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Lok B, Babu D, Tabana Y, Dahham SS, Adam MAA, Barakat K, Sandai D. The Anticancer Potential of Psidium guajava (Guava) Extracts. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020346. [PMID: 36836712 PMCID: PMC9963020 DOI: 10.3390/life13020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The fruits, leaves, and bark of the guava (Psidium guajava) tree have traditionally been used to treat a myriad of ailments, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. The various parts of the plant have been shown to exhibit medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities. Recent studies have shown that the bioactive phytochemicals of several parts of the P. guajava plant exhibit anticancer activity. This review aims to present a concise summary of the in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the anticancer activity of the plant against various human cancer cell lines and animal models, including the identified phytochemicals that contributes to their activity via the different mechanisms. In vitro growth and cell viability studies, such as the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, and the trypan blue exclusion test, were conducted using P. guajava extracts and their biomolecules to assess their effects on human cancer cell lines. Numerous studies have showcased that the P. guajava plant and its bioactive molecules, especially those extracted from its leaves, selectively suppress the growth of human cancer cells without cytotoxicity against the normal cells. This review presents the potential of the extracts of P. guajava and the bioactive molecules derived from it, to be utilized as a feasible alternative or adjuvant treatment for human cancers. The availability of the plant also contributes towards its viability as a cancer treatment in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Lok
- Department of Biomedical Science, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh Babu
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Yasser Tabana
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Saad Sabbar Dahham
- Department of Science, University of Technology and Applied Sciences Rustaq, Rustaq PC 329, Oman
| | | | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Doblin Sandai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-4-5622386
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2
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Tsukayama I, Kawakami Y, Tamenobu A, Toda K, Maruoka S, Nagasaki Y, Mori Y, Sawazumi R, Okamoto K, Kanzaki K, Ito H, Takahashi Y, Miki Y, Yamamoto K, Murakami M, Suzuki-Yamamoto T. Malabaricone C derived from nutmeg inhibits arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activity and ameliorates psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:1-8. [PMID: 36183930 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As pro-inflammatory lipid mediators, leukotrienes have pathophysiological activities in several inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis. In the biosynthesis of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid, 5-lipoxygenase catalyzes the first two steps. In the present study, we showed that nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) strongly inhibited the catalytic activity of 5-lipoxygenase. To characterize the bioactive component(s) of nutmeg, we performed 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity-guided fractionation of aqueous ethanol extract of nutmeg, resulting in the isolation of malabaricone C having antioxidant activity. Malabaricone C exhibited potent competitive inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase with an IC50 value of 0.2 μM. In mice with imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions, topical application of 2 mM malabaricone C significantly ameliorated hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration, and suppressed the expression of the psoriasis-associated genes S100a9, Krt1, Il17a, and Il22. Lipid metabolome analysis of these psoriasis-like skin lesions showed that malabaricone C markedly decreased the level of leukotriene B4 but did not significantly increase the other pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. These findings suggest that malabaricone C decreases LTB4 by the 5-lipoxygenase inhibition and ameliorates the symptoms of psoriasis-like skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Tsukayama
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakami
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Asako Tamenobu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Keisuke Toda
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Saya Maruoka
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagasaki
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Mori
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Risa Sawazumi
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Kensuke Okamoto
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Keita Kanzaki
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ito
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takahashi
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, 2-1, Minami-jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toshiko Suzuki-Yamamoto
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan.
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Raaijmakers TK, van den Bijgaart RJE, Scheffer GJ, Ansems M, Adema GJ. NSAIDs affect dendritic cell cytokine production. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275906. [PMID: 36227963 PMCID: PMC9560552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy is now considered as the new pillar in treatment of cancer patients. Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in stimulating anti-tumor immune responses, as they are capable of cross-presenting exogenous tumor antigens in MHCI complexes to activate naïve CD8+ T cells. Analgesics, like non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are frequently given to cancer patients to help relieve pain, however little is known about their impact on DC function. METHODS Here, we investigated the effect of the NSAIDs diclofenac, ibuprofen and celecoxib on the three key processes of DCs required for proper CD8+ cytotoxic T cell induction: antigen cross-presentation, co-stimulatory marker expression, and cytokine production. RESULTS Our results show that TLR-induced pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine excretion by human monocyte derived and murine bone-marrow derived DCs is diminished after NSAID exposure. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that various NSAIDs can affect DC function and warrant further investigation into the impact of NSAIDs on DC priming of T cells and cancer immunotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonke K. Raaijmakers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Renske J. E. van den Bijgaart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Scheffer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Ansems
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gosse J. Adema
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Majka J, Wierdak M, Szlachcic A, Magierowski M, Targosz A, Urbanczyk K, Krzysiek-Maczka G, Ptak-Belowska A, Bakalarz D, Magierowska K, Chmura A, Brzozowski T. Interaction of epidermal growth factor with COX-2 products and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ system in experimental rat Barrett's esophagus. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G375-G389. [PMID: 31928220 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00410.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mixed acidic-alkaline refluxate is a major pathogenic factor in chronic esophagitis progressing to Barrett's esophagus (BE). We hypothesized that epidermal growth factor (EGF) can interact with COX-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) in rats surgically prepared with esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis (EGDA) with healthy or removed salivary glands to deplete salivary EGF. EGDA rats were treated with 1) vehicle, 2) EGF or PPARγ agonist pioglitazone with or without EGFR kinase inhibitor tyrphostin A46, EGF or PPARγ antagonist GW9662 respectively, 3) ranitidine or pantoprazole, and 4) the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib combined with pioglitazone. At 3 mo, the esophageal damage and the esophageal blood flow (EBF) were determined, the mucosal expression of EGF, EGFR, COX-2, TNFα, and PPARγ mRNA and phospho-EGFR/EGFR protein was analyzed. All EGDA rats developed chronic esophagitis, esophageal ulcerations, and intestinal metaplasia followed by a fall in the EBF, an increase in the plasma of IL-1β, TNFα, and mucosal PGE2 content, the overexpression of COX-2-, and EGF-EGFR mRNAs, and proteins, and these effects were aggravated by EGF and attenuated by pioglitazone. The rise in EGF and COX-2 mRNA was inhibited by pioglitazone but reversed by pioglitazone cotreated with GW9662. We conclude that 1) EGF can interact with PG/COX-2 and the PPARγ system in the mechanism of chronic esophagitis; 2) the deleterious effect of EGF involves an impairment of EBF and the overexpression of COX-2 and EGFR, and 3) agonists of PPARγ and inhibitors of EGFR may be useful in the treatment of chronic esophagitis progressing to BE.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Rats with EGDA exhibited chronic esophagitis accompanied by a fall in EBF and an increase in mucosal expression of mRNAs for EGF, COX-2, and TNFα, and these effects were exacerbated by exogenous EGF and reduced by removal of a major source of endogenous EGF with salivectomy or concurrent treatment with tyrphostin A46 or pioglitazone combined with EGF. Beneficial effects of salivectomy in an experimental model of BE were counteracted by PPARγ antagonist, whereas selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib synergistically with pioglitazone reduced severity of esophageal damage and protected esophageal mucosa from reflux. We propose the cross talk among EGF/EGFR, PG/COX-2, and proinflammatory cytokines with PPARγ pathway in the mechanism of pathogenesis of chronic esophagitis progressing to BE and EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Majka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wierdak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szlachcic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Aneta Targosz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Urbanczyk
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Gracjana Krzysiek-Maczka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agata Ptak-Belowska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Dominik Bakalarz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Magierowska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Chmura
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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Mohammed A, Miller MS, Lubet RA, Suen CS, Sei S, Shoemaker RH, Juliana MM, Moeinpour FL, Grubbs CJ. Combination of Erlotinib and Naproxen Employing Pulsatile or Intermittent Dosing Profoundly Inhibits Urinary Bladder Cancers. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:273-282. [PMID: 31818850 PMCID: PMC7060101 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Daily dosing of either NSAIDs or EGFR inhibitors has been shown to prevent bladder cancer development in a N-butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN)-induced rat model. However, these inhibitors cause gastrointestinal ulceration and acneiform rash, respectively, limiting their continuous use in a clinical prevention setting. We studied chemopreventive efficacy of pulsatile dosing of EGFR inhibitor erlotinib (42 mg/kg BW, once/week) combined with intermittent or continuous low doses of the NSAID naproxen (30 mg/kg BW/day, 3 weeks on/off or 128 ppm daily in diet) in the OH-BBN induced rat bladder cancer model. The interventions were started either at 1 or 4 weeks (early intervention) or 3 months (delayed intervention) after the last OH-BBN treatment, by which time the rats had developed microscopic bladder lesions. All combination regimens tested as early versus late intervention led to the reduction of the average bladder tumor weights (54%-82%; P < 0.01 to P < 0.0001), a decrease in tumor multiplicity (65%-85%; P < 0.01 to P < 0.0001), and a decrease in the number of rats with large palpable tumors (>200 mg; 83%-90%; P < 0.01 to P < 0.0001). Levels of signal transduction markers, Ki-67, cyclin D1, IL1β, pSTAT3, and pERK, were significantly (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) reduced in the treated tumors, demonstrating their potential utility as predictive markers for efficacy. These findings demonstrate that significant chemopreventive efficacy could be achieved with alternative intervention regimens designed to reduce the toxicity of agents, and that starting erlotinib and/or naproxen treatments at the time microscopic tumors were present still conferred the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Mohammed
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Mark Steven Miller
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Ronald A Lubet
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Chen S Suen
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Shizuko Sei
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Robert H Shoemaker
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Margaret M Juliana
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Fariba L Moeinpour
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Clinton J Grubbs
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Toda K, Tsukayama I, Nagasaki Y, Konoike Y, Tamenobu A, Ganeko N, Ito H, Kawakami Y, Takahashi Y, Miki Y, Yamamoto K, Murakami M, Suzuki-Yamamoto T. Red-kerneled rice proanthocyanidin inhibits arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and decreases psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 689:108307. [PMID: 32112739 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase is a key enzyme in the synthesis of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid. The produced leukotrienes are involved in inflammatory diseases including psoriasis, asthma, and atherosclerosis. A suitable 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor might be useful for preventing and improving the symptoms of leukotriene-related inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigate the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of a proanthocyanidin found in red-kerneled rice. Red-kerneled rice proanthocyanidin exhibited potent mixed noncompetitive inhibition of human and rat 5-lipoxygenases, with an IC50 values of 15.1 μM against human enzyme, and 7.0 μM against rat enzyme, respectively. This compound decreased leukotriene B4 production in rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells. In imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse skin, topical application of the proanthocyanidin suppressed hyperplasia, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, and down-regulated expression of the psoriasis-associated genes Il17a, Il22, S100a9, and Krt1. Lipid metabolome analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry showed that red-kerneled rice proanthocyanidin treatment of psoriasis-like mouse skin dose-dependently decreased the production of leukotriene B4 but no other arachidonate metabolites. Red-kerneled rice proanthocyanidin inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, resulting in a decrease in leukotriene B4 production and psoriasis-like mouse skin inflammation. These results suggest that this proanthocyanidin may be therapeutically effective for treating leukotriene-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Toda
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Izumi Tsukayama
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagasaki
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yuka Konoike
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan; Department of Nutrition and Life Science, Fukuyama University, Sanzo, Gakuen-cho 1, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, 729-0292, Japan
| | - Asako Tamenobu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Natsuki Ganeko
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ito
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakami
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takahashi
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, 2-1, Minami-jyosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toshiko Suzuki-Yamamoto
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan.
