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Li G, Gerlovin H, Figueroa Muñiz MJ, Wise JK, Madenci AL, Robins JM, Aslan M, Cho K, Gaziano JM, Lipsitch M, Casas JP, Hernán MA, Dickerman BA. Comparison of the Test-negative Design and Cohort Design With Explicit Target Trial Emulation for Evaluating COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness. Epidemiology 2024; 35:137-149. [PMID: 38109485 PMCID: PMC11022682 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies are used for estimating vaccine effectiveness under real-world conditions. The practical performance of two common approaches-cohort and test-negative designs-need to be compared for COVID-19 vaccines. METHODS We compared the cohort and test-negative designs to estimate the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against COVID-19 outcomes using nationwide data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Specifically, we (1) explicitly emulated a target trial using follow-up data and evaluated the potential for confounding using negative controls and benchmarking to a randomized trial, (2) performed case-control sampling of the cohort to confirm empirically that the same estimate is obtained, (3) further restricted the sampling to person-days with a test, and (4) implemented additional features of a test-negative design. We also compared their performance in limited datasets. RESULTS Estimated BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness was similar under all four designs. Empirical results suggested limited residual confounding by healthcare-seeking behavior. Analyses in limited datasets showed evidence of residual confounding, with estimates biased downward in the cohort design and upward in the test-negative design. CONCLUSION Vaccine effectiveness estimates under a cohort design with explicit target trial emulation and a test-negative design were similar when using rich information from the VA healthcare system, but diverged in opposite directions when using a limited dataset. In settings like ours with sufficient information on confounders and other key variables, the cohort design with explicit target trial emulation may be preferable as a principled approach that allows estimation of absolute risks and facilitates interpretation of effect estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Li
- From the CAUSALab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Hanna Gerlovin
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J Figueroa Muñiz
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica K Wise
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Arin L Madenci
- From the CAUSALab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - James M Robins
- From the CAUSALab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Mihaela Aslan
- Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kelly Cho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Juan P Casas
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Miguel A Hernán
- From the CAUSALab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Barbra A Dickerman
- From the CAUSALab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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2
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Mésidor M, Liu Y, Talbot D, Skowronski DM, De Serres G, Merckx J, Koushik A, Tadrous M, Carazo S, Jiang C, Schnitzer ME. Test negative design for vaccine effectiveness estimation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic methodology review. Vaccine 2024; 42:995-1003. [PMID: 38072756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the height of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the test-negative design (TND) was extensively used in many countries to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE). Typically, the TND involves the recruitment of care-seeking individuals who meet a common clinical case definition. All participants are then tested for an infection of interest. OBJECTIVES To review and describe the variation in TND methodology, and disclosure of potential biases, as applied to the evaluation of COVID-19 VE during the early vaccination phase of the pandemic. METHODS We conducted a systematic review by searching four biomedical databases using defined keywords to identify peer-reviewed articles published between January 1, 2020, and January 25, 2022. We included only original articles that employed a TND to estimate VE of COVID-19 vaccines in which cases and controls were evaluated based on SARS-CoV-2 laboratory test results. RESULTS We identified 96 studies, 35 of which met the defined criteria. Most studies were from North America (16 studies) and targeted the general population (28 studies). Outcome case definitions were based primarily on COVID-19-like symptoms; however, several papers did not consider or specify symptoms. Cases and controls had the same inclusion criteria in only half of the studies. Most studies relied upon administrative or hospital databases assembled for a different (non-evaluation) clinical purpose. Potential unmeasured confounding (20 studies), misclassification of current SARS-CoV-2 infection (16 studies) and selection bias (10 studies) were disclosed as limitations by some studies. CONCLUSION We observed potentially meaningful deviations from the validated design in the application of the TND during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miceline Mésidor
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yan Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Talbot
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - Danuta M Skowronski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Joanna Merckx
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anita Koushik
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Sara Carazo
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Cong Jiang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mireille E Schnitzer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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3
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Dandu H, Goel A, Kumar M, Malhotra HS, Katiyar H, Agarwal M, Kumar N, Pandey P, Rani S, Yadav G. Humoral and cellular immune response in patients of liver cirrhosis and immunocompetent recipient of ChAdOx1nCoV-19 Vaccine (Covishield). Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:24. [PMID: 38280060 PMCID: PMC10821839 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in reducing the severity of the disease, the demand for booster is increasing in vulnerable populations like elderly and immunocompromised individuals especially with each new wave of COVID-19 in different countries. There is limited data on the sustained immunity against COVID-19 in patients with liver cirrhosis. The study was aimed to compare the T cell and humoral immune response after 1 year of ChAdOx1nCoV-19 Vaccine in patients with liver cirrhosis and healthy health care workers (HCW). This was a prospective observational study including 36 HCW, 19 liver cirrhosis patients and 10 unvaccinated individuals. Anti-SARS-CoV-2S antibody, neutralizing antibody and memory T cell subsets were evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively, in all three groups after 1 year of initial vaccination. Compared to HCW and unvaccinated individuals, liver cirrhosis patients had significantly depleted T cells, although CD4:CD8 + T cell ratio was normal. Both cirrhotic patients and HCW developed memory T cell subset [effector memory RA (P = 0.141, P < 0.001), effector memory (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), central memory (P < 0.001, P < 0.01), stem cell memory (P = 0.009, P = 0.08) and naïve (P < 0.001, P = 0.02)] compared to unvaccinated unexposed individuals of CD4 + T and CD8 + T, respectively. However, among HCW and cirrhotic group no difference was noted on central memory and stem cell memory cells on T cells. Patients with liver cirrhosis developed comparable memory T cells after vaccination which can evoke sustainable immune response on reinfection. Therefore, additional vaccine doses may not be necessary for cirrhosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Dandu
- Department of Internal Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Amit Goel
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | | | - Harshita Katiyar
- Department of Hepatology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Monica Agarwal
- Department of Community Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Neurology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Pragya Pandey
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Shivani Rani
- Department of Internal Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India
| | - Geeta Yadav
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, 226003, India.
