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Meade RK, Long JE, Jinich A, Rhee KY, Ashbrook DG, Williams RW, Sassetti CM, Smith CM. Genome-wide screen identifies host loci that modulate Mycobacterium tuberculosis fitness in immunodivergent mice. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad147. [PMID: 37405387 PMCID: PMC10468300 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic differences among mammalian hosts and among strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are well-established determinants of tuberculosis (TB) patient outcomes. The advent of recombinant inbred mouse panels and next-generation transposon mutagenesis and sequencing approaches has enabled dissection of complex host-pathogen interactions. To identify host and pathogen genetic determinants of Mtb pathogenesis, we infected members of the highly diverse BXD family of strains with a comprehensive library of Mtb transposon mutants (TnSeq). Members of the BXD family segregate for Mtb-resistant C57BL/6J (B6 or B) and Mtb-susceptible DBA/2J (D2 or D) haplotypes. The survival of each bacterial mutant was quantified within each BXD host, and we identified those bacterial genes that were differentially required for Mtb fitness across BXD genotypes. Mutants that varied in survival among the host family of strains were leveraged as reporters of "endophenotypes," each bacterial fitness profile directly probing specific components of the infection microenvironment. We conducted quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of these bacterial fitness endophenotypes and identified 140 host-pathogen QTL (hpQTL). We located a QTL hotspot on chromosome 6 (75.97-88.58 Mb) associated with the genetic requirement of multiple Mtb genes: Rv0127 (mak), Rv0359 (rip2), Rv0955 (perM), and Rv3849 (espR). Together, this screen reinforces the utility of bacterial mutant libraries as precise reporters of the host immunological microenvironment during infection and highlights specific host-pathogen genetic interactions for further investigation. To enable downstream follow-up for both bacterial and mammalian genetic research communities, all bacterial fitness profiles have been deposited into GeneNetwork.org and added into the comprehensive collection of TnSeq libraries in MtbTnDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Meade
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jarukit E Long
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- Research Animal Diagnostic Services, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA 01887, USA
| | - Adrian Jinich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David G Ashbrook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Christopher M Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Clare M Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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2
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Kim H, Choi HG, Shin SJ. Bridging the gaps to overcome major hurdles in the development of next-generation tuberculosis vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193058. [PMID: 37638056 PMCID: PMC10451085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of death from an infectious disease worldwide, the development of vaccines more effective than bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed TB vaccine, has progressed slowly even in the context of the tremendous global impact of TB. Most vaccine candidates have been developed to strongly induce interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing T-helper type 1 (Th1) cell responses; however, accumulating evidence has suggested that other immune factors are required for optimal protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. In this review, we briefly describe the five hurdles that must be overcome to develop more effective TB vaccines, including those with various purposes and tested in recent promising clinical trials. In addition, we discuss the current knowledge gaps between preclinical experiments and clinical studies regarding peripheral versus tissue-specific immune responses, different underlying conditions of individuals, and newly emerging immune correlates of protection. Moreover, we propose how recently discovered TB risk or susceptibility factors can be better utilized as novel biomarkers for the evaluation of vaccine-induced protection to suggest more practical ways to develop advanced TB vaccines. Vaccines are the most effective tools for reducing mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases, and more advanced technologies and a greater understanding of host-pathogen interactions will provide feasibility and rationale for novel vaccine design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Meade RK, Long JE, Jinich A, Rhee KY, Ashbrook DG, Williams RW, Sassetti CM, Smith CM. Genome-wide screen identifies host loci that modulate M. tuberculosis fitness in immunodivergent mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.05.528534. [PMID: 36945430 PMCID: PMC10028809 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.05.528534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetic differences among mammalian hosts and Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) strains determine diverse tuberculosis (TB) patient outcomes. The advent of recombinant inbred mouse panels and next-generation transposon mutagenesis and sequencing approaches has enabled dissection of complex host- pathogen interactions. To identify host and pathogen genetic determinants of Mtb pathogenesis, we infected members of the BXD family of mouse strains with a comprehensive library of Mtb transposon mutants (TnSeq). Members of the BXD family segregate for Mtb -resistant C57BL/6J (B6 or B ) and Mtb -susceptible DBA/2J (D2 or D ) haplotypes. The survival of each bacterial mutant was quantified within each BXD host, and we identified those bacterial genes that were differentially required for Mtb fitness across BXD genotypes. Mutants that varied in survival among the host family of strains were leveraged as reporters for "endophenotypes", each bacterial fitness profile directly probing specific components of the infection microenvironment. We conducted QTL mapping of these bacterial fitness endophenotypes and identified 140 h ost- p athogen quantitative trait loci ( hp QTL). We identified a QTL hotspot on chromosome 6 (75.97-88.58 Mb) associated with the genetic requirement of multiple Mtb genes; Rv0127 ( mak ), Rv0359 ( rip2 ), Rv0955 ( perM ), and Rv3849 ( espR ). Together, this screen reinforces the utility of bacterial mutant libraries as precise reporters of the host immunological microenvironment during infection and highlights specific host-pathogen genetic interactions for further investigation. To enable downstream follow-up for both bacterial and mammalian genetic research communities, all bacterial fitness profiles have been deposited into GeneNetwork.org and added into the comprehensive collection of TnSeq libraries in MtbTnDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Meade
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jarukit E. Long
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Charles River Laboratories, Research Animal Diagnostic Services, Wilmington, MA, USA
| | - Adrian Jinich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Kyu Y. Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - David G. Ashbrook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert W. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Clare M. Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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4
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Mouse Models for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenesis: Show and Do Not Tell. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010049. [PMID: 36678397 PMCID: PMC9865329 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Science has been taking profit from animal models since the first translational experiments back in ancient Greece. From there, and across all history, several remarkable findings have been obtained using animal models. One of the most popular models, especially for research in infectious diseases, is the mouse. Regarding research in tuberculosis, the mouse has provided useful information about host and bacterial traits related to susceptibility to the infection. The effect of aging, sexual dimorphisms, the route of infection, genetic differences between mice lineages and unbalanced immunity scenarios upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis development has helped, helps and will help biomedical researchers in the design of new tools for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis, despite various discrepancies and the lack of deep study in some areas of these traits.
