present review deals with recent research updates on application of pH-sensitive liposomes in chemotherapy/diagnostics/antigen/gene delivery etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Rai Paliwal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur , Chhattisgarh , India
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29
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Liu S, Ko ACT, Li W, Zhong W, Xing M. NIR initiated and pH sensitive single-wall carbon nanotubes for doxorubicin intracellular delivery. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:1125-1135. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21362e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Duhem N, Danhier F, Pourcelle V, Schumers JM, Bertrand O, Leduff CS, Hoeppener S, Schubert US, Gohy JF, Marchand-Brynaert J, Préat V. Self-assembling doxorubicin-tocopherol succinate prodrug as a new drug delivery system: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 25:72-81. [PMID: 24328289 DOI: 10.1021/bc400326y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled prodrugs forming nanoaggregates are a promising approach to enhance the antitumor efficacy and to reduce the toxicity of anticancer drugs. To achieve this goal, doxorubicin was chemically conjugated to d-α-tocopherol succinate through an amide bond to form N-doxorubicin-α-d-tocopherol succinate (N-DOX-TOS). The prodrug self-assembled in water into 250 nm nanostructures when stabilized with d-α-tocopherol poly(ethylene glycol) 2000 succinate. Cryo-TEM analysis revealed the formation of nanoparticles with a highly ordered lamellar inner structure. NMR spectra of the N-DOX-TOS nanoparticles indicated that N-DOX-TOS is located in the core of the nanoparticles while PEG chains and part of the tocopherol are in the corona. High drug loading (34% w/w) and low in vitro drug release were achieved. In vitro biological assessment showed significant anticancer activity and temperature-dependent cellular uptake of N-DOX-TOS nanoparticles. In vivo, these nanoparticles showed a greater antitumor efficacy than free DOX. N-DOX-TOS nanoparticles might have the potential to improve DOX-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Duhem
- Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 73 B1.73.12 Avenue Mounier, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Dube N, Shu JY, Dong H, Seo JW, Ingham E, Kheirolomoom A, Chen PY, Forsayeth J, Bankiewicz K, Ferrara KW, Xu T. Evaluation of doxorubicin-loaded 3-helix micelles as nanocarriers. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3697-705. [PMID: 24050265 DOI: 10.1021/bm4010518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Designing stable drug nanocarriers, 10-30 nm in size, would have significant impact on their transport in circulation, tumor penetration, and therapeutic efficacy. In the present study, biological properties of 3-helix micelles loaded with 8 wt % doxorubicin (DOX), ~15 nm in size, were characterized to validate their potential as a nanocarrier platform. DOX-loaded micelles exhibited high stability in terms of size and drug retention in concentrated protein environments similar to conditions after intravenous injections. DOX-loaded micelles were cytotoxic to PPC-1 and 4T1 cancer cells at levels comparable to free DOX. 3-Helix micelles can be disassembled by proteolytic degradation of peptide shell to enable drug release and clearance to minimize long-term accumulation. Local administration to normal rat striatum by convection enhanced delivery (CED) showed greater extent of drug distribution and reduced toxicity relative to free drug. Intravenous administration of DOX-loaded 3-helix micelles demonstrated improved tumor half-life and reduced toxicity to healthy tissues in comparison to free DOX. In vivo delivery of DOX-loaded 3-helix micelles through two different routes clearly indicates the potential of 3-helix micelles as safe and effective nanocarriers for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Dube
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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32
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Hussain AF, Krüger HR, Kampmeier F, Weissbach T, Licha K, Kratz F, Haag R, Calderón M, Barth S. Targeted Delivery of Dendritic Polyglycerol–Doxorubicin Conjugates by scFv-SNAP Fusion Protein Suppresses EGFR+ Cancer Cell Growth. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2510-20. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400410e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Fawzi Hussain
- Department of Gynecology and
Obstetrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Harald Rune Krüger
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kampmeier
- Department of Imaging Sciences
and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Tim Weissbach
- Department of Experimental Medicine
and Immunotherapy, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 20,
52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- mivenion GmbH, Robert-Koch-Platz 4, 10115,
Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Kratz
- Tumor Biology Center and Proquinase GmbH, Breisacher Strasse 117, 79106, Freiburg,
Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Department of Experimental Medicine
and Immunotherapy, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 20,
52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074,
Aachen, Germany
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33