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Selvavinayagam TS, Somasundaram A, Selvam JM, Sampath P, Vijayalakshmi V, Kumar CAB, Subramaniam S, Kumarasamy P, Raju S, Avudaiselvi R, Prakash V, Yogananth N, Subramanian G, Roshini A, Dhiliban DN, Imad S, Tandel V, Parasa R, Sachdeva S, Ramachandran S, Malani A. Contribution of infection and vaccination to population-level seroprevalence through two COVID waves in Tamil Nadu, India. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2091. [PMID: 38267448 PMCID: PMC10808562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study employs repeated, large panels of serological surveys to document rapid and substantial waning of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at the population level and to calculate the extent to which infection and vaccination separately contribute to seroprevalence estimates. Four rounds of serological surveys were conducted, spanning two COVID waves (October 2020 and April-May 2021), in Tamil Nadu (population 72 million) state in India. Each round included representative populations in each district of the state, totaling ≥ 20,000 persons per round. State-level seroprevalence was 31.5% in round 1 (October-November 2020), after India's first COVID wave. Seroprevalence fell to 22.9% in round 2 (April 2021), a roughly one-third decline in 6 months, consistent with dramatic waning of SARS-Cov-2 antibodies from natural infection. Seroprevalence rose to 67.1% by round 3 (June-July 2021), with infections from the Delta-variant induced second COVID wave accounting for 74% of the increase. Seroprevalence rose to 93.1% by round 4 (December 2021-January 2022), with vaccinations accounting for 63% of the increase. Antibodies also appear to wane after vaccination. Seroprevalence in urban areas was higher than in rural areas, but the gap shrunk over time (35.7 v. 25.7% in round 1, 89.8% v. 91.4% in round 4) as the epidemic spread even in low-density rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Selvavinayagam
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Jerard Maria Selvam
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Sampath
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Vijayalakshmi
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Ajith Brabhu Kumar
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Parthipan Kumarasamy
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Raju
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Avudaiselvi
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Prakash
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Yogananth
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gurunathan Subramanian
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Roshini
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D N Dhiliban
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sofia Imad
- Artha Global, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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5
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Binayke A, Zaheer A, Vishwakarma S, Singh S, Sharma P, Chandwaskar R, Gosain M, Raghavan S, Murugesan DR, Kshetrapal P, Thiruvengadam R, Bhatnagar S, Pandey AK, Garg PK, Awasthi A. A quest for universal anti-SARS-CoV-2 T cell assay: systematic review, meta-analysis, and experimental validation. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:3. [PMID: 38167915 PMCID: PMC10762233 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Measuring SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses is crucial to understanding an individual's immunity to COVID-19. However, high inter- and intra-assay variability make it difficult to define T cells as a correlate of protection against COVID-19. To address this, we performed systematic review and meta-analysis of 495 datasets from 94 original articles evaluating SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses using three assays - Activation Induced Marker (AIM), Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS), and Enzyme-Linked Immunospot (ELISPOT), and defined each assay's quantitative range. We validated these ranges using samples from 193 SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals. Although IFNγ ELISPOT was the preferred assay, our experimental validation suggested that it under-represented the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell repertoire. Our data indicate that a combination of AIM and ICS or FluoroSpot assay would better represent the frequency, polyfunctionality, and compartmentalization of the antigen-specific T cell responses. Taken together, our results contribute to defining the ranges of antigen-specific T cell assays and propose a choice of assay that can be employed to better understand the cellular immune response against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Binayke
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Aymaan Zaheer
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Siddhesh Vishwakarma
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Savita Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rucha Chandwaskar
- Department of Microbiology, AMITY University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Mudita Gosain
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | | | - Ramachandran Thiruvengadam
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | | | | | - Pramod Kumar Garg
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
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6
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Black B, Thaw DB. Vaccinating against a Novel Pathogen: A Critical Review of COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Evidence. Microorganisms 2023; 12:89. [PMID: 38257917 PMCID: PMC10820171 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We study the experience with COVID-19 vaccination of an initially naïve population, which can inform planning for vaccination against the next novel, highly transmissible pathogen. We focus on the first two pandemic years (wild strain through Delta), because after the Omicron wave in early 2022, very few people were still SARS-CoV-2-naïve. Almost all were vaccinated, infected, or often both. We review the evidence on COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) and waning effectiveness over time and the relative effectiveness of the four principal vaccines used in developed Western countries: BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA1273 (Moderna), Ad26.CoV2.S (Johnson&Johnson), and ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca). As a basis for our analysis, we conducted a PRISMA-compliant review of all studies on PubMed through 15 August 2022, reporting VE against four endpoints for these four vaccines: any infection, symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and death. The mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA1273) had high initial VE against all endpoints but protection waned after approximately six months, with BNT162b2 declining faster than mRNA1273. Both mRNA vaccines outperformed the viral vector vaccines (Ad26.CoV2.S and ChAdOx1-S). A third "booster" dose, roughly six months after the initial doses, substantially reduced symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and death. In hindsight, a third dose should be seen as part of the normal vaccination schedule. Our analysis highlights the importance of the real-time population-level surveillance needed to assess evidence for waning, and the need for rapid regulatory response to this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Black
- Pritzker School of Law and Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60201, USA
| | - David B. Thaw
- School of Computing & Information and School of Law, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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7