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Kim H, Shin SJ. Pathological and protective roles of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Interaction between host immune responses and pathogen evasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:891878. [PMID: 35967869 PMCID: PMC9366614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.891878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are principal defense components that play multifactorial roles in translating innate immune responses to adaptive immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections. The heterogeneous nature of DC subsets follows their altered functions by interacting with other immune cells, Mtb, and its products, enhancing host defense mechanisms or facilitating pathogen evasion. Thus, a better understanding of the immune responses initiated, promoted, and amplified or inhibited by DCs in Mtb infection is an essential step in developing anti-tuberculosis (TB) control measures, such as host-directed adjunctive therapy and anti-TB vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advances in salient DC subsets, including their phenotypic classification, cytokine profiles, functional alterations according to disease stages and environments, and consequent TB outcomes. A comprehensive overview of the role of DCs from various perspectives enables a deeper understanding of TB pathogenesis and could be useful in developing DC-based vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Bjornson-Hooper ZB, Fragiadakis GK, Spitzer MH, Chen H, Madhireddy D, Hu K, Lundsten K, McIlwain DR, Nolan GP. A Comprehensive Atlas of Immunological Differences Between Humans, Mice, and Non-Human Primates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867015. [PMID: 35359965 PMCID: PMC8962947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models are an integral part of the drug development and evaluation process. However, they are unsurprisingly imperfect reflections of humans, and the extent and nature of many immunological differences are unknown. With the rise of targeted and biological therapeutics, it is increasingly important that we understand the molecular differences in the immunological behavior of humans and model organisms. However, very few antibodies are raised against non-human primate antigens, and databases of cross-reactivity between species are incomplete. Thus, we screened 332 antibodies in five immune cell populations in blood from humans and four non-human primate species generating a comprehensive cross-reactivity catalog that includes cell type-specificity. We used this catalog to create large mass cytometry universal cross-species phenotyping and signaling panels for humans, along with three of the model organisms most similar to humans: rhesus and cynomolgus macaques and African green monkeys; and one of the mammalian models most widely used in drug development: C57BL/6 mice. As a proof-of-principle, we measured immune cell signaling responses across all five species to an array of 15 stimuli using mass cytometry. We found numerous instances of different cellular phenotypes and immune signaling events occurring within and between species, and detailed three examples (double-positive T cell frequency and signaling; granulocyte response to Bacillus anthracis antigen; and B cell subsets). We also explore the correlation of herpes simian B virus serostatus on the immune profile. Antibody panels and the full dataset generated are available online as a resource to enable future studies comparing immune responses across species during the evaluation of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela K. Fragiadakis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Data Science CoLab and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Matthew H. Spitzer
- Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Departments of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Deepthi Madhireddy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kelly Lundsten
- BioLegend Inc, Advanced Cytometry, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - David R. McIlwain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Garry P. Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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7
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Abdissa K, Ruangkiattikul N, Ahrend W, Nerlich A, Beineke A, Laarmann K, Janze N, Lobermeyer U, Suwandi A, Falk C, Schleicher U, Weiss S, Bogdan C, Goethe R. Relevance of inducible nitric oxide synthase for immune control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in mice. Virulence 2021; 11:465-481. [PMID: 32408806 PMCID: PMC7239028 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1763055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne’s disease (JD), an incurable chronic intestinal bowel disease in ruminants. JD occurs worldwide and causes enormous economic burden in dairy industry. Research on JD pathobiology is hampered by its complexity which cannot completely be mimicked by small animal models. As a model the mouse allows dissecting some pathogenicity features of MAP. However, for unknown reasons MAP exhibits reduced growth in granulomas of infected mice compared to other Mycobacterium avium subspecies. Here, we characterized immune reactions of MAP-infected C57BL/6 mice. After infection, mice appeared fully immunocompetent. A strong antigen-specific T cell response was elicited indicated by IFNγ production of splenic T cells re-stimulated with MAP antigens. Function of splenic dendritic cells and proliferation of adoptively transferred antigen-specific CD4+ T cells was unaltered. Isolated splenic myeloid cells from infected mice revealed that MAP resides in CD11b+ macrophages. Importantly, sorted CD11b+CD11c− cells expressed high level of type 2 nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) but only low levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Correspondingly, MAP-infected MAC2 expressing myeloid cells in spleen and liver granuloma displayed strong expression of NOS2. In livers of infected Nos2−/−mice higher bacterial loads, more granuloma and larger areas of tissue damage were observed 5 weeks post infection compared to wild type mice. In vitro, MAP was sensitive to NO released by a NO-donor. Thus, a strong T cell response and concomitant NOS2/NO activity appears to control MAP infection, but allows development of chronicity and pathogen persistence. A similar mechanism might explain persistence of MAP in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketema Abdissa
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Ahrend
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Nerlich
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristin Laarmann
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Janze
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lobermeyer
- Mouse Pathology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie Und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie Und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Ferluga J, Yasmin H, Al-Ahdal MN, Bhakta S, Kishore U. Natural and trained innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151951. [PMID: 32423788 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains a major global health emergency. It is estimated that one third of global population are affected, predominantly with latent granuloma form of the disease. Mtb co-evolved with humans, for its obligatory intra-macrophage phagosome habitat and slow replication, balanced against unique mycobacterial innate immunity, which appears to be highly complex. TB is transmitted via cough aerosol Mtb inhalation. Bovine TB attenuated Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) live vaccine has been in practice for protection of young children from severe disseminated Mtb infection, but not sufficiently for their lungs, as obtained by trials in TB endemic community. To augment BCG vaccine-driven innate and adaptive immunity for neonates and better protection against adult pulmonary TB, a number of BCG pre-vaccination based, subset vaccine candidates have been tested via animal preclinical, followed by safe clinical trials. BCG also enhances innate macrophage trained immunity and memory, through primordial intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9, which recognise distinct mycobacterial molecular pattern signature. This signature is transmitted by TLR signalling via nuclear factor-κB, for activating innate immune transcription and expression of gene profiling in a mycobacterial signature-specific manner. These are epigenetically imprinted in reprogramming of distinct chromatin areas for innate immune memory, to be recalled following lung reinfection. Unique TB innate immunity and its trained memory are considered independent from adaptive immune B and T cells. On the other hand, adaptive immunity is crucial in Mtb containment in granulomatous latency, supported by innate immune cell infiltration. In nearly 5-10 % of susceptible people, latent TB may be activated due to immune evasion by Mtb from intracellular phagosome within macrophage, perpetrating TB. However, BCG and new recombinant BCG vaccines have the capacity, as indicated in pre- and clinical trials, to overcome such Mtb evasion. Various strategies include pro-inflammatory-bactericidal type 1 polarisation (M1) phenotype of the infected macrophage, involving thrombospondin-TLR pathway. Saprophytic M. smegmatis-based recombinant vaccines are also promising candidates against TB. BCG vaccination of neonates/infants in TB endemic countries also reduced their pneumonia caused by various microbes independent of TB immunity. Here, we discuss host immune response against Mtb, its immune evasion strategies, and the important role innate immunity plays in the development of protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janez Ferluga
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohammed N Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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9
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Sorgi CA, Soares EM, Rosada RS, Bitencourt CS, Zoccal KF, Pereira PAT, Fontanari C, Brandão I, Masson AP, Ramos SG, Silva CL, Frantz FG, Faccioli LH. Eicosanoid pathway on host resistance and inflammation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is comprised by LTB4 reduction but not PGE2 increment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Abstract
The variable outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection observed in natural populations is difficult to model in genetically homogeneous small-animal models. The newly developed Collaborative Cross (CC) represents a reproducible panel of genetically diverse mice that display a broad range of phenotypic responses to infection. We explored the genetic basis of this variation, focusing on a CC line that is highly susceptible to M. tuberculosis infection. This study identified multiple quantitative trait loci associated with bacterial control and cytokine production, including one that is caused by a novel loss-of-function mutation in the Itgal gene, which is necessary for T cell recruitment to the infected lung. These studies verify the multigenic control of mycobacterial disease in the CC panel, identify genetic loci controlling diverse aspects of pathogenesis, and highlight the utility of the CC resource. Host genetics plays an important role in determining the outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection. We previously found that Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse strains differ in their susceptibility to M. tuberculosis and that the CC042/GeniUnc (CC042) strain suffered from a rapidly progressive disease and failed to produce the protective cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in the lung. Here, we used parallel genetic and immunological approaches to investigate the basis of CC042 mouse susceptibility. Using a population derived from a CC001/Unc (CC001) × CC042 intercross, we mapped four quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying tuberculosis immunophenotypes (Tip1 to Tip4). These included QTL that were associated with bacterial burden, IFN-γ production following infection, and an IFN-γ-independent mechanism of bacterial control. Further immunological characterization revealed that CC042 animals recruited relatively few antigen-specific T cells to the lung and that these T cells failed to express the integrin alpha L (αL; i.e., CD11a), which contributes to T cell activation and migration. These defects could be explained by a CC042 private variant in the Itgal gene, which encodes CD11a and is found within the Tip2 interval. This 15-bp deletion leads to aberrant mRNA splicing and is predicted to result in a truncated protein product. The ItgalCC042 genotype was associated with all measured disease traits, indicating that this variant is a major determinant of susceptibility in CC042 mice. The combined effect of functionally distinct Tip variants likely explains the profound susceptibility of CC042 mice and highlights the multigenic nature of tuberculosis control in the Collaborative Cross.
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11
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Mucosal boosting of H56:CAF01 immunization promotes lung-localized T cells and an accelerated pulmonary response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection without enhancing vaccine protection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:816-826. [PMID: 30760832 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is dependent upon the ability to localize within the site of pulmonary infection and directly interact with infected cells. In turn, vaccine strategies to improve rapid T cell targeting of Mtb-infected cells after pulmonary exposure are being actively pursued. Given parenterally, the subunit vaccine H56:CAF01 elicits polyfunctional CD4 T cells that localize to the lung parenchyma and confer durable protection. Here, we find that airway mucosal boosting of parenteral H56:CAF01 immunization greatly enhances the population of long-lived lung-resident T cells (Trm) and increases early vaccine T cell responses to pulmonary Mtb challenge in multiple mouse models. However, mucosal boosting does not alter the Th1/17 vaccine signature typical of H56:CAF01 and does not further improve durable control of pulmonary infection following aerosol Mtb-challenge. Additional mucosal boosting with H56:CAF01 further enhances the Trm response without further improving protection, while blocking the recruitment of non-Trm with FTY720-treatment failed to exposed Trm-mediated protection in mucosally boosting animals. These results demonstrate the limitations of maximizing lung-localized Trm in vaccine control of pulmonary Mtb infection, especially within an immunization protocol that is already optimized for the induction of mucosal-homing Th17 cells.