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Guo H, Lai Q, Wang W, Wu Y, Zhang C, Liu Y, Yuan Z. Functional alginate nanoparticles for efficient intracellular release of doxorubicin and hepatoma carcinoma cell targeting therapy. Int J Pharm 2013; 451:1-11. [PMID: 23618965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to efficiently deliver chemotherapy drugs into hepatoma cells, a pH-sensitive and liver-targeted drug delivery system (glycyrrhetinic acid-modified alginate/doxorubicin-modified alginate complex nanoparticles), termed GA-ALG/DOX-ALG NPs, was prepared. First, GA-ALG and DOX-ALG were synthesized, and then GA-ALG/DOX-ALG NPs self-assembled by mixing GA-ALG and DOX-ALG via dialysis. Properties of pH-sensitivity, biodistribution in mice, and antitumor activity against ectopic hepatoma tumors in the NPs were evaluated. DOX release from GA-ALG/DOX-ALG NPs showed pH-sensitivity; less than 10% of drugs were liberated at pH 7.4 within 9 d while 58.7% of DOX released at pH 4.0. The confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) experiment showed that GA-ALG/DOX-ALG NPs can respond to the endosomal/lysosomal environment and had pH-triggered intracellular releasing property. The area under the curve (AUC(0-∞)) and half-life (t(½)) in the liver of GA-ALG/DOX-ALG NPs were 1156.7 μg h/g and 34.3 h, respectively, which was 11.8- and 3.2-fold higher than that of the DOX·HCl group. Furthermore, the inhibition rate of tumor growth was 79.3% after treatment with GA-ALG/DOX-ALG NPs, which was much higher than that of the DOX·HCl (48.5%) and DOX-ALG NPs groups (62.7%). Importantly, no mice died in the GA-ALG/DOX-ALG NPs group, while the mortality rate was 40% in the DOX·HCl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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34
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Mo R, Sun Q, Li N, Zhang C. Intracellular delivery and antitumor effects of pH-sensitive liposomes based on zwitterionic oligopeptide lipids. Biomaterials 2013; 34:2773-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Xing T, Mao C, Lai B, Yan L. Synthesis of disulfide-cross-linked polypeptide nanogel conjugated with a near-infrared fluorescence probe for direct imaging of reduction-induced drug release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:5662-72. [PMID: 22974285 DOI: 10.1021/am301600u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Reduction-sensitive polymeric nanocarrier with near-infrared fluorescence probe has been prepared. Disulfide-cross-linked polypeptide nanogel with near-infrared fluorescence property (NIRF nanogel) was first synthesized, then the anticancer drug doxorubicin was encapsulated into polypeptide core of the NIRF nanogel to prepare a drug carrier with near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF prodrug). In vitro drug release study of the NIRF prodrug revealed an accelerated release behavior in the presence of 10 mM glutathione (GSH). Cellular uptake studies of both the NIRF nanogel and NIRF prodrug showed that they could enter cell via endocytosis. With the aid of NIRF labeling, direct imaging of the drug release from NIRF nanogel was accomplished, and drug molecules released subsequently migrated into nucleus while the NIRF nanogel still remained in cytoplasm. In vivo distribution of the NIRF nanogel and NIRF prodrug on tumor-bearing nude mice shows that both of them accumulated at tumor place at 24 h after tail veil injection via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The NIRF prodrug prepared here has the potential application for the theranosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xing
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China
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36
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Lee EH, Lim SJ. Cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 inducing Effects of α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate in lung epithelial cells. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1639-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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Coyne CP, Jones T, Bear R. Synthesis of Gemcitabine-(C 4- amide)-[anti-HER2/ neu] Utilizing a UV-Photoactivated Gemcitabine Intermediate: Cytotoxic Anti-Neoplastic Activity against Chemotherapeutic-Resistant Mammary Adenocarcinoma SKBr-3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [PMID: 26225216 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2012.325089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog that becomes triphosphorylated intracellularly where it competitively inhibits cytidine incorporation into DNA strands. Another mechanism-of-action of gemcitabine (diphosphorylated form) involves irreversible inhibition of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase thereby preventing deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. Functioning as a potent chemotherapeutic gemcitabine promote decreases in neoplastic cell proliferation and apoptosis which is frequently found to be effective for the treatment of several leukemias and a wide spectrum of carcinomas. A brief plasma half-life in part due to rapid deamination and chemotherapeutic-resistance restricts the utility of gemcit-abine in clinical oncology. Selective "targeted" delivery of gemcitabine represents a potential molecular strategy for simultaneously prolonging its plasma half-life and minimizing innocient tissues and organ systems exposure