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Zhu K, Zhang Z, Li G, Sun J, Gu T, Ain NU, Zhang X, Li D. Extraction, structure, pharmacological activities and applications of polysaccharides and proteins isolated from snail mucus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128878. [PMID: 38141709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Snail mucus had medical applications for wound healing as early as ancient Greece and the late Han Dynasty (China). A literature search found 165 modern research papers discussing the extraction methods, chemical compositions, pharmacological activities, and applications of snail mucus. Thus, this review summarized the research progress on the extraction, structure, pharmacological activities, and applications of polysaccharides and proteins isolated from snail mucus. The extraction methods of snail mucus include natural secretion and stimulation with blunt force, spray, electricity, un-shelling, ultrasonic-assisted, and ozone-assisted. As a natural product, snail mucus mainly comprises two polysaccharides (glycosaminoglycan, dextran), seven glycoproteins (mucin, lectin), various antibacterial peptides, allantoin, glycolic acid, etc. It has pharmacological activities that encourage cell migration and proliferation, and promote angiogenesis and have antibacterial, anti-oxidative and anticancer properties. The mechanism of snail mucus' chemicals performing antibacterial and wound-healing was proposed. Snail mucus is a promising bioactive product with multiple medical applications and has great potential in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. Therefore, this review provides a valuable reference for researching and developing snail mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Guanqiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jiangcen Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Tianyi Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Xicheng Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Duxin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China.
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Phrompanya P, Suriyaruean N, Nantarat N, Saenphet S, Tragoolpua Y, Saenphet K. Biological properties of mucus from land snails ( Lissachatina fulica) and freshwater snails ( Pomacea canaliculata) and histochemical study of mucous cells in their foot. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15827. [PMID: 37583916 PMCID: PMC10424676 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mucus derived from many land snails has been extensively utilised in medicine and cosmetics, but some biological activities of the mucus need to be well documented. Nevertheless, most mucus is obtained from land snails, while mucus from freshwater snails has yet to be attended. Methods This study aims to determine and compare mucus's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from the land snail Lissachatina fulica and the freshwater snail Pomacea canaliculata. ABTS, DPPH, reducing power and total antioxidant activity assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells was performed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity. Additionally, the histochemical analysis of mucous cells in each snail foot was conducted to compare the distribution of mucous cells and types of mucins using periodic acid-Schiff and Alcian blue staining. Results Mucus from L. fulica and P. canaliculata exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in different parameters. L. fulica mucus has higher total antioxidant (44.71 ± 2.11 mg AAE/g) and nitric oxide inhibitory activities (IC50 = 9.67 ± 0.31 µg/ml), whereas P. canaliculata mucus has better-reducing power activity (43.63 ± 2.47 mg AAE/g) and protein denaturation inhibition (IC50 = 0.60 ± 0.03 mg/ml). Histochemically, both species' dorsal and ventral foot regions contained neutral and acid mucins in different quantities. In the dorsal region, the neutral mucins level in L. fulica (16.64 ± 3.46%) was significantly higher than that in P. canaliculata (11.19 ± 1.50%), while the acid mucins level showed no significant difference between species. Levels of both mucins in the ventral foot region of L. fulica (15.08 ± 3.97% and 10.76 ± 3.00%, respectively) were significantly higher than those of P. canaliculata (2.25 ± 0.48% and 2.71 ± 0.56%, respectively). This study revealed scientific evidence of the biological capacity of mucus from L. fulica and P. canaliculata as well as provided helpful information on the region of the foot which produces effective mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phornphan Phrompanya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Ph.D.’s Degree Program in Biology (International Program), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Narinnida Suriyaruean
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattawadee Nantarat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Supap Saenphet
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yingmanee Tragoolpua
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kanokporn Saenphet