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12
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Möller M, Kinnear CJ, Orlova M, Kroon EE, van Helden PD, Schurr E, Hoal EG. Genetic Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2219. [PMID: 30319657 PMCID: PMC6170664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural history studies of tuberculosis (TB) have revealed a spectrum of clinical outcomes after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of TB. Not all individuals exposed to the bacterium will become diseased and depending on the infection pressure, many will remain infection-free. Intriguingly, complete resistance to infection is observed in some individuals (termed resisters) after intense, continuing M. tuberculosis exposure. After successful infection, the majority of individuals will develop latent TB infection (LTBI). This infection state is currently (and perhaps imperfectly) defined by the presence of a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) and/or interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), but no detectable clinical disease symptoms. The majority of healthy individuals with LTBI are resistant to clinical TB, indicating that infection is remarkably well-contained in these non-progressors. The remaining 5-15% of LTBI positive individuals will progress to active TB. Epidemiological investigations have indicated that the host genetic component contributes to these infection and disease phenotypes, influencing both susceptibility and resistance. Elucidating these genetic correlates is therefore a priority as it may translate to new interventions to prevent, diagnose or treat TB. The most successful approaches in resistance/susceptibility investigation have focused on specific infection and disease phenotypes and the resister phenotype may hold the key to the discovery of actionable genetic variants in TB infection and disease. This review will not only discuss lessons from epidemiological studies, but will also focus on the contribution of epidemiology and functional genetics to human genetic resistance to M. tuberculosis infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlo Möller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Craig J. Kinnear
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marianna Orlova
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elouise E. Kroon
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul D. van Helden
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eileen G. Hoal
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Lesellier S. Immunological responses of European badgers (Meles Meles) to infection with Mycobacterium bovis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 61:9-15. [PMID: 30502833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the main cause of bovine tuberculosis and its eradication is proving difficult in many countries because of wildlife reservoirs, including European badgers (Meles meles) in the UK Ireland. Following the development of badger specific immunological reagents, many studies have shown that some aspects of the cellular and serological immune responses of badgers to virulent M. bovis and the attenuated M. bovis BCG (Bacille of Calmette and Guérin) strain are similar to those seen in other animal hosts infected with M. bovis. However, badgers also appear to have developed specific immunological responses to M. bovis infection which may be associated with mild inflammatory responses. Badgers may therefore represent an interesting natural host for M. bovis that can provide a more thorough understanding of efficient immunological responses to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lesellier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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14
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Smith D, Anderson D, Degryse AD, Bol C, Criado A, Ferrara A, Franco NH, Gyertyan I, Orellana JM, Ostergaard G, Varga O, Voipio HM. Classification and reporting of severity experienced by animals used in scientific procedures: FELASA/ECLAM/ESLAV Working Group report. Lab Anim 2018; 52:5-57. [PMID: 29359995 PMCID: PMC5987990 DOI: 10.1177/0023677217744587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Directive 2010/63/EU introduced requirements for the classification of the severity of procedures to be applied during the project authorisation process to use animals in scientific procedures and also to report actual severity experienced by each animal used in such procedures. These requirements offer opportunities during the design, conduct and reporting of procedures to consider the adverse effects of procedures and how these can be reduced to minimize the welfare consequences for the animals. Better recording and reporting of adverse effects should also help in highlighting priorities for refinement of future similar procedures and benchmarking good practice. Reporting of actual severity should help inform the public of the relative severity of different areas of scientific research and, over time, may show trends regarding refinement. Consistency of assignment of severity categories across Member States is a key requirement, particularly if re-use is considered, or the safeguard clause is to be invoked. The examples of severity classification given in Annex VIII are limited in number, and have little descriptive power to aid assignment. Additionally, the examples given often relate to the procedure and do not attempt to assess the outcome, such as adverse effects that may occur. The aim of this report is to deliver guidance on the assignment of severity, both prospectively and at the end of a procedure. A number of animal models, in current use, have been used to illustrate the severity assessment process from inception of the project, through monitoring during the course of the procedure to the final assessment of actual severity at the end of the procedure (Appendix 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- 1 FELASA, Federation for Laboratory Animal Science Associations, Eye, Suffolk, UK
| | | | | | - Carla Bol
- 4 Charles River Laboratories, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose M Orellana
- 9 Universidad de Alcala Campus, Universitario Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors enhance the efficacy of frontline drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006974. [PMID: 29698476 PMCID: PMC5919409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a grave threat to world health with emerging drug resistant strains. One prominent feature of Mtb infection is the extensive reprogramming of host tissue at the site of infection. Here we report that inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity by a panel of small molecule inhibitors enhances the in vivo potency of the frontline TB drugs isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF). Inhibition of MMP activity leads to an increase in pericyte-covered blood vessel numbers and appears to stabilize the integrity of the infected lung tissue. In treated mice, we observe an increased delivery and/or retention of frontline TB drugs in the infected lungs, resulting in enhanced drug efficacy. These findings indicate that targeting Mtb-induced host tissue remodeling can increase therapeutic efficacy and could enhance the effectiveness of current drug regimens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) continues to be the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent worldwide, leading to 1.8 million deaths in 2015. The long treatment required (6–9 months), with all of its incumbent problems, can promote the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB strains, so strategies to shorten the treatment duration are in dire need. Mtb’s success as a pathogen hinges on its ability to remodel the host tissue, characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and leaky vascularization. Here we report that inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) significantly enhances the potency of frontline TB antibiotics. These MMP inhibitors increase the relative proportion of healthy blood vessels versus leaky dysfunctional vessels at the infection site, and enhance drug delivery and/or retention. Our study highlights the potential of targeting Mtb-induced host tissue remodeling to enhance the efficacy of current frontline antibiotics. It also suggests an alternative therapeutic strategy to repair the leaky blood vessels in TB granulomas to enhance drug delivery. Repurposing of MMP inhibitors may hold the key to shortening TB treatments and combating the emergence of MDR strains.