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Misra P, Garg PK, Awasthi A, Kant S, Rai SK, Ahmad M, Guleria R, Deori TJ, Mandal S, Jaiswal A, Gongal G, Vishwakarma S, Bairwa M, Kumar R, Haldar P, Binayke A. Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) for SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among the General Population of North India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis From a Sub-sample of a Large Sero-Epidemiological Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e48824. [PMID: 38106811 PMCID: PMC10722242 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-mediated immunity (CMI), or specifically T-cell-mediated immunity, is proven to remain largely preserved against the variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including Omicron. The persistence of cell-mediated immune response in individuals longitudinally followed up for an extended period remains largely unelucidated. To address this, the current study was planned to study whether the effect of cell-mediated immunity persists after an extended period of convalescence or vaccination. Methods Whole blood specimens of 150 selected participants were collected and tested for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) response. Ex vivo SARS-CoV-2-specific interferon-gamma Enzyme-linked Immunospot (IFN-γ ELISpot) assay was carried out to determine the levels of virus-specific IFN-γ producing cells in individual samples. Findings Out of all the samples tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 T-cell-mediated IFN-γ response, 78.4% of samples were positive. The median (interquartile range) spots forming units (SFU) per million levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IFN-γ producing cells of the vaccinated and diagnosed participants was 336 (138-474) while those who were vaccinated but did not have the disease diagnosis was 18 (0-102); the difference between the groups was statistically significant. Since almost all the participants were vaccinated, a similar pattern of significance was observed when the diagnosed and the never-diagnosed participants were compared, irrespective of their vaccination status. Interpretations Cell-mediated immunity against SARS-CoV-2 persisted, irrespective of age and sex of the participant, for more than six months of previous exposure. Participants who had a history of diagnosed COVID-19 infection had better T-cell response compared to those who had never been diagnosed, in spite of being vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Misra
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Pramod K Garg
- Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Allergy and Immunology, Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, IND
| | - Shashi Kant
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Sanjay K Rai
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Mohammad Ahmad
- Epidemiology and Public Health, World Health Organization, New Delhi, IND
| | - Randeep Guleria
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Trideep J Deori
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Suprakash Mandal
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Abhishek Jaiswal
- Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Gaurav Gongal
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Siddhesh Vishwakarma
- Allergy and Immunology, Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, IND
| | - Mohan Bairwa
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Partha Haldar
- Preventive Medicine, Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Akshay Binayke
- Allergy and Immunology, Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, IND
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8
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Thiruvengadam R, Rizvi ZA, Raghavan S, Murugesan DR, Gosain M, Dandotiya J, Ayushi, Samal S, Pandey AK, Wadhwa N, Bhatnagar S, Awasthi A, Garg PK. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is inherently less pathogenic than delta variant independent of previous immunity. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:421. [PMID: 37821945 PMCID: PMC10566023 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study clinical disease outcomes in both human and animal models to understand the pathogenicity of omicron compared to the delta variant. METHODS In this cross-sectional observational study, clinical outcomes of adults who tested positive at 2 testing centres in Delhi National Capital Region between January 2022 and March 2022 (omicron-infected; N = 2998) were compared to a similar geographical cohort (delta-infected; N = 3292). In addition, disease course and outcomes were studied in SARS-CoV-2-infected golden Syrian hamsters and K-18 humanized ACE2 transgenic mice. RESULTS Omicron variant infection was associated with a milder clinical course [83% (95% CI 61, 94) reduced risk of severity compared against delta] adjusting for vaccination, age, sex, prior infection and occupational risk. This correlated with lower disease index and vir comparing omicron with other variants in animal models. CONCLUSIONS Infections caused by the omicron variant were milder compared to those caused by the delta variant independent of previous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Delhi, India
| | - Sreevatsan Raghavan
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Delhi, India
| | | | - Mudita Gosain
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Delhi, India
| | - Jyotsna Dandotiya
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Delhi, India
| | - Ayushi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Delhi, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Delhi, India
| | | | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Delhi, India
| | - Shinjini Bhatnagar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Delhi, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Delhi, India.
| | - Pramod Kumar Garg
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Delhi, India.
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Kulkarni PS, Gunale B, Kohli S, Lalwani S, Tripathy S, Kar S, Raut S, Kulkarni P, Apte A, Bavdekar A, Bhalla HL, Plested JS, Cloney-Clark S, Zhu M, Kalkeri R, Pryor M, Hamilton S, Thakar M, Sannidhi RS, Baranwal P, Bhamare C, Dharmadhikari A, Gupta M, Poonawalla CS, Shaligram U, Kapse D. A Phase 3, randomized, non-inferiority study of a heterologous booster dose of SARS CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine in adults. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16579. [PMID: 37789040 PMCID: PMC10547846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43578-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to waning immunity following primary immunization with COVID-19 vaccines, booster doses may be required. The present study assessed a heterologous booster of SII-NVX-CoV2373 (spike protein vaccine) in adults primed with viral vector and inactivated vaccines. In this Phase 3, observer-blind, randomized, active controlled study, a total of 372 adults primed with two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (n = 186) or BBV152 (n = 186) at least six months ago, were randomized to receive a booster of SII-NVX-CoV2373 or control vaccine (homologous booster of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BBV152). Anti-S IgG and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were assessed at days 1, 29, and 181. Non-inferiority (NI) of SII-NVX-CoV2373 to the control vaccine was assessed based on the ratio of geometric mean ELISA units (GMEU) of anti-S IgG and geometric mean titers (GMT) of nAbs (NI margin > 0.67) as well as seroresponse (≥ 2 fold-rise in titers) (NI margin -10%) at day 29. Safety was assessed throughout the study period. In both the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime and BBV152 prime cohorts, 186 participants each received the study vaccines. In the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime cohort, the GMEU ratio was 2.05 (95% CI 1.73, 2.43) and the GMT ratio was 1.89 (95% CI 1.55, 2.32) whereas the difference in the proportion of seroresponse was 49.32% (95% CI 36.49, 60.45) for anti-S IgG and 15% (95% CI 5.65, 25.05) for nAbs on day 29. In the BBV152 prime cohort, the GMEU ratio was 5.12 (95% CI 4.20, 6.24) and the GMT ratio was 4.80 (95% CI 3.76, 6.12) whereas the difference in the proportion of seroresponse was 74.08% (95% CI 63.24, 82.17) for anti-S IgG and 24.71% (95% CI 16.26, 34.62) for nAbs on day 29. The non-inferiority of SII-NVX-CoV2373 booster to the control vaccine for each prime cohort was met. SII-NVX-CoV2373 booster showed significantly higher immune responses than BBV152 homologous booster. On day 181, seroresponse rates were ≥ 70% in all the groups for both nAbs and anti-S IgG. Solicited adverse events reported were transient and mostly mild in severity in all the groups. No causally related SAE was reported. SII-NVX-CoV2373 as a heterologous booster induced non-inferior immune responses as compared to homologous boosters in adults primed with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BBV152. SII-NVX-CoV2373 showed a numerically higher boosting effect than homologous boosters. The vaccine was also safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad S Kulkarni
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India.