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Wang Y, Liu S, Li B, Jiang Y, Zhou X, Chen J, Li M, Ren B, Peng X, Zhou X, Cheng L. Staphylococcus aureus induces COX-2-dependent proliferation and malignant transformation in oral keratinocytes. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1643205. [PMID: 31448061 PMCID: PMC6691923 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1643205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The COX-2/PGE2 axis can play roles in mediating the progression of tumor. COX-2 induction was observed in oral cancer. In our previous study, we found Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen prevalent in oral cancer, can activate the COX-2/PGE2 pathway in human oral keratinocyte (HOK) cells. Here, we investigated the proliferation of HOK cells affected by COX-2 induction and the role of COX-2 induction in the malignant transformation of HOK cells. We found S. aureus was able to facilitate HOK cell proliferation through upregulating COX-2 expression. With the induction of COX-2, expression of oral cancer-associated genes cyclin D1 was upregulated and p16 was downregulated. Transcriptome analysis showed that the “NF−kappa B signaling pathway” and “TNF signaling pathway” had the highest enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with COX-2 over-expression. Seven upregulated genes (jun, tlr4, cxcl1, lif, cxcl3, tnfrsf1β, and il1β) in these two pathways were critical for the increased proliferation of HOK cells and might be associated with COX-2. Malignant transformation of cells was evaluated by soft agar colony formation assay and S. aureus infection promoted HOK cell colony formation. These results suggest the potential of S. aureus to induce the infection-associated malignant transformation of oral epitheliums through COX-2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Rao CV, Janakiram NB, Madka V, Devarkonda V, Brewer M, Biddick L, Lightfoot S, Steele VE, Mohammed A. Simultaneous targeting of 5-LOX-COX and EGFR blocks progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33290-305. [PMID: 26429877 PMCID: PMC4741766 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGRF) are over-expressed in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis, we show significant increase in COX-2, 5-LOX, and EGFR expression during PDAC progression. Targeting complementary pathways will achieve better treatment efficacy than a single agent high-dose strategy that could increase risk of side effects and tumor resistance. To target COX-2, 5-LOX, and EGFR simultaneously, we tested effects of licofelone (dual 5-LOX-COX inhibitor), and gefitinib (EGFR inhibitor), individually and in combination, on pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanINs) and their progression to PDAC using genetically engineered mice. Individually, licofelone (L) and gefitinib (G) significantly inhibited incidence of PDAC in male (72% L, 90% G, p < 0.0001) and female (90% L, 85% G, p < 0.0001) mice. The combination drug treatment produced complete inhibition of PDAC in both genders. Pancreata of mice receiving combination treatment showed significantly fewer Dclk1-positive cancer stem-like cells, inhibition of COX-2, 5-LOX, PCNA, EGFR and β-catenin expression (p < 0.05–0.0002), increased p21 expression. Significant changes in tumor immune responses and desmoplastic reaction was observed by NGS analysis in combination treatment (p < 0.05). In summary, early simultaneous targeting of 5-LOX-COX- and EGFR pathways may provide additive inhibitory effects leading to complete suppression of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Naveena B Janakiram
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Venkateshwar Madka
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Vishal Devarkonda
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Misty Brewer
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Laura Biddick
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Stan Lightfoot
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Vernon E Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Altaf Mohammed
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Harris RE, Casto BC, Harris ZM. Cyclooxygenase-2 and the inflammogenesis of breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:677-692. [PMID: 25302170 PMCID: PMC4129532 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i4.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohesive scientific evidence from molecular, animal, and human investigations supports the hypothesis that constitutive overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a ubiquitous driver of mammary carcinogenesis, and reciprocally, that COX-2 blockade has strong potential for breast cancer prevention and therapy. Key findings include the following: (1) COX-2 is constitutively expressed throughout breast cancer development and expression intensifies with stage at detection, cancer progression and metastasis; (2) essential features of mammary carcinogenesis (mutagenesis, mitogenesis, angiogenesis, reduced apoptosis, metastasis and immunosuppression) are linked to COX-2-driven prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) biosynthesis; (3) upregulation of COX-2 and PGE-2 expression induces transcription of CYP-19 and aromatase-catalyzed estrogen biosynthesis which stimulates unbridled mitogenesis; (4) extrahepatic CYP-1B1 in mammary adipose tissue converts paracrine estrogen to carcinogenic quinones with mutagenic impact; and (5) agents that inhibit COX-2 reduce the risk of breast cancer in women without disease and reduce recurrence risk and mortality in women with breast cancer. Recent sharp increases in global breast cancer incidence and mortality are likely driven by chronic inflammation of mammary adipose and upregulation of COX-2 associated with the obesity pandemic. The totality of evidence clearly supports the supposition that mammary carcinogenesis often evolves as a progressive series of highly specific cellular and molecular changes in response to induction of constitutive over-expression of COX-2 and the prostaglandin cascade in the “inflammogenesis of breast cancer”.
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Utility of biomarkers in the prediction of oncologic outcome after radical cystectomy for squamous cell carcinoma. J Urol 2014; 193:451-6. [PMID: 25200806 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the association of multiple biomarkers with clinical outcomes in patients treated with radical cystectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder to identify the best prognostic panel of markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry for 14 biomarkers was performed on tissue microarray sections of 151 radical cystectomy specimens showing squamous cell carcinoma. Biomarker alterations, pathological features and oncologic outcomes were evaluated. The panel of biomarkers that best predicted the oncologic outcome was determined. Outcomes were stratified based on a prognostic score according to the number of altered biomarkers. The accuracy of oncologic outcome prediction was evaluated by ROC curves. RESULTS The study included 151 patients. Pathological stage was T2 in 50%, T3 in 38%, T1 in 6% and T4 in 6% of patients. Median followup was 63.2 months. The best prognostic panel of markers included COX-2, FGF-2, p53, Bax and EGFR. On multivariate Cox regression analysis a prognostic score based on marker alterations was an independent predictor of intermediate and high risk of disease recurrence (HR 3.2, p = 0.008 and HR 15.5, p ≤ 0.001) and bladder cancer specific mortality (HR 5.2, p = 0.009 and HR 19.4, p ≤ 0.001, respectively). A multivariate prognostic model incorporating the prognostic score demonstrated significantly better performance to predict the outcome compared to clinicopathological parameters only (0.78 vs 0.64). CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers have significant potential to predict the outcome of radical cystectomy for squamous cell carcinoma. An increased number of altered markers may identify patients at high risk who might benefit from multimodal treatment approaches.