to chemotherapy. The molecular design and an organic chemistry based synthesis reaction is described that initially generates a UV-photoactivated gemcitabine intermediate. In a subsequent phase of the synthesis method the UV-photoactivated gemcitabine intermediate is covalently bonded to a monoclonal immunoglobulin yielding an end-product in the form of gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu]. Analysis by SDS-PAGE/chemiluminescent auto-radiography did not detect evidence of gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] polymerization or degradative fragmentation while cell-ELISA demonstrated retained binding-avidity for HER2/neu trophic membrane receptor complexes highly over-expressed by chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma (SKBr-3). Compared to chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma (SKBr-3), the covalent immunochemotherapeutic, gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] is anticipated to exert greater levels of cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency against other neoplastic cell types like pancreatic carcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma, neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, cervical epitheliod carcinoma, or leukemia/lymphoid neoplastic cell types based on their reported sensitivity to gemcitabine and gemcitabine covalent conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody P Coyne
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Oktibbeha County, USA
| | - Toni Jones
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Oktibbeha County, USA
| | - Ryan Bear
- Wise Center, Mississippi State University, Oktibbeha County, USA
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38
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Cellular delivery of doxorubicin via pH-controlled hydrazone linkage using multifunctional nano vehicle based on poly(β-l-malic acid). Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11681-11693. [PMID: 23109877 PMCID: PMC3472769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is currently used in cancer chemotherapy to treat many tumors and shows improved delivery, reduced toxicity and higher treatment efficacy when being part of nanoscale delivery systems. However, a major drawback remains its toxicity to healthy tissue and the development of multi-drug resistance during prolonged treatment. This is why in our work we aimed to improve DOX delivery and reduce the toxicity by chemical conjugation with a new nanoplatform based on polymalic acid. For delivery into recipient cancer cells, DOX was conjugated via pH-sensitive hydrazone linkage along with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a biodegradable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic nanoconjugate platform: poly(β-l-malic acid) (PMLA). DOX-nanoconjugates were found stable under physiological conditions and shown to successfully inhibit in vitro cancer cell growth of several invasive breast carcinoma cell lines such as MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB- 468 and of primary glioma cell lines such as U87MG and U251.
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39
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Han S, Liu Y, Nie X, Xu Q, Jiao F, Li W, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Chen C. Efficient delivery of antitumor drug to the nuclei of tumor cells by amphiphilic biodegradable poly(L-aspartic acid-co-lactic acid)/DPPE co-polymer nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1596-606. [PMID: 22411637 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for controlled drug delivery has shown significant therapeutic potential. Polyaspartic acid and polylactic acid are the most intensively studied biodegradable polymers. In the present study, novel amphiphilic biodegradable co-polymer NPs, poly(L-aspartic acid-co-lactic acid) with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE) (poly(AA-co-LA)/DPPE) is synthesized and subsequently used to encapsulate an antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX). The formulation parameters of the NPs are optimized to improve encapsulation efficiency. The resulting drug-loaded NPs possess better size homogeneity (polydispersity) and exhibit pH-responsive drug release profiles. Cellular viability assays indicate that the poly(AA-co-LA)/DPPE NPs did not induce cell death, whereas doxorubicin encapsulated NPs were cytotoxic to various types of tumor cells. In addition, the free NPs could not enter the cell nuclei after internalized in tumor cells. The DOX-loaded NPs exhibit efficient intracellular delivery in tumor cells with co-localization in lysosome and delay entering into the nucleus, which suggests a time- and pH-dependent drug release profile within cells. When applied to deliver chemotherapeutics to a mouse xenograft model of human lung adenocarcinoma, DOX-loaded NPs have a comparable antitumor activity with free DOX, and greatly reduce systemic toxicity and mortality. The delivery of cytotoxic drugs directly to the nucleus specifically within tumor cells is of great interest. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the application of the amphiphilic polyaspartic acid derivative, poly(AA-co-LA)/DPPE, as a nanocarrier for cell nuclear delivery of potent antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Han
- CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
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40