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16
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Zelmer A, Stockdale L, Prabowo SA, Cia F, Spink N, Gibb M, Eddaoudi A, Fletcher HA. High monocyte to lymphocyte ratio is associated with impaired protection after subcutaneous administration of BCG in a mouse model of tuberculosis. F1000Res 2018; 7:296. [PMID: 30026926 PMCID: PMC6039926 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14239.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The only available tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has variable efficacy. New vaccines are therefore urgently needed. Why BCG fails is incompletely understood, and the tools used for early assessment of new vaccine candidates do not account for BCG variability. Taking correlates of risk of TB disease observed in human studies and back-translating them into mice to create models of BCG variability should allow novel vaccine candidates to be tested early in animal models that are more representative of the human populations most at risk. Furthermore, this could help to elucidate the immunological mechanisms leading to BCG failure. We have chosen the monocyte to lymphocyte (ML) ratio as a correlate of risk of TB disease and have back-translated this into a mouse model. Methods: Four commercially available, inbred mouse strains were chosen. We investigated their baseline ML ratio by flow cytometry; extent of BCG-mediated protection from Mtb infection by experimental challenge; vaccine-induced interferon gamma (IFNγ) response by ELISPOT assay; and tissue distribution of BCG by plating tissue homogenates. Results: The ML ratio varied significantly between A/J, DBA/2, C57Bl/6 and 129S2 mice. A/J mice showed the highest BCG-mediated protection and lowest ML ratio, while 129S2 mice showed the lowest protection and higher ML ratio. We also found that A/J mice had a lower antigen specific IFNγ response than 129S2 mice. BCG tissue distribution appeared higher in A/J mice, although this was not statistically significant. Conclusions: These results suggest that the ML ratio has an impact on BCG-mediated protection in mice, in alignment with observations from clinical studies. A/J and 129S2 mice may therefore be useful models of BCG vaccine variability for early TB vaccine testing. We speculate that failure of BCG to protect from TB disease is linked to poor tissue distribution in a ML high immune environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zelmer
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Satria A. Prabowo
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Felipe Cia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Natasha Spink
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Matthew Gibb
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, Texas, 75204, USA
| | - Ayad Eddaoudi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Helen A. Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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17
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Zelmer A, Stockdale L, Prabowo SA, Cia F, Spink N, Gibb M, Eddaoudi A, Fletcher HA. High monocyte to lymphocyte ratio is associated with impaired protection after subcutaneous administration of BCG in a mouse model of tuberculosis. F1000Res 2018; 7:296. [PMID: 30026926 PMCID: PMC6039926 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14239.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The only available tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has variable efficacy. New vaccines are therefore urgently needed. Why BCG fails is incompletely understood, and the tools used for early assessment of new vaccine candidates do not account for BCG variability. Taking correlates of risk of TB disease observed in human studies and back-translating them into mice to create models of BCG variability should allow novel vaccine candidates to be tested early in animal models that are more representative of the human populations most at risk. Furthermore, this could help to elucidate the immunological mechanisms leading to BCG failure. We have chosen the monocyte to lymphocyte (ML) ratio as a correlate of risk of TB disease and have back-translated this into a mouse model. Methods: Four commercially available, inbred mouse strains were chosen. We investigated their baseline ML ratio by flow cytometry; extent of BCG-mediated protection from M ycobacterium tuberculosis infection by experimental challenge; vaccine-induced interferon gamma (IFNγ) response by ELISPOT assay; and tissue distribution of BCG by plating tissue homogenates. Results: The ML ratio varied significantly between A/J, DBA/2, C57Bl/6 and 129S2 mice. A/J mice showed the highest BCG-mediated protection and lowest ML ratio, while 129S2 mice showed the lowest protection and higher ML ratio. We also found that A/J mice had a lower antigen specific IFNγ response than 129S2 mice. BCG tissue distribution appeared higher in A/J mice, although this was not statistically significant. Conclusions: These results suggest that the ML ratio has an impact on BCG-mediated protection in mice, in alignment with observations from clinical studies. A/J and 129S2 mice may therefore be useful models of BCG vaccine variability for early TB vaccine testing. We speculate that failure of BCG to protect from TB disease is linked to poor tissue distribution in a ML high immune environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zelmer
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Satria A. Prabowo
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Felipe Cia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Natasha Spink
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Matthew Gibb
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, Texas, 75204, USA
| | - Ayad Eddaoudi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Helen A. Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Immunology and Infection, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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18
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Abstract
This article describes the nature of the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mouse and guinea pig models of infection. It describes the great wealth of information obtained from the mouse model, reflecting the general availability of immunological reagents, as well as genetic manipulations of the mouse strains themselves. This has led to a good understanding of the nature of the T-cell response to the infection, as well as an appreciation of the complexity of the response involving multiple cytokine- and chemokine-mediated systems. As described here and elsewhere, we have a growing understanding of how multiple CD4-positive T-cell subsets are involved, including regulatory T cells, TH17 cells, as well as the subsequent emergence of effector and central memory T-cell subsets. While, in contrast, our understanding of the host response in the guinea pig model is less advanced, considerable strides have been made in the past decade in terms of defining the basis of the immune response, as well as a better understanding of the immunopathologic process. This model has long been the gold standard for vaccine testing, and more recently is being revisited as a model for testing new drug regimens (bedaquiline being the latest example).
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19
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Meng L, Tong J, Wang H, Tao C, Wang Q, Niu C, Zhang X, Gao Q. PPE38 Protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inhibits Macrophage MHC Class I Expression and Dampens CD8 + T Cell Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:68. [PMID: 28348981 PMCID: PMC5346565 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of CD8+ T cell activation is a critical mechanism used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) to escape protective host immune responses. PPE38 belongs to the unique PPE family of MTB and in our previous study, PPE38 protein was speculated to participate in manipulating macrophage MHC class I pathway. To test this hypothesis, the function of mycobacterial PPE38 protein was assessed here using macrophage and mouse infection models. Decreased amount of MHC class I was observed on the surface of macrophages infected with PPE38-expressing mycobacteria. The transcript of genes encoding MHC class I was also inhibited by PPE38. After infection of C57BL/6 mice with Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing PPE38 (Msmeg-PPE38), decreased number of CD8+ T cells was found in spleen, liver, and lungs through immunohistochemical analysis, comparing to the control strain harboring empty vector (Msmeg-V). Consistently, flow cytometry assay showed that fewer effector/memory CD8+ T cells (CD44highCD62Llow) were activated in spleen from Msmeg-PPE38 infected mice. Moreover, Msmeg-PPE38 confers a growth advantage over Msmeg-V in C57BL/6 mice, indicating an effect of PPE38 to favor mycobacterial persistence in vivo. Overall, this study shows a unique biological function of PPE38 protein to facilitate mycobacteria to escape host immunity, and provides hints for TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Meng
- Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfeng Tong
- Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Chengwu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Qinglan Wang
- Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Niu
- Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai, China
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20
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Bénard A, Sala C, Pluschke G. Mycobacterium ulcerans Mouse Model Refinement for Pre-Clinical Profiling of Vaccine Candidates. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167059. [PMID: 27893778 PMCID: PMC5125663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Buruli Ulcer is a neglected tropical disease leading to extensive disabilities and morbidity in West Africa. In this paper we sought to characterize various strains of Mycobacterium ulcerans (M.ulcerans) with different origins and laboratory passage records while refining a mouse model for Buruli ulcer. We described, compared and followed the kinetics of the histo-pathological outcome of infection of a collection of strains at various anatomical sites of infection in order to find a suitable model for further immunization studies. Moreover we compared the outcome of infection in C57Bl/6 and Balbc/J mice. Specifically we described thoroughly one M. ulcerans strain characterized by slow growth rate and limited tissue necrosis, which presents close ressemblance with the infection kinetics in humans. This strain caused macrophages as well as T and B cells infiltration, correlating with mycobacterial proliferation at the site of infection as well as in the draining lymph nodes, making it a suitable strain to screen vaccine candidates efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle Bénard
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia Sala
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerd Pluschke
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Characterization of promoter of the tuberculosis-resistant gene intracellular pathogen resistance 1. Immunol Res 2016; 64:143-54. [PMID: 26590945 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8732-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs and causes over 1.3 million people die annually. Variation in host genes is known to influence susceptibility to tuberculosis. Expression of the intracellular pathogen resistance 1 (Ipr1) gene could enhance the host resistance to mycobacterium. Here, we analyzed the coding region sequence and promoter of Ipr1 gene of mouse strains C57BL/6 and BALB/c. We found that the coding sequences of Ipr1 gene both in C57BL/6 and in BALB/c mice encode the same protein, while the Ipr1 promoter of BALB/c exists a short deletion and showed a slight of decreased transcriptional activity when compared with C57BL/6. Moreover, the optimal and minimal Ipr1 promoter was identified by luciferase assays using truncated reporter constructs, and the region from -293 to +95 bp showed the highest transcriptional activity and responsible for IFN-γ stimulation. Furthermore, the results showed that IFN-γ activates JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways to induce Ipr1 expression, and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) are critical for IFN-γ-induced Ipr1 expression, because overexpression of Stat1 promotes Ipr1 transcription, but knockdown of Stat1 reduced Ipr1 expression. Collectively, for the first time, our study characterizes Ipr1 promoter and investigates the positive and negative regulation of Ipr1 expression, providing basic data for application of Ipr1 in animal breeding.