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Qian M, Qian D, Jing H, Li Y, Ma C, Zhou Y. Combined cetuximab and celecoxib treatment exhibits a synergistic anticancer effect on human oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1681-1688. [PMID: 25198789 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potency of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway inhibition achieved by combining cetuximab (CET), an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, and celecoxib (CXB), a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in vitro and in vivo. The OSCC cell line, HSC3, was treated with CET (0-400 µg/ml), CXB (0-40 µM), or a combination of both at a range of concentrations. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were determined to assess the anticancer effects in vitro. The in vivo effects of CET and CXB on tumor cell growth were examined using an OSCC xenograft nude mouse model. In addition, downstream protein expression levels of EGFR, p-EGFR, PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT and p-Akt were evaluated by western blot analysis. It was found that the combination of low concentrations of CET and CXB significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of the HSC3 tumor cells and decreased PEG2 production and VEGF expression in vitro, and inhibited tumor growth in vivo compared to the action of either agent alone. The results also showed that this combination significantly induced apoptosis and increased caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity compared to the action of either agent alone (P<0.01). Furthermore, the combination treatment significantly reduced the expression of p-EGFR, p-PI3K and p-Akt in the HSC3 cell line, which may contribute to the inhibition of tumor growth. Taken together, our findings revealed that the additive combination of CET and CXB is a potential drug candidate for the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Qian
- Prosthodontics Department of the Stomatological Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Donghua Qian
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Jing
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Chengyuan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Implantology Department of the Stomatological Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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12
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Tumor-Suppressive Lipoxygenases Inhibit the Expression of c-mycmRNA Coding Region Determinant-Binding Protein/Insulin-Like Growth Factor II mRNA-Binding Protein 1 in Human Prostate Carcinoma PC-3 Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:1811-7. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Cui J, Guo YH, Zhang HY, Jiang LL, Ma JQ, Wang WJ, Wang MC, Yang CC, Nan KJ, Song LP. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor is a robust enhancer of anticancer agents against hepatocellular carcinoma multicellular spheroids. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:353-63. [PMID: 24591842 PMCID: PMC3938498 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s56115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Celecoxib, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), was investigated for enhancement of chemotherapeutic efficacy in cancer clinical trials. This study aimed to determine whether celecoxib combined with 5-fluorouracil or sorafenib or gefitinib is beneficial in HepG2 multicellular spheroids (MCSs), as well as elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods The human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 MCSs were used as in vitro models to investigate the effects of celecoxib combined with 5-fluorouracil or sorafenib or gefitinib treatment on cell growth, apoptosis, and signaling pathway. Results MCSs showed resistance to drugs compared with monolayer cells. Celecoxib combined with 5-fluorouracil or sorafenib exhibited a synergistic action. Exposure to celecoxib (21.8 μmol/L) plus 5-fluorouracil (8.1 × 10−3 g/L) or sorafenib (4.4 μmol/L) increased apoptosis but exerted no effect on COX2, phosphorylated epidermal growth-factor receptor (p-EGFR) and phosphorylated (p)-AKT expression. Gefitinib (5 μmol/L), which exhibits no growth-inhibition activity as a single agent, increased the inhibitory effect of celecoxib. Gefitinib (5 μmol/L) plus celecoxib (21.8 μmol/L) increased apoptosis. COX2, p-EGFR, and p-AKT were inhibited. Conclusion Celecoxib combined with 5-fluorouracil or sorafenib or gefitinib may be superior to single-agent therapy in HepG2 MCSs. Our results provided molecular evidence to support celecoxib combination-treatment strategies for patients with human hepatocellular carcinoma. MCSs provided a good model to evaluate the interaction of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oncology, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Huan Guo
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Li Jiang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Qun Ma
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Cong Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Jun Nan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Moghbeli M, Abbaszadegan MR, Farshchian M, Montazer M, Raeisossadati R, Abdollahi A, Forghanifard MM. Association of PYGO2 and EGFR in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Med Oncol 2013; 30:516. [PMID: 23456637 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is an important evolutionary conserved pathway that is not only involved in determination of cellular development, self-renewal, and fate, but also has significant roles in tumor development and progression. Deregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and aberrant expression of its components is commonly observed in solid tumors. Such aberrant regulation of Wnt signaling is commonly related to either malfunction of its components or crosstalk with other cellular processes such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling cascade. Therefore, identification of the roles of major involved components may be useful to identify new therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. In this study, we assessed EGFR and PYGO2 mRNA expression in tumors and margin normal tissues from 55 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients using real-time qRT-PCR, and evaluated clinicopathology relative to the two genes' expression levels. Significant PYGO2 and EGFR overexpression was observed in 30.9 % (P = 0.017) and 38.2 % (P = 0.006) of tumors, respectively. PYGO2 and EGFR expression were significantly associated not only with each other (P < 0.001), but also with tumor staging and depth (P < 0.001). Furthermore, PYGO2 expression was significantly correlated with the tumor grade (P = 0.043) and size (P = 0.023). We identify PYGO2 as a new molecular marker of invasive tumors, introducing its probable oncogenic role in ESCC progression and aggressiveness. In line with other reports, we also illustrate the oncogenic function of EGFR in the development of ESCC through advance stages. We also observed a significant correlation between PYGO2 and EGFR in ESCC tumors, which reveals a mutual convergent influence of these factors in tumor progression and development. Considering aberrant expression, mutual positive feedback, and the significant clinical relevance of these genes in ESCC, we introduce them as appropriate therapeutic targets in adjuvant therapy of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moghbeli
- Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Miyazawa K, Takahashi Y, Morita N, Moriyama MT, Kosaka T, Nishio M, Yoshimoto T, Suzuki K. Cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin E2 regulate the attachment of calcium oxalate crystals to renal epithelial cells. Int J Urol 2012; 19:936-43. [PMID: 22640700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.03060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the roles of endogenous cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin E(2) in crystal-cell binding, which is considered to be an important step in the development of intratubular nephrocalcinosis. METHODS An expression plasmid for human cyclooxygenase 2 was introduced into Madin-Darby canine kidney cells using the lipofection method. Cyclooxygenase activity was measured using thin-layer chromatography, and the prostaglandin E(2) concentration was determined with an enzyme immunoassay. In addition, crystal attachment was evaluated with a liquid scintillation counter using [(14)C] calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, and immunohistochemistry and an enzyme immunoassay were used to analyze and quantify the expression of hyaluronan, a crystal-binding molecule. RESULTS Cyclooxygenase 2-overexpressing Madin-Darby canine kidney cells produced about 10-fold more prostaglandin E(2) than wild-type Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, and their hyaluronan production was also upregulated. The attachment of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to cyclooxygenase 2-overexpressing Madin-Darby canine kidney cells was significantly reduced compared with their attachment to wild-type and mock-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Pre-incubation of the cyclooxygenase 2-overexpressing cells, as well as the mock-transfected and wild-type cells with the cyclooxygenase 2 selective inhibitor etodolac, increased the cellular attachment of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that cyclooxygenase 2 expression and the resultant increase in endogenous prostaglandin E(2), leading to increased hyaluronan production, help to prevent nephrocalcinosis by inhibiting the attachment of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to the surface of renal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Miyazawa
- Department of Urology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
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16
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Epigenetic deregulation of the COX pathway in cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:301-13. [PMID: 22580191 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major cause of cancer and may condition its progression. The deregulation of the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway is implicated in several pathophysiological processes, including inflammation and cancer. Although, its targeting with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and COX-2 selective inhibitors has been investigated for years with promising results at both preventive and therapeutic levels, undesirable side effects and the limited understanding of the regulation and functionalities of the COX pathway compromise a more extensive application of these drugs. Epigenetics is bringing additional levels of complexity to the understanding of basic biological and pathological processes. The deregulation of signaling and biosynthetic pathways by epigenetic mechanisms may account for new molecular targets in cancer therapeutics. Genes of the COX pathway are seldom mutated in neoplastic cells, but a large proportion of them show aberrant expression in different types of cancer. A growing body of evidence indicates that epigenetic alterations play a critical role in the deregulation of the genes of the COX pathway. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the contribution of epigenetic processes to the deregulation of the COX pathway in cancer, getting insights into how these alterations may be relevant for the clinical management of patients.
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18
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Weiss A, den Bergh HV, Griffioen AW, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Angiogenesis inhibition for the improvement of photodynamic therapy: the revival of a promising idea. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:53-70. [PMID: 22465396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive form of treatment, which is clinically approved for the treatment of angiogenic disorders, including certain forms of cancer and neovascular eye diseases. Although the concept of PDT has existed for a long time now, it has never made a solid entrance into the clinical management of cancer. This is likely due to secondary tissue reactions, such as inflammation and neoangiogenesis. The recent development of clinically effective angiogenesis inhibitors has lead to the initiation of research on the combination of PDT with such angiostatic targeted therapies. Preclinical studies in this research field have shown promising results, causing a revival in the field of PDT. This review reports on the current research efforts on PDT and vascular targeted combination therapies. Different combination strategies with angiogenesis inhibition and vascular targeting approaches are discussed. In addition, the concept of increasing PDT selectivity by targeted delivery of photosensitizers is presented. Furthermore, the current insights on sequencing the therapy arms of such combinations will be discussed in light of vascular normalization induced by angiogenesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weiss
- Medical Photonics Group, Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Dual blockade of the EGFR and COX-2 pathways: a phase II trial of cetuximab and celecoxib in patients with chemotherapy refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2012; 34:581-6. [PMID: 21217396 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0b013e3181fe46a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways play key and often complementary roles in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study explores the clinical and biological effects of combined blockade of these pathways. METHODS Cetuximab-naive patients with refractory CRC were treated with cetuximab (400 mg/m loading dose followed by weekly cetuximab at 250 mg/m) and celecoxib (200 mg orally twice daily). Urinary PGE-M, a stable metabolite of PGE2 that correlates with in vivo COX-2 activity, and serum TGF-α, a ligand that binds to EGFR, were measured serially to assess the biological effect of COX-2 and EGFR blockade. RESULTS Seventeen patients accrued in this study. Of the 13 patients evaluable for response, 2 (15.4%) had confirmed partial responses, 4 (30.8%) had stable disease, and 7 (53.8%) had progressive disease. The median progression-free survival for all evaluable patients was 55 days (95% confidence interval, 45-112; range, 10-295 d). This study was terminated early owing to lack of sufficient clinical activity. There were no statistically significant differences in serum TGF-α or urinary PGE-M between cycles in responders or nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS This regimen resulted in response rates similar to those published for cetuximab monotherapy in patients with recurrent CRC. Apart from a higher than expected rate of infusion reactions, no other unexpected toxicities were observed. No differences in serum TGF-α or urinary PGE-M between cycles were seen, suggesting that the appropriate targets may not have been hit.
