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John A, Krämer M, Lehmann M, Kunz HH, Aarabi F, Alseekh S, Fernie A, Sommer F, Schroda M, Zimmer D, Mühlhaus T, Peisker H, Gutbrod K, Dörmann P, Neunzig J, Philippar K, Neuhaus HE. Degradation of FATTY ACID EXPORT PROTEIN1 by RHOMBOID-LIKE PROTEASE11 contributes to cold tolerance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1937-1962. [PMID: 38242838 PMCID: PMC11062452 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Plants need to acclimate to different stresses to optimize growth under unfavorable conditions. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the abundance of the chloroplast envelope protein FATTY ACID EXPORT PROTEIN1 (FAX1) decreases after the onset of low temperatures. However, how FAX1 degradation occurs and whether altered FAX1 abundance contributes to cold tolerance in plants remains unclear. The rapid cold-induced increase in RHOMBOID-LIKE PROTEASE11 (RBL11) transcript levels, the physical interaction of RBL11 with FAX1, the specific FAX1 degradation after RBL11 expression, and the absence of cold-induced FAX1 degradation in rbl11 loss-of-function mutants suggest that this enzyme is responsible for FAX1 degradation. Proteomic analyses showed that rbl11 mutants have higher levels of FAX1 and other proteins involved in membrane lipid homeostasis, suggesting that RBL11 is a key element in the remodeling of membrane properties during cold conditions. Consequently, in the cold, rbl11 mutants show a shift in lipid biosynthesis toward the eukaryotic pathway, which coincides with impaired cold tolerance. To test whether cold sensitivity is due to increased FAX1 levels, we analyzed FAX1 overexpressors. The rbl11 mutants and FAX1 overexpressor lines show superimposable phenotypic defects upon exposure to cold temperatures. Our re-sults show that the cold-induced degradation of FAX1 by RBL11 is critical for Arabidop-sis to survive cold and freezing periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa John
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern D-67653, Germany
| | - Moritz Krämer
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Fayezeh Aarabi
- Max Planck Institut for Molecular Plant Physiology, Central Metabolism, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institut for Molecular Plant Physiology, Central Metabolism, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair Fernie
- Max Planck Institut for Molecular Plant Physiology, Central Metabolism, Potsdam D-14476, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern D-67653, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology and Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern D-67653, Germany
| | - David Zimmer
- Computational Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern D-67653, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern D-67653, Germany
| | - Helga Peisker
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, IMBIO, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53115, Germany
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, IMBIO, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53115, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute for Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, IMBIO, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53115, Germany
| | - Jens Neunzig
- Plant Biology, Center for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
| | - Katrin Philippar
- Plant Biology, Center for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
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Mahapatra K, Mukherjee A, Suyal S, Dar MA, Bhagavatula L, Datta S. Regulation of chloroplast biogenesis, development, and signaling by endogenous and exogenous cues. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:167-183. [PMID: 38623168 PMCID: PMC11016055 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are one of the defining features in most plants, primarily known for their unique property to carry out photosynthesis. Besides this, chloroplasts are also associated with hormone and metabolite productions. For this, biogenesis and development of chloroplast are required to be synchronized with the seedling growth to corroborate the maximum rate of photosynthesis following the emergence of seedlings. Chloroplast biogenesis and development are dependent on the signaling to and from the chloroplast, which are in turn regulated by several endogenous and exogenous cues. Light and hormones play a crucial role in chloroplast maturation and development. Chloroplast signaling involves a coordinated two-way connection between the chloroplast and nucleus, termed retrograde and anterograde signaling, respectively. Anterograde and retrograde signaling are involved in regulation at the transcriptional level and downstream modifications and are modulated by several metabolic and external cues. The communication between chloroplast and nucleus is essential for plants to develop strategies to cope with various stresses including high light or high heat. In this review, we have summarized several aspects of chloroplast development and its regulation through the interplay of various external and internal factors. We have also discussed the involvement of chloroplasts as sensors of various external environment stress factors including high light and temperature, and communicate via a series of retrograde signals to the nucleus, thus playing an essential role in plants' abiotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Mahapatra
- Plant Cell and Developmental Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Arpan Mukherjee
- Plant Cell and Developmental Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Shikha Suyal
- Plant Cell and Developmental Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | - Mansoor Ali Dar
- Plant Cell and Developmental Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
| | | | - Sourav Datta
- Plant Cell and Developmental Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066 India
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3
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Bhattacharya O, Ortiz I, Hendricks N, Walling LL. The tomato chloroplast stromal proteome compendium elucidated by leveraging a plastid protein-localization prediction Atlas. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1020275. [PMID: 37701797 PMCID: PMC10493611 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a model species for studying fruit development, wounding, herbivory, and pathogen attack. Despite tomato's world-wide economic importance and the role of chloroplasts as metabolic hubs and integrators of environmental cues, little is known about the stromal proteome of tomato. Using a high-yielding protocol for chloroplast and stromal protein isolation, MudPIT nano-LC-MS/MS analyses, a robust in-house protein database (the Atlas) for predicting the plastid localization of tomato proteins, and rigorous selection criteria for inclusion/exclusion in the stromal proteome, we identified 1,278 proteins of the tomato stromal proteome. We provide one of the most robust stromal proteomes available to date with empirical evidence for 545 and 92 proteins not previously described for tomato plastids and the Arabidopsis stroma, respectively. The relative abundance of tomato stromal proteins was determined using the exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI). Comparison of the abundance of tomato and Arabidopsis stromal proteomes provided evidence for the species-specific nature of stromal protein homeostasis. The manual curation of the tomato stromal proteome classified proteins into ten functional categories resulting in an accessible compendium of tomato chloroplast proteins. After curation, only 91 proteins remained as unknown, uncharacterized or as enzymes with unknown functions. The curation of the tomato stromal proteins also indicated that tomato has a number of paralogous proteins, not present in Arabidopsis, which accumulated to different levels in chloroplasts. As some of these proteins function in key metabolic pathways or in perceiving or transmitting signals critical for plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress, these data suggest that tomato may modulate the bidirectional communication between chloroplasts and nuclei in a novel manner. The stromal proteome provides a fertile ground for future mechanistic studies in the field of tomato chloroplast-nuclear signaling and are foundational for our goal of elucidating the dynamics of the stromal proteome controlled by the solanaceous-specific, stromal, and wound-inducible leucine aminopeptidase A of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Bhattacharya
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Irma Ortiz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Nathan Hendricks
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Linda L. Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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4
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Feng L, Guo W, Guo J, Zhang X, Zou X, Rao M, Ye J, Kuang C, Chen G, Chen C, Qin S, Yang W, Cheng J. FIB-SEM analysis on three-dimensional structures of growing organelles in wild Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:885-897. [PMID: 36416933 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To clarify dynamic changes of organelle microstructures in Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells during photosynthetic growth with CO2 fixation, three-dimensional (3D) organelle microstructures in three growth periods of meristem, elongation, and maturity were quantitatively determined and comprehensively reconstructed with focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The single round-pancake mitochondria in each cell split into a dumbbell and then into a circular ring, while the barycenter distance of mitochondria to chloroplast and nucleus was reduced to 45.5% and 88.3% to strengthen energy transfer, respectively. The single pyrenoid consisting of a large part and another small part in each chloroplast gradually developed to a mature state in which the two parts were nearly equal in size. The nucleolus progressively became larger with euchromatin replication. The number of starch grains gradually increased, but the mean grain volume remained nearly unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiangbo Zou
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mumin Rao
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ji Ye
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Cao Kuang
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Gongda Chen
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chuangting Chen
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shiwei Qin
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Weijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhang X, Han Y, Han X, Zhang S, Xiong L, Chen T. Peptide chain release factor DIG8 regulates plant growth by affecting ROS-mediated sugar transportation in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1172275. [PMID: 37063204 PMCID: PMC10102589 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1172275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts have important roles in photosynthesis, stress sensing and retrograde signaling. However, the relationship between chloroplast peptide chain release factor and ROS-mediated plant growth is still unclear. In the present study, we obtained a loss-of-function mutant dig8 by EMS mutation. The dig8 mutant has few lateral roots and a pale green leaf phenotype. By map-based cloning, the DIG8 gene was located on AT3G62910, with a point mutation leading to amino acid substitution in functional release factor domain. Using yeast-two-hybrid and BiFC, we confirmed DIG8 protein was characterized locating in chloroplast by co-localization with plastid marker and interacting with ribosome-related proteins. Through observing by transmission electron microscopy, quantifying ROS content and measuring the transport efficiency of plasmodesmata in dig8 mutant, we found that abnormal thylakoid stack formation and chloroplast dysfunction in the dig8 mutant caused increased ROS activity leading to callose deposition and lower PD permeability. A local sugar supplement partially alleviated the growth retardation phenotype of the mutant. These findings shed light on chloroplast peptide chain release factor-affected plant growth by ROS stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuliang Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Life Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liming Xiong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tang, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Jan M, Liu Z, Rochaix JD, Sun X. Retrograde and anterograde signaling in the crosstalk between chloroplast and nucleus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:980237. [PMID: 36119624 PMCID: PMC9478734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.980237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic activity are closely coordinated through signaling chains from the nucleus to chloroplast, referred to as anterograde signaling, and from chloroplast to the nucleus, named retrograde signaling. The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor and communicates with other cell compartments during its biogenesis and in response to stress, notably with the nucleus through retrograde signaling to regulate nuclear gene expression in response to developmental cues and stresses that affect photosynthesis and growth. Although several components involved in the generation and transmission of plastid-derived retrograde signals and in the regulation of the responsive nuclear genes have been identified, the plastid retrograde signaling network is still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on multiple plastid retrograde signaling pathways, and on potential plastid signaling molecules. We also discuss the retrograde signaling-dependent regulation of nuclear gene expression within the frame of a multilayered network of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Jan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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7