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22
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Chechushkov AV, Kozhin PM, Zaitseva NS, Lemza AE, Men'shchikova EB, Troitskii AV, Shkurupy VA. Oxidized Dextran Enhances Alternative Activation of Macrophages in Mice of Opposite Lines. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 160:783-6. [PMID: 27165062 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Differences in peritoneal macrophage polarization in mice of opposite lines CBA and C57Bl/6 and the effects of 60 kDa oxidized dextran were studied. Macrophages of C57Bl/6 mice demonstrated a phenotype close to M1, with increasing expression of CD86 costimulatory molecule and unchanged CD206 expression in response to activation. Macrophages of CBA mice demonstrated higher plasticity in response to activating agents; expression of the markers increased irrespectively on stimulated receptor (TLR-4 or mannose receptor) and both CD86 (classical activation) and CD206 (alternative activation) increased. Macrophage response to addition of oxidized dextran (60 kDa) to the culture medium could be characterized as potentiation of their alternative activation: expression of CD86 in CBA mice in response to LPS and LPS+IL-4 and in C57Bl/6 mice in response to IFN-γ and LPS+IFN-γ decreased, while expression of CD206 by intact macrophages of CBA mice and by macrophages stimulated by IFN-γ and IL-4 increased under the effect of 60 kDa oxidized dextran.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Chechushkov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P M Kozhin
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N S Zaitseva
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A E Lemza
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E B Men'shchikova
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - A V Troitskii
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V A Shkurupy
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
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23
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Lee HJ, Ko HJ, Jung YJ. Insufficient Generation of Mycobactericidal Mediators and Inadequate Level of Phagosomal Maturation Are Related with Susceptibility to Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mouse Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:541. [PMID: 27148227 PMCID: PMC4834433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and it remains major life-threatening infectious diseases worldwide. Although, M. tuberculosis has infected one-third of the present human population, only 5–10% of immunocompetent individuals are genetically susceptible to tuberculosis. All inbred strains of mice are susceptible to tuberculosis; however, some mouse strains are much more susceptible than others. In a previous report, we showed that Th1-mediated immunity was not responsible for the differential susceptibility between mouse models. To examine whether these susceptibility differences between inbred mouse strains are due to the insufficient production of effector molecules in the early stage of innate immunity, we investigated mycobacteriostatic function of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in resistant (BALB/c and C57BL/6) and susceptible strains (DBA/2) that were infected with virulent M. tuberculosis (H37Rv) or attenuated M. tuberculosis (H37Ra). The growth rate of virulent M. tuberculosis in infected cells was significantly higher in DBA/2 BMDMs, whereas the growth of the attenuated strain was similar in the three inbred mouse BMDM strains. In addition, the death rate of M. tuberculosis-infected cells increased with the infectious dose when DBA/2 BMDMs were infected with H37Rv. The intracellular reactive oxygen species level was lower in DBA/2 BMDMs that were infected with virulent M. tuberculosis at an early post-infection time point. The expression levels of phagosomal maturation markers, including early endosomal antigen-1 (EEA1) and lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1), were significantly decreased in DBA/2 BMDM that were infected with virulent M. tuberculosis, whereas IFNγ-treatment restored the phagosomal maturation activity. The nitric oxide (NO) production levels were also significantly lower in DBA/2 BMDMs that were infected with virulent H37Rv at late post-infection points; however, this was not observed with the attenuated H37Ra strain. Furthermore, IFNγ-treatment rescued the low NO production level and insufficient M. tuberculosis growth control of DBA/2 BMDMs to the same level as of both resistant strains. The secreted TNF-α and IL-10 level were not significantly different between strains. Therefore, our findings suggest that DBA/2 BMDMs may have defects in the phagosomal maturation process and in inflammatory mediator production, as they showed innate immune defects when infected with the virulent, but not attenuated M. tuberculosis strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Ji Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Kangwon National University Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences and BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Kangwon National University Chuncheon, South Korea
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24
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Logunova N, Korotetskaya M, Polshakov V, Apt A. The QTL within the H2 Complex Involved in the Control of Tuberculosis Infection in Mice Is the Classical Class II H2-Ab1 Gene. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005672. [PMID: 26618355 PMCID: PMC4664271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) infection depends upon allelic variations in numerous interacting genes. In our mouse model system, the whole-genome quantitative trait loci (QTLs) scan revealed three QTLs involved in TB control on chromosomes 3, 9, and in the vicinity of the H2 complex on chromosome 17. For the present study, we have established a panel of new congenic, MHC-recombinant mouse strains bearing differential small segments of chromosome 17 transferred from the TB-susceptible I/St (H2j) strain onto the genetic background of TB-resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice (H2b). This allowed narrowing the QTL interval to 17Ch: 33, 77–34, 34 Mb, containing 36 protein-encoding genes. Cloning and sequencing of the H2j allelic variants of these genes demonstrated profound polymorphic variations compare to the H2b haplotype. In two recombinant strains, B6.I-249.1.15.100 and B6.I-249.1.15.139, recombination breakpoints occurred in different sites of the H2-Aβ 1 gene (beta-chain of the Class II heterodimer H2-A), providing polymorphic variations in the domain β1 of the Aβ-chain. These variations were sufficient to produce different TB-relevant phenotypes: the more susceptible B6.I-249.1.15.100 strain demonstrated shorter survival time, more rapid body weight loss, higher mycobacterial loads in the lungs and more severe lung histopathology compared to the more resistant B6.I-249.1.15.139 strain. CD4+ T cells recognized mycobacterial antigens exclusively in the context of the H2-A Class II molecule, and the level of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells in the lungs was significantly higher in the resistant strain. Thus, we directly demonstrated for the first time that the classical H2- Ab1 Class II gene is involved in TB control. Molecular modeling of the H2-Aj product predicts that amino acid (AA) substitutions in the Aβ-chain modify the motif of the peptide–MHC binding groove. Moreover, unique AA substitutions in both α- and β-chains of the H2-Aj molecule might affect its interactions with the T-cell receptor (TCR). Many genes of the host regulate interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and determine the level of susceptibility to, and severity of, tuberculosis (TB). Identification of these genes and their alleles is continuing and contributes new knowledge about the host-pathogen interactions. So far, forward genetic approaches (from phenotype to gene) have identified several chromosomal segments involved in genetic control of TB in mice (quantitative trait loci—QTL), but only one particular gene, Ipr1, has been identified. Here, we report the identification of a second TB-controlling gene. On the basis of a pair of mouse inbred strains with polar susceptibility to TB infection (susceptible I/St and more resistant C57BL/6) we established a panel of recombinant strains carrying small segments of Chromosome 17 from I/St on the genetic background of C57BL/6. A combination of genetic mapping, gene sequencing, TB phenotypes assessment and immunological approaches demonstrates that the H2-Ab1 gene encoding the beta-chain of the Class II heterodimer H2-A determines susceptibility to TB infection. The importance of allelic polymorphisms in Class II genes encoding antigen-presenting molecules in susceptibility to infection has been suspected. This is the first prove of this role obtained by the methods of classical forward genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Logunova
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (NL); (AA)
| | - Maria Korotetskaya
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Polshakov
- Center for Magnetic Tomography & Spectroscopy, School of Fundamental Medicine, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Apt
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (NL); (AA)
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Mouse models of human TB pathology: roles in the analysis of necrosis and the development of host-directed therapies. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:221-37. [PMID: 26542392 PMCID: PMC4779126 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A key aspect of TB pathogenesis that maintains Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the human population is the ability to cause necrosis in pulmonary lesions. As co-evolution shaped M. tuberculosis (M.tb) and human responses, the complete TB disease profile and lesion manifestation are not fully reproduced by any animal model. However, animal models are absolutely critical to understand how infection with virulent M.tb generates outcomes necessary for the pathogen transmission and evolutionary success. In humans, a wide spectrum of TB outcomes has been recognized based on clinical and epidemiological data. In mice, there is clear genetic basis for susceptibility. Although the spectra of human and mouse TB do not completely overlap, comparison of human TB with mouse lesions across genetically diverse strains firmly establishes points of convergence. By embracing the genetic heterogeneity of the mouse population, we gain tremendous advantage in the quest for suitable in vivo models. Below, we review genetically defined mouse models that recapitulate a key element of M.tb pathogenesis—induction of necrotic TB lesions in the lungs—and discuss how these models may reflect TB stratification and pathogenesis in humans. The approach ensures that roles that mouse models play in basic and translational TB research will continue to increase allowing researchers to address fundamental questions of TB pathogenesis and bacterial physiology in vivo using this well-defined, reproducible, and cost-efficient system. Combination of the new generation mouse models with advanced imaging technologies will also allow rapid and inexpensive assessment of experimental vaccines and therapies prior to testing in larger animals and clinical trials.