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Dao KL, Sawant RR, Hendricks JA, Ronga V, Torchilin VP, Hanson RN. Design, synthesis, and initial biological evaluation of a steroidal anti-estrogen-doxorubicin bioconjugate for targeting estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:785-95. [PMID: 22404783 DOI: 10.1021/bc200645n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As part of our program to develop breast cancer specific therapeutic agents, we have synthesized a conjugate agent that is a conjugate of the steroidal anti-estrogen and the potent cytotoxin doxorubicin. In this effort, we employed a modular assembly approach to prepare a novel 11β-substituted steroidal anti-estrogen functionalized with an azido-tetraethylene glycol moiety, which could be coupled to a complementary doxorubicin benzoyl hydrazone functionalized with a propargyl tetraethylene glycol moiety. Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition chemistry gave the final hybrid that was evaluated for selective uptake and cytotoxicity in ER(+)-MCF-7 and ER(-)-MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The results demonstrated that the presence of the anti-estrogenic component in the hybrid compound was critical for selectivity and cytotoxicity in ER(+)-MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as the hybrid was ~70-fold more potent than doxorubicin in inhibition of cell proliferation and promoting cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinh-Luan Dao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
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41
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Coyne CP, Jones T, Bear R. Synthesis of a covalent epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-anti-HER2/neu immunochemotherapeutic utilizing a UV-photoactivated anthracycline intermediate. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:41-55. [PMID: 22191802 PMCID: PMC4361169 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2011.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The C(3)-monoamine on the carbohydrate moiety (daunosamine -NH(2)-3') of epirubicin was reacted under anhydrous conditions with succinimidyl 4,4-azipentanoate to create a covalent UV-photoactivated epirubicin-(C(3)-amide) intermediate with primary amine-reactive properties. A synthetic covalent bond between the UV-photoactivated epirubicin-(C(3)-amide) intermediate and the ɛ-amine of lysine residues within the amino acid sequence of anti-HER2/neu monoclonal immunoglobulin was subsequently created by exposure to UV light (354 nm) for 15 minutes. Size-separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with immunodetection analysis and chemiluminescent autoradiographic imaging revealed a lack of IgG-IgG polymerization or degradative protein fragmentation of the covalent epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] immunochemotherapeutic. Retained binding-avidity of epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] was validated by cell-ELISA utilizing monolayer populations of chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma SKBr-3 which highly overexpress membrane-associated HER2/neu complexes. Between epirubicin-equivalent concentrations of 10(-10) to 10(-6) M the covalent epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] immunochemotherapeutic consistently evoked levels of cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency that were highly analogous to chemotherapeutic-equivalent concentrations of epirubicin. Cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency of epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] against chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma SKBr-3 challenged with epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] at an epirubicin-equivalent concentration of 10(-6) M was 88.5% (e.g., 11.5% residual survival). Between final epirubicin-equivalent concentrations of 10(-8) and 10(-7) M there was a marked threshold increase in the mean cytotoxic anti-neoplastic activity for epirubicin-(C(3)-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] from 9.9% to 66.9% (90.2% to 33.1% residual survival).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody P Coyne
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
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42
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Manchun S, Dass CR, Sriamornsak P. Targeted therapy for cancer using pH-responsive nanocarrier systems. Life Sci 2012; 90:381-7. [PMID: 22326503 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most of the conventional chemotherapeutic agents used against cancer have poor efficacy. An approach to improve the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy is the development of carrier systems that can be triggered to release the anticancer drug in response to extracellular or intracellular chemical stimuli. To this end, pH-responsive nanocarriers have been developed to target drugs either to the slightly acidic extracellular fluids of tumor tissue or, after endocytosis, to the endosomes or lysosomes within cancer cells. These systems can release the drug by specific processes after accumulation in tumor tissues via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect or they can release the drugs in endosomes or lysosomes by pH-controlled hydrolysis after they are taken up by the cell via the endocytic pathway. This strategy facilitates the specific delivery of the drug while reducing systemic side-effects with high potential for improving the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somkamon Manchun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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43