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Cheong KY, Jouhet J, Maréchal E, Falkowski PG. The redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool is connected to thylakoid lipid saturation in a marine diatom. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 153:71-82. [PMID: 35389175 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool is a known sensor for retrograde signaling. In this paper, we asked, "does the redox state of the PQ pool modulate the saturation state of thylakoid lipids?" Data from fatty acid composition and mRNA transcript abundance analyses suggest a strong connection between these two aspects in a model marine diatom. Fatty acid profiles of Phaeodactylum tricornutum exhibited specific changes when the redox state of the PQ pool was modulated by light and two chemical inhibitors [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) or 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB)]. Data from liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) indicated a ca. 7-20% decrease in the saturation state of all four conserved thylakoid lipids in response to an oxidized PQ pool. The redox signals generated from an oxidized PQ pool in plastids also increased the mRNA transcript abundance of nuclear-encoded C16 fatty acid desaturases (FADs), with peak upregulation on a timescale of 6 to 12 h. The connection between the redox state of the PQ pool and thylakoid lipid saturation suggests a heretofore unrecognized retrograde signaling pathway that couples photosynthetic electron transport and the physical state of thylakoid membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Yu Cheong
- Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, INRAE, Université Grenoble Alpes, 5168, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, INRAE, Université Grenoble Alpes, 5168, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Paul G Falkowski
- Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Wang ZY, Qu WT, Mei T, Zhang N, Yang NY, Xu XF, Xiong HB, Yang ZN, Yu QB. AtRsmD Is Required for Chloroplast Development and Chloroplast Function in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860945. [PMID: 35548310 PMCID: PMC9083416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AtRsmD was recently demonstrated to be a chloroplast 16S rRNA methyltransferase (MTase) for the m2G915 modification in Arabidopsis. Here, its function of AtRsmD for chloroplast development and photosynthesis was further analyzed. The AtRsmD gene is highly expressed in green photosynthetic tissues. AtRsmD is associated with the thylakoid in chloroplasts. The atrsmd-2 mutant exhibited impaired photosynthetic efficiency in emerging leaves under normal growth conditions. A few thylakoid lamellas could be observed in the chloroplast from the atrsmd-2 mutant, and these thylakoids were loosely organized. Knockout of the AtRsmD gene had minor effects on chloroplast ribosome biogenesis and RNA loading on chloroplast ribosomes, but it reduced the amounts of chloroplast-encoded photosynthesis-related proteins in the emerging leaves, for example, D1, D2, CP43, and CP47, which reduced the accumulation of the photosynthetic complex. Nevertheless, knockout of the AtRsmD gene did not cause a general reduction in chloroplast-encoded proteins in Arabidopsis grown under normal growth conditions. Additionally, the atrsmd-2 mutant exhibited more sensitivity to lincomycin, which specifically inhibits the elongation of nascent polypeptide chains. Cold stress exacerbated the effect on chloroplast ribosome biogenesis in the atrsmd-2 mutant. All these data suggest that the AtRsmD protein plays distinct regulatory roles in chloroplast translation, which is required for chloroplast development and chloroplast function.
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Liu H, Gong X, Deng H, Tan J, Sun Y, Wang F, Wu W, Zhou Z, Xu R, He H, Lo C. The Rice Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase YLC3 Regulates Amino Acid Homeostasis and Chloroplast Development Under Low Temperature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:847364. [PMID: 36340382 PMCID: PMC9635353 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.847364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases primarily function to attach specific amino acids to the corresponding tRNAs during protein translation. However, their roles in regulating plant growth and development still remain elusive. Here we reported a rice thermo-sensitive mutant yellow leaf chlorosis3 (ylc3) with reduced chlorophyll content, altered thylakoid structure, and substantially elevated levels of free aspartate, asparagine and glutamine in leaves under low temperature condition. Map-based cloning identified that YLC3 encodes an aspartyl-tRNA synthetase which is localized in cytosol and mitochondria. In addition, quantitative proteomics analysis revealed that both nuclear and chloroplast-encoded thylakoid proteins were significantly down-regulated in the mutant. On the other hand, proteins involved in amino acid metabolism and the process of protein synthesis were up-regulated in ylc3, particularly for key enzymes that convert aspartate to asparagine. Moreover, uncharged tRNA-Asp accumulation and phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α was detected in the mutant, suggesting that YLC3 regulates the homeostasis of amino acid metabolism and chloroplast thylakoid development through modulation of processes during protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongjia Liu,
| | - Xue Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinjuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Sun
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rumeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan He
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Wang D, Wang C, Li C, Song H, Qin J, Chang H, Fu W, Wang Y, Wang F, Li B, Hao Y, Xu M, Fu A. Functional Relationship of Arabidopsis AOXs and PTOX Revealed via Transgenic Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:692847. [PMID: 34367216 PMCID: PMC8336870 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (AOX) and plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) are terminal oxidases of electron transfer in mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively. Here, taking advantage of the variegation phenotype of the Arabidopsis PTOX deficient mutant (im), we examined the functional relationship between PTOX and its five distantly related homologs (AOX1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, and AOX2). When engineered into chloroplasts, AOX1b, 1c, 1d, and AOX2 rescued the im defect, while AOX1a partially suppressed the mutant phenotype, indicating that AOXs could function as PQH2 oxidases. When the full length AOXs were overexpressed in im, only AOX1b and AOX2 rescued its variegation phenotype. In vivo fluorescence analysis of GFP-tagged AOXs and subcellular fractionation assays showed that AOX1b and AOX2 could partially enter chloroplasts while AOX1c and AOX1d were exclusively present in mitochondria. Surprisingly, the subcellular fractionation, but not the fluorescence analysis of GFP-tagged AOX1a, revealed that a small portion of AOX1a could sort into chloroplasts. We further fused and expressed the targeting peptides of AOXs with the mature form of PTOX in im individually; and found that targeting peptides of AOX1a, AOX1b, and AOX2, but not that of AOX1c or AOX1d, could direct PTOX into chloroplasts. It demonstrated that chloroplast-localized AOXs, but not mitochondria-localized AOXs, can functionally compensate for the PTOX deficiency in chloroplasts, providing a direct evidence for the functional relevance of AOX and PTOX, shedding light on the interaction between mitochondria and chloroplasts and the complex mechanisms of protein dual targeting in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Cai Li
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Han Chang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weihan Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yaqi Hao
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Min Xu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Aigen Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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11
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Hung CY, Zhang J, Bhattacharya C, Li H, Kittur FS, Oldham CE, Wei X, Burkey KO, Chen J, Xie J. Transformation of Long-Lived Albino Epipremnum aureum 'Golden Pothos' and Restoring Chloroplast Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:647507. [PMID: 34054894 PMCID: PMC8149757 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.647507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are organelles responsible for chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and biosynthesis of many metabolites, which are one of key targets for crop improvement. Elucidating and engineering genes involved in chloroplast development are important approaches for studying chloroplast functions as well as developing new crops. In this study, we report a long-lived albino mutant derived from a popular ornamental plant Epipremnum aureum 'Golden Pothos' which could be used as a model for analyzing the function of genes involved in chloroplast development and generating colorful plants. Albino mutant plants were isolated from regenerated populations of variegated 'Golden Pothos' whose albino phenotype was previously found to be due to impaired expression of EaZIP, encoding Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase. Using petioles of the mutant plants as explants with a traceable sGFP gene, an efficient transformation system was developed. Expressing Arabidopsis CHL27 (a homolog of EaZIP) but not EaZIP in albino plants restored green color and chloroplast development. Interestingly, in addition to the occurrence of plants with solid green color, plants with variegated leaves and pale-yellow leaves were also obtained in the regenerated populations. Nevertheless, our study shows that these long-lived albino plants along with the established efficient transformation system could be used for creating colorful ornamental plants. This system could also potentially be used for investigating physiological processes associated with chlorophyll levels and chloroplast development as well as certain biological activities, which are difficult to achieve using green plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Yueh Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Chayanika Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Farooqahmed S. Kittur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Carla E. Oldham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xiangying Wei
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kent O. Burkey
- USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Environmental Horticulture Department, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Jiahua Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
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12
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Ma SH, Kim HM, Park SH, Park SY, Mai TD, Do JH, Koo Y, Joung YH. The ten amino acids of the oxygen-evolving enhancer of tobacco is sufficient as the peptide residues for protein transport to the chloroplast thylakoid. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:513-523. [PMID: 33393067 PMCID: PMC7892526 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The thylakoid transit peptide of tobacco oxygen-evolving enhancer protein contains a minimal ten amino acid sequences for thylakoid lumen transports. This ten amino acids do not contain twin-arginine, which is required for typical chloroplast lumen translocation. Chloroplasts are intracellular organelles responsible for photosynthesis to produce organic carbon for all organisms. Numerous proteins must be transported from the cytosol to chloroplasts to support photosynthesis. This transport is facilitated by chloroplast transit peptides (TPs). Four chloroplast thylakoid lumen TPs were isolated from Nicotiana tabacum and were functionally analyzed as thylakoid lumen TPs. Typical chloroplast stroma-transit peptides and thylakoid lumen transit peptides (tTPs) are found in N. tabacum transit peptides (NtTPs) and the functions of these peptides are confirmed with TP-GFP fusion proteins under fluorescence microscopy and chloroplast fractionation, followed by Western blot analysis. During the functional analysis of tTPs, we uncovered the minimum 10 amino acid sequence is sufficient for thylakoid lumen transport. These ten amino acids can efficiently translocate GFP protein, even if they do not contain the twin-arginine residues required for the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway, which is a typical thylakoid lumen transport. Further, thylakoid lumen transporting processes through the Tat pathway was examined by analyzing tTP sequence functions and we demonstrate that the importance of hydrophobic core for the tTP cleavage and target protein translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Ma
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Se Hee Park
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Seo Young Park
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Thanh Dat Mai
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Ju Hui Do
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Yeonjong Koo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
| | - Young Hee Joung
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
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13
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Shimizu T, Masuda T. The Role of Tetrapyrrole- and GUN1-Dependent Signaling on Chloroplast Biogenesis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020196. [PMID: 33494334 PMCID: PMC7911674 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplast biogenesis requires the coordinated expression of the chloroplast and nuclear genomes, which is achieved by communication between the developing chloroplasts and the nucleus. Signals emitted from the plastids, so-called retrograde signals, control nuclear gene expression depending on plastid development and functionality. Genetic analysis of this pathway identified a set of mutants defective in retrograde signaling and designated genomes uncoupled (gun) mutants. Subsequent research has pointed to a significant role of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in retrograde signaling. Meanwhile, the molecular functions of GUN1, the proposed integrator of multiple retrograde signals, have not been identified yet. However, based on the interactions of GUN1, some working hypotheses have been proposed. Interestingly, GUN1 contributes to important biological processes, including plastid protein homeostasis, through transcription, translation, and protein import. Furthermore, the interactions of GUN1 with tetrapyrroles and their biosynthetic enzymes have been revealed. This review focuses on our current understanding of the function of tetrapyrrole retrograde signaling on chloroplast biogenesis.