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Aguilo N, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Uranga S, Marinova D, Monzón M, Badiola J, Martin C. Pulmonary but Not Subcutaneous Delivery of BCG Vaccine Confers Protection to Tuberculosis-Susceptible Mice by an Interleukin 17-Dependent Mechanism. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:831-9. [PMID: 26494773 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the most promising novel tuberculosis vaccine strategies currently under development are based on respiratory vaccination, mimicking the natural route of infection. In this work, we have compared pulmonary and subcutaneous delivery of BCG vaccine in the tuberculosis-susceptible DBA/2 mouse strain, a model in which parenterally administered BCG vaccine does not protect against tuberculosis. Our data show that intranasally but not subcutaneously administered BCG confers robust protection against pulmonary tuberculosis challenge. In addition, our results indicate that pulmonary vaccination triggers a Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific mucosal immune response orchestrated by interleukin 17A (IL-17A). Thus, IL-17A neutralization in vivo reduces protection and abrogates M. tuberculosis-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion to respiratory airways and lung expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor induced following intranasal vaccination. Together, our results demonstrate that pulmonary delivery of BCG can overcome the lack of protection observed when BCG is given parenterally, suggesting that respiratory tuberculosis vaccines could have an advantage in tuberculosis-endemic countries, where intradermally administered BCG has inefficient effectiveness against pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacho Aguilo
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Uranga
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dessislava Marinova
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Universidad de Zaragoza
| | - Juan Badiola
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Universidad de Zaragoza
| | - Carlos Martin
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva, y Salud Pública Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, ISS Aragón, Zaragoza CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Niazi MKK, Dhulekar N, Schmidt D, Major S, Cooper R, Abeijon C, Gatti DM, Kramnik I, Yener B, Gurcan M, Beamer G. Lung necrosis and neutrophils reflect common pathways of susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in genetically diverse, immune-competent mice. Dis Model Mech 2015. [PMID: 26204894 PMCID: PMC4582107 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in susceptible humans. Here, we infected Diversity Outbred (DO) mice with ∼100 bacilli by aerosol to model responses in a highly heterogeneous population. Following infection, ‘supersusceptible’, ‘susceptible’ and ‘resistant’ phenotypes emerged. TB disease (reduced survival, weight loss, high bacterial load) correlated strongly with neutrophils, neutrophil chemokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and cell death. By contrast, immune cytokines were weak correlates of disease. We next applied statistical and machine learning approaches to our dataset of cytokines and chemokines from lungs and blood. Six molecules from the lung: TNF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 12 (IL-12); and two molecules from blood – IL-2 and TNF – were identified as being important by applying both statistical and machine learning methods. Using molecular features to generate tree classifiers, CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5 distinguished four classes (supersusceptible, susceptible, resistant and non-infected) from each other with approximately 77% accuracy using completely independent experimental data. By contrast, models based on other molecules were less accurate. Low to no IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2 and IL-10 successfully discriminated non-infected mice from infected mice but failed to discriminate disease status amongst supersusceptible, susceptible and resistant M.-tuberculosis-infected DO mice. Additional analyses identified CXCL1 as a promising peripheral biomarker of disease and of CXCL1 production in the lungs. From these results, we conclude that: (1) DO mice respond variably to M. tuberculosis infection and will be useful to identify pathways involving necrosis and neutrophils; (2) data from DO mice is suited for machine learning methods to build, validate and test models with independent data based solely on molecular biomarkers; (3) low levels of immunological cytokines best indicate a lack of exposure to M. tuberculosis but cannot distinguish infection from disease. Summary: Molecular biomarkers of tuberculosis are identified and used to classify disease status of Diversity Outbred mice that have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad K K Niazi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 OH, USA
| | - Nimit Dhulekar
- Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, 12810 NY, USA
| | - Diane Schmidt
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | - Samuel Major
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | - Claudia Abeijon
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
| | | | - Igor Kramnik
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02215 MA, USA
| | - Bulent Yener
- Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, 12810 NY, USA
| | - Metin Gurcan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 OH, USA
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, 01536 MA, USA
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Singhal A, Jie L, Kumar P, Hong GS, Leow MKS, Paleja B, Tsenova L, Kurepina N, Chen J, Zolezzi F, Kreiswirth B, Poidinger M, Chee C, Kaplan G, Wang YT, De Libero G. Metformin as adjunct antituberculosis therapy. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:263ra159. [PMID: 25411472 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and mortality remains immense. A potential new approach to TB therapy is to augment protective host immune responses. We report that the antidiabetic drug metformin (MET) reduces the intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in an AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase)-dependent manner. MET controls the growth of drug-resistant Mtb strains, increases production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and facilitates phagosome-lysosome fusion. In Mtb-infected mice, use of MET ameliorated lung pathology, reduced chronic inflammation, and enhanced the specific immune response and the efficacy of conventional TB drugs. Moreover, in two separate human cohorts, MET treatment was associated with improved control of Mtb infection and decreased disease severity. Collectively, these data indicate that MET is a promising candidate host-adjunctive therapy for improving the effective treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Liu Jie
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Pavanish Kumar
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Gan Suay Hong
- Tuberculosis Control Unit, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308089, Singapore
| | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Bhairav Paleja
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Liana Tsenova
- Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. New York City College of Technology, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Natalia Kurepina
- Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Francesca Zolezzi
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Barry Kreiswirth
- Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Cynthia Chee
- Tuberculosis Control Unit, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308089, Singapore
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- Public Health Research Institute at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yee Tang Wang
- Tuberculosis Control Unit, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308089, Singapore
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore. University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland.
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Sérgio CA, Bertolini TB, Gembre AF, Prado RQ, Bonato VLD. CD11c(+) CD103(+) cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected C57BL/6 but not of BALB/c mice induce a high frequency of interferon-γ- or interleukin-17-producing CD4(+) cells. Immunology 2015; 144:574-86. [PMID: 25322675 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of the cellular adaptive immune response is critical for the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the chronic phase. In addition, the genetic background is equally important for resistance or susceptibility to tuberculosis. In this study, we addressed whether lung populations of dendritic cells, obtained from genetically different hosts, would play a role in the magnitude and function of CD4(+) populations generated after M. tuberculosis infection. Thirty days post-infection, C57BL/6 mice, which generate a stronger interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-mediated immune response than BALB/c mice, exhibited a higher number and frequency of lung CD11c(+) CD11b(-) CD103(+) cells compared with BALB/c mice, which exhibited a high frequency of lung CD11c(+) CD11b(+) CD103(-) cells. CD11c(+) CD11b(-) CD103(+) cells, purified from lungs of infected C57BL/6 mice, but not from infected BALB/c mice, induced a higher frequency of IFN-γ-producing or interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing CD4(+) cells. Moreover, CD4(+) cells also arrive at the lung of C57BL/6 mice faster than in BALB/c mice. This pattern of immune response seems to be associated with higher gene expression for CCL4, CCL19, CCL20 and CCR5 in the lungs of infected C57BL/6 mice compared with infected BALB/c mice. The results described here show that the magnitude of IFN-γ-producing or IL-17-producing CD4(+) cells is dependent on CD11c(+) CD11b(-) CD103(+) cells, and this pattern of immune response is directly associated with the host genetic background. Therefore, differences in the genetic background contribute to the identification of immunological biomarkers that can be used to design human assays to predict progression of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia A Sérgio
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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30