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Kodchakorn K, Chokepaichitkool T, Kongtawelert P. Purification and characterisation of heparin-like sulfated polysaccharides with potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity from snail mucus of Achatina fulica. Carbohydr Res 2023; 529:108832. [PMID: 37192581 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Heparin-like sulfated polysaccharide, acharan sulfate, was purified from the mucus of an African giant snail with unique sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). This study reported on finding novel and safe heparin resources from Achatina fulica for further use as well as easy isolation and purification of the active fraction from the initial raw material. Its structure was characterised by a strong-anion exchange combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results indicated that the potential acharan sulfate fraction is a glycosaminoglycan composed of several repeating disaccharide units, namely, of →4)-α-IdoA(2S)(1→4)-α-GlcNAc/GlcNAc(6S)/GlcNSO3(6S)(1→, and hence, presents heterogeneity regarding negative net charge density. Furthermore, the heparinase digests inhibit the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the ACE2 receptor. In summary, the acharan sulfate presented in this work has shown its great potential for application in the preparation of sulfated polysaccharides as an alternative to heparin with important biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchanok Kodchakorn
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Tawan Chokepaichitkool
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Onishi S, Shionoya K, Sato K, Mubuchi A, Maruyama S, Nakajima T, Komeno M, Miyata S, Yoshizawa K, Wada T, Linhardt RJ, Toida T, Higashi K. Fucosylated heparan sulfate from the midgut gland of Patinopecten yessoensis. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120847. [PMID: 37182947 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional relationships of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) derived from marine organisms have been investigated, suggesting that marine invertebrates, particularly Bivalvia, are abundant sources of highly sulfated or branched GAGs. In this study, we identified a novel fucosylated heparan sulfate (Fuc-HS) from the midgut gland of the Japanese scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. Scallop HS showed resistance to GAG-degrading enzymes, including chondroitinases and heparinases, and susceptibility to heparinases increased when scallop HS was treated with mild acid hydrolysis, which removes the fucosyl group. Moreover, 1H NMR detected significant signals near 1.2-1.3 ppm corresponding to the H-6 methyl proton of fucose residues and small H-3 (3.59 ppm) or H-2 (3.39 ppm) signals of glucuronate (GlcA) were detected, suggesting that the fucose moiety is attached to the C-3 position of GlcA in scallop HS. GC-MS detected peaks corresponding to 1, 3, 5-tri-O-acetyl-2, 4-di-O-methyl-L-fucitol and 1, 4, 5-tri-O-acetyl-2, 3-di-O-methyl-L-fucitol, suggesting that the fucose moiety is 3-O- or 4-O-sulfated. Furthermore, scallop HS showed anti-coagulant and neurite outgrowth-promoting (NOP) activities. These results suggest that the midgut gland of scallops is a valuable source of Fuc-HS with biological activities.
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Rosanto YB, Hasan CY, Rahardjo R, Pangestiningsih TW. Effect of snail mucus on angiogenesis during wound healing. F1000Res 2021; 10:181. [PMID: 38912381 PMCID: PMC11190653 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51297.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Angiogenesis is the process through which new blood vessels are formed from existing ones. This process plays an important role in supplying the oxygen and nutrients needed for cellular metabolism and eliminating cell debris during wound healing. Snail mucus can bind to several factors that stimulate angiogenesis, including vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor. The aim of this study is to observe changes in angiogenesis during the healing of wounds topically applied with snail mucus. Methods: Punch biopsy was performed on the back of male Wistar rats to obtain four wounds, and different concentrations of snail mucus were applied to each of these wounds. The animals were sacrificed on days 2, 4, and 7 to observe the extent of angiogenesis during wound healing by microscopy. Results: Two-way ANOVA showed differences in number of blood vessels formed (p = 0.00) and day of observation (p = 0.00) between groups. Post hoc Tukey's HSD test showed that 24% snail mucus treatment does not significantly affect wound healing (p = 0.488); by contrast, treatment with 48% and 96% snail mucus demonstrated significant effects on angiogenesis (p = 0.01). Spearman's test showed interactive effects between snail mucus concentration and day of observation on the extent of angiogenesis (p = 0.001, R = 0.946). Conclusion: Topical application of snail mucus gel can increase angiogenesis during wound healing in Wistar rat skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosaphat Bayu Rosanto