| | - Bhagwat Gunale
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
| | - Sunil Kohli
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Lalwani
- Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Medical College and Hospital, Pune, India
| | - Srikanth Tripathy
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Sonali Kar
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | - Aditi Apte
- KEM Hospital Research Centre-Community Health Research Unit, P.O. Manchar, Pune, India
| | - Ashish Bavdekar
- KEM Hospital Research Centre-Community Health Research Unit, P.O. Manchar, Pune, India
| | - Hira Lal Bhalla
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Gorakhpur, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chetanraj Bhamare
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
| | - Abhijeet Dharmadhikari
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
| | - Manish Gupta
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
| | - Cyrus S Poonawalla
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
| | - Umesh Shaligram
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
| | - Dhananjay Kapse
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Manjari (Bk), Administration Building, Poonawalla Biotechnology Park SEZ, Taluka Haveli, Pune, India
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Lee MJ, Hwang MJ, Kim DS, Park SK, Choi J, Lee JJ, Kim JM, Kim YM, Park YJ, Gwack J, Lee SE. Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in different high-risk facility types during a period of Delta variant dominance in the Republic of Korea: a cross-sectional study. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023; 14:418-426. [PMID: 37920897 PMCID: PMC10626323 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in high-risk facilities in the Republic of Korea during the period when the highly transmissible Delta variant was prevalent. Additionally, we aimed to explore any disparities in vaccine effectiveness (VE) across various types of institutions, specifically distinguishing between non-medical and medical establishments. METHODS We examined 8 outbreak clusters covering 243 cases and 895 contacts from 8 high-risk facilities divided into 2 groups: group A (4 non-medical institutions) and group B (4 medical institutions). These clusters were observed from July 27, 2021 to October 16, 2021 for the attack rate (AR) and VE with respect to disease severity. A generalized linear model with a binomial distribution was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) for disease severity and death. RESULTS AR was notably lower in group B (medical institutions). Furthermore, VE analysis revealed that group A exhibited higher effectivity for disease severity and death than group B. The OR for disease severity was 0.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03-2.16) for group A and 0.27 (95% CI, 0.12-0.64) for group B, with the OR for death at 0.12 (95% CI, 0.01-1.32) in group A and 0.34 (95% CI, 0.14-0.87) in group B. CONCLUSION Although VE may vary across institutions, our findings underscore the importance of implementing vaccinations in high-risk facilities. Customized vaccination programs, tailored response plans, and competent management personnel are essential for effectively addressing and mitigating public health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jei Lee
- Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jae Hwang
- Division of Public Health Emergency Response Research, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Seob Kim
- Gyeonam Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Kyeong Park
- Gyeonam Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Choi
- Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Joo Lee
- Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Mu Kim
- Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Man Kim
- Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Park
- Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gwack
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Central Disease Control Headquarters, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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11
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Rakshit S, Babji S, Parthiban C, Madhavan R, Adiga V, J SE, Chetan Kumar N, Ahmed A, Shivalingaiah S, Shashikumar N, V M, Johnson AR, Ramesh N, B RG, Asokan M, Mayor S, Kang G, D'souza G, Dias M, Vyakarnam A. Polyfunctional CD4 T-cells correlating with neutralising antibody is a hallmark of COVISHIELD TM and COVAXIN ® induced immunity in COVID-19 exposed Indians. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:134. [PMID: 37709772 PMCID: PMC10502007 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed characterisation of immune responses induced by COVID-19 vaccines rolled out in India: COVISHIELDTM (CS) and COVAXIN® (CO) in a pre-exposed population is only recently being discovered. We addressed this issue in subjects who received their primary series of vaccination between November 2021 and January 2022. Both vaccines are capable of strongly boosting Wuhan Spike-specific neutralising antibody, polyfunctional Th1 cytokine producing CD4+ T-cells and single IFN-γ + CD8+ T-cells. Consistent with inherent differences in vaccine platform, the vector-based CS vaccine-induced immunity was of greater magnitude, breadth, targeting Delta and Omicron variants compared to the whole-virion inactivated vaccine CO, with CS vaccinees showing persistent CD8+ T-cells responses until 3 months post primary vaccination. This study provides detailed evidence on the magnitude and quality of CS and CO vaccine induced responses in subjects with pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 immunity in India, thereby mitigating vaccine hesitancy arguments in such a population, which remains a global health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabanti Rakshit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudhir Babji
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramya Madhavan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biotechnology, PES University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharon Eveline J
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nirutha Chetan Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Nandini Shashikumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mamatha V
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Naveen Ramesh
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George D'souza
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mary Dias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, King's College, London, UK.
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12
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Jain V, Shobha V, Kumar S, Janardana R, Selvam S. Comparison of Risk Factors During First and Second Wave of COVID-19 in Patients with Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases (AIRD): Results from KRACC Subset. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2023; 34:342-348. [PMID: 37941863 PMCID: PMC10628883 DOI: 10.31138/mjr.20230827.co] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The differential influence and outcome of various risk factors on occurrence of COVID-19 among patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (AIRD) during different COVID-19 peaks is underreported. Aim To assess the impact and outcome of conventional risk factors, immunosuppressants, and comorbidities on the risk of COVID-19 among AIRD patients during the first two COVID-19 peaks. Design Prospective, non-interventional longitudinal cohort study. Methods This is a subset of the KRA COVID19 cohort undertaken during the initial wave of COVID-19 (W1) (Apr-Dec2021); and the 2nd-wave (W2) (Jan-Aug2021). Data collected included description of AIRD subsets, treatment characteristics, comorbidities, and COVID-19 occurrence. Risk factors associated with mortality were analysed. The incidence rate was compared with that of the general population in the same geographic region. Results AIRD patients (n=2969) had a higher incidence of COVID-19 in the W2 (7.1%) than in the W1 (1.7%) as compared to the general population (Government bulletin). Age (p<0.01) and duration of AIRD (p<0.001) influenced COVID-19 occurrence in W2 while major disease subsets and immunosuppressants including glucocorticoids did not. The W2 had lower HCQ usage (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]-0.81) and comorbidities like hypertension (AOR -0.54) and pre-existing lung disease (AOR -0.38;0.19-0.75) compared to W1. Older age (1.11) and coexistent diabetes mellitus (AOR 6.74) were independent risk factors associated with mortality in W2. Conclusions We report 1.7 times higher occurrence, and no influence of major disease subsets or immunosuppressants including glucocorticoids on COVID-19. Age and diabetes were independent risk factors for mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikramraj Jain
- Clinical Immunology, Bhagwan Mahaveer Jain Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vineeta Shobha
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, St. John’s Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharath Kumar
- Department of Rheumatology, Optima Arthritis and Rheumatology Clinic, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramya Janardana
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, St. John’s Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumithra Selvam
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St. John’s Research Institute, St. John’s Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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13
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Sadhu S, Dalal R, Dandotiya J, Binayke A, Singh V, Tripathy MR, Das V, Goswami S, Kumar S, Rizvi ZA, Awasthi A. IL-9 aggravates SARS-CoV-2 infection and exacerbates associated airway inflammation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4060. [PMID: 37429848 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is known for causing broncho-alveolar inflammation. Interleukin 9 (IL-9) induces airway inflammation and bronchial hyper responsiveness in respiratory viral illnesses and allergic inflammation, however, IL-9 has not been assigned a pathologic role in COVID-19. Here we show, in a K18-hACE2 transgenic (ACE2.Tg) mouse model, that IL-9 contributes to and exacerbates viral spread and airway inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. ACE2.Tg mice with CD4+ T cell-specific deficiency of the transcription factor Forkhead Box Protein O1 (Foxo1) produce significantly less IL-9 upon SARS-CoV-2 infection than the wild type controls and they are resistant to the severe inflammatory disease that characterises the control mice. Exogenous IL-9 increases airway inflammation in Foxo1-deficient mice, while IL-9 blockade reduces and suppresses airway inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing further evidence for a Foxo1-Il-9 mediated Th cell-specific pathway playing a role in COVID-19. Collectively, our study provides mechanistic insight into an important inflammatory pathway in SARS-CoV-2 infection, and thus represents proof of principle for the development of host-directed therapeutics to mitigate disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Sadhu
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajdeep Dalal
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Jyotsna Dandotiya
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Akshay Binayke
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Virendra Singh
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Tripathy
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Vinayaka Das
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Goswami
- Immunology-Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Shakti Kumar
- Centre for Human Microbiome and Anti-Microbial Resistance, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India.