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O'Garra A, Redford PS, McNab FW, Bloom CI, Wilkinson RJ, Berry MPR. The immune response in tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 31:475-527. [PMID: 23516984 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-095939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 907] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are 9 million cases of active tuberculosis reported annually; however, an estimated one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and remains asymptomatic. Of these latent individuals, only 5-10% will develop active tuberculosis disease in their lifetime. CD4(+) T cells, as well as the cytokines IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF, are critical in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but the host factors that determine why some individuals are protected from infection while others go on to develop disease are unclear. Genetic factors of the host and of the pathogen itself may be associated with an increased risk of patients developing active tuberculosis. This review aims to summarize what we know about the immune response in tuberculosis, in human disease, and in a range of experimental models, all of which are essential to advancing our mechanistic knowledge base of the host-pathogen interactions that influence disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne O'Garra
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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31
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Cyktor JC, Carruthers B, Kominsky RA, Beamer GL, Stromberg P, Turner J. IL-10 inhibits mature fibrotic granuloma formation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2778-90. [PMID: 23396944 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans are associated with the formation of mature protective granulomas within the lung. Unfortunately, understanding the importance of such structures has been hindered by the lack of small-animal models that can develop mature granulomas. In this article, we describe for the first time, to our knowledge, the formation of mature, fibrotic M. tuberculosis-containing pulmonary granulomas in a mouse model of IL-10 deficiency (CBA/J IL-10(-/-)). Long-term control of M. tuberculosis infection in the absence of IL-10 was also associated with an early and enhanced capacity for Ag presentation and a significant increase in the generation of multifunctional T cells. Although IL-10 deficiency is known to enhance Th1 immune responses in general, we demonstrate in this study using transient anti-IL-10R treatment that it is the presence of IL-10 in vivo during the first month of M. tuberculosis infection that plays a definitive role in the inhibition of optimum protective immunity that can establish the environment for mature granuloma formation. Although the importance of IL-10 during M. tuberculosis infection has been debated, our data demonstrate that in CBA/J mice, IL-10 plays a significant early inhibitory role in preventing the development of protective immunity associated with containment of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Cyktor
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Franco NH, Correia-Neves M, Olsson IAS. Animal welfare in studies on murine tuberculosis: assessing progress over a 12-year period and the need for further improvement. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47723. [PMID: 23110093 PMCID: PMC3482232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern over the welfare of animals used in research, in particular when these animals develop pathology. The present study aims to identify the main sources of animal distress and to assess the possible implementation of refinement measures in experimental infection research, using mouse models of tuberculosis (TB) as a case study. This choice is based on the historical relevance of mouse studies in understanding the disease and the present and long-standing impact of TB on a global scale. Literature published between 1997 and 2009 was analysed, focusing on the welfare impact on the animals used and the implementation of refinement measures to reduce this impact. In this 12-year period, we observed a rise in reports of ethical approval of experiments. The proportion of studies classified into the most severe category did however not change significantly over the studied period. Information on important research parameters, such as method for euthanasia or sex of the animals, were absent in a substantial number of papers. Overall, this study shows that progress has been made in the application of humane endpoints in TB research, but that a considerable potential for improvement remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Henrique Franco
- IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory Animal Science Group, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Franco NH, Correia-Neves M, Olsson IAS. How "humane" is your endpoint? Refining the science-driven approach for termination of animal studies of chronic infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002399. [PMID: 22275862 PMCID: PMC3261900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno H. Franco
- IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (Laboratory Animal Science Group), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - I. Anna S. Olsson
- IBMC - Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (Laboratory Animal Science Group), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Failure to recruit anti-inflammatory CD103+ dendritic cells and a diminished CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cell pool in mice that display excessive lung inflammation and increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2012; 80:1128-39. [PMID: 22215739 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05552-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is characterized by excessive lung inflammation, tissue damage, and failure to control bacterial growth. To increase our understanding of mechanisms that may regulate the host immune response in the lungs, we characterized dendritic cells expressing CD103 (α(E) integrin) (αE-DCs) and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells during M. tuberculosis infection. In resistant C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, the number of lung αE-DCs increased dramatically during M. tuberculosis infection. In contrast, highly susceptible DBA/2 mice failed to recruit αE-DCs even during chronic infection. Even though tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is produced by multiple DCs and macrophage subsets and is required for control of bacterial growth, αE-DCs remained TNF-α negative. Instead, αE-DCs contained a high number of transforming growth factor beta-producing cells in infected mice. Further, we show that T(reg) cells in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice induce gamma interferon during pulmonary tuberculosis. In contrast to resistant mice, the T(reg) cell population was diminished in the lungs, but not in the draining pulmonary lymph nodes (PLN), of highly susceptible mice during chronic infection. T(reg) cells have been reported to inhibit M. tuberculosis-specific T cell immunity, leading to increased bacterial growth. Still, despite the reduced number of lung T(reg) cells in DBA/2 mice, the bacterial load in the lungs was increased compared to resistant animals. Our results show that αE-DCs and T(reg) cells that may regulate the host immune response are increased in M. tuberculosis-infected lungs of resistant mice but diminished in infected lungs of susceptible mice.
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Concomitant administration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG with the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine to neonatal mice enhances antibody response and protective efficacy. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1936-42. [PMID: 21900528 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05247-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG is administered to human neonates in many countries worldwide. The objective of the study was to assess if BCG could act as an adjuvant for polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines in newborns and thereby induce protective immunity against encapsulated bacteria in early infancy when susceptibility is high. We assessed whether BCG could enhance immune responses to a meningococcal C (MenC) conjugate vaccine, MenC-CRM(197), in mice primed as neonates, broaden the antibody response from a dominant IgG1 toward a mixed IgG1 and IgG2a/IgG2b response, and increase protective efficacy, as measured by serum bactericidal activity (SBA). Two-week-old mice were primed subcutaneously (s.c.) with MenC-CRM(197). BCG was administered concomitantly, a day or a week before MenC-CRM(197). An adjuvant effect of BCG was observed only when it was given concomitantly with MenC-CRM(197), with increased IgG response (P = 0.002) and SBA (8-fold) after a second immunization with MenC-CRM(197) without BCG, indicating increased T-cell help. In neonatal mice (1 week old) primed s.c. with MenC-CRM(197) together with BCG, MenC-polysaccharide (PS)-specific IgG was enhanced compared to MenC-CRM(197) alone (P = 0.0015). Sixteen days after the second immunization with MenC-CRM(197), increased IgG (P < 0.05), IgG1 (P < 0.05), IgG2a (P = 0.06), and IgG2b (P < 0.05) were observed, and only mice primed with MenC-CRM(197) plus BCG showed affinity maturation and detectable SBA (SBA > 128). Thus, vaccination with a meningococcal conjugate vaccine (and possibly with other conjugates) may benefit from concomitant administration of BCG in the neonatal period to accelerate and enhance production of protective antibodies, compared to the current infant administration of conjugate which follows BCG vaccination at birth.
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Ozeki Y, Hirayama Y, Takii T, Yamamoto S, Kobayashi K, Matsumoto S. Loss of anti-mycobacterial efficacy in mice over time following vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Vaccine 2011; 29:6881-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Experimental tuberculosis: designing a better model to test vaccines against tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:135-42. [PMID: 20188631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Experimental models of infection are good tools for establishing immunological parameters that have an effect on the host-pathogen relationship and also for designing new vaccines and immune therapies. In this work, we evaluated the evolution of experimental tuberculosis in mice infected with increasing bacterial doses or via distinct routes. We showed that mice infected with low bacterial doses by the intratracheal route were able to develop a progressive infection that was proportional to the inoculum size. In the initial phase of disease, mice developed a specific Th1-driven immune response independent of inoculum concentration. However, in the late phase, mice infected with higher concentrations exhibited a mixed Th1/Th2 response, while mice infected with lower concentrations sustained the Th1 pattern. Significant IL-10 concentrations and a more preeminent T regulatory cell recruitment were also detected at 70 days post-infection with high bacterial doses. These results suggest that mice infected with higher concentrations of bacilli developed an immune response similar to the pattern described for human tuberculosis wherein patients with progressive tuberculosis exhibit a down modulation of IFN-gamma production accompanied by increased levels of IL-4. Thus, these data indicate that the experimental model is important in evaluating the protective efficacy of new vaccines and therapies against tuberculosis.