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14
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Zhang TT, Hou YK, Yang T, Zhang SY, Yue M, Liu J, Li Z. Evolutionary analysis of chloroplast tRNA of Gymnosperm revealed the novel structural variation and evolutionary aspect. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10312. [PMID: 33304650 PMCID: PMC7698693 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnosperms such as ginkgo, conifers, cycads, and gnetophytes are vital components of land ecosystems, and they have significant economic and ecologic value, as well as important roles as forest vegetation. In this study, we investigated the structural variation and evolution of chloroplast transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in gymnosperms. Chloroplasts are important organelles in photosynthetic plants. tRNAs are key participants in translation where they act as adapter molecules between the information level of nucleic acids and functional level of proteins. The basic structures of gymnosperm chloroplast tRNAs were found to have family-specific conserved sequences. The tRNAΨ -loop was observed to contain a conforming sequence, i.e., U-U-C-N-A-N2. In gymnosperms, tRNAIle was found to encode a "CAU" anticodon, which is usually encoded by tRNAMet. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that plastid tRNAs have a common polyphyletic evolutionary pattern, i.e., rooted in abundant common ancestors. Analyses of duplication and loss events in chloroplast tRNAs showed that gymnosperm tRNAs have experienced little more gene loss than gene duplication. Transition and transversion analysis showed that the tRNAs are iso-acceptor specific and they have experienced unequal evolutionary rates. These results provide new insights into the structural variation and evolution of gymnosperm chloroplast tRNAs, which may improve our comprehensive understanding of the biological characteristics of the tRNA family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yi-Kun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shu-Ya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ming Yue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianni Liu
- Early Life Institute, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhonghu Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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15
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Shi Y, He Y, Lv X, Wei Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Li L, Wu JL. Chloroplast SRP54s are Essential for Chloroplast Development in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:54. [PMID: 32761436 PMCID: PMC7410889 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chloroplast signal recognition particle 54 (cpSRP54) is known for targeting the light-harvesting complex proteins to thylakoids and plays a critical role for chloroplast development in Arabidopsis, but little is known in rice. Here, we reported two homologous cpSRP54s that affect chloroplast development and plant survival in rice. RESULTS Two rice cpSRP54 homologues, OscpSRP54a and OscpSRP54b, were identified in present study. The defective OscpSRP54a (LOC_Os11g05552) was responsible for the pale green leaf phenotype of the viable pale green leaf 14 (pgl14) mutant. A single nucleotide substitution from G to A at the position 278, the first intron splicing site, was detected in LOC_Os11g05552 in pgl14. The wild type allele could rescue the mutant phenotype. Knockout lines of OscpSRP54b (LOC_Os11g05556) exhibited similar pale green phenotype to pgl14 with reduced chlorophyll contents and impaired chloroplast development, but showed apparently arrested-growth and died within 3 weeks. Both OscpSRP54a and OscpSRP54b were constitutively expressed mainly in shoots and leaves at the vegetative growth stage. Subcellular location indicated that both OscpSRP54a and OscpSRP54b were chloroplast-localized. Both OscpSRP54a and OscpSRP54b were able to interact with OscpSRP43, respectively. The transcript level of OscpSRP43 was significantly reduced while the transcript level of OscpSRP54b was apparently increased in pgl14. In contrast, the transcript levels of OscpSRP54a, OscpSRP43 and OscpSRP54b were all significantly decreased in OscpSRP54b knockout lines. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that both OscpSRP54a and OscpSRP54b were essential for normal chloroplast development by interacting with OscpSRP43 in rice. OscpSRP54a and OscpSRP54b might play distinct roles in transporting different chloroplast proteins into thylakoids through cpSRP-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Xiangguang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yanlin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Liangjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Jian-li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006 China
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16
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Unal D, García-Caparrós P, Kumar V, Dietz KJ. Chloroplast-associated molecular patterns as concept for fine-tuned operational retrograde signalling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190443. [PMID: 32362264 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts compose about one-quarter of the mesophyll cell volume and contain about 60% of the cell protein. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation is the dominating metabolism in illuminated leaves. To optimize the resource expenditure in these costly organelles and to control and adjust chloroplast metabolism, an intensive transfer of information between nucleus-cytoplasm and chloroplasts occurs in both directions as anterograde and retrograde signalling. Recent research identified multiple retrograde pathways that use metabolite transfer and include reaction products of lipids and carotenoids with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Other pathways use metabolites of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen metabolism, low molecular weight antioxidants and hormone precursors to carry information between the cell compartments. This review focuses on redox- and ROS-related retrograde signalling pathways. In analogy to the microbe-associated molecular pattern, we propose the term 'chloroplast-associated molecular pattern' which connects chloroplast performance to extrachloroplast processes such as nuclear gene transcription, posttranscriptional processing, including translation, and RNA and protein fate. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Unal
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.,Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Science and Letter, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, 11230 Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Pedro García-Caparrós
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.,Department of Agronomy, University of Almeria, Higher Engineering School, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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17
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Page MT, Garcia-Becerra T, Smith AG, Terry MJ. Overexpression of chloroplast-targeted ferrochelatase 1 results in a genomes uncoupled chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling phenotype. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190401. [PMID: 32362255 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast development requires communication between the progenitor plastids and the nucleus, where most of the genes encoding chloroplast proteins reside. Retrograde signals from the chloroplast to the nucleus control the expression of many of these genes, but the signalling pathway is poorly understood. Tetrapyrroles have been strongly implicated as mediators of this signal with the current hypothesis being that haem produced by the activity of ferrochelatase 1 (FC1) is required to promote nuclear gene expression. We have tested this hypothesis by overexpressing FC1 and specifically targeting it to either chloroplasts or mitochondria, two possible locations for this enzyme. Our results show that targeting of FC1 to chloroplasts results in increased expression of the nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes GUN4, CA1, HEMA1, LHCB2.1, CHLH after treatment with Norflurazon (NF) and that this increase correlates to FC1 gene expression and haem production measured by feedback inhibition of protochlorophyllide synthesis. Targeting FC1 to mitochondria did not enhance the expression of nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes after NF treatment. The overexpression of FC1 also increased nuclear gene expression in the absence of NF treatment, demonstrating that this pathway is operational in the absence of a stress treatment. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that haem synthesis is a promotive chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signal. However, not all FC1 overexpression lines enhanced nuclear gene expression, suggesting there is still a lot we do not understand about the role of FC1 in this signalling pathway. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike T Page
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Tania Garcia-Becerra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Matthew J Terry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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18
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Hu S, Ding Y, Zhu C. Sensitivity and Responses of Chloroplasts to Heat Stress in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:375. [PMID: 32300353 PMCID: PMC7142257 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Increased temperatures caused by global warming threaten agricultural production, as warmer conditions can inhibit plant growth and development or even destroy crops in extreme circumstances. Extensive research over the past several decades has revealed that chloroplasts, the photosynthetic organelles of plants, are highly sensitive to heat stress, which affects a variety of photosynthetic processes including chlorophyll biosynthesis, photochemical reactions, electron transport, and CO2 assimilation. Important mechanisms by which plant cells respond to heat stress to protect these photosynthetic organelles have been identified and analyzed. More recent studies have made it clear that chloroplasts play an important role in inducing the expression of nuclear heat-response genes during the heat stress response. In this review, we summarize these important advances in plant-based research and discuss how the sensitivity, responses, and signaling roles of chloroplasts contribute to plant heat sensitivity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Lee K, Park SJ, Colas des Francs-Small C, Whitby M, Small I, Kang H. The coordinated action of PPR4 and EMB2654 on each intron half mediates trans-splicing of rps12 transcripts in plant chloroplasts. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:1193-1207. [PMID: 31442349 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The pentatricopeptide repeat proteins PPR4 and EMB2654 have been shown to be required for the trans-splicing of plastid rps12 transcripts in Zea mays (maize) and Arabidopsis, respectively, but their roles in this process are not well understood. We investigated the functions of the Arabidopsis and Oryza sativa (rice) orthologs of PPR4, designated AtPPR4 (At5g04810) and OsPPR4 (Os4g58780). Arabidopsis atppr4 and rice osppr4 mutants are embryo-lethal and seedling-lethal 3 weeks after germination, respectively, showing that PPR4 is essential in the development of both dicot and monocot plants. Artificial microRNA-mediated mutants of AtPPR4 displayed a specific defect in rps12 trans-splicing, with pale-green, yellowish or albino phenotypes, according to the degree of knock-down of AtPPR4 expression. Comparison of RNA footprints in atppr4 and emb2654 mutants showed a similar concordant loss of extensive footprints at the 3' end of intron 1a and at the 5' end of intron 1b in both cases. EMB2654 is known to bind within the footprint region in intron 1a and we show that AtPPR4 binds to the footprint region in intron 1b, via its PPR motifs. Binding of both PPR4 and EMB2654 is essential to juxtapose the two intron halves and to maintain the RNAs in a splicing-competent structure for the efficient trans-splicing of rps12 intron 1, which is crucial for chloroplast biogenesis and plant development. The similarity of EMB2654 and PPR4 orthologs and their respective binding sites across land plant phylogeny indicates that their coordinate function in rps12 trans-splicing has probably been conserved for 500 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanuk Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Su Jung Park