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Enhancing photodynamyc therapy efficacy by combination therapy: dated, current and oncoming strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2597-629. [PMID: 24212824 PMCID: PMC3757433 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy is a common practice in many medical disciplines. It is defined as the use of more than one drug to treat the same disease. Sometimes this expression describes the simultaneous use of therapeutic approaches that target different cellular/molecular pathways, increasing the chances of killing the diseased cell. This short review is concerned with therapeutic combinations in which PDT (Photodynamyc Therapy) is the core therapeutic partner. Besides the description of the principal methods used to assess the efficacy attained by combinations in respect to monotherapy, this review describes experimental results in which PDT was combined with conventional drugs in different experimental conditions. This inventory is far from exhaustive, as the number of photosensitizers used in combination with different drugs is very large. Reports cited in this work have been selected because considered representative. The combinations we have reviewed include the association of PDT with anti-oxidants, chemotherapeutics, drugs targeting topoisomerases I and II, antimetabolites and others. Some paragraphs are dedicated to PDT and immuno-modulation, others to associations of PDT with angiogenesis inhibitors, receptor inhibitors, radiotherapy and more. Finally, a look is dedicated to combinations involving the use of natural compounds and, as new entries, drugs that act as proteasome inhibitors.
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Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Status by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Malignant, Atypical, and Benign Hidradenomas. Am J Dermatopathol 2010; 32:586-92. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181cd64f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Liu TM, Wu YN, Guo XM, Hui JHP, Lee EH, Lim B. Effects of ectopic Nanog and Oct4 overexpression on mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:1013-22. [PMID: 19102659 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a source of pluripotent cells that are already in various phases of clinical application. However, the use of MSCs in tissue engineering has been hampered largely due to their limitations, including low proliferation, finite life span, and gradual loss of their stem cell properties during ex vivo expansion. Nanog and Oct4 are key transcription factors essential to the pluripotent and self-renewing phenotypes of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells (ESCs). To determine whether Nanog and Oct4 improve human bone marrow-MSC quality, we therefore established stable Nanog and Oct4 overexpressing MSCs using a lentiviral system and showed that this promoted cell proliferation and enhanced colony formation of MSCs. In differentiating MSCs, Nanog, and Oct4, overexpression had converse effects on adipogenesis of MSCs and Nanog overexpression slowed down adipogenesis, whereas Oct4 overexpression improved adipogenesis. Nanog and Oct4 overexpression both improved chondrogenesis. Microarray data showed many differences in transcriptional targets in undifferentiated MSCs overexpressing Nanog and Oct4. These results provide insight into the improvement of the stemness of MSCs by genetic modification with stemness-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ming Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NUS Tissue Engineering Program, National University of Singapore, 119074 Singapore
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Kawakami Y, Nakamura T, Hosokawa T, Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Yamashita H, Kimoto M, Tsuji H, Yoshida H, Hada T, Takahashi Y. Antiproliferative activity of guava leaf extract via inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase isoforms. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009; 80:239-45. [PMID: 19457650 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (PGHS) is a key enzyme for the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) which play important roles in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Because the extract from Psidium guajava is known to have a variety of beneficial effects on our body including the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antiproliferative activities, we investigated whether the extract inhibited the catalytic activity of the two PGHS isoforms using linoleic acid as an alternative substrate. The guava leaf extract inhibited the cyclooxygenase reaction of recombinant human PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 as assessed by conversion of linoleic acid to 9- and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs). The guava leaf extract also inhibited the PG hydroperoxidase activity of PGHS-1, which was not affected by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Quercetin which was one of the major components not only inhibited the cyclooxygenase activity of both isoforms but also partially inhibited the PG hydroperoxidase activity. Overexpression of human PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 in the human colon carcinoma cells increased the DNA synthesis rate as compared with mock-transfected cells which did not express any isoforms. The guava leaf extract not only inhibited the PGE(2) synthesis but also suppressed the DNA synthesis rate in the PGHS-1- and PGHS-2-expressing cells to the same level as mock-transfected cells. These results demonstrate the antiproliferative activity of the guava leaf extract which is at least in part caused by inhibition of the catalytic activity of PGHS isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kawakami
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
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Lurje G, Nagashima F, Zhang W, Yang D, Chang HM, Gordon MA, El-Khoueiry A, Husain H, Wilson PM, Ladner RD, Mauro DJ, Langer C, Rowinsky EK, Lenz HJ. Polymorphisms in cyclooxygenase-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor are associated with progression-free survival independent of K-ras in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with single-agent cetuximab. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:7884-95. [PMID: 19047118 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-5165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, an objective response rate of 12% was reported in a phase II study of cetuximab in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) refractory to fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy (IMC-0144). In this large molecular correlates study, we tested whether K-ras mutation status and polymorphisms in genes involved in the EGFR-signaling pathway were associated with clinical outcome in IMC-0144. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed all available tissue samples from 130 of 346 mCRC patients enrolled in the IMC-0144 phase II clinical trial of cetuximab. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues, and K-ras mutation status and the genotypes were analyzed using PCR-RFLP, direct DNA-sequencing, and 5'-end [gamma-33P] ATP-labeled PCR-protocols. RESULTS The PFS of patients with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) -765 G>C [C/C; risk ratio (RR), 0.31; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.12-0.84; P = 0.032], COX-2 +8473 T>C (C/C; RR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.40-1.13; P = 0.003), EGF +61 A>G (G/G; RR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.34-0.95; P = 0.042), and EGFR +497 G>A (A/G; RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.56-1.20; P = 0.017) genotypes was significantly longer compared with those with other genotypes. In addition, patients whose tumors did not have K-ras mutations showed better RR, PFS, and overall survival than patients with K-ras mutations. In multivariable analysis, COX-2 +8473 T>C (adjusted P = 0.013) and EGFR +497 G>A (adjusted P = 0.010) remained significantly associated with progression-free survival, independent of skin rash toxicity, K-ras mutation status, and Eastern Cooperative Group performance status. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms in COX-2 and EGFR may be useful independent molecular markers to predict clinical outcome in patients with mCRC treated with single-agent cetuximab, independent of skin rash toxicity, K-ras mutation, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Lurje
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Forones NM, Kawamura KY, Segreto HRC, Artigiani Neto R, Focchi GRDA, Oshima CTF. Expression of COX-2 in stomach carcinogenesis. J Gastrointest Cancer 2008; 39:4-10. [PMID: 19107602 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-008-9039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is a frequent cause of cancer in Brazil. The understanding of gastric carcinogenesis is not completely known but the progress of the molecular biology has provided that the initiation and progression of gastric cancer process is a consequence of a cumulative series of multiple gene alterations. AIM The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship among cytoplasmatic COX-1 and COX-2, Bcl-2 and nuclear P53 in chronic gastritis, metaplasia, and intestinal and gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS COX-1, COX-2, P53, and Bcl-2 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 34 gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) tissues obtained from gastric resection, 21 tissues of patients with chronic gastritis (CG), and 34 with intestinal metaplasia (IM) obtained from endoscopic biopsies. RESULTS COX-1 and COX-2 were expressed in more than 85% of the tissues. A correlation between COX-1 and COX-2 were observed (r = 0.66). P53 was positive in 29% CG, 20% of IM and in 59 % of GA. Bcl-2 was negative in all the CG, in 88% of IM, and in 85% of GA. P53 staining was expressed more frequently in gastric cancer when compared to CG (p = 0.05) or IM (p = 0.003). The expression of Bcl-2 was also higher in gastric cancer (p = 0.002) and in intestinal metaplasia (p = 0.04) when compared to CG. There were no difference between metaplasia and chronic gastritis for P53 or Bcl-2. The immunoreactivity of COX-2 in gastric cancer was higher in the intestinal type (58%) than in diffuse type. A higher expression of COX-2 was found in advanced gastric cancer (p = 0.019). P53 was also more frequent in node positive cancer (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION COX-2 is probably involved in gastric carcinogenesis, being an early alteration in cancer. Although we observed in this study a correlation between COX-2 and depth of cancer, this association as a prognostic marker is not well defined. P53 and Bcl-2 was expressed mainly in gastric cancer, being probably a latest alteration in gastric development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Manoukian Forones
- Oncology Group/Gastroenterology Division, Pathology Department, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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The clinical significance of coexpression of cyclooxygenases-2, vascular endothelial growth factors, and epidermal growth factor receptor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2008; 118:1970-5. [PMID: 18758376 DOI: 10.1097/mlg.0b013e3181805134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To investigate the inter-relationship of the expressions of cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) cells, and their clinical significance in association with the extent of disease at diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN Prospective. METHODS Expressions of COX-2, VEGF, and EGFR protein were detected using immunohistochemistry in 111 patients with pathologically confirmed stage II to IV nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The correlation between the expressions of the three tumor markers and the stages of disease at diagnosis were investigated. RESULTS COX-2, VEGF, and EGFR were over-expressed in 76.6, 66.7, and 73.9% of NPC cells, respectively. The staining patterns was cytoplasmic for VEGF, membranous for EGFR, and both cytoplasmic and membranous for COX-2 in tumor cells. Linear associations were observed between the intensity of the expressions of COX-2 vs. VEGF, COX-2 vs. EGFR, or VEGF vs. EGFR. Furthermore, the intensity of the expressions of all three markers was significantly associated with the extent of the tumor measured by the Tumor, Node, Metastasis classification and staging grouping of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer staging system. CONCLUSION COX-2, VEGF, and EGFR expressions in NPC cells were interrelated, and the intensity of the expressions of all three markers were significantly associated with the stage of the disease at diagnosis. Further investigation is needed to determine the clinical applications of COX-2, VEGF, and EGFR in predicting the long-term outcome of NPC after definitive therapy.