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Cahya Yustisia Hasan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rahardjo Rahardjo
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wahyu Pangestiningsih
- Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
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Influence of temperature on decomposition reaction of compressed hot water to valorize Achatina fulica as a functional material. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhang C, Tang F, Zhang J, Cao J, Li H, Liu C. Uncovering the detailed mode of cleavage of heparinase I toward structurally defined heparin oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:756-764. [PMID: 31479666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For a more insightful investigation into the specificity of bacterial heparinase I, a series of structurally well-defined heparin oligosaccharides was synthesized using a highly efficient chemoenzymatic strategy. Apart from the primary cleavage site, five glycosidic linkages of oligosaccharides with varying modifications to obtain secondary cleavage sites were degraded by a high concentration of heparinase I. The reactivity of linkages toward heparinase I was not entirely dependent on the 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid being cleaved or the neighboring 6-O-sulfated glucosamine residues, but it was dependent on higher degrees of sulfation of oligosaccharides and indispensable N-substituted glucosamine adjacent to the cleavable linkage. Moreover, the enzyme demonstrated less preferential cleavage toward glycosidic linkages containing glucuronic acid than those containing iduronic acid of the counterpart oligosaccharides. Biolayer interferometry revealed differences in reactivity that are not completely consistent with different affinities of substrates to enzyme. Our study presented accurate information on the cleavage promiscuity of heparinase I that is crucial for heparin depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fengyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jichao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China.
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Abundance of saccharides and scarcity of glycosaminoglycans in the soft tissue of clam, Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus). Acta Histochem 2018; 120:551-557. [PMID: 29983173 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated presence and distribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in Meretrix meretrix soft tissue by determining GAG composition in the different parts, namely, mantle edge, foot, gill, adductor muscle, and viscera. The occurrence of glycan ingredients was examined by histochemistry, whereas GAG and general polysaccharide contents in clam tissue were qualified through extraction and determination. Tissue sections stained with alcian blue or periodic acid-Schiff demonstrated the general existence of saccharides and trifling generation of GAGs in clam tissues. GAGs coexisting with glycogens appeared to be primarily produced in the mantle and foot tissues in mucus form by visualization. The GAG content of the polysaccharide extract ranged from 16.8 to 75.8 mg in 10 g of 5 dried tissue materials in comparison with total carbohydrate level in the range of 500-1760 mg, thereby indicating that GAGs were not the major components of polysaccharide extracts. GAG composition only accounted for approximately 4% of total glycan components, which consist of the determinations of amino sugar and uronic acid. The soft tissues of clam contained abundant saccharide compounds but sparse amounts of GAGs. The results will benefit the subsequent development of products made from the polysaccharide components of M. meretrix.
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Wang LC, Di LQ, Li JS, Hu LH, Cheng JM, Wu H. Elaboration in type, primary structure, and bioactivity of polysaccharides derived from mollusks. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:1091-1114. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1392289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Marine Bio-resource Pharmaceutics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Liu Qing Di
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jun Song Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Li Hong Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ming Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Marine Bio-resource Pharmaceutics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Marine Bio-resource Pharmaceutics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing, P.R. China
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Mochizuki H, Yamagishi K, Suzuki K, Kim YS, Kimata K. Heparosan-glucuronate 5-epimerase: Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel enzyme. Glycobiology 2015; 25:735-44. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Abstract