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Polypeptide conjugates of D-penicillamine and idarubicin for anticancer therapy. J Control Release 2011; 158:215-23. [PMID: 22063001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated anticancer therapy with a novel combination of D-penicillamine (D-pen) and Idarubicin (Ida) in a synthetic dual drug conjugate (DDC). D-pen and Ida were covalently linked to poly(α)-L-glutamic acid (PGA) via reducible disulfide and acid-sensitive hydrazone bonds, respectively. The DDCs showed cell uptake and sustained release of the bound drugs in conditions mimicking the intracellular release media (10mM glutathione and pH 5.2). The in-vitro cytotoxicity of DDCs was comparable to unconjugated Ida in several sensitive and resistant cancer cell lines and correlated with the rate of cell uptake. In a single equivalent-dose pharmacokinetic study, DDCs enhanced the drug exposure by 7-fold and prolonged the plasma circulation half-life (t(1/2)) by 5-fold over unconjugated Ida. The therapeutic index of DDCs was 2-3-fold higher than unconjugated drugs. DDCs caused 89% tumor growth inhibition compared to 60% by unconjugated Ida alone and led to significant enhancement in the median survival (17%) of athymic nu/nu mice bearing NCI-H460 tumor xenografts.
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44
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Development of efficient acid cleavable multifunctional prodrugs derived from dendritic polyglycerol with a poly(ethylene glycol) shell. J Control Release 2011; 151:295-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Ren D, Kratz F, Wang SW. Protein nanocapsules containing doxorubicin as a pH-responsive delivery system. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1051-60. [PMID: 21456086 PMCID: PMC3118673 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase is engineered to form a caged, hollow dodecahedral protein assembly, and the feasibility of this scaffold to be used as a drug delivery system is examined by introducing cysteines to the internal cavity (D381C). The fluorescent dye Alexa Fluor 532 (AF532M) and the antitumor drug doxorubicin are coupled to this internal cavity through maleimides on the guest molecules. The viruslike particle's structure and stability remain intact after binding of the molecules within the interior of the nanocapsule. The pH-dependent hydrolysis of a hydrazone linkage to doxorubicin allows 90% drug release from the D381C scaffold within 72 h at pH 5.0. Fluorescence microscopy of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells indicates significant uptake of the D381C scaffold incorporating AF532M and doxorubicin, and suggests internalization of the nanoparticles through endocytosis. It is observed that the protein scaffold does not induce cell death, but doxorubicin encapsulated in D381C is indeed cytotoxic, yielding an IC(50) of 1.3 ± 0.3 μM. While the majority of particulate-based drug delivery strategies encapsulates drugs within polymeric nanoparticles, these results show the potential for using macromolecular protein assemblies. This approach yields a promising new opportunity for designing highly defined nanomaterials for therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575, USA
| | - Felix Kratz
- Tumor Biology Center, Division of Macromolecular Prodrugs, Breisacher Strasse 117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697-2575, USA
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46
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Coyne CP, Jones T, Sygula A, Bailey J, Pinchuk L. Epirubicin-[Anti-HER2/ neu] Synthesized with an Epirubicin-(C 13- imino)-EMCS Analog: Anti-Neoplastic Activity against Chemotherapeutic-Resistant SKBr-3 Mammary Carcinoma in Combination with Organic Selenium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2:22-39. [PMID: 26229727 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2011.21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Discover the anti-neoplastic efficacy of epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] against chemotherapeutic-resistant SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma and delineate the capacity of selenium to enhance it's cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency. METHODS In molar excess, EMCH was combined with epirubicin to create a covalent epirubicin-(C13-imino)-EMCH-maleimide intermediate with sulfhydryl-reactive properties. Monoclonal immunoglobulin selective for HER2/neu was then thiolated with 2-iminothiolane at the terminal ε-amine group of lysine residues. The sulfhydryl-reactive epirubicin-(C13-imino)-EMCH intermediate was then combined with thiolated anti-HER2/neu monoclonal immunoglobulin. Western-blot analysis was utilized to characterize the molecular weight profiles while binding of epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] to membrane receptors was determined by cell-ELISA utilizing populations of SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma that highly over-expresses HER2/neu complexes. Anti-neoplastic potency of epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] between the epirubicin-equivalent concentrations of 10-12 M and 10-7 M was determined by vitality staining analysis with and without