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Jia RP, Xu LW, Su Q, Zhao JH, Li WC, Wang F, Xu Z. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is dependent upon epidermal growth factor receptor expression or activation in androgen independent prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2008; 10:758-64. [PMID: 18645679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the possible mechanism in the development in androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC). METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded sections with goat polyclonal against COX-2 and mouse monoclonal antibody against EGFR in 30 AIPC and 18 androgen dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) specimens. The effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatments on the expression of COX-2 and signal pathway in PC-3 and DU-145 cells was studied using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. ELISA was used to measure prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in the media of PC-3 and DU-145 incubated with EGF for 24 h. RESULTS COX-2 was positively expressed in AIPC and ADPC, which were predominantly in endochylema of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Intense staining was seen in AIPC (80%) and in ADPC (55.5%), but there was no significant association between the two groups. EGFR expression was also positive in the two groups (61.8% in ADPC and 90% in AIPC, P < 0.01). A significant association was found between EGFR expression and a higher Gleason score (P < 0.05) or tumor stage (P < 0.05). The expression of PGE2 was increased in PC-3 and DU-145 cells after being incubated with EGF. Both p38MAPK and PI-3K pathway were involved in the PC-3 cell COX-2 upregulation course. In DU-145, only p38MAPK pathway was associated with COX-2 upregulation. CONCLUSION EGFR activation induces COX-2 expression through PI-3K and/or p38MAPK pathways. COX-2 and EGFR inhibitors might have a cooperative anti-tumor effect in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Peng Jia
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
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Huang WZ, Fu JH, Wang DK, Hu Y, Liu MZ, Yang H, Feng YF, Zheng B, Wang G, Luo KJ, Wen J, Rong TH. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with chemoradiotherapy resistance and prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Dis Esophagus 2008; 21:679-84. [PMID: 18459994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2008.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression can predict the patient's response to chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and ensuing prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The clinicopathological and follow-up data of 112 patients with ESCC who underwent CRT from January 2001 to June 2006 were analyzed retrospectively. The immunohistochemical expression level of COX-2 was examined for all biopsy specimens of primary tumors, and the correlation of COX-2 expression with the patient's response to CRT and prognosis was examined. COX-2 positive immunostaining was detected in 111 (99.1%) of the patients, including overexpression in 54 (48.2%) patients and low expression in 58 (51.8%) of the patients. The response of tumors with a low level expression of COX-2 (70.7%, 41/58) was significantly higher than that of tumors with COX-2 overexpression (42.6%, 23/54; P = 0.003). Patients with a low level of COX-2 expression had a higher downstaged rate than those with a high level of COX-2 expression (9/13 vs 2/8), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.08). In the definitive CRT group (91 cases), COX-2 overexpression was significantly associated with poor 3-year overall survival (P = 0.028). Multivariate analysis showed that only metastatic stage (nonregional node metastasis) was an independent prognosis factor. The assessment of COX-2 status may provide additional information to identify ESCC patients with poor chances of response to CRT and potential candidates for more individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-Z Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun-Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Fidler MJ, Argiris A, Patel JD, Johnson DH, Sandler A, Villaflor VM, Coon J, Buckingham L, Kaiser K, Basu S, Bonomi P. The Potential Predictive Value of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Increased Risk of Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Erlotinib and Celecoxib. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2088-94. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu ESL, Ye YN, Shin VY, Wu WKK, Wong BCY, Cho CH. Interaction of cigarette smoking with cyclooxygenase-2 on ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasia in mice. Cancer Invest 2007; 25:750-7. [PMID: 18058473 DOI: 10.1080/07357900701563897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of cigarette smoking with COX-2 on colitis and colitis-associated adenoma formation were studied. Mice were induced with colitis and exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) and/or SC236 (a COX-2 inhibitor). Results indicated that CS did not alter acute colonic inflammation. Addition of SC236 abolished the induction of proliferation and oxidative damage by colitis. Chronic SC236 treatment abolished the promoting effect of CS on colonic adenoma formation, via suppression of COX-2- and VEGF-mediated proliferation and angiogenesis, and reversed bcl-2-mediated inhibition of apoptosis by CS. To conclude, COX-2 inhibitor could be an implication on cancer prevention in smokers with chronic colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Shiu-Lam Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Mehar A, Macanas-Pirard P, Mizokami A, Takahashi Y, Kass GEN, Coley HM. The effects of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in prostate cancer cells: modulation of response to cytotoxic agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:1181-7. [PMID: 18089846 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.131383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 has emerged as an exciting target for therapeutic intervention in the management of cancer. Immunohistochemistry studies have indicated higher expression of COX-2 in cancerous versus benign prostatic tissue. We have explored the role of COX-2 in prostate cancer in terms of attenuation of apoptosis and sensitivity to pharmacological agents, including COX-2 inhibitors. The human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP was stably transfected with COX-2 (LNCaPCOX-2) and compared with the empty vector control line (LNCaPneo). Chemosensitivity testing indicated no change in sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of COX-2 inhibitors celecoxib or sulindac or VP16. However, LNCaPCOX-2 cells showed 3-fold resistance to carboplatin, which was partially reversed by coincubation with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin. Concomitant with reduced apoptotic response to cytotoxic agents, LNCaPCOX-2 cells expressed increased levels of survivin and Bcl-2 with enhanced activation of AKT. We also investigated the effects of celecoxib on expression levels of genes relevant to prostate cancer and drug resistance in our model system using quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Celecoxib treatment resulted in highly significant increases in the mRNA expression of the smooth muscle component desmin, the detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTpi), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory response gene (NAG-1) in the LNCaPCOX-2 cell line compared with LNCaPneo cells. Significant decreases in survivin levels and increases in GSTpi and NAG-1 appeared to be COX-2-dependent effects because they were more pronounced in LNCaPCOX-2 cells. Our findings indicate both COX-2-dependent and -independent mechanisms attributable to celecoxib and support its utility in the management of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Mehar
- Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
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Abstract
Cohesive scientific evidence from molecular, animal, and human investigations supports the hypothesis that aberrant induction of COX-2 and up-regulation of the prostaglandin cascade play a significant role in carcinogenesis, and reciprocally, blockade of the process has strong potential for cancer prevention and therapy. Supporting evidence includes the following: [1] expression of constitutive COX-2-catalyzed prostaglandin biosynthesis is induced by most cancer-causing agents including tobacco smoke and its components (polycylic aromatic amines, heterocyclic amines, nitrosamines), essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (unconjugated linoleic acid), mitogens, growth factors, proinflammatory cytokines, microbial agents, tumor promoters, and other epigenetic factors, [2] COX-2 expression is a characteristic feature of all premalignant neoplasms, [3] COX-2 expression is a characteristic feature of all malignant neoplasms, and expression intensifies with stage at detection and cancer progression and metastasis, [4] all essential features of carcinogenesis (mutagenesis, mitogenesis, angiogenesis, reduced apoptosis, metastasis, and immunosuppression) are linked to COX-2-driven prostaglandin (PGE-2) biosynthesis, [5] animal studies show that COX-2 up-regulation (in the absence of genetic mutations) is sufficient to stimulate the transformation of normal cells to invasive cancer and metastatic disease, [6] non-selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, reduce the risk of human cancer and precancerous lesions, and [7] selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, reduce the risk of human cancer and precancerous lesions at all anatomic sites thus far investigated. Results confirming that COX-2 blockade is effective for both cancer prevention and therapy have been tempered by observations that some COX2 inhibitors pose a risk to the cardiovascular system, and more studies are needed in order to determine if certain of these drugs can be taken at dosages that prevent cancer without increasing cardiovascular risk. It is emphasized that the "inflammogenesis model of cancer" is not mutually exclusive and may in fact be synergistic with the accumulation of somatic mutations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes or epigenetic factors in the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall E Harris
- College of Medicine and School of Public Health, Center of Molecular Epidemiology and Environmental Health, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 310 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1240, USA
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Lee TS, Jeon YT, Kim JW, Won JK, Park NH, Park IA, Juhnn YS, Kang SB, Lee HP, Song YS. Increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression associated with inflammatory cellular infiltration in elderly patients with vulvar cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1095:143-53. [PMID: 17404027 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1397.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
As the relationship between inflammation and carcinogenesis grows stronger, the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and epidermal growth factor (EGFR) has been highlighted in the pathogenesis and progression of human cancer. In view of the fact that vulvar cancer is characterized by precancerous inflammatory changes in elderly patients, the expressions of COX-2 and EGFR are expected to show different patterns of distribution according to age and other prognostic factors. To verify whether there was a relationship between their expression and clinicopathologic parameters in vulvar cancer, we investigated the inflammatory cellular infiltration and the expression of COX-2 and EGFR by immunohistochemical analysis. Eleven of 19 samples (57.8%) were stained positive for COX-2, and 17 (89.4%) for EGFR. The portion of inflammatory cellular infiltration in adjacent normal tissue was also higher in the older age group, and showed a strong correlation with COX-2 positivity (P = 0.002). Furthermore, COX-2 expression was significantly more frequent in patients over 60 years of age compared to those under 50 years (P = 0.009). COX-2 expression was noted to be high in moderate and well-differentiated cases, whereas, poorly differentiated carcinoma was negative for COX-2 expression (P = 0.023). However, EGFR expression was not differently distributed on the basis of stage, age, tumor grading, or presence of lymph node metastasis. Our article suggests that vulvar cancer in elderly patients may be associated with inflammation, and thus with increased COX-2 expression. In light of these findings, a clinical trial designed to assess the addition of COX-2 targeted therapy to conventional treatment in vulvar cancer would be helpful for consideration of additional treatment options and possibly avoiding the serious surgical morbidity in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek Sang Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-744, Korea