- Immunology-Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India.
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14
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Mani S, Kaur A, Jakhar K, Kumari G, Sonar S, Kumar A, Das S, Kumar S, Kumar V, Kundu R, Pandey AK, Singh UP, Majumdar T. Targeting DPP4-RBD interactions by sitagliptin and linagliptin delivers a potential host-directed therapy against pan-SARS-CoV-2 infections. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125444. [PMID: 37385308 PMCID: PMC10293653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 is known aetiological factor for COVID-19. Here, we have demonstrated that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein can interact with human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) to facilitate virus entry, in addition to the usual route of ACE2-RBD binding. Significant number of residues of RBD makes hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with α/β-hydrolase domain of DPP4. With this observation, we created a strategy to combat COVID-19 by circumventing the catalytic activity of DPP4 using its inhibitors. Sitagliptin, linagliptin or in combination disavowed RBD to establish a heterodimer complex with both DPP4 and ACE2 which is requisite strategy for virus entry into the cells. Both gliptins not only impede DPP4 activity, but also prevent ACE2-RBD interaction, crucial for virus growth. Sitagliptin, and linagliptin alone or in combination have avidity to impede the growth of pan-SARS-CoV-2 variants including original SARS-CoV-2, alpha, beta, delta, and kappa in a dose dependent manner. However, these drugs were unable to alter enzymatic activity of PLpro and Mpro. We conclude that viruses hijack DPP4 for cell invasion via RBD binding. Impeding RBD interaction with both DPP4 and ACE2 selectively by sitagliptin and linagliptin is an potential strategy for efficiently preventing viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Mani
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Kamini Jakhar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Sudipta Sonar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudesna Das
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Vijay Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kundu
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Anil Kumar Pandey
- Department of Physiology, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, India
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15
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Chaudhary A, Madhavan R, Babji S, Raju R, Syed C, Kumar A, Saravanan P, Sharon Nikitha O, Leander Xavier JV, David Chelladurai JS, Deborah AA, George A, Kang G, Rose W. Characterization of immune responses to two and three doses of the adenoviral vectored vaccine ChAdOx1 nCov-19 and the whole virion inactivated vaccine BBV152 in a mix-and-match study in India. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00744-2. [PMID: 37357073 PMCID: PMC10289125 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Infections with SARS-CoV-2 variants and declining immunity after primary vaccination, encouraged the use of booster doses. Some countries changed their immunization programmes to boost with vaccines different from the ones in their original schedule, based on results from immunogenicity and effectiveness studies. This study reports immunological analysis of samples collected in a phase 4 randomized trial, where participants who had previously received two primary doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 (ChAd) or inactivated BBV152 vaccine were randomized to receive either ChAd or BBV152 booster and further categorized as: Group 1 (two primary doses of ChAd - ChAd booster), Group 2 (two primary doses of ChAd - BBV152 booster), Group 3 (two primary doses of BBV152 - ChAd booster), and Group 4 (two primary doses of BBV152 - BBV152 booster). SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral responses at day 0 (pre-boost samples 12-36 weeks after the second primary dose), and at day 28 post booster, were measured in a subset of participants (ChAd recipients, n = 37 and BBV152 recipients, n = 36). Additionally, on day180 post-booster humoral responses were assessed for the entire cohort (N = 378). Primary vaccination with 2 doses of BBV152 generated higher memory-B cells (median% 0.41 vs 0.35) and cytokine producing CD8-Tcells (median% 0.09 vs 0.04) while lower anti-spike IgG levels (medianAU/ml: 12,433 vs 27,074) as compared to ChAd. Irrespective of the primary vaccine received, ChAd boosted individuals generated higher memory-B cell frequencies and anti-spike IgG levels as compared to BBV152 booster. The percentage ACE-2 inhibition against Omicron and its sub-variants was higher in Group 3 (median > 60 %) as compared to other groups (median < 25 %). At day180 post booster the hierarchy of the antibody amounts was Group 1 ∼ Group 2 ∼ Group 3 > Group 4. Sustained humoral and robust cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 can be obtained with ChAd booster irrespective of the primary vaccination regimen. The trial is registered with ISRTCN (CTRI/2021/08/035648).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Chaudhary
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ramya Madhavan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sudhir Babji
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Reshma Raju
- Department of Paediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Chanduni Syed
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ajith Kumar
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Poornima Saravanan
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna George
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Winsley Rose
- Department of Paediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
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16
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Lewnard JA, B CM, Kang G, Laxminarayan R. Attributed causes of excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in a south Indian city. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3563. [PMID: 37322091 PMCID: PMC10272147 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, excess deaths during 2020-21 outnumbered documented COVID-19 deaths by 9.5 million, primarily driven by deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with limited vital surveillance. Here we unravel the contributions of probable COVID-19 deaths from other changes in mortality related to pandemic control measures using medically-certified death registrations from Madurai, India-an urban center with well-functioning vital surveillance. Between March, 2020 and July, 2021, all-cause deaths in Madurai exceeded expected levels by 30% (95% confidence interval: 27-33%). Although driven by deaths attributed to cardiovascular or cerebrovascular conditions, diabetes, senility, and other uncategorized causes, increases in these attributions were restricted to medically-unsupervised deaths, and aligned with surges in confirmed or attributed COVID-19 mortality, likely reflecting mortality among unconfirmed COVID-19 cases. Implementation of lockdown measures was associated with a 7% (0-13%) reduction in all-cause mortality, driven by reductions in deaths attributed to injuries, infectious diseases and maternal conditions, and cirrhosis and other liver conditions, respectively, but offset by a doubling in cancer deaths. Our findings help to account for gaps between documented COVID-19 mortality and excess all-cause mortality during the pandemic in an LMIC setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Lewnard