the presence of selenium (5 μM). RESULTS Epiribucin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] between epirubicin-equivalent concentrations of 10-8 M to 10-7 M consistently evoked higher anti-neoplastic potency than "free" non-conjugated epirubicin which corresponded with previous investigations utilizing epirubicin-(C3-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] and epirubicin-(C3-amide)-[anti-EGFR]. Selenium at 5 mM consistently enhanced the cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency of epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] at epirubicin equivalent concentrations (10-12 to 10-7 M). CONCLUSIONS Epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] is more potent than epirubicin against chemotherapeutic-resistant SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma and selenium enhances epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] potency. The methodology applied for synthesizing epirubicin-(C13-imino)-[anti-HER2/neu] is relatively time convenient and has low instrumentation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody P Coyne
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Toni Jones
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Andrzej Sygula
- Department Organic Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
| | - John Bailey
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, William Cary University, Hattiesburg, USA
| | - Lesya Pinchuk
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
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47
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Christie RJ, Anderson DJ, Grainger DW. Comparison of hydrazone heterobifunctional cross-linking agents for reversible conjugation of thiol-containing chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 21:1779-87. [PMID: 20695431 DOI: 10.1021/bc100049c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reversible covalent conjugation chemistries that allow site- and condition-specific coupling and uncoupling reactions are attractive components in nanotechnologies, bioconjugation methods, imaging, and drug delivery systems. Here, we compare three heterobifunctional cross-linkers, containing both thiol- and amine-reactive chemistries, to form pH-labile hydrazones with hydrazide derivatives of the known and often published water-soluble polymer, poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide)] (pHPMA), while subsequently coupling thiol-containing molecules to the cross-linker via maleimide addition. Two novel cross-linkers were prepared from the popular heterobifunctional cross-linking agent, succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC), modified to contain either terminal aldehyde groups (i.e., 1-(N-3-propanal)-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane carboxamide, PMCA) or methylketone groups (i.e., 1-(N-3-butanone)-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane carboxamide, BMCA). A third cross-linking agent was the commercially available N-4-acetylphenyl maleimide (APM). PMCA and BMCA exhibited excellent reactivity toward hydrazide-derivatized pHPMA with essentially complete hydrazone conjugation to polymer reactive sites, while APM coupled only ∼60% of available reactive sites on the polymer despite a 3-fold molar excess relative to polymer hydrazide groups. All polymer hydrazone conjugates bearing these bifunctional agents were then further reacted with thiol-modified tetramethylrhodamine dye, confirming cross-linker maleimide reactivity after initial hydrazone polymer conjugation. Incubation of dye-labeled polymer conjugates in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C showed that hydrazone coupling resulting from APM exhibited the greatest difference in stability between pH 7.4 and 5.0, with hydrolysis and dye release increased at pH 5.0 over a 24 h incubation period. Polymer conjugates bearing hydrazones formed from cross-linker BMCA exhibited intermediate stability with hydrolysis much greater at pH 5.0 at early time points, but hydrolysis at pH 7.4 was significant after 5 h. Hydrazones formed with the PMCA cross-linker showed no difference in release rates at pH 7.4 and 5.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- R James Christie
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA
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48
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Coyne CP, Jones T, Pharr T. Synthesis of a covalent gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] immunochemotherapeutic and its cytotoxic anti-neoplastic activity against chemotherapeutic-resistant SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:67-76. [PMID: 21169024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Gemcitabine is a potent chemotherapeutic that exerts cytotoxic activity against several leukemias and a wide spectrum of carcinomas. A brief plasma half-life in part due to rapid deamination and chemotherapeutic-resistance frequently limit the utility of gemcitabine in clinical oncology. Selective 'targeted' delivery of gemcitabine represents a potential molecular strategy for simultaneously prolonging its plasma half-life and minimizing exposure of innocent tissues and organ systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gemcitabine was combined in molar excess with N-[p-maleimidophenyl]-isocyanate (PMPI) so that the isocyanate moiety of PMPI which exclusively reacts with hydroxyl groups preferentially created a carbamate