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Catherine Colas des Francs-Small
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Whitby
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ian Small
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Hunseung Kang
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
- AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
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20
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Gan P, Liu F, Li R, Wang S, Luo J. Chloroplasts- Beyond Energy Capture and Carbon Fixation: Tuning of Photosynthesis in Response to Chilling Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205046. [PMID: 31614592 PMCID: PMC6834309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As organelles for photosynthesis in green plants, chloroplasts play a vital role in solar energy capture and carbon fixation. The maintenance of normal chloroplast physiological functions is essential for plant growth and development. Low temperature is an adverse environmental stress that affects crop productivity. Low temperature severely affects the growth and development of plants, especially photosynthesis. To date, many studies have reported that chloroplasts are not only just organelles of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts can also perceive chilling stress signals via membranes and photoreceptors, and they maintain their homeostasis and promote photosynthesis by regulating the state of lipid membranes, the abundance of photosynthesis-related proteins, the activity of enzymes, the redox state, and the balance of hormones and by releasing retrograde signals, thus improving plant resistance to low temperatures. This review focused on the potential functions of chloroplasts in fine tuning photosynthesis processes under low-temperature stress by perceiving stress signals, modulating the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, and scavenging excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in chloroplasts to survive the adverse environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gan
- College of Life Science and technology (State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources), Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Agriculture College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Rongbai Li
- Agriculture College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Shaokui Wang
- Agriculture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jijing Luo
- College of Life Science and technology (State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources), Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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21
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Lee K, Park SJ, Han JH, Jeon Y, Pai HS, Kang H. A chloroplast-targeted pentatricopeptide repeat protein PPR287 is crucial for chloroplast function and Arabidopsis development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:244. [PMID: 31174473 PMCID: PMC6555926 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though the roles of pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are essential in plant organelles, the function of many chloroplast-targeted PPR proteins remains unknown. Here, we characterized the function of a chloroplast-localized PPR protein (At3g59040), which is classified as the 287th PPR protein among the 450 PPR proteins in Arabidopsis ( http://ppr.plantenergy.uwa.edu.au ). RESULTS The homozygous ppr287 mutant with the T-DNA inserted into the last exon displayed pale-green and yellowish phenotypes. The microRNA-mediated knockdown mutants were generated to further confirm the developmental defect phenotypes of ppr287 mutants. All mutants had yellowish leaves, shorter roots and height, and less seed yield, indicating that PPR287 is crucial for normal Arabidopsis growth and development. The photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll content of ppr287 mutants were markedly reduced, and the chloroplast structures of the mutants were abnormal. The levels of chloroplast rRNAs were decreased in ppr287 mutants. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PPR287 plays an essential role in chloroplast biogenesis and function, which is crucial for the normal growth and development of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanuk Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 South Korea
| | - Su Jung Park
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Han
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 South Korea
| | - Young Jeon
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Pai
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Hunseung Kang
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 South Korea
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22
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Wu W, Liu LL, Yang T, Wang JH, Wang JY, Lv P, Yan YC. Gene expression analysis reveals function of TERF1 in plastid-nucleus retrograde signaling under drought stress conditions. BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10535-018-0771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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23
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Zhang Y, Cui YL, Zhang XL, Yu QB, Wang X, Yuan XB, Qin XM, He XF, Huang C, Yang ZN. A nuclear-encoded protein, mTERF6, mediates transcription termination of rpoA polycistron for plastid-encoded RNA polymerase-dependent chloroplast gene expression and chloroplast development. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11929. [PMID: 30093718 PMCID: PMC6085346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of plastid genes is regulated by two types of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) and nuclear-encoded RNA polymerase (NEP). The plastid rpoA polycistron encodes a series of essential chloroplast ribosome subunits and a core subunit of PEP. Despite the functional importance, little is known about the regulation of rpoA polycistron. In this work, we show that mTERF6 directly associates with a 3′-end sequence of rpoA polycistron in vitro and in vivo, and that absence of mTERF6 promotes read-through transcription at this site, indicating that mTERF6 acts as a factor required for termination of plastid genes’ transcription in vivo. In addition, the transcriptions of some essential ribosome subunits encoded by rpoA polycistron and PEP-dependent plastid genes are reduced in the mterf6 knockout mutant. RpoA, a PEP core subunit, accumulates to about 50% that of the wild type in the mutant, where early chloroplast development is impaired. Overall, our functional analyses of mTERF6 provide evidence that it is more likely a factor required for transcription termination of rpoA polycistron, which is essential for chloroplast gene expression and chloroplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.,Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yong-Lan Cui
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qing-Bo Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xin-Bo Yuan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xiao-Fang He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Chao Huang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhong-Nan Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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24
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Rea G, Antonacci A, Lambreva MD, Mattoo AK. Features of cues and processes during chloroplast-mediated retrograde signaling in the alga Chlamydomonas. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:193-206. [PMID: 29807591 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde signaling is an intracellular communication process defined by cues generated in chloroplast and mitochondria which traverse membranes to their destination in the nucleus in order to regulate nuclear gene expression and protein synthesis. The coding and decoding of such organellar message(s) involve gene medleys and metabolic components about which more is known in higher plants than the unicellular organisms such as algae. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an oxygenic microalgal model for genetic and physiological studies. It harbors a single chloroplast and is amenable for generating mutants. The focus of this review is on studies that delineate retrograde signaling in Chlamydomonas vis a vis higher plants. Thus, communication networks between chloroplast and nucleus involving photosynthesis- and ROS-generated signals, functional tetrapyrrole biosynthesis intermediates, and Ca2+-signaling that modulate nuclear gene expression in this alga are discussed. Conceptually, different signaling components converge to regulate either the same or functionally-overlapping gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Rea
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29, 3 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Amina Antonacci
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29, 3 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Maya D Lambreva
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29, 3 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Autar K Mattoo
- The Henry A Wallace Agricultural Research Centre, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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25
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Nowack ECM, Weber APM. Genomics-Informed Insights into Endosymbiotic Organelle Evolution in Photosynthetic Eukaryotes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:51-84. [PMID: 29489396 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of free-living cyanobacteria to photosynthetic organelles of eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis transformed the biosphere and eventually provided the basis for life on land. Despite the presumable advantage conferred by the acquisition of photoautotrophy through endosymbiosis, only two independent cases of primary endosymbiosis have been documented: one that gave rise to the Archaeplastida, and the other to photosynthetic species of the thecate, filose amoeba Paulinella. Here, we review recent genomics-informed insights into the primary endosymbiotic origins of cyanobacteria-derived organelles. Furthermore, we discuss the preconditions for the evolution of nitrogen-fixing organelles. Recent genomic data on previously undersampled cyanobacterial and protist taxa provide new clues to the origins of the host cell and endosymbiont, and proteomic approaches allow insights into the rearrangement of the endosymbiont proteome during organellogenesis. We conclude that in addition to endosymbiotic gene transfers, horizontal gene acquisitions from a broad variety of prokaryotic taxa were crucial to organelle evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C M Nowack
- Microbial Symbiosis and Organelle Evolution Group, Biology Department, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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26