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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17
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhuang X, Zhang S, Chen Z, Zou Y, Sheng J, Li T, Tai W, Yu J, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Tong L, Yu X, Wu L, Chen D, Zhang R, Jin N, Shen W, Zhao J, Tian M, Wang X, Cheng G. Inactivated vaccine-elicited potent antibodies can broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2179. [PMID: 37069158 PMCID: PMC10107573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A full understanding of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine-mediated antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants will inform vaccine effectiveness and vaccination development strategies. Here, we offer insights into the inactivated vaccine-induced antibody responses after prime-boost vaccination at both the polyclonal and monoclonal levels. We characterized the VDJ sequence of 118 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and found that 20 neutralizing mAbs showed varied potency and breadth against a range of variants including XBB.1.5, BQ.1.1, and BN.1. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) based on nonoverlapping mAbs exhibited enhanced neutralizing potency and breadth against the most antibody-evasive strains, such as XBB.1.5, BQ.1.1, and BN.1. The passive transfer of mAbs or their bsAb effectively protected female hACE2 transgenic mice from challenge with an infectious Delta or Omicron BA.2 variant. The neutralization mechanisms of these antibodies were determined by structural characterization. Overall, a broad spectrum of potent and distinct neutralizing antibodies can be induced in individuals immunized with the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine BBIBP-CorV, suggesting the application potential of inactivated vaccines and these antibodies for preventing infection by SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinyu Zhuang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Zhicheng Chen
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Tianpeng Li
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Wanbo Tai
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Jinfang Yu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Liangqin Tong
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Linjuan Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- Center for Translational Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China.
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China.
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China.
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18
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Sunagar R, Singh A, Kumar S. SARS-CoV-2: Immunity, Challenges with Current Vaccines, and a Novel Perspective on Mucosal Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040849. [PMID: 37112761 PMCID: PMC10143972 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines has played a critical role in reducing pandemic spread, disease severity, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, the first-generation vaccines failed to block severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission, partially due to the limited induction of mucosal immunity, leading to the continuous emergence of variants of concern (VOC) and breakthrough infections. To meet the challenges from VOC, limited durability, and lack of mucosal immune response of first-generation vaccines, novel approaches are being investigated. Herein, we have discussed the current knowledge pertaining to natural and vaccine-induced immunity, and the role of the mucosal immune response in controlling SARS-CoV2 infection. We have also presented the current status of the novel approaches aimed at eliciting both mucosal and systemic immunity. Finally, we have presented a novel adjuvant-free approach to elicit effective mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2, which lacks the safety concerns associated with live-attenuated vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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19
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Galli M, Zardini A, Gamshie WN, Santini S, Tsegaye A, Trentini F, Marziano V, Guzzetta G, Manica M, d'Andrea V, Putoto G, Manenti F, Ajelli M, Poletti P, Merler S. Priority age targets for COVID-19 vaccination in Ethiopia under limited vaccine supply. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5586. [PMID: 37019980 PMCID: PMC10075159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide inequitable access to vaccination claims for a re-assessment of policies that could minimize the COVID-19 burden in low-income countries. Nine months after the launch of the national vaccination program in March 2021, only 3.4% of the Ethiopian population received two doses of COVID-19 vaccine. We used a SARS-CoV-2 transmission model to estimate the level of immunity accrued before the launch of vaccination in the Southwest Shewa Zone (SWSZ) and to evaluate the impact of alternative age priority vaccination targets in a context of limited vaccine supply. The model was informed with available epidemiological evidence and detailed contact data collected across different geographical settings (urban, rural, or remote). We found that, during the first year of the pandemic, the mean proportion of critical cases occurred in SWSZ attributable to infectors under 30 years of age would range between 24.9 and 48.0%, depending on the geographical setting. During the Delta wave, the contribution of this age group in causing critical cases was estimated to increase on average to 66.7-70.6%. Our findings suggest that, when considering the vaccine product available at the time (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19; 65% efficacy against infection after 2 doses), prioritizing the elderly for vaccination remained the best strategy to minimize the disease burden caused by Delta, irrespectively of the number of available doses. Vaccination of all individuals aged ≥ 50 years would have averted 40 (95%PI: 18-60), 90 (95%PI: 61-111), and 62 (95%PI: 21-108) critical cases per 100,000 residents in urban, rural, and remote areas, respectively. Vaccination of all individuals aged ≥ 30 years would have averted an average of 86-152 critical cases per 100,000 individuals, depending on the setting considered. Despite infections among children and young adults likely caused 70% of critical cases during the Delta wave in SWSZ, most vulnerable ages should remain a key priority target for vaccination against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Galli
- Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Agnese Zardini
- Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Filippo Trentini
- Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
- Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Guzzetta
- Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
- Epilab-JRU, FEM-FBK Joint Research Unit, Trento, Italy
| | - Mattia Manica
- Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
- Epilab-JRU, FEM-FBK Joint Research Unit, Trento, Italy
| | - Valeria d'Andrea
- Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Ajelli
- Laboratory for Computational Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Piero Poletti
- Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy.