This review focuses on biologically active entities from invertebrate sources, especially snails. The reader will encounter several categories of compounds from snails including glycosaminoglycans, peptides, proteins (glycoproteins), and enzymes which possess diverse biological activities. Among glycosaminoglycans, acharan sulfate which was isolated from a giant African snail Acahtina fulica is reviewed extensively. Conotoxins which are also called conopeptides are unique peptide mixtures from marine cone snail. Conotoxins are secreted to capture its prey, and currently have the potential to be highly effective drug candidates. One of the conotoxins is now in the market as a pain killer. Proteins as well as glycoproteins in the snail are known to be involved in the host defense process from an attack of diverse pathogens. Carbohydrate-degrading enzymes characterized and purified in snails are introduced to give an insight into the applicability in glycobiology research such as synthesis and structure characterization of glycoconjugates. It seems that simple snails produce very complicated biological compounds which could be an invaluable source in future therapeutics as well as research areas in natural medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmie Park
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
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Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Ogata FT, Farias EHC, Cavalheiro RP, de Lima MA, Cunha GLA, Nakayasu ES, Almeida IC, Toma L, Nader HB. A novel approach for the characterisation of proteoglycans and biosynthetic enzymes in a snail model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1862-9. [PMID: 21854878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans encompass a heterogeneous group of glycoconjugates where proteins are substituted with linear, highly negatively charged glycosaminoglycan chains. Sulphated glycosaminoglycans are ubiquitous to the animal kingdom of the Eukarya domain. Information on the distribution and characterisation of proteoglycans in invertebrate tissues is limited and restricted to a few species. By the use of multidimensional protein identification technology and immunohistochemistry, this study shows for the first time the presence and tissue localisation of different proteoglycans, such as perlecan, aggrecan, and heparan sulphate proteoglycan, amongst others, in organs of the gastropoda Achatina fulica. Through a proteomic analysis of Golgi proteins and immunohistochemistry of tissue sections, we detected the machinery involved in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, related to polymer formation (polymerases), as well as secondary modifications (sulphation and uronic acid epimerization). Therefore, this work not only identifies both the proteoglycan core proteins and glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic enzymes in invertebrates but also provides a novel method for the study of glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Gesteira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Park Y, Zhang Z, Laremore TN, Li B, Sim JS, Im AR, Ahn MY, Kim YS, Linhardt RJ. Variation of acharan sulfate and monosaccharide composition and analysis of neutral N-glycans in African giant snail (Achatina fulica). Glycoconj J 2008; 25:863-77. [PMID: 18670878 PMCID: PMC2630192 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acharan sulfate content from African giant snail (Achatina fulica) was compared in eggs and snails of different ages. Acharan sulfate was not found in egg. Acharan sulfate disaccharide -->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpAc (1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S(1-->, analyzed by SAX (strong-anion exchange)-HPLC was observed soon after hatching and increases as the snails grow. Monosaccharide compositional analysis showed that mole % of glucosamine, a major monosaccharide of acharan sulfate, increased with age while mole % of galactose decreased with age. These results suggest that galactans represent a major energy source during development, while acharan sulfate appearing immediately after hatching, is essential for the snail growth. The structures of neutral N-glycans released from eggs by peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F), were next elucidated using ESI-MS/MS, MALDI-MS/MS, enzyme digestion, and monosaccharide composition analysis. Three types of neutral N-glycan structures were observed, truncated (Hex(2-4)-HexNAc(2)), high mannose (Hex(5-9)-HexNAc(2)), and complex (Hex(3)-HexNAc(2-10)) types. None showed core fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmie Park
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyangzi Li
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Rang Im
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Ahn
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