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Xu H, Zhang L, Li R, Wang X, Liu S, Liu X, Jing Y, Xiao J. SKL1 Is Essential for Chloroplast Development in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:179. [PMID: 29515603 PMCID: PMC5826214 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis shikimate kinase-like 1 (skl1-8) mutant is characterized by a pigment-defective phenotype. Although the related phenotypical defect mainly has been attributed to the blocking of chloroplast development, the molecular functions of SKL1 remain largely unknown. In this study, we combined multiple approaches to investigate the potential functions of SKL1. Results showed that the skl1-8 mutant exhibited an albino phenotype and had dramatically reduced chlorophyll content as a consequence of a single nuclear recessive gene mutation. Chemical complementation analysis indicated that SKL1 does not function as SK enzyme in the shikimate pathway. In addition, by chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and immunoblot analysis, the levels of photosynthetic proteins are substantially reduced. Moreover, by transcriptome analysis, specific groups of nuclear genes involved in photosynthesis, such as light-harvesting complex, pigment metabolism, carbon metabolism, and chloroplast gene expression, were down-regulated, whereas several defense and oxidative stress responsive genes were up-regulated in the skl1-8 mutant compared with the wide type. Furthermore, we found the expression of genes related to auxin transport and response was repressed in the skl1-8 mutant, probable suggesting that SKL1 is involved in auxin-related pathways during chloroplast development. Together, these results provide a useful reference for characterization of SKL1 function during chloroplast biogenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Jing
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jianwei Xiao,
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27
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Robles P, Núñez-Delegido E, Ferrández-Ayela A, Sarmiento-Mañús R, Micol JL, Quesada V. Arabidopsis mTERF6 is required for leaf patterning. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 266:117-129. [PMID: 29241561 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To enhance our understanding of the roles of mitochondrial transcription termination factors (mTERFs) in plants, we have taken a reverse genetic approach in Arabidopsis thaliana. One of the mutants isolated carried a novel allele of the mTERF6 gene, which we named mterf6-5. mTERF6 is a chloroplast and mitochondrial localised protein required for the maturation of chloroplast isoleucine tRNA. The mterf6-5 plants are pale and exhibit markedly reduced growth, and altered leaf and chloroplast development. Our qRT-PCR analyses revealed mis-expression of several plastid, mitochondrial and nuclear genes in mterf6-5 plants. Synergistic phenotypes were observed in double mutant combinations of mterf6-5 with alleles of other mTERF genes as well as with scabra3-2, affected in the plastid RpoTp RNA polymerase; these observations suggest a functional relationship between mTERF6, other mTERFs and SCA3. The mterf6-5 mutation also enhanced the leaf dorsoventral polarity defects of the asymmetric leaves1-1 (as1-1) mutant, which resulted in radial leaves. This interaction seemed specific of the impaired mTERF6 function because mutations in the mTERF genes MDA1 or TWR-1/mTERF9 did not result in radialised leaves. Furthermore, the mterf6-5 mutation dramatically increased the leaf phenotype of as2-1 and caused lethality early in vegetative development. Our results uncover a new role for mTERF6 in leaf patterning and highlight the importance of mTERFs in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Robles
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eva Núñez-Delegido
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Sarmiento-Mañús
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - José Luis Micol
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Víctor Quesada
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain.
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28
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Chloroplast signaling and quality control. Essays Biochem 2017; 62:13-20. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although chloroplasts contain their own genetic system and are semi-autonomous cell organelles, plastid biogenesis and homeostasis are heavily dependent on the nucleo-cytosolic compartment. These two cellular compartments are closely co-ordinated through a complex signaling network comprising both anterograde and retrograde signaling chains. Developmental changes or any perturbation in the chloroplast system induced by a particular stress resulting from changes in environmental conditions such as excess light, elevated temperature, nutrient limitation, pathogen infection, give rise to specific signals. They migrate out of the chloroplast and are perceived by the nucleus where they elicit changes in expression of particular genes that allow for the maintenance of plastid homeostasis toward environmental cues. These genes mainly include those of photosynthesis-associated proteins, chaperones, proteases, nucleases and immune/defense proteins. Besides this transcriptional response, a chloroplast quality control system exists that is involved in the repair and turnover of damaged plastid proteins. This system degrades aggregated or damaged proteins and it can even remove entire chloroplasts when they have suffered heavy damage. This response comprises several processes such as plastid autophagy and ubiquitin–proteasome mediated proteolysis that occurs on the plastid envelope through the action of the ubiquitin–proteasome system.
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29
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Abstract
The plastids, including chloroplasts, are a group of interrelated organelles that confer photoautotrophic growth and the unique metabolic capabilities that are characteristic of plant systems. Plastid biogenesis relies on the expression, import, and assembly of thousands of nuclear encoded preproteins. Plastid proteomes undergo rapid remodeling in response to developmental and environmental signals to generate functionally distinct plastid types in specific cells and tissues. In this review, we will highlight the central role of the plastid protein import system in regulating and coordinating the import of functionally related sets of preproteins that are required for plastid-type transitions and maintenance.
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30
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Salinity Response in Chloroplasts: Insights from Gene Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051011. [PMID: 28481319 PMCID: PMC5454924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is a severe abiotic stress limiting agricultural yield and productivity. Plants have evolved various strategies to cope with salt stress. Chloroplasts are important photosynthesis organelles, which are sensitive to salinity. An understanding of molecular mechanisms in chloroplast tolerance to salinity is of great importance for genetic modification and plant breeding. Previous studies have characterized more than 53 salt-responsive genes encoding important chloroplast-localized proteins, which imply multiple vital pathways in chloroplasts in response to salt stress, such as thylakoid membrane organization, the modulation of photosystem II (PS II) activity, carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation, photorespiration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, osmotic and ion homeostasis, abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling, and gene expression regulation, as well as protein synthesis and turnover. This review presents an overview of salt response in chloroplasts revealed by gene characterization efforts.
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31
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Zhang XY, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Pan XX, Yan LC, Ma XJ, Zhao WZ, Qi XT, Yin LP. Zea mays Fe deficiency-related 4 (ZmFDR4) functions as an iron transporter in the plastids of monocots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:147-163. [PMID: 28103409 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe)-homeostasis in the plastids is closely associated with Fe transport proteins that prevent Fe from occurring in its toxic free ionic forms. However, the number of known protein families related to Fe transport in the plastids (about five) and the function of iron in non-green plastids is limited. In the present study, we report the functional characterization of Zea mays Fe deficiency-related 4 (ZmFDR4), which was isolated from a differentially expressed clone of a cDNA library of Fe deficiency-induced maize roots. ZmFDR4 is homologous to the bacterial FliP superfamily, coexisted in both algae and terrestrial plants, and capable of restoring the normal growth of the yeast mutant fet3fet4, which possesses defective Fe uptake systems. ZmFDR4 mRNA is ubiquitous in maize and is inducible by iron deficiency in wheat. Transient expression of the 35S:ZmFDR4-eGFP fusion protein in rice protoplasts indicated that ZmFDR4 maybe localizes to the plastids envelope and thylakoid. In 35S:c-Myc-ZmFDR4 transgenic tobacco, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting confirmed that ZmFDR4 is targeted to both the chloroplast envelope and thylakoid. Meanwhile, ultrastructure analysis indicates that ZmFDR4 promotes the density of plastids and accumulation of starch grains. Moreover, Bathophenanthroline disulfonate (BPDS) colorimetry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) indicate that ZmFDR4 is related to Fe uptake by plastids and increases seed Fe content. Finally, 35S:c-Myc-ZmFDR4 transgenic tobacco show enhanced photosynthetic efficiency. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrate that ZmFDR4 functions as an iron transporter in monocot plastids and provide insight into the process of Fe uptake by plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, No. 105 Xisanhuan North Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, No. 105 Xisanhuan North Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, No. 105 Xisanhuan North Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, No. 105 Xisanhuan North Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Luo-Chen Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, No. 105 Xisanhuan North Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, No. 105 Xisanhuan North Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Zhao
- Institute of Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Capital Normal University, No. 105 Xisanhuan North Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, No. 105 Xisanhuan North Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Li-Ping Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, No. 105 Xisanhuan North Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
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32
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Liebers M, Grübler B, Chevalier F, Lerbs-Mache S, Merendino L, Blanvillain R, Pfannschmidt T. Regulatory Shifts in Plastid Transcription Play a Key Role in Morphological Conversions of Plastids during Plant Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:23. [PMID: 28154576 PMCID: PMC5243808 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastids display a high morphological and functional diversity. Starting from an undifferentiated small proplastid, these plant cell organelles can develop into four major forms: etioplasts in the dark, chloroplasts in green tissues, chromoplasts in colored flowers and fruits and amyloplasts in roots. The various forms are interconvertible into each other depending on tissue context and respective environmental condition. Research of the last two decades uncovered that each plastid type contains its own specific proteome that can be highly different from that of the other types. Composition of these proteomes largely defines the enzymatic functionality of the respective plastid. The vast majority of plastid proteins is encoded in the nucleus and must be imported from the cytosol. However, a subset of proteins of the photosynthetic and gene expression machineries are encoded on the plastid genome and are transcribed by a complex transcriptional apparatus consisting of phage-type nuclear-encoded RNA polymerases and a bacterial-type plastid-encoded RNA polymerase. Both types recognize specific sets of promoters and transcribe partly over-lapping as well as specific sets of genes. Here we summarize the current knowledge about the sequential activity of these plastid RNA polymerases and their relative activities in different types of plastids. Based on published plastid gene expression profiles we hypothesize that each conversion from one plastid type into another is either accompanied or even preceded by significant changes in plastid transcription suggesting that these changes represent important determinants of plastid morphology and protein composition and, hence, the plastid type.