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Yoshida A, Sarian LO, Andrade LALA, Pignataro F, Pinto GA, Derchain SFM. Cell proliferation activity unrelated to COX-2 expression in ovarian tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17:607-14. [PMID: 17504375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cell proliferation activity (Ki67 expression) in benign, borderline, and malignant serous and mucinous ovarian tumors. Expression of COX-2 and Ki67 proteins were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, in paraffin-embedded sections of ovarian epithelial tumors. The study included 113 serous (67 benign, 15 borderline, and 31 malignant) and 85 mucinous (48 benign, 28 borderline, and 9 malignant) tumors, removed from women who underwent laparotomy between January 1997 and December 2003. From benign to malignant tumors, there was a progressive positive trend in COX-2 expression in both serous and mucinous tumors, more evident in mucinous ones (P < 0.001). Comparing histologic types, COX-2 expression was more prominent in serous than in mucinous benign tumors (P < 0.01), but this difference was not significant in the borderline (P= 0.11) or malignant categories (P= 0.71). There was a progressive Ki67 positivity in line with the tumor histologic gradient for both serous (P < 0.01) and mucinous lesions (P < 0.01), but this increasing expression did not correlate with COX-2 expression in the present series (P= 0.78). There was a higher COX-2 expression in serous ovarian adenomas than in mucinous ones. COX-2 positivity increases in line with the morphologic gradient, from benign to malignant in both histologic types, but it was more prominent in mucinous lesions, pointing to different oncogenic pathways related to different histologic types. A correlation between the expression of COX-2 and Ki67 was not found, suggesting that COX-2 may be required for carcinogenesis, but this pathway is not responsible for cell proliferation in ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Al-Waili NS, Saloom KY, Al-Waili T, Al-Waili A, Al-Waili H. Modulation of prostaglandin activity, part 1: prostaglandin inhibition in the management of nonrheumatologic diseases: immunologic and hematologic aspects. Adv Ther 2007; 24:189-222. [PMID: 17526477 DOI: 10.1007/bf02850008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are active biologic substances that are involved in a wide range of physiologic processes; when their production is out of balance, they are factors in the pathogenesis of illness. Modulation of PGs by inhibition or stimulation is promising for the management of various conditions. PG inhibitors are widely used to relieve pain and inflammation in patients with rheumatologic disease. Interest in the use of PG inhibitors to prevent cancer and cardiovascular events is growing. More than 27 y ago, investigators found that PG depresses antibody production in vivo; reduces serum iron, hemoglobin, and leukoid series in bone marrow during acute and chronic blood loss; reduces albumin during antigenic stimulation; suppresses hypercalcemia after bleeding; and reduces fasting blood sugar and hyperglycemia after ether anesthesia and bleeding. Chronic conditions that produce large quantities of PGs are associated with immunosuppression and secondary anemia. Investigators in the present study hypothesized (1) that the overproduction of PGs is responsible for immunosuppression and secondary anemia in conditions associated with increased PG synthesis, such as pathologic inflammation, malignancy, trauma, and injury, and (2) that PG inhibitors reverse immunosuppression and secondary anemia, thereby enhancing the immune response. This is supported by many reports that show the immunosuppressive effects of PGs and their role in the immunosuppression associated with pathologic inflammation, burns, trauma, and tumors. Inhibition of PGs can be achieved through the use of synthetic medicines and natural products. This article reviews the effects of PGs and inhibition of increased synthesis of PGs on the lymphoid system, hematologic indices, and bone marrow elements in trauma, injury, burns, and tumors. The Medline database (1966-2006) was used in this study. Investigators in the present study and others have provided evidence that shows the involvement of PGs in immunosuppression and secondary anemia, as well as the efficacy of inhibited overproduction of PGs in many pathologic conditions other than rheumatologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noori S Al-Waili
- Al-Waili's Charitable Foundation for Science and Trading, New York City, NY, USA.
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Ferrandina G, Ranelletti FO, Martinelli E, Paglia A, Zannoni GF, Scambia G. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression and resistance to platinum versus platinum/paclitaxel containing chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:182. [PMID: 16831230 PMCID: PMC1534059 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), the key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, is involved in critical steps of tumor onset and progression, and is a strong predictor of chemotherapy resistance and poor outcome in advanced ovarian cancer. To our knowledge, no data has been reported until now about the association between COX-2 status and response to different chemotherapy regimens. Methods A retrospective study was performed to investigate the association of COX-2 with outcome and response to platinum versus platinum/paclitaxel in 68 primary ovarian cancer. COX-2 immunoreaction was performed on paraffin-embedded sections by using rabbit polyclonal antiserum against COX-2. Results In the overall series, COX-2 positivity was found in a statistically significant higher percentage of not responding cases than in patients responding to chemotherapy (n = 15/21; 71.4% versus n = 17/47; 36.1%; p value = 0.0072). A higher percentage of COX-2 positivity was found in patients unresponsive (n = 11/13; 84.6%) versus patients responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy (n = 9/26; 34.6%). In cases administered platinum/paclitaxel, COX-2 positivity was found in 4 out of 8 (50%) of un responsive versus 8 out of 21 (38.1%) of responsive cases. Logistic regression analysis of parameters likely to affect response to treatment resulted in a p value = 0.17 for the interaction COX-2/type of treatment. Conclusion Although these findings need to be confirmed in a larger series, our study suggests a possible indication that there is a difference in the influence of COX-2 on response depending on treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ferrandina
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Catholic University, L.go Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco O Ranelletti
- Institute of Histology, Catholic University, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Martinelli
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Catholic University, L.go Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Paglia
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Catholic University, L.go Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Franco Zannoni
- Institute of Pathology, Catholic University, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Department of Oncology, Catholic University, Contrada Tappino, Campobasso, Italy
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Ding J, Tsuboi K, Hoshikawa H, Goto R, Mori N, Katsukawa M, Hiraki E, Yamamoto S, Abe M, Ueda N. Cyclooxygenase isozymes are expressed in human myeloma cells but not involved in anti-proliferative effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:250-9. [PMID: 16385588 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Considering possible tumorigenic activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes in myeloma, we examined expression levels of COX-1 and -2 in seven human myeloma cell lines (ARH-77, IM-9, RPMI-8226, HPC, HS-Sultan, TSPC-1, and U-266). As analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), all the cell lines constitutively expressed COX-1, while COX-2 levels markedly varied among different cell lines. Induction of COX-2 by phorbol ester was observed in RPMI-8226 and HPC cells. In contrast, COX-2 was constitutively expressed in ARH-77 and IM-9 cells. Moreover, the high expression level of COX-2 protein in ARH-77 cells was verified by Western blotting. Intact cells of ARH-77 converted 14C-labeled arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2, F2alpha, and D2, and this activity was dose-dependently inhibited by selective COX-2 inhibitors (SC-58125 and NS-398), a non-selective COX inhibitor (indomethacin), and relatively high concentrations of a selective COX-1 inhibitor (SC-560). These COX inhibitors also suppressed the proliferation of ARH-77 cells, but significant suppression was seen only at 100 microM, a much higher concentration than those sufficient for the COX inhibition. Moreover, proliferation of the myeloma cells lacking COX-2 was also suppressed by 100 microM of SC-58125. These results suggested that the anti-proliferative effect of the COX inhibitors is independent of the inhibition of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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Hanawa M, Suzuki S, Dobashi Y, Yamane T, Kono K, Enomoto N, Ooi A. EGFR protein overexpression and gene amplification in squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:1173-80. [PMID: 16161046 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is observed in many cancers, sometimes accompanied by gene amplification. Recently, several clinical therapies targeting EGFR were developed, but the eligibility criteria for these therapies is not fully established. To develop such eligibility criteria for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we sought to clarify: (i) the exact frequency of EGFR overexpression, (ii) the relationship between protein overexpression and gene amplification, (iii) the relationship between gene amplification and specific gene mutations and (iv) the correlation between the status of EGFR and clinical or pathological features. Immunohistochemistry revealed that EGFR protein is overexpressed in 53 (50%) of the 106 ESCC examined. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) indicated clear EGFR gene amplification in 15 of the 53 tumors, somewhat higher EGFR copy in 32 cases, and no increase in 6 cases. Gene amplification was significantly associated with high level overexpression. Direct sequencing of exons 19 and 21 of EGFR revealed no mutations in 15 tumors exhibiting gene amplification, and no mutations in 25 tumors not exhibiting gene amplification. Overexpression of EGFR was significantly correlated with depth of invasion of the tumor. In conclusion, anti-EGFR therapies may be appropriate for patients with ESCC. We assume that combined analyses by immunohistochemistry/FISH would clarify aberrations in protein and gene function, and could help to identify those patients who may benefit from anti-EGFR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Hanawa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
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Ali S, El-Rayes BF, Sarkar FH, Philip PA. Simultaneous targeting of the epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2 pathways for pancreatic cancer therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 4:1943-51. [PMID: 16373709 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the effects of (a) combining the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) blocker (erlotinib) and the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (celecoxib) on cell growth and apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cell lines, (b) baseline EGFR expression on the potentiation of erlotinib-induced apoptosis by celecoxib, and (c) the effects of the combination on the expression of the COX-2, EGFR, HER-2/neu, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Baseline expression of EGFR was determined by Western blot analysis in five human pancreatic cancer cell lines. BxPC-3, PANC-1, and HPAC had high EGFR and MIAPaCa had low EGFR. Cells were grown in culture and treated with erlotinib (1 and 10 micromol/L), celecoxib (1 and 10 micromol/L), and the combination. Growth inhibition was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and apoptosis was assayed by ELISA. Reverse transcriptase-PCR was used to evaluate COX-2 and EGFR mRNA. EGFR, COX-2, and HER-2/neu expression was determined by Western immunoblotting. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to evaluate NF-kappaB activation. Growth inhibition and apoptosis were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in BxPC-3, HPAC, and PANC-1 cells treated with celecoxib and erlotinib than cells treated with either celecoxib or erlotinib. However, no potentiation in growth inhibition or apoptosis was observed in the MIAPaCa cell line with low expression of the EGFR. Significant down-regulation of COX-2 and EGFR expression was observed in the BxPC-3 and HPAC cells treated with the combination of erlotinib (1 micromol/L) and celecoxib (10 micromol/L) compared with celecoxib- or erlotinib-treated cells. Celecoxib significantly down-regulated HER-2/neu expression in BxPC-3 and HPAC cell lines. Significant inhibition of NF-kappaB activation was observed in BxPC-3 and HPAC cell lines treated with erlotinib and celecoxib. (a) Celecoxib can potentiate erlotinib-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in pancreatic cell lines, (b) high baseline EGFR expression is a predictor of this potentiation, and (c) the down-regulation of EGFR, COX-2, and HER-2/neu expression and NF-kappaB inactivation contributes to the potentiation of erlotinib by celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadan Ali