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Kim HS, Lee YH, Lee YR, Im SA, Lee JK, Kim YS, Sim JS, Choi HS, Lee CK. Activation of professional antigen presenting cells by acharan sulfate isolated from giant african snail, achatina fulica. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:866-70. [PMID: 17703739 DOI: 10.1007/bf02978838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acharan sulfate isolated from the giant African snail, Achatina fulica, has been reported to have antitumor activity in vivo. In an effort to determine the mechanisms of its antitumor activity, we examined the effects of acharan sulfate on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). Acharan sulfate increased the phagocytic activity, the production of cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, and the release of nitric oxide on a macrophage cell line, Raw 264.7 cells. In addition, acharan sulfate induced phenotypic and functional maturation of immature dendritic cells (DCs). Immature DCs cultured with acharan sulfate expressed higher levels of class II MHC molecules and major co-stimulatory molecules such as B7-1, B7-2, and CD40. Functional maturation of immature DCs cultured in the presence of acharan sulfate was confirmed by the increased allostimulatory capacity and IL-12 production. These results suggest that the antitumor activity of acharan sulfate is partly due to the activation of professional antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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15
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. S, . PV. Histological and Analytical Evaluation of Glycosaminoglycan from the Clam Katelysia opima. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/tmr.2007.167.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Chi L, Munoz EM, Choi HS, Ha YW, Kim YS, Toida T, Linhardt RJ. Preparation and structural determination of large oligosaccharides derived from acharan sulfate. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:864-9. [PMID: 16530176 PMCID: PMC4140629 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structures of a series of large oligosaccharides derived from acharan sulfate were characterized. Acharan sulfate is an unusual glycosaminoglycan isolated from the giant African snail, Achatina fulica. Oligosaccharides from decasaccharide to hexadecasaccharide were enzymatically prepared using heparin lyase II and purified. Capillary electrophoresis and gel electrophoresis confirmed the purity of these oligosaccharides. Their structures, determined by ESI-MS and NMR, were consistent with the major repeating sequence in acharan sulfate, -->4)-alpha-d-GlcN(p)Ac-(1-->4)-alpha-l-IdoA(p)2S-(1-->, terminated by 4-linked alpha-d-GlcN(p)Ac residue at the reducing end and by 4,5-unsaturated pyranosyluronic acid 2-sulfate at the non-reducing end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianli Chi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Eva M. Munoz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Hyung Seok Choi
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Wan Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-460, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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17
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Joo EJ, ten Dam GB, van Kuppevelt TH, Toida T, Linhardt RJ, Kim YS. Nucleolin: acharan sulfate-binding protein on the surface of cancer cells. Glycobiology 2005; 15:1-9. [PMID: 15329357 PMCID: PMC1237021 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwh132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex polysaccharides that participate in the regulation of physiological processes through the interactions with a wide variety of proteins. Acharan sulfate (AS), isolated from the giant African snail Achatina fulica, primarily consists of the repeating disaccharide structure alpha-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl (1-->4) 2-sulfoiduronic acid. Exogenous AS was injected subcutaneously near the tumor tissue in C57BL/6 mice that had been implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLCs). The location of AS in the tumor was assessed by staining of sectioned tissues with alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent. In vitro assays indicated binding of cells to 50 microg/ml AS (or heparin) after a 5-h incubation. Immunofluorescence assays, using anti-AS antibody, detected AS at the cell surface. The outer-surface of LLCs were next biotinylated to identify the AS-binding proteins. Biotinylated cells were lysed, and the lysates were fractionated on the AS affinity column using a stepwise salt gradient (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, and 2.0 M). The fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE with silver staining and western blotting. We focused on the proteins with high affinity for AS (eluting at 1 M NaCl) and detected only two bands by western blotting. ESI Q-TOF MS analysis of one of these bands, molecular weight approximately 110 kDa, showed it to be nucleolin. A phosphorylated form of nucleolin on the surface of cells acts as a cell surface receptor for a variety of ligands, including growth factors (i.e., basic fibroblast growth factor) and chemokines (i.e., midkine). These results show that nucleolin is one of several AS-binding proteins and suggest that AS might demonstrate its tumor growth inhibitory activity by binding the nucleolin receptor protein on the surface of cancer cells.