covalent bond at the terminal C(5)-methylhydroxy group of gemcitabine. Monoclonal immunoglobulin with binding-avidity specifically for HER2/neu was thiolated with 2-iminothiolane at the terminal ε-amine group of lysine amino acid residues. The gemcitabine-(carbamate)-PMPI intermediate with a maleimide moiety that exclusively reacts with reduced sulfhydryl groups was then combined with thiolated anti-HER2/neu monoclonal immunoglobulin. Western-blot analysis was utilized to delineate the molecular weight profile for gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] while cell binding characteristics were determined by cell-ELISA utilizing SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma which highly over-expresses HER2/neu receptors. Cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency of gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] between the gemcitabine-equivalent concentrations of 10(-12) and 10(-6)M was determined utilizing vitality staining analysis of chemotherapeutic-resistant SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma. RESULTS Gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] was synthesized at a molar incorporation index of 1:1.1 (110%) and had a molecular weight of 150kDa that was indistinguishable from reference control immunoglobulin fractions. Cell-ELISA detected progressive increases in SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma associated immunoglobulin with corresponding increases in covalent gemcitabine immunochemotherapeutic concentrations. The in vitro cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency of gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] was approximately 20% and 32% at 10(-7) and 10(-6)M (gemcitabine-equivalent concentrations) after a 182-h incubation period. DISCUSSION The investigations describes for the first time a methodology for synthesizing a gemcitabine anti-HER2/neu immunochemotherapeutic by creating a covalent bond structure between the C(5)-methylhydroxy group of gemcitabine and thiolated lysine amino acid residues of monoclonal antibody or other biologically active protein fractions. Gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] possessed binding-avidity at HER2/neu receptors highly over-expressed by chemotherapeutic-resistant SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma. Alternatively, gemcitabine can be covalently linked at its C(5)-methylhydroxy group to monoclonal immunoglobulin fractions that possess binding-avidity for other receptors and membrane complexes uniquely highly over-expressed by a variety of neoplastic cell types. Compared to chemotherapeutic-resistant SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma, gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] immunochemotherapeutic is anticipated to exert higher levels of cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency against other neoplastic cell types like pancreatic carcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma, neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, cervical epithelioid carcinoma, or leukemia/lymphoid neoplastic cell types based on their reportedly greater sensitivity to gemcitabine and gemcitabine covalent conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Coyne
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to specific group of cells offers an attractive strategy to minimize the undesirable side effects and achieve the therapeutic effect with a lower dose. Both linear and cyclic peptides have been explored as trafficking moiety due to ease of synthesis, structural simplicity, and low probability of undesirable immunogenicity. Peptides derived from sequence of cell surface proteins, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), LHRH, Bombesin, and LFA-1, have shown potent binding affinity to the target cell surface receptors. Moreover, peptides derived from ICAM-1 receptor can be internalized by the leukemic T-cells along with the conjugated moiety offering the promise to selectively treat cancers and autoimmune diseases. Systematic analyses have revealed that physicochemical properties of the drug-peptide conjugates and their mechanism of receptor-mediated cellular internalization are important controlling factors for developing a successful targeting system. This review is focused on understanding the factors involved in the development of an effective drug-peptide conjugate with an emphasis on the chemistry and biology of the conjugates. Reported results on several promising drug-peptide conjugates have been critically evaluated. The approaches and results presented here will serve as a guide to systematically approach targeted delivery of cytotoxic drug molecules using peptides for treatment of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Majumdar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Simons Research Laboratories, 2095 Constant Ave., Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
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Li PY, Lai PS, Hung WC, Syu WJ. Poly(l-lactide)-Vitamin E TPGS Nanoparticles Enhanced the Cytotoxicity of Doxorubicin in Drug-Resistant MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2576-82. [DOI: 10.1021/bm1005195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Shan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chou Hung
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jhe Syu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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