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33
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Wang M, Jiang L, Da Q, Liu J, Feng D, Wang J, Wang HB, Jin HL. DELAYED GREENING 238, a Nuclear-Encoded Chloroplast Nucleoid Protein, Is Involved in the Regulation of Early Chloroplast Development and Plastid Gene Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2586-2599. [PMID: 27818379 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast development is an essential process for plant growth that is regulated by numerous proteins. Plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (PEP) is a large complex that regulates plastid gene transcription and chloroplast development. However, many proteins in this complex remain to be identified. Here, through large-scale screening of Arabidopsis mutants by Chl fluorescence imaging, we identified a novel protein, DELAYED GREENING 238 (DG238), which is involved in regulating chloroplast development and plastid gene expression. Loss of DG238 retards plant growth, delays young leaf greening, affects chloroplast development and lowers photosynthetic efficiency. Moreover, blue-native PAGE (BN-PAGE) and Western blot analysis indicated that PSII and PSI protein levels are reduced in dg238 mutants. DG238 is mainly expressed in young tissues and is regulated by light signals. Subcellular localization analysis showed that DG238 is a nuclear-encoded chloroplast nucleoid protein. More interestingly, DG238 was co-expressed with FLN1, which encodes an essential subunit of the PEP complex. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays showed that DG238 can also interact with FLN1. Taken together, these results suggest that DG238 may function as a component of the PEP complex that is important for the early stage of chloroplast development and helps regulate PEP-dependent plastid gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qingen Da
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dongru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinfa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong-Lei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, PR China
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34
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Shmakov NA, Vasiliev GV, Shatskaya NV, Doroshkov AV, Gordeeva EI, Afonnikov DA, Khlestkina EK. Identification of nuclear genes controlling chlorophyll synthesis in barley by RNA-seq. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:245. [PMID: 28105957 PMCID: PMC5123340 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albinism in plants is characterized by lack of chlorophyll and results in photosynthesis impairment, abnormal plant development and premature death. These abnormalities are frequently encountered in interspecific crosses and tissue culture experiments. Analysis of albino mutant phenotypes with full or partial chlorophyll deficiency can shed light on genetic determinants and molecular mechanisms of albinism. Here we report analysis of RNA-seq transcription profiling of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) near-isogenic lines, one of which is a carrier of mutant allele of the Alm gene for albino lemma and pericarp phenotype (line i:BwAlm). RESULTS 1221 genome fragments have statistically significant changes in expression levels between lines i:BwAlm and Bowman, with 148 fragments having increased expression levels in line i:BwAlm, and 1073 genome fragments, including 42 plastid operons, having decreased levels of expression in line i:BwAlm. We detected functional dissimilarity between genes with higher and lower levels of expression in i:BwAlm line. Genes with lower level of expression in the i:BwAlm line are mostly associated with photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis, while genes with higher expression level are functionally associated with vesicle transport. Differentially expressed genes are shown to be involved in several metabolic pathways; the largest fraction of such genes was observed for the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. Finally, de novo assembly of transcriptome contains several transcripts, not annotated in current H. vulgare genome version. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the new information about genes which could be involved in formation of albino lemma and pericarp phenotype. They demonstrate the interplay between nuclear and chloroplast genomes in this physiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolay A. Shmakov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Dmitry A. Afonnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena K. Khlestkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Wang D, Fu A. The Plastid Terminal Oxidase is a Key Factor Balancing the Redox State of Thylakoid Membrane. Enzymes 2016; 40:143-171. [PMID: 27776780 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria possess oxygen-consuming respiratory electron transfer chains (RETCs), and the oxygen-evolving photosynthetic electron transfer chain (PETC) resides in chloroplasts. Evolutionarily mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from ancient α-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively. However, cyanobacteria harbor both RETC and PETC on their thylakoid membranes. It is proposed that chloroplasts could possess a RETC on the thylakoid membrane, in addition to PETC. Identification of a plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) in the chloroplast from the Arabidopsis variegation mutant immutans (im) demonstrated the presence of a RETC in chloroplasts, and the PTOX is the committed oxidase. PTOX is distantly related to the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX), which is responsible for the CN-insensitive alternative RETC. Similar to AOX, an ubiquinol (UQH2) oxidase, PTOX is a plastoquinol (PQH2) oxidase on the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. Lack of PTOX, Arabidopsis im showed a light-dependent variegation phenotype; and mutant plants will not survive the mediocre light intensity during its early development stage. PTOX is very important for carotenoid biosynthesis, since the phytoene desaturation, a key step in the carotenoid biosynthesis, is blocked in the white sectors of Arabidopsis im mutant. PTOX is found to be a stress-related protein in numerous research instances. It is generally believed that PTOX can protect plants from various environmental stresses, especially high light stress. PTOX also plays significant roles in chloroplast development and plant morphogenesis. Global physiological roles played by PTOX could be a direct or indirect consequence of its PQH2 oxidase activity to maintain the PQ pool redox state on the thylakoid membrane. The PTOX-dependent chloroplast RETC (so-called chlororespiration) does not contribute significantly when chloroplast PETC is normally developed and functions well. However, PTOX-mediated RETC could be the major force to regulate the PQ pool redox balance in the darkness, under conditions of stress, in nonphotosynthetic plastids, especially in the early development from proplastids to chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China
| | - A Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China.
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Sun X, Xu D, Liu Z, Kleine T, Leister D. Functional relationship between mTERF4 and GUN1 in retrograde signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3909-24. [PMID: 26685190 PMCID: PMC4915522 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling plays an important role in regulating the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) in accordance with physiological demands on chloroplast biogenesis and function. Despite its fundamental importance, little is known about the molecular nature of the plastid gene expression (PGE)-dependent type of retrograde signaling. PGE is a multifaceted process, and several factors, including pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, are involved in its regulation. The PPR protein GUN1 plays a central role in PGE-dependent retrograde signaling. In this study, we isolated a mutant exhibiting up-regulation of CHLOROPHYLL A/B-BINDING PROTEIN (CAB) under normal growth conditions (named coe1 for CAB overexpression 1). The coe1 mutant has a single-base mutation in the gene for mitochondrial transcription termination factor 4 (mTERF4)/BSM/RUG2, which plays a role in regulating the processing of certain plastid transcripts. Defects in GUN1 or mTERF4 de-repressed the expression of specific plastid mRNAs in the presence of lincomycin (LIN). In wild-type plants, treatment with LIN or spectinomycin (SPE) inhibited processing of plastid transcripts. Comparative analysis revealed that in gun1 and coe1/mterf4, but not in wild-type, gun4, or gun5 plants, the processing of plastid transcripts and expression levels of Lhcb1 mRNA were affected in opposite ways when plants were grown in the presence of LIN or SPE. In addition, the coe1 mutation affected the intracellular accumulation and distribution of GUN1, as well as its plastid signaling activity. Taken together, these results suggest that GUN1 and COE1 cooperate in PGE and retrograde signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwu Sun
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Duorong Xu
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Zhixin Liu
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Leister D. Towards understanding the evolution and functional diversification of DNA-containing plant organelles. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 26998248 PMCID: PMC4792205 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7915.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastids and mitochondria derive from prokaryotic symbionts that lost most of their genes after the establishment of endosymbiosis. In consequence, relatively few of the thousands of different proteins in these organelles are actually encoded there. Most are now specified by nuclear genes. The most direct way to reconstruct the evolutionary history of plastids and mitochondria is to sequence and analyze their relatively small genomes. However, understanding the functional diversification of these organelles requires the identification of their complete protein repertoires – which is the ultimate goal of organellar proteomics. In the meantime, judicious combination of proteomics-based data with analyses of nuclear genes that include interspecies comparisons and/or predictions of subcellular location is the method of choice. Such genome-wide approaches can now make use of the entire sequences of plant nuclear genomes that have emerged since 2000. Here I review the results of these attempts to reconstruct the evolution and functions of plant DNA-containing organelles, focusing in particular on data from nuclear genomes. In addition, I discuss proteomic approaches to the direct identification of organellar proteins and briefly refer to ongoing research on non-coding nuclear DNAs of organellar origin (specifically, nuclear mitochondrial DNA and nuclear plastid DNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany; Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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He D, Damaris RN, Fu J, Tu J, Fu T, Xi C, Yi B, Yang P. Differential Molecular Responses of Rapeseed Cotyledons to Light and Dark Reveal Metabolic Adaptations toward Autotrophy Establishment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:988. [PMID: 27471506 PMCID: PMC4944393 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis competent autotrophy is established during the postgerminative stage of plant growth. Among the multiple factors, light plays a decisive role in the switch from heterotrophic to autotrophic growth. Under dark conditions, the rapeseed hypocotyl extends quickly with an apical hook, and the cotyledon is yellow and folded, and maintains high levels of the isocitrate lyase (ICL). By contrast, in the light, the hypocotyl extends slowly, the cotyledon unfolds and turns green, the ICL content changes in parallel with cotyledon greening. To reveal metabolic adaptations during the establishment of postgerminative autotrophy in rapeseed, we conducted comparative proteomic and metabolomic analyses of the cotyledons of seedlings grown under light versus dark conditions. Under both conditions, the increase in proteases, fatty acid β-oxidation and glyoxylate-cycle related proteins was accompanied by rapid degradation of the stored proteins and lipids with an accumulation of the amino acids. While light condition partially retarded these conversions. Light significantly induced the expression of chlorophyll-binding and photorespiration related proteins, resulting in an increase in reducing-sugars. However, the levels of some chlorophyllide conversion, Calvin-cycle and photorespiration related proteins also accumulated in dark grown cotyledons, implying that the transition from heterotrophy to autotrophy is programmed in the seed rather than induced by light. Various anti-stress systems, e.g., redox related proteins, salicylic acid, proline and chaperones, were employed to decrease oxidative stress, which was mainly derived from lipid oxidation or photorespiration, under both conditions. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the differential molecular responses of rapeseed cotyledons to light and dark conditions, which will facilitate further study on the complex mechanism underlying the transition from heterotrophy to autotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Rebecca N. Damaris