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Key Words
- as-binding protein
- biotinylation
- lewis lung carcinoma
- nucleolin
- as, acharan sulfate
- bsa, bovine serum albumin
- caps, 3-[cyclohexylamino]-1-propanesulfonic acid
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle medium
- d-pbs, dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline
- edta, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- esi q-tof ms, electrospray ionization quadrupole timeof- flight mass spectrometry
- fgf, fibroblast growth factor
- fitc, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- gag, glycosaminoglycan
- hrp, horseradish peroxidase
- llc, lewis lung carcinoma
- ms/ms, tandem mass spectrometry
- mtt, methylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- pas, periodic acid-schiff
- pvdf, polyvinylidene difluoride
- sds-page, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- vsv, vesicular stromatitis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Joo
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, Korea
| | - Gerdy B. ten Dam
- Department of Biochemistry, NCMLS, UMC Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toshihiko Toida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; and
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, Korea
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Li DW, Lee IS, Sim JS, Toida T, Linhardt RJ, Kim YS. Long duration of anticoagulant activity and protective effects of acharan sulfate in vivo. Thromb Res 2004; 113:67-73. [PMID: 15081567 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2003] [Revised: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously reported that a new glycosaminoglycan, acharan sulfate (AS) from the African giant snail Achatina fulica showed anticoagulant activity in vitro, but was much less active when compared to heparin. In the present study, the anticoagulant activity of AS was investigated in vivo. METHODS AS and heparin were administered to mice and rats in various doses and the anticoagulant activities were measured by aPTT assay. Both were also compared in a thrombin-induced lethality animal model. As one of the possible mechanisms, AS-thrombin interaction was studied by using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Intravenous administration of AS to mice prolonged the clotting time (aPTT) in a time and dose-dependent manner. Although the anticoagulant activity was low in rats, it steadily increased over 5 h after administration of AS (30 mg/kg). In contrast, the increase in aPTT induced by 5 mg/kg of heparin was restored to a normal level after 3 h. In a thrombin-induced lethality model in mice, AS (20 mg/kg) protected against lethality by 80%, while heparin (20 mg/kg) did not show any protective activity beyond 3.5 h post-administration. AS could be also detected in plasma even 5 h after i.v. administration to rats. The binding constant (K(D)) of AS to thrombin was 7.27 x 10(-6) M, corresponding to moderate binding affinity. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the longer duration of AS in blood could prolong the clotting time determined by aPTT and offering protection against thrombin-induced lethality. One possible mechanism may result from AS-thrombin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Li
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, South Korea
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ten Dam GB, van de Westerlo EMA, Smetsers TFCM, Willemse M, van Muijen GNP, Merry CLR, Gallagher JT, Kim YS, van Kuppevelt TH. Detection of 2-O-sulfated iduronate and N-acetylglucosamine units in heparan sulfate by an antibody selected against acharan sulfate (IdoA2S-GlcNAc)n. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:38346-52. [PMID: 15247295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404166200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The snail glycosaminoglycan acharan sulfate (AS) is structurally related to heparan sulfates (HS) and has a repeating disaccharide structure of alpha-d-N-acetylglucosaminyl-2-O-sulfo-alpha-l-iduronic acid (GlcNAc-IdoA2S) residues. Using the phage display technology, a unique antibody (MW3G3) was selected against AS with a V(H)3, DP 47, and a CDR3 amino acid sequence of QKKRPRF. Antibody MW3G3 did not react with desulfated, N-deacetylated or N-sulfated AS, indicating that reactivity depends on N-acetyl and 2-O-sulfate groups. Antibody MW3G3 also had a high preference for (modified) heparin oligosaccharides containing N-acetylated glucosamine and 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues. In tissues, antibody MW3G3 identified a HS oligosaccharide epitope containing N-acetylated glucosamine and 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues as enzymatic N-deacetylation of HS in situ prevented staining, and 2-O-sulfotransferase-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells were not reactive. An immunohistochemical survey using various rat organs revealed a distinct distribution of the MW3G3 epitope, which was primarily present in the basal laminae of most (but not all) blood vessels and of some epithelia, including human skin. No staining was observed in the glycosaminoglycan-rich tumor matrix of metastatic melanoma. In conclusion, we have selected an antibody that identifies HS oligosaccharides containing N-acetylated glucosamine and 2-O-sulfated iduronic acid residues. This antibody may be instrumental in identifying structural alterations in HS in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerdy B ten Dam
- Department of Biochemistry and Pathology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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20