- Department of Hematology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Ferrandina G, Ranelletti FO, Gallotta V, Martinelli E, Zannoni GF, Gessi M, Scambia G. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), receptors for estrogen (ER), and progesterone (PR), p53, ki67, and neu protein in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 98:383-9. [PMID: 15979129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed at investigating by immunohistochemistry the relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and estrogen (ER), and progesterone (PR) receptors in a single institution series of 90 primary untreated endometrial cancer patients. The simultaneous assessment of p53 protein, ki67, and neu protein has been carried out. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded sections by using rabbit polyclonal antiserum against human COX-2, anti-ER (clone 1D5), and anti-PR (clone 1A6) monoclonal antibodies, anti ki67 (clone MIB-1) and p53 (clone DO-7), and polyclonal antibody anti human c-erbB2/neu. RESULTS There was no difference in the distribution of COX-2, p53, and neu positive cases according to ER or PR positivity, while the percentage of ki67 positive endometrial tumors was significantly higher in ER negative versus ER positive tumors (54.5% versus 31.6%, P value = 0.044). ER and PR positive tumors showed a statistically significant association with clinicopathological parameters of better clinical outcome. There was no clear association between COX-2 positivity and any of the clinicopathological features. The percentage of ki67, p53, and neu positive tumors was found to be strictly related to more aggressive features. Only advanced stage of disease was found to be a predictor of poor prognosis (P value = 0.034). None of the biological parameters examined was shown to be associated with patient outcome. CONCLUSIONS We showed that COX-2 expression is not correlated with ER, PR, p53, and neu, thus suggesting that COX-2-mediated activities may follow independent pathways. Our findings provide the rationale to design trials based on the combination of antihormones with inhibitors of COX-2 and neu in recurrent/metastatic endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ferrandina
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Catholic University of Rome, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Takahashi T, Zhu SJ, Sumino H, Saegusa S, Nakahashi T, Iwai K, Morimoto S, Kanda T. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 enhances myocardial damage in a mouse model of viral myocarditis. Life Sci 2005; 78:195-204. [PMID: 16107267 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine critical role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) for development of viral myocarditis, a mouse model of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced myocarditis was used. The virus was intraperitoneally given to COX-2 gene-deficient heterozygote mice (COX-2+/-) and wild-type mice (WT). We examined differences in heart weights, cardiac histological scores, numbers of infiltrating or apoptotic cells in myocardium, cardiac expression levels of COX-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and adiponectin mRNA, immunoreactivity of COX-2, TNF-alpha, and adiponectin in myocytes, cardiac concentrations of TNF-alpha and adiponectin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in hearts, and viral titers in tissues between COX-2+/- and WT. We observed significantly decreased expression of COX-2 mRNA and reactivity in hearts from COX-2+/- on day 8 after viral inoculation as compared with that from WT, together with elevated cardiac weights and severe inflammatory myocardial damage in COX-2+/-. Cardiac expression of TNF-alpha mRNA, reactivity, and protein on day 8 was significantly higher in COX-2+/- than in WT, together with reciprocal expression of adiponectin mRNA, reactivity, and protein in hearts. Significantly reduced cardiac PGE2 levels on day 8 were found in COX-2+/- compared with those in WT. There was no difference in local viral titers between both groups on day 4. Infected WT treated with a selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, also showed the augmented myocardial damage on day 8. These results suggest that inhibition of COX-2 may enhance myocardial damage through reciprocal cardiac expression of TNF-alpha and adiponectin in a mouse model of viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Takahashi
- Department of a General Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Liu NB, Peng T, Pan C, Yao YY, Shen B, Leng J. Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human HepG2, Bel-7402 and SMMC-7721 hepatoma cell lines and mechanism of cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor celecoxib-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:6281-7. [PMID: 16419156 PMCID: PMC4320331 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i40.6281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression level in human HepG2, Bel-7402 and SMMC-7721 hepatoma cell lines and the molecular mechanism of COX-2 selective inhibitor celecoxib-induced cell growth inhibition and cell apoptosis.
METHODS: Hepatoma cells were cultured and treated with celecoxib. Cell in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunocytochemistry were used to detect COX-2 mRNA and protein expression. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and phosphorylated Akt were also detected by immunocytochemistry assay. Cell growth rates were assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2, 5-diphenylte-trazolium (MTT) bromide colorimetric assay. Celecoxib-induced cell apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry (FCM). The phosphorylated Akt and activated fragments of caspase-9, caspase-3 were examined by Western blotting analysis.
RESULTS: Increased COX-2 mRNA and protein expression were detected in all three hepatoma cell lines. Celecoxib could significantly inhibit cell growth and the inhibitory effect was in a dose- and time-dependent manner evidenced by MTT assays and morphological changes. The apoptotic index measured by TUNEL increased correspondingly with the increased concentration of celecoxib and the reaction time. With 50 μmol/L celecoxib treatment for 24 h, the apoptotic index of HepG2, BEL-7402 and SMMC-7721 cells was 25.01±3.08%, 26.40±3.05%, and 30.60±2.89%, respectively. Western blotting analysis showed remarkable activation of caspase-9, caspase-3 and dephosphorylation of Akt (Thr308). Immunocytochemistry also showed the reduction of PCNA expression and phosphorylation Akt (Thr308) after treatment with celecoxib.
CONCLUSION: COX-2 mRNA and protein overexpression in HepG2, Bel-7402 and SMMC-7721 cell lines correlate with the increased cell growth rate. Celecoxib can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of hepatoma cell strains in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
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Sminia P, Stoter TR, van der Valk P, Elkhuizen PHM, Tadema TM, Kuipers GK, Vandertop WP, Lafleur MVM, Slotman BJ. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor in primary and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 131:653-61. [PMID: 16133570 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-005-0020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the pattern and level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in a series of high grade primary and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and correlation with time to recurrence and patients' survival following therapy. The relationship between COX-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) immunoreactivities was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens of 14 primary and 14 recurrent GBMs (eight pairs) following surgery and full course radiation therapy were processed for immunostaining on COX-2 and EGFR. Tumor cell positivity was semi-quantitatively scored. COX-2 scores of the primary tumor and recurrence were correlated with the time to radiological tumor progression and patients' survival. RESULTS COX-2 positive tumor cells were disseminated throughout the tumor parenchyma. The intensity and pattern of COX-2 expression were heterogeneous, with predominant expression in areas surrounding tumor necrosis. Scoring of COX-2 positivity revealed values between 1 and 80% of the cells. Primary GBMs with COX-2 expression levels between 25% and 70% of the tumor cells showed a shorter time to radiological recurrence than GBMs with <10% COX-2 positive tumor cells (respectively, 219 +/- 50 and 382 +/- 77 days). No correlation was found between the COX-2 expression in the primary tumor and patients' survival (r (s) = -0.073) following therapy. No correlation was found either between COX-2 and EGFR immunoreactivity. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in GBM showed large variation. Hence, determination of COX-2 expression in tumor specimen for each individual might be relevant for selection of those patients, who could benefit from adjuvant therapy with selective COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sminia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Choe MS, Zhang X, Shin HJC, Shin DM, Chen ZG. Interaction between epidermal growth factor receptor– and cyclooxygenase 2–mediated pathways and its implications for the chemoprevention of head and neck cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:1448-55. [PMID: 16170038 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-04-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a well-known model for chemoprevention studies because of its field cancerization effect, its multistep carcinogenesis process, and the easy accessibility of biopsies to target lesions. With new understandings of head and neck carcinogenesis and the development of molecular targeted therapy, chemoprevention trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have been rapidly updated. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors are gaining significant attention as potential chemopreventive agents. Both COX-2 and EGFR are involved in head and neck carcinogenesis. Targeting COX-2 and EGFR separately has shown promising antitumor activity. Recently, combinations of COX-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been reported to show synergistic/additive effects in preclinical studies. Because COX-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors are toxic as single agents in clinical trials, the combination of COX-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors used at lower doses seems more promising than monotherapy with either as a novel strategy in head and neck cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sun Choe