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jinlei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Chen Xi
- Wuhan Institute of BiotechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Yi, Pingfang Yang,
| | - Pingfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Yi, Pingfang Yang,
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Pfannschmidt T, Blanvillain R, Merendino L, Courtois F, Chevalier F, Liebers M, Grübler B, Hommel E, Lerbs-Mache S. Plastid RNA polymerases: orchestration of enzymes with different evolutionary origins controls chloroplast biogenesis during the plant life cycle. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6957-73. [PMID: 26355147 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the sunlight-collecting organelles of photosynthetic eukaryotes that energetically drive the biosphere of our planet. They are the base for all major food webs by providing essential photosynthates to all heterotrophic organisms including humans. Recent research has focused largely on an understanding of the function of these organelles, but knowledge about the biogenesis of chloroplasts is rather limited. It is known that chloroplasts develop from undifferentiated precursor plastids, the proplastids, in meristematic cells. This review focuses on the activation and action of plastid RNA polymerases, which play a key role in the development of new chloroplasts from proplastids. Evolutionarily, plastids emerged from the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium-like ancestor into a heterotrophic eukaryote. As an evolutionary remnant of this process, they possess their own genome, which is expressed by two types of plastid RNA polymerase, phage-type and prokaryotic-type RNA polymerase. The protein subunits of these polymerases are encoded in both the nuclear and plastid genomes. Their activation and action therefore require a highly sophisticated regulation that controls and coordinates the expression of the components encoded in the plastid and nucleus. Stoichiometric expression and correct assembly of RNA polymerase complexes is achieved by a combination of developmental and environmentally induced programmes. This review highlights the current knowledge about the functional coordination between the different types of plastid RNA polymerases and provides working models of their sequential expression and function for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pfannschmidt
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Robert Blanvillain
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Livia Merendino
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Courtois
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Fabien Chevalier
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Monique Liebers
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Björn Grübler
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Elisabeth Hommel
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Silva Lerbs-Mache
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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40
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Raven JA. Implications of mutation of organelle genomes for organelle function and evolution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5639-50. [PMID: 26077836 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Organelle genomes undergo more variation, including that resulting from damage, than eukaryotic nuclear genomes, or bacterial genomes, under the same conditions. Recent advances in characterizing the changes to genomes of chloroplasts and mitochondria of Zea mays should, when applied more widely, help our understanding of how damage to organelle genomes relates to how organelle function is maintained through the life of individuals and in succeeding generations. Understanding of the degree of variation in the changes to organelle DNA and its repair among photosynthetic organisms might help to explain the variations in the rate of nucleotide substitution among organelle genomes. Further studies of organelle DNA variation, including that due to damage and its repair might also help us to understand why the extent of DNA turnover in the organelles is so much greater than that in their bacterial (cyanobacteria for chloroplasts, proteobacteria for mitochondria) relatives with similar rates of production of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species. Finally, from the available data, even the longest-lived organelle-encoded proteins, and the RNAs needed for their synthesis, are unlikely to maintain organelle function for much more than a week after the complete loss of organelle DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK †School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, M048, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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41
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Nouri MZ, Moumeni A, Komatsu S. Abiotic Stresses: Insight into Gene Regulation and Protein Expression in Photosynthetic Pathways of Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20392-416. [PMID: 26343644 PMCID: PMC4613210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming and climate change intensified the occurrence and severity of abiotic stresses that seriously affect the growth and development of plants,especially, plant photosynthesis. The direct impact of abiotic stress on the activity of photosynthesis is disruption of all photosynthesis components such as photosystem I and II, electron transport, carbon fixation, ATP generating system and stomatal conductance. The photosynthetic system of plants reacts to the stress differently, according to the plant type, photosynthetic systems (C₃ or C₄), type of the stress, time and duration of the occurrence and several other factors. The plant responds to the stresses by a coordinate chloroplast and nuclear gene expression. Chloroplast, thylakoid membrane, and nucleus are the main targets of regulated proteins and metabolites associated with photosynthetic pathways. Rapid responses of plant cell metabolism and adaptation to photosynthetic machinery are key factors for survival of plants in a fluctuating environment. This review gives a comprehensive view of photosynthesis-related alterations at the gene and protein levels for plant adaptation or reaction in response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Zaman Nouri
- Rice Research Institute of Iran, Mazandaran Branch, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Amol 46191-91951, Iran.
| | - Ali Moumeni
- Rice Research Institute of Iran, Mazandaran Branch, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Amol 46191-91951, Iran.
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan.
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42
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Han JH, Lee K, Lee KH, Jung S, Jeon Y, Pai HS, Kang H. A nuclear-encoded chloroplast-targeted S1 RNA-binding domain protein affects chloroplast rRNA processing and is crucial for the normal growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:277-89. [PMID: 26031782 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that a variety of nuclear-encoded RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are targeted to the chloroplast and play essential roles during post-transcriptional RNA metabolism in the chloroplast, the physiological roles of the majority of chloroplast-targeted RBPs remain elusive. Here, we investigated the functional role of a nuclear-encoded S1 domain-containing RBP, designated SDP, in the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Confocal analysis of the SDP-green fluorescent protein revealed that SDP was localized to the chloroplast. The loss-of-function sdp mutant displayed retarded seed germination and pale-green phenotypes, and grew smaller than the wild-type plants. Chlorophyll a content and photosynthetic activity of the sdp mutant were much lower than those of wild-type plants, and the structures of the chloroplast and the prolamellar body were abnormal in the sdp mutant. The processing of rRNAs in the chloroplast was defective in the sdp mutant, and SDP was able to bind chloroplast 23S, 16S, 5S and 4.5S rRNAs. Notably, SDP possesses RNA chaperone activity. Transcript levels of the nuclear genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis were altered in the sdp mutant. Collectively, these results suggest that chloroplast-targeted SDP harboring RNA chaperone activity affects rRNA processing, chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthetic activity, which is crucial for normal growth of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Han
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Kwanuk Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Lee
- Department of Wood Science and Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Sunyo Jung
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
| | - Young Jeon
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Pai
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Hunseung Kang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
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Singh R, Singh S, Parihar P, Singh VP, Prasad SM. Retrograde signaling between plastid and nucleus: A review. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 181:55-66. [PMID: 25974370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde signaling, defined as the signaling events leading from the plastids to the nucleus, coordinates the expression of plastid and nuclear genes and is crucial for metabolic as well as developmental processes of the plastids. In the recent past, the identification of various components that are involved in the generation and transmission of plastid-originated retrograde signals and the regulation of nuclear gene expression has only provided a glimpse of the plastid retrograde signaling network, which remains poorly understood. The basic assumptions underlying our current understanding of retrograde signaling stayed untouched for many years. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this review article to summarize established facts and recent advances regarding various retrograde signaling pathways derived from different sources, the identification of key elements mediating retrograde signal transduction and also to give an overview of possible signaling molecules that remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Samiksha Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Govt Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post Graduate College, Baikunthpur, Koriya-497335, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Sheo Mohan Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India.