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Vieira TCRG, Costa-Filho A, Salgado NC, Allodi S, Valente AP, Nasciutti LE, Silva LCF. Acharan sulfate, the new glycosaminoglycan from Achatina fulica Bowdich 1822. Structural heterogeneity, metabolic labeling and localization in the body, mucus and the organic shell matrix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:845-54. [PMID: 14764101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.03989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acharan sulfate, a recently discovered glycosaminoglycan isolated from Achatina fulica, has a major disaccharide repeating unit of -->4)-2-acetyl,2-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranose(1-->4)-2-sulfo-alpha-l-idopyranosyluronic acid (1-->, making it structurally related to both heparin and heparan sulfate. It has been suggested that this glycosaminoglycan is polydisperse, with an average molecular mass of 29 kDa and known minor disaccharide sequence variants containing unsulfated iduronic acid. Acharan sulfate was found to be located in the body of this species using alcian blue staining and it was suggested to be the main constituent of the mucus. In the present work, we provide further information on the structure and compartmental distribution of acharan sulfate in the snail body. Different populations of acharan sulfate presenting charge and/or molecular mass heterogeneities were isolated from the whole body, as well as from mucus and from the organic shell matrix. A minor glycosaminoglycan fraction susceptible to degradation by nitrous acid was also purified from the snail body, suggesting the presence of N-sulfated glycosaminoglycan molecules. In addition, we demonstrate the in vivo metabolic labeling of acharan sulfate in the snail body after a meal supplemented with [35S]free sulfate. This simple approach might be applied to the study of acharan sulfate biosynthesis. Finally, we developed histochemical assays to localize acharan sulfate in the snail body by metachromatic staining and by histoautoradiography following metabolic radiolabeling with [35S]sulfate. Our results show that acharan sulfate is widely distributed among several organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuane C R G Vieira
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Brazil
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21
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Lee YS, Yang HO, Shin KH, Choi HS, Jung SH, Kim YM, Oh DK, Linhardt RJ, Kim YS. Suppression of tumor growth by a new glycosaminoglycan isolated from the African giant snail Achatina fulica. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 465:191-8. [PMID: 12650849 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acharan sulfate is a new type of glycosaminoglycan from the giant African snail, Achatina fulica. Acharan sulfate, which has a primary repeating disaccharide structure of alpha-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl-2-O-sulfo-alpha-L-iduronic acid, was studied as a potential antitumor agent in both in vivo and in vitro assays. The antiangiogenic activity of acharan sulfate was evaluated in the chorioallantoic membrane assay and by measuring its effect on the proliferation of calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells. In vivo, a matrigel plug assay showed that acharan sulfate suppressed basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-stimulated angiogenesis and lowered the hemoglobin (Hb) content inside the plug. Acharan sulfate was administered s.c. at two doses for 15 days to C57BL/6 mice implanted with murine Lewis lung carcinoma in the back. It was also administered i.p. to ICR mice bearing sarcoma 180 at a dose of 30 mg/kg. Subcutaneous injection of acharan sulfate at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg decreased tumor weight and tumor volume by 40% without toxicity or resistance. Intraperitoneal injection of acharan sulfate also decreased tumor weight and volume by 40% in sarcoma 180-bearing mice. These results suggest that the antitumor activity of acharan sulfate may be related to the inhibition of angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Allantois/blood supply
- Allantois/drug effects
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cattle
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chick Embryo
- Chorion/blood supply
- Chorion/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Glycosaminoglycans/isolation & purification
- Glycosaminoglycans/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Sarcoma, Experimental/pathology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/prevention & control
- Snails/chemistry
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sil Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul, 110-460, South Korea
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22
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Shim JY, Lee YS, Jung SH, Choi HS, Shin KH, Kim YS. Pharmacological activities of a new glycosaminoglycan, acharan sulfate isolated from the giant African snail Achatina fulica. Arch Pharm Res 2002; 25:889-94. [PMID: 12510844 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acharan sulfate (AS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) prepared from the giant African snail, Achatina fulica. In this study, some biological activities of AS were evaluated on the basis of structural similarities to heparin/heparan sulfate and the biological functions of GAGs. We demonstrated that it exhibited strong immunostimulating activities as measured by carbon clearance test in mice and in vivo phagocytosis. It also exhibited a significant hypoglycemic activity in epinephrine (EP)-induced hyperglycemia as well as antifatigue effects by weight-loaded forced swimming test. And it showed hypolipidemic activities in cholesterol-rich mixture induced hyperlipidemia in rats. The above results indicate that AS has diverse biological activities and suggest therapeutically important target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Shim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, 28 Yeonkun-Dong, Jongno-Ku, Seoul 110-460, Korea
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