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Pangburn HA, Kraus H, Ahnen DJ, Rice PL. Sulindac metabolites inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor activation and expression. J Carcinog 2005; 4:16. [PMID: 16138927 PMCID: PMC1208922 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3163-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a decreased mortality from colorectal cancer (CRC). NSAIDs induce apoptotic cell death in colon cancer cells in vitro and inhibit growth of neoplastic colonic mucosa in vivo however, the biochemical mechanisms required for these growth inhibitory effects are not well defined. We previously reported that metabolites of the NSAID sulindac downregulate extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling and that this effect is both necessary and sufficient for the apoptotic effects of these drugs. The goal of this project was to specifically test the hypothesis that sulindac metabolites block activation and/or expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR). METHODS HT29 human colon cancer cells were treated with EGF, alone, or in the presence of sulindac sulfide or sulindac sulfone. Cells lysates were assayed by immunoblotting for phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR, pY1068), total EGFR, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2), total ERK1/2, activated caspase-3, and alpha-tubulin. RESULTS EGF treatment rapidly induced phosphorylation of both EGFR and ERK1/2 in HT29 colon cancer cells. Pretreatment with sulindac metabolites for 24 h blocked EGF-induced phosphorylation of both EGFR and ERK1/2 and decreased total EGFR protein expression. Under basal conditions, downregulation of pEGFR and total EGFR was detected as early as 12 h following sulindac sulfide treatment and persisted through at least 48 h. Sulindac sulfone induced downregulation of pEGFR and total EGFR was detected as early as 1 h and 24 h, respectively, following drug treatment, and persisted through at least 72 h. EGFR downregulation by sulindac metabolites was observed in three different CRC cell lines, occurred prior to the observed downregulation of pERK1/2 and induction of apoptosis by these drugs, and was not dependent of caspase activation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that downregulation of EGFR signaling by sulindac metabolites may occur, at least in part, by inhibiting activation and expression of EGFR. Inhibition of EGFR signaling may account for part of the growth inhibitory and chemopreventive effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Pangburn
- Molecular Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Denver, USA
| | - Hanna Kraus
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA
| | - Dennis J Ahnen
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Denver, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Denver, USA
| | - Pamela L Rice
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Denver, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Denver, USA
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Vallböhmer D, Zhang W, Gordon M, Yang DY, Yun J, Press OA, Rhodes KE, Sherrod AE, Iqbal S, Danenberg KD, Groshen S, Lenz HJ. Molecular determinants of cetuximab efficacy. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:3536-44. [PMID: 15908664 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether mRNA expression levels of cyclin D1 (CCND1), cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), all members of the EGFR signaling pathway, are associated with clinical outcome in patients with EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) treated with cetuximab. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-nine patients with metastatic CRC, refractory to both irinotecan and oxaliplatin, were enrolled on IMCL-0144 and treated with single-agent cetuximab. The intratumoral mRNA levels of CCND1, Cox-2, EGFR, IL-8, and VEGF were assessed from paraffin-embedded tissue samples using laser-capture microdissection and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS There were 21 women and 18 men with a median age of 64 years (range, 35 to 83 years). Higher gene expression levels of VEGF were associated with resistance to cetuximab (P = .038; Kruskal-Wallis test). The combination of low gene expression levels of Cox-2, EGFR, and IL-8 was significantly associated with overall survival (13.5 v 2.3 months; P = .028; log-rank test). Both findings were independent of skin toxicity that was itself significantly correlated to survival. Patients with a lower mRNA amount of EGFR had a longer overall survival compared with patients that had a higher mRNA amount (7.3 v 2.2 months; P = .09; log-rank test). Patients with lower expression of Cox-2 had a significantly higher rate of grade 2 to 3 skin reactions under cetuximab treatment. CONCLUSION This pilot study suggests that gene expression levels of Cox-2, EGFR, IL-8, and VEGF in patients with metastatic CRC may be useful markers of clinical outcome in single-agent cetuximab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vallböhmer
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Nozoe T, Ezaki T, Kabashima A, Baba H, Maehara Y. Significance of immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Am J Surg 2005; 189:110-5. [PMID: 15701502 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2004.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The focus of studies on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) have been on its ability to mediate the biological behavior of human tumors including tumorigenesis, tumor progression, apoptosis, and differentiation. The aim of the current study was to elucidate a further finding on the clinicopathologic significance of immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS The immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 was examined for 76 specimens of ESCC and the correlation of COX-2 expression with clinicopathologic features was examined. RESULTS Twenty-eight ESCCs (36.8%) had a strong expression of COX-2. The proportion of poorly differentiated SCCs among tumors with a strong expression of COX-2 (42.8%, 12 of 28) was significantly higher than that among tumors with a weak expression of COX-2 (16.7%, 8 of 48; P = .037). The depth of the tumors (P = .003) and the stage of the tumors (P = .015) were advanced significantly more progressively in ESCCs with a strong COX-2 expression. Univariate analysis showed that the prognosis of patients with ESCCs with a strong COX-2 expression was significantly poorer than that of patients with ESCCs with a weak COX-2 expression (P = .017). Multivariate analysis showed that only such tumor-related factors as lymphatic invasion (P = .004), venous invasion (P = .003), and stage of the tumors (P = .021) were found to be associated independently with worse prognosis of the patients with ESCC. CONCLUSIONS Strong expression of COX-2 is correlated with tumor progression and poor differentiation in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Nozoe
- Department of Surgery, Fukuoka Higashi Medical Center, 1-1-1 Chidori, Koga 811-3195, Japan.
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Lee DW, Park SW, Park SY, Heo DS, Kim KH, Sung MW. Effects of p53 or p27 overexpression on cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Head Neck 2005; 26:706-15. [PMID: 15287038 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been suggested to play an important role in carcinogenesis, the effects of tumor suppressors on COX-2 gene expression and the combined antitumor effects of tumor suppressors and COX-2 inhibitors have rarely been investigated. METHODS The effects of p53 or p27 gene transfer on COX-2 expression by adenoviral vector and the combined effects of p53 or p27 gene transfer and COX-2 inhibitor exposure on the proliferation of cancer cells were investigated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines. RESULTS Overexpression of p53 markedly downregulated the transcription of COX-2, but the overexpression of p27 did not affect COX-2 levels in HNSCC cell lines. The combined antitumor effects of p53 or p27 gene transfer and of a COX-2 inhibitor (NS 398) were mainly at least additive in terms of the inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest and additive in terms of apoptotic induction. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the overexpression of p53 could exert antitumor effects, at least in part, through the suppression of COX-2 gene expression, whereas growth suppression by the overexpression of p27 probably occurs by mechanisms other than the downregulation of COX-2 expression. In addition, the administration of COX-2 inhibitors, as an adjunct to p53 or p27 gene therapy, could offer a new strategy of cancer treatment and prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology
- Genes, p53/physiology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/enzymology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Jalving M, Koornstra JJ, De Jong S, De Vries EGE, Kleibeuker JH. Review article: the potential of combinational regimen with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21:321-39. [PMID: 15709983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are chemopreventive agents in colorectal cancer. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do not, however, offer complete protection against adenoma and carcinoma development. There is increasing interest in combining non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with agents that target specific cell signalling pathways in malignant and premalignant cells. This review aims to describe the current knowledge regarding the efficacy of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands, cholesterol synthesis inhibitors (statins), epidermal growth factor signalling inhibitors and tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand against colorectal neoplasms and the rationale for combining these drugs with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to improve efficacy in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer, a PUBMED computer search of the English language literature was conducted to identify relevant papers published before July 2004. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands and statins, both in clinical use, reduce the growth rate of human colon cancer cells in vitro and in rodents models. In vitro, preclinical in vivo and clinical studies have shown efficacy of epidermal growth factor signalling inhibition in colorectal cancer. In vitro, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells, but not in normal cells. These drugs have all been shown to interact with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in colorectal cancer cells and/or in rodent models. Combinational regimen are a promising strategy for the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer and should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jalving
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Adegboyega PA, Ololade O, Saada J, Mifflin R, Di Mari JF, Powell DW. Subepithelial myofibroblasts express cyclooxygenase-2 in colorectal tubular adenomas. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:5870-9. [PMID: 15355919 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0431-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent data support the hypothesis that the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) plays a role in the early stages of colonic carcinogenesis and that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) retard the development of colon cancer by modulating COX-2. However, the cell types responsible for producing COX-2 in colorectal adenomas remain a subject of controversy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN COX-2 expression in normal colonic mucosa (n = 50), hyperplastic polyps (n = 43), sporadic adenomas (n = 67), and invasive colonic adenocarcinoma (n = 39) was studied in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections from endoscopy biopsy and colonic resection specimens. Immunohistochemistry (avidin-biotin complex technique with double immunolabeling) was used to identify the phenotypes of COX-2-producing cells. RESULTS In colorectal adenomas, increased expression of COX-2 was detected and localized to alpha smooth muscle actin ( proportional, variant SMA)-positive subepithelial stromal cells (myofibroblasts) in the periluminal region of the lamina propria in 63 (94%) of 67 cases. In contrast, in normal colonic mucosa and in hyperplastic polyps with intact epithelium, COX-2 expression was found only in macrophages and endothelial cells. In areas in which the surface epithelium was ulcerated in normal mucosa as well as hyperplastic or neoplastic polyps, COX-2 expression was increased in granulation tissue (and present in macrophages, endothelium, and myofibroblasts). In invasive carcinoma, COX-2 expression in myofibroblasts was limited to the adenomatous portion of the tumor and was detected in 62% of cases (n = 39). In addition, focal expression of COX-2 by malignant epithelial cells was observed in 23% of invasive adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS These results show that increased COX-2 expression in sporadic adenoma of the colon is common and is localized specifically to subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts. These findings further support the hypothesis that myofibroblasts are important target cells for NSAID-mediated chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Adegboyega
- Department of Pathology, 2190 John Sealy Annex, Mail Route 0588, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0588, USA.
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