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Stokes RW, Waddell SJ. Adjusting to a new home: Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene expression in response to an intracellular lifestyle. Future Microbiol 2010; 4:1317-35. [PMID: 19995191 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the most significant single species of bacteria causing disease in mankind. The ability of M. tuberculosis to survive and replicate within host macrophages is a pivotal step in its pathogenesis. Understanding the microenvironments that M. tuberculosis encounters within the macrophage and the adaptations that the bacterium undergoes to facilitate its survival will lead to insights into possible therapeutic targets for improved treatment of tuberculosis. This is urgently needed with the emergence of multi- and extensively drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. Significant advances have been made in understanding the macrophage response on encountering M. tuberculosis. Complementary information is also accumulating regarding the counter responses of M. tuberculosis during the various stages of its interactions with the host. As such, a picture is emerging delineating the gene expression of intracellular M. tuberculosis at different stages of the interaction with macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Stokes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
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Möller M, de Wit E, Hoal EG. Past, present and future directions in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:3-26. [PMID: 19780822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The historical impression that tuberculosis was an inherited disorder has come full circle and substantial evidence now exists of the human genetic contribution to susceptibility to tuberculosis. This evidence has come from several whole-genome linkage scans, and numerous case-control association studies where the candidate genes were derived from the genome screens, animal models and hypotheses pertaining to the disease pathways. Although many of the associated genes have not been validated in all studies, the list of those that have been is growing, and includes NRAMP1, IFNG, NOS2A, MBL, VDR and some TLR. Certain of these genes have consistently been associated with tuberculosis in diverse populations. The future investigation of susceptibility to tuberculosis is almost certain to include genome-wide association studies, admixture mapping and the search for rare variants and epigenetic mechanisms. The genetic identification of more vulnerable individuals is expected to inform personalized treatment and perhaps vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlo Möller
- Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology and the DST/NRF Centre for Biomedical TB Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Pichugin AV, Yan BS, Sloutsky A, Kobzik L, Kramnik I. Dominant role of the sst1 locus in pathogenesis of necrotizing lung granulomas during chronic tuberculosis infection and reactivation in genetically resistant hosts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:2190-201. [PMID: 19443700 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Significant host heterogeneity in susceptibility to tuberculosis exists both between and within mammalian species. Using a mouse model of infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), we identified the genetic locus sst1 that controls the progression of pulmonary tuberculosis in immunocompetent hosts. In this study, we demonstrate that within the complex, multigenic architecture of tuberculosis susceptibility, sst1 functions to control necrosis within tuberculosis lesions in the lungs; this lung-specific sst1 effect is independent of both the route of infection and genetic background of the host. Moreover, sst1-dependent necrosis was observed at low bacterial loads in the lungs during reactivation of the disease after termination of anti-tuberculosis drug therapy. We demonstrate that in sst1-susceptible hosts, nonlinked host resistance loci control both lung inflammation and production of inflammatory mediators by Mtb-infected macrophages. Although interactions of the sst1-susceptible allele with genetic modifiers determine the type of the pulmonary disease progression, other resistance loci do not abolish lung necrosis, which is, therefore, the core sst1-dependent phenotype. Sst1-susceptible mice from tuberculosis-resistant and -susceptible genetic backgrounds reproduce a clinical spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis and may be used to more accurately predict the efficacy of anti-tuberculosis interventions in genetically heterogeneous human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Pichugin
- Departments of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., SPH-1, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Sissons J, Yan BS, Pichugin AV, Kirby A, Daly MJ, Kramnik I. Multigenic control of tuberculosis resistance: analysis of a QTL on mouse chromosome 7 and its synergism with sst1. Genes Immun 2008; 10:37-46. [PMID: 18784733 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a significant global health problem: one-third of the human population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and 10% of those are at lifetime risk of developing tuberculosis. In the majority of individuals infected, genetic determinants of susceptibility remain largely unknown due to complex multigenic control and the influence of genes--environment interactions. Genetic variation of host resistance to MTB in animal models reflects heterogeneity among humans. Stepwise dissection of these interactions will permit the deciphering of MTB's complex virulence strategy. Previously, we have characterized a mouse supersusceptibility locus (sst1) controlling antituberculosis immunity. In this study, eight host resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were mapped that counter-balance the devastating effect of sst1, among which a QTL on chromosome 7 (Chr7) was most prominent. The Chr7 and sst1 loci independently control distinct resistance mechanisms to MTB, but their effects apparently converge on macrophages in remarkable synergy. Combining these resistance alleles on a C3HeB/FeJ-susceptible background reduced the lung pathology and improved survival after MTB challenge accounting for half of the difference between susceptible and resistant parental strains. These data reveal novel gene interactions controlling MTB resistance and will enable the identification of resistance gene(s) encoded within Chr7 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sissons
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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Fibrotic response as a distinguishing feature of resistance and susceptibility to pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Infect Immun 2007; 76:78-88. [PMID: 17938213 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00369-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The differential susceptibility of inbred mouse strains DBA/2J (susceptible) and C57BL/6J (resistant) to pulmonary tuberculosis following aerosol infection is under complex genetic control. In this report, transcriptional profiling with RNAs from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lungs was used to investigate the physiological response, cell type, and biochemical pathways underlying differential susceptibility to infection. Statistical analysis of cDNA-based microarrays revealed that 1,097 transcripts showed statistically significant changes in abundance (changes of > or = 1.5-fold) in at least one of four experimental group comparisons (C57BL/6J [day 0] versus DBA/2J [day 0] mice, C57BL/6J [day 90] versus DBA/2J [day 90] mice, C57BL/6J [day 90] versus C57BL/6J [day 0] mice, or DBA/2J [day 90] versus DBA/2J [day 0] mice). A group of genes showing very high degrees of significance (changes of > or = 2.0-fold) displayed enrichment for transcripts associated with tissue remodeling and the fibrotic response. The differential expression of fibrotic response genes (Sparc, Col1a1, Col1a2, Col4a1, and Col4a2) in the infected lungs of the two mouse strains was validated by another microarray platform (Affymetrix oligonucleotide chips) and by reverse transcription-PCR. Furthermore, the differential expression of additional genes known to be associated with fibrosis (Mmp2, Timp1, and Arg1) was also validated by these approaches. Overall, these results identify the differential fibrotic response as a pathological basis for the high susceptibility of DBA/2J mice to pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Medina E, Ryan L, LaCourse R, North RJ. Superior virulence of Mycobacterium bovis over Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) for Mtb-resistant and Mtb-susceptible mice is manifest as an ability to cause extrapulmonary disease. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2005; 86:20-7. [PMID: 16253563 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mice of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis-resistant (BALB/c) and of a M. tuberculosis-susceptible (DBA/2) strain proved considerably more susceptible, and equally so, to infection with Mycobacterium bovis than with M. tuberculosis when infection was initiated via the iv route. Infection with M. tuberculosis was eventually controlled at an approximately stationary level in the lungs, livers, spleens and kidneys of BALB/c mice, and in all of these organs except the lungs in DBA/2 mice. M. tuberculosis-infected DBA/2 mice died with a much shorter median survival time (MST) than M. tuberculosis-infected BALB/c mice. By contrast, infection with M. bovis killed mice of both strains with the same and much shorter MST. Unexpectedly, M. bovis caused progressive infection and pathology in the livers of BALB/c mice, but not in this organ in DBA/2 mice. More importantly, this pathogen caused progressive infection and infection-induced pathology in the kidneys and adrenal glands of both strains of mice. It is proposed that disease of the adrenal glands might serve to explain why M. bovis caused mice of both strains to die with the same much shorter MST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Medina
- The Trudeau Institute, 145 Algonquin Ave, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA
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Tian T, Woodworth J, Sköld M, Behar SM. In Vivo Depletion of CD11c+Cells Delays the CD4+T Cell Response toMycobacterium tuberculosisand Exacerbates the Outcome of Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3268-72. [PMID: 16116218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although dendritic cells (DC) are potent APC that prime T cells against many pathogens, there is no direct evidence that DC are required for immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. The requirement for DC to prime the CD4+ T cell response following Mtb infection was investigated using pCD11c-diptheria toxin receptor/GFP transgenic mice, in which DC can be transiently ablated in vivo. We show a critical role for DC in initiation of the CD4+ T cell response to the mycobacterial Ag early secretory Ag of tuberculosis 6. The delay in initiating the Ag-specific T cell response led to impaired control of Mtb replication. Interestingly, DC were not required for the secondary CD4+ T cell response following Mtb infection in peptide-vaccinated mice. Thus, this study shows that DC are essential for the initiation of the adaptive T cell response to the human pathogen Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kamath AB, Alt J, Debbabi H, Taylor C, Behar SM. The major histocompatibility complex haplotype affects T-cell recognition of mycobacterial antigens but not resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in C3H mice. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6790-8. [PMID: 15557599 PMCID: PMC529145 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.12.6790-6798.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both innate and adaptive immunity play an important role in host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Although several studies have suggested that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype affects susceptibility to infection, it remains unclear whether the modulation of T-cell immunity by the MHC locus determines the host's susceptibility to tuberculosis. To determine whether allelic differences in the MHC locus affect the T-cell immune response after M. tuberculosis infection, we infected inbred and H-2 congenic mouse strains by the respiratory route. The H-2 locus has a profound effect on the antigen-specific CD4+-T-cell response after M. tuberculosis infection. CD4+ T cells from infected mice of the H-2(b) haplotype produced more gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) after in vitro stimulation with mycobacterial antigens than mice of the H-2(k) haplotype. A higher level of IFN-gamma was also detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from infected mice of the H-2(b) haplotype. Furthermore, C3.SW-H2(b)/SnJ mice generate and recruit activated T cells to the lung after infection. Despite a robust immune response, C3.SW-H2(b)/SnJ mice succumbed to infection early and were similarly susceptible to infection as other C3H (H-2(k)) substrains. These results suggest that although the MHC haplotype has a profound impact on the T-cell recognition of M. tuberculosis antigens, the susceptibility of C3H mice to infection is MHC independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati B Kamath
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building, Room 516C, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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