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Simmerman RF, Dave AM, Bruce BD. Structure and function of POTRA domains of Omp85/TPS superfamily. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:1-34. [PMID: 24411168 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Omp85/TPS (outer-membrane protein of 85 kDa/two-partner secretion) superfamily is a ubiquitous and major class of β-barrel proteins. This superfamily is restricted to the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The common architecture, with an N-terminus consisting of repeats of soluble polypeptide-transport-associated (POTRA) domains and a C-terminal β-barrel pore is highly conserved. The structures of multiple POTRA domains and one full-length TPS protein have been solved, yet discovering roles of individual POTRA domains has been difficult. This review focuses on similarities and differences between POTRA structures, emphasizing POTRA domains in autotrophic organisms including plants and cyanobacteria. Unique roles, specific for certain POTRA domains, are examined in the context of POTRA location with respect to their attachment to the β-barrel pore, and their degree of biological dispensability. Finally, because many POTRA domains may have the ability to interact with thousands of partner proteins, possible modes of these interactions are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Simmerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ashita M Dave
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Barry D Bruce
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
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45
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Rochaix JD, Ramundo S. Conditional repression of essential chloroplast genes: Evidence for new plastid signaling pathways. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1847:986-92. [PMID: 25486627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The development of a repressible chloroplast gene expression system in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has opened the door for studying the role of essential chloroplast genes. This approach has been used to analyze three chloroplast genes of this sort coding for the α subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoA), a ribosomal protein (rps12) and the catalytic subunit of the ATP-dependent ClpP protease (clpP1). Depletion of the three corresponding proteins leads to growth arrest and cell death. Shutdown of chloroplast transcription and translation increases the abundance of a set of plastid transcripts that includes mainly those involved in transcription, translation and proteolysis and reveals multiple regulatory feedback loops in the chloroplast gene circuitry. Depletion of ClpP profoundly affects plastid protein homeostasis and elicits an autophagy-like response with extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization of cells. It also triggers changes in chloroplast and nuclear gene expression resulting in increased abundance of chaperones, proteases, ubiquitin-related proteins and proteins involved in lipid trafficking and thylakoid biogenesis. These features are hallmarks of an unfolded protein response in the chloroplast and raise new questions on plastid protein homeostasis and plastid signaling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Silvia Ramundo
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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46
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Paila YD, Richardson LGL, Schnell DJ. New insights into the mechanism of chloroplast protein import and its integration with protein quality control, organelle biogenesis and development. J Mol Biol 2014; 427:1038-1060. [PMID: 25174336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The translocons at the outer (TOC) and the inner (TIC) envelope membranes of chloroplasts mediate the targeting and import of several thousand nucleus-encoded preproteins that are required for organelle biogenesis and homeostasis. The cytosolic events in preprotein targeting remain largely unknown, although cytoplasmic chaperones have been proposed to facilitate delivery to the TOC complex. Preprotein recognition is mediated by the TOC GTPase receptors Toc159 and Toc34. The receptors constitute a GTP-regulated switch, which initiates membrane translocation via Toc75, a member of the Omp85 (outer membrane protein 85)/TpsB (two-partner secretion system B) family of bacterial, plastid and mitochondrial β-barrel outer membrane proteins. The TOC receptor systems have diversified to recognize distinct sets of preproteins, thereby maximizing the efficiency of targeting in response to changes in gene expression during developmental and physiological events that impact organelle function. The TOC complex interacts with the TIC translocon to allow simultaneous translocation of preproteins across the envelope. Both the two inner membrane complexes, the Tic110 and 1 MDa complexes, have been implicated as constituents of the TIC translocon, and it remains to be determined how they interact to form the TIC channel and assemble the import-associated chaperone network in the stroma that drives import across the envelope membranes. This review will focus on recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms and diversity of the TOC-TIC systems. Our goal is to incorporate these recent studies with previous work and present updated or revised models for the function of TOC-TIC in protein import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna D Paila
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Laboratories Room N431, 240 Thatcher Rd, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003-9364, USA
| | - Lynn G L Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Laboratories Room N431, 240 Thatcher Rd, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003-9364, USA
| | - Danny J Schnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Laboratories Room N431, 240 Thatcher Rd, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003-9364, USA
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Lindquist E, Alezzawi M, Aronsson H. Bioinformatic indications that COPI- and clathrin-based transport systems are not present in chloroplasts: an Arabidopsis model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104423. [PMID: 25137124 PMCID: PMC4138088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coated vesicle transport occurs in the cytosol of yeast, mammals and plants. It consists of three different transport systems, the COPI, COPII and clathrin coated vesicles (CCV), all of which participate in the transfer of proteins and lipids between different cytosolic compartments. There are also indications that chloroplasts have a vesicle transport system. Several putative chloroplast-localized proteins, including CPSAR1 and CPRabA5e with similarities to cytosolic COPII transport-related proteins, were detected in previous experimental and bioinformatics studies. These indications raised the hypothesis that a COPI- and/or CCV-related system may be present in chloroplasts, in addition to a COPII-related system. To test this hypothesis we bioinformatically searched for chloroplast proteins that may have similar functions to known cytosolic COPI and CCV components in the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (subsp. japonica) (rice). We found 29 such proteins, based on domain similarity, in Arabidopsis, and 14 in rice. However, many components could not be identified and among the identified most have assigned roles that are not related to either COPI or CCV transport. We conclude that COPII is probably the only active vesicle system in chloroplasts, at least in the model plants. The evolutionary implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Lindquist
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Alezzawi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Schlicke H, Hartwig AS, Firtzlaff V, Richter AS, Glässer C, Maier K, Finkemeier I, Grimm B. Induced deactivation of genes encoding chlorophyll biosynthesis enzymes disentangles tetrapyrrole-mediated retrograde signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1211-27. [PMID: 24658417 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic organisms, tetrapyrrole-mediated retrograde signals are proposed to contribute to a balanced nuclear gene expression (NGE) in response to metabolic activity in chloroplasts. We followed an experimental short-term approach that allowed the assessment of modified NGE during the first hours of specifically modified enzymatic steps of the Mg branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, when pleiotropic effects of other signals can be avoided. In response to 24-h-induced silencing of CHLH, CHLM, and CHL27 encoding the CHLH subunit of Mg chelatase, the Mg protoporphyrin methyltransferase and Mg protoporphyrin monomethylester cyclase, respectively, deactivated gene expression rapidly led to reduced activity of the corresponding enzymes and altered Mg porphyrin levels. But NGE was not substantially altered. When these three genes were continuously inactivated for up to 4 d, changes of transcript levels of nuclear genes were determined. CHL27 silencing for more than 24h results in necrotic leaf lesions and modulated transcript levels of oxidative stress-responsive and photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs). The prolonged deactivation of CHLH and CHLM results in slightly elevated transcript levels of PhANGs and tetrapyrrole-associated genes. These time-resolved studies indicate a complex scenario for the contribution of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis on NGE mediated by (1)O2-induced signaling and feedback-regulated ALA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Schlicke
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, D 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annabel Salinas Hartwig
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, D 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivien Firtzlaff
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, D 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, D 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Glässer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Maier
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Group, Carl-von-Linné Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt University Berlin, Philippstr. 13, Building 12, D 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Nagashima A, Hanaoka M, Motohashi R, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Kanamaru K, Takahashi H, Tanaka K. DNA Microarray Analysis of Plastid Gene Expression in anArabidopsisMutant Deficient in a Plastid Transcription Factor Sigma, SIG2. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 68:694-704. [PMID: 15056905 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The plastid genome of higher plants contains more than one hundred genes for photosynthesis, gene expression, and other processes. Plastid transcription is done by two types of RNA polymerase, PEP and NEP. PEP is a eubacteria-type RNA polymerase that is essential for chloroplast development. In Arabidopsis thaliana, six sigma factors (SIG1-6) are encoded by the nuclear genome, and postulated to determine the transcription specificity of PEP. In this study, we constructed a DNA microarray for all of the plastid protein-coding genes, and analyzed the effects of the sig2 lesion on the global plastid gene expression. Of the 79 plastid protein genes, it was found that only the psaJ transcript was decreased in the mutant, whereas transcripts of 47 genes were rather increased. Since many of the up-regulated genes are under the control of NEP, it was suggested that the NEP activity was increased in the sig2-1 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitomo Nagashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Molecular characterization and expression analysis of chloroplast protein import components in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PLoS One 2014; 9:e95088. [PMID: 24751891 PMCID: PMC3994019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts (Toc) mediates the recognition and initial import into the organelle of thousands of nucleus-encoded proteins. These proteins are translated in the cytosol as precursor proteins with cleavable amino-terminal targeting sequences called transit peptides. The majority of the known Toc components that mediate chloroplast protein import were originally identified in pea, and more recently have been studied most extensively in Arabidopsis. With the completion of the tomato genome sequencing project, it is now possible to identify putative homologues of the chloroplast import components in tomato. In the work reported here, the Toc GTPase cDNAs from tomato were identified, cloned and analyzed. The analysis revealed that there are four Toc159 homologues (slToc159-1, -2, -3 and -4) and two Toc34 homologues (slToc34-1 and -2) in tomato, and it was shown that tomato Toc159 and Toc34 homologues share high sequence similarity with the comparable import apparatus components from Arabidopsis and pea. Thus, tomato is a valid model for further study of this system. The expression level of Toc complex components was also investigated in different tissues during tomato development. The two tomato Toc34 homologues are expressed at higher levels in non-photosynthetic tissues, whereas, the expression of two tomato Toc159 homologues, slToc159-1 and slToc159-4, were higher in photosynthetic tissues, and the expression patterns of slToc159-2 was not significantly different in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues, and slToc159-3 expression was limited to a few select tissues.
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