- Epilab-JRU, FEM-FBK Joint Research Unit, Trento, Italy.
| | - Stefano Merler
- Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy
- Epilab-JRU, FEM-FBK Joint Research Unit, Trento, Italy
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20
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McMaster C, Liew DFL, Lester S, Rischin A, Black RJ, Chand V, Fletcher A, Lassere MN, March L, Robinson PC, Buchbinder R, Hill CL. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in inflammatory arthritis patients: serial surveys from a large longitudinal national Australian cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:1460-1466. [PMID: 36069664 PMCID: PMC9494403 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rates in inflammatory arthritis patients and identify factors associated with changing vaccine hesitancy over time. METHODS This investigation was a prospective cohort study of inflammatory arthritis patients from community and public hospital outpatient rheumatology clinics enrolled in the Australian Rheumatology Association Database (ARAD). Two surveys were conducted, one immediately prior to (pre-pandemic) and another approximately 1 year after the start of the pandemic (follow-up). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy was measured at follow-up, and general vaccine hesitancy was inferred pre-pandemic; these were used to identify factors associated with fixed and changing vaccine beliefs, including sources of information and broader beliefs about medication. RESULTS Of the 594 participants who completed both surveys, 74 (12%) were COVID-19 vaccine hesitant. This was associated with pre-pandemic beliefs about medications being harmful (P < 0.001) and overused (P = 0.002), with stronger beliefs resulting in vaccine hesitancy persistent over two time points (P = 0.008, P = 0.005). For those not vaccine hesitant pre-pandemic, the development of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was associated with a lower likelihood of seeking out vaccine information from health-care professionals (P < 0.001). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was not associated with new influenza vaccine hesitancy (P = 0.138). CONCLUSION In this study of vaccine beliefs before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in inflammatory arthritis patients varied, depending on vaccine attitudes immediately prior to the start of the pandemic. Fixed beliefs reflected broader views about medications, while fluid beliefs were highly influenced by whether they sought out information from health-care professionals, including rheumatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McMaster
- Department of Rheumatology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084
- The Centre for Digital Transformation of Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052
| | - David F L Liew
- Department of Rheumatology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052
| | - Susan Lester
- Rheumatology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA, 5011
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000
| | - Adam Rischin
- Department of Rheumatology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
| | - Rachel J Black
- Rheumatology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA, 5011
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000
| | - Vibhasha Chand
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
- Monash-Cabrini Department of Musculoskeletal Health and Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, 3144
| | - Ashley Fletcher
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
- Monash-Cabrini Department of Musculoskeletal Health and Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, 3144
| | - Marissa N Lassere
- School of Population Health, UNSW Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Rheumatology, St George Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lyn March
- Florance and Cope Professorial Department of Rheumatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip C Robinson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland School of Clinical Medicine, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, Metro North Hospital & Health Service, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachelle Buchbinder
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004
- Monash-Cabrini Department of Musculoskeletal Health and Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, 3144
| | - Catherine L Hill
- Rheumatology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA, 5011
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000
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21
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Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the dose-response relationship with three major antibodies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e236-e246. [PMID: 36868258 PMCID: PMC9974155 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in preventing severe COVID-19 illness and death is uncertain due to the rarity of data in individual trials. How well the antibody concentrations can predict the efficacy is also uncertain. We aimed to assess the efficacy of these vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections of different severities and the dose-response relationship between the antibody concentrations and efficacy. METHODS We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, WHO, bioRxiv, and medRxiv for papers published between Jan 1, 2020 and Sep 12, 2022. RCTs on the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool. A frequentist, random-effects model was used to combine efficacy for common outcomes (ie, symptomatic and asymptomatic infections) and a Bayesian random-effects model was used for rare outcomes (ie, hospital admission, severe infection, and death). Potential sources of heterogeneity were investigated. The dose-response relationships of neutralising, spike-specific IgG and receptor binding domain-specific IgG antibody titres with efficacy in preventing SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic and severe infections were examined by meta-regression. This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021287238. FINDINGS 28 RCTs (n=286 915 in vaccination groups and n=233 236 in placebo groups; median follow-up 1-6 months after last vaccination) across 32 publications were included in this review. The combined efficacy of full vaccination was 44·5% (95% CI 27·8-57·4) for preventing asymptomatic infections, 76·5% (69·8-81·7) for preventing symptomatic infections, 95·4% (95% credible interval 88·0-98·7) for preventing hospitalisation, 90·8% (85·5-95·1) for preventing severe infection, and 85·8% (68·7-94·6) for preventing death. There was heterogeneity in the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against asymptomatic and symptomatic infections but insufficient evidence to suggest whether the efficacy could differ according to the type of vaccine, age of the vaccinated individual, and between-dose interval (p>0·05 for all). Vaccine efficacy against symptomatic infection waned over time after full vaccination, with an average decrease of 13·6% (95% CI 5·5-22·3; p=0·0007) per month but can be enhanced by a booster. We found a significant non-linear relationship between each type of antibody and efficacy against symptomatic and severe infections (p<0·0001 for all), but there remained considerable heterogeneity in the efficacy, which cannot be explained by antibody concentrations. The risk of bias was low in most studies. INTERPRETATION The efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is higher for preventing severe infection and death than for preventing milder infection. Vaccine efficacy wanes over time but can be enhanced by a booster. Higher antibody titres are associated with higher estimates of efficacy but precise predictions are difficult due to large unexplained heterogeneity. These findings provide an important knowledge base for interpretation and application of future studies on these issues. FUNDING Shenzhen Science and Technology Programs.
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22
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Khatri R, Siddqui G, Sadhu S, Maithil V, Vishwakarma P, Lohiya B, Goswami A, Ahmed S, Awasthi A, Samal S. Intrinsic D614G and P681R/H mutations in SARS-CoV-2 VoCs Alpha, Delta, Omicron and viruses with D614G plus key signature mutations in spike protein alters fusogenicity and infectivity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2023; 212:103-122. [PMID: 36583790 PMCID: PMC9801140 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been rapidly evolving over the time and the genetic variation has led to the generation of Variants of Concerns (VoC), which have shown increased fitness. These VoC viruses contain the key mutations in the spike protein which have allowed better survival and evasion of host defense mechanisms. The D614G mutation in the spike domain is found in the majority of VoC; additionally, the P681R/H mutation at the S1/S2 furin cleavage site junction is also found to be highly conserved in major VoCs; Alpha, Delta, Omicron, and its' current variants. The impact of these genetic alterations of the SARS-CoV-2 VoCs on the host cell entry, transmissibility, and infectivity has not been clearly identified. In our study, Delta and D614G + P681R synthetic double mutant pseudoviruses showed a significant increase in the cell entry, cell-to-cell fusion and infectivity. In contrast, the Omicron and P681H synthetic single mutant pseudoviruses showed TMPRSS2 independent cell entry, less fusion and infectivity as compared to Delta and D614G + P681R double mutants. Addition of exogenous trypsin further enhanced fusion in Delta viruses as compared to Omicron. Furthermore, Delta viruses showed susceptibility to both E64d and Camostat mesylate inhibitors suggesting, that the Delta virus could exploit both endosomal and TMPRSS2 dependent entry pathways as compared to the Omicron virus. Taken together, these results indicate that the D614G and P681R/H mutations in the spike protein are pivotal which might be favoring the VoC replication in different host compartments, and thus allowing a balance of mutation vs selection for better long-term adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Gazala Siddqui
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Srikanth Sadhu
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
- Immunobiology and Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Vikas Maithil
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Bharat Lohiya
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Abhishek Goswami
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Centralized Core Research Facility (CCRF), All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), Delhi, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
- Immunobiology and Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
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23
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Jaiswal SR, Saifullah A, Arunachalam J, Lakhchaura R, Tailor D, Mehta A, Bhagawati G, Aiyer H, Biswas S, Khamar B, Malhotra SV, Chakrabarti S. Augmenting Vaccine Efficacy against Delta Variant with 'Mycobacterium- w'-Mediated Modulation of NK-ADCC and TLR-MYD88 Pathways. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020328. [PMID: 36851206 PMCID: PMC9966412 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium-w (Mw) was shown to boost adaptive natural killer (ANK) cells and protect against COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic. As a follow-up of the trial, 50 healthcare workers (HCW) who had received Mw in September 2020 and subsequently received at least one dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Mw + ChAdOx1 group) were monitored for symptomatic COVID-19 during a major outbreak with the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 (April-June 2021), along with 201 HCW receiving both doses of the vaccine without Mw (ChAdOx1 group). Despite 48% having received just a single dose of the vaccine in the Mw + ChAdOx1 group, only two had mild COVID-19, compared to 36 infections in the ChAdOx1 group (HR-0.46, p = 0.009). Transcriptomic studies revealed an enhanced adaptive NK cell-dependent ADCC in the Mw + ChAdOx1 group, along with downregulation of the TLR2-MYD88 pathway and concomitant attenuation of downstream inflammatory pathways. This might have resulted in robust protection during the pandemic with the delta variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Rani Jaiswal
- Cellular Therapy and Immunology, Manashi Chakrabarti Foundation, New Delhi 110096, India
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dharamshila Narayana Super-Speciality Hospital, New Delhi 110096, India
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida 201313, India
| | - Ashraf Saifullah
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dharamshila Narayana Super-Speciality Hospital, New Delhi 110096, India
| | - Jaganath Arunachalam
- Cellular Therapy and Immunology, Manashi Chakrabarti Foundation, New Delhi 110096, India
| | - Rohit Lakhchaura
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dharamshila Narayana Super-Speciality Hospital, New Delhi 110096, India
| | - Dhanir Tailor
- Department of Cell, Development & Cancer Biology and Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Anupama Mehta
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dharamshila Narayana Super-Speciality Hospital, New Delhi 110096, India
| | - Gitali Bhagawati
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Dharamshila Narayana Super-Speciality Hospital, New Delhi 110096, India
| | - Hemamalini Aiyer
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Dharamshila Narayana Super-Speciality Hospital, New Delhi 110096, India
| | - Subhrajit Biswas
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida 201313, India
| | - Bakulesh Khamar
- Research & Development, Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad 382225, India
| | - Sanjay V. Malhotra
- Department of Cell, Development & Cancer Biology and Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Suparno Chakrabarti
- Cellular Therapy and Immunology, Manashi Chakrabarti Foundation, New Delhi 110096, India
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Dharamshila Narayana Super-Speciality Hospital, New Delhi 110096, India
- Correspondence: or
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24
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Yuan Y, Xu J, Ma B, Chen G, Wang Z, Wang S, Jing N, Zhang J, Wang B, Yan W, Zhang Q, Zhao Q, Li Y. Characteristics of humoral and cellular responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inactivated vaccine in central China: A prospective, multicenter, longitudinal study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107866. [PMID: 36936962 PMCID: PMC10020218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In China, the long-term immunogenicity and adverse effects of inactivated vaccines produced by different or the same manufacturer remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the cellular immune responses and neutralizing antibody kinetics of homologous and heterologous administrations of an inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine 240 days after the second vaccination. Methods This prospective, multicenter, observational, longitudinal study involved 595 participants with a negative SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction result who were serologically tested and followed for 8 months after vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-6, CD4+ T-lymphocyte, and B-lymphocyte counts were evaluated in serum samples after stimulation with 2 μg/mL SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for 16 h at follow-up intervals of 2 months. Results Most participants [582/595; 146 male participants, 449 female participants; mean age 35 (26-50 years)] rapidly developed neutralizing antibodies after two doses of the vaccine administered 3-weeks apart. The positive rate of neutralizing antibodies peaked at 97.7% at 60-90 days, decreased, and stabilized at 82.9% at 181-240 days post-vaccination. Lower antibody concentrations were correlated with older age, longer duration after vaccination, non-health care workers, mixed-manufacturer vaccinations, and intervals of less than 40 days between two doses of vaccination, whereas lower IFN-γ levels and B-lymphocyte counts were associated with older age, blood type A, and non-health care workers. A higher IL-6 level was associated with older age, mixed-manufacturer vaccinations, intervals of less than 40 days between two doses of vaccination, and medical staff. Adverse reactions were mild or moderate and self-limited, with no serious events reported. Discussion Two doses of the Chinese inactivated vaccine induced robust and rapid antibody expression and cellular immune responses. Boosting vaccination is considered important, as antibodies and cellular immune responses were reduced in susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Yuan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bing Ma
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guohua Chen
- Department of Laboratory, Zhengzhou Municipal Chinese Medicine Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Henan Electric Power Survey and Design Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shanmei Wang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Nan Jing
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiangfeng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Baoya Wang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenjuan Yan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiongrui Zhao
- Center of Clinical Research Service, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Li,
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Zheng HL, An SY, Qiao BJ, Guan P, Huang DS, Wu W. A data-driven interpretable ensemble framework based on tree models for forecasting the occurrence of COVID-19 in the USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:13648-13659. [PMID: 36131178 PMCID: PMC9492466 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the most serious public health crises. Tree-based machine learning methods, with the advantages of high efficiency, and strong interpretability, have been widely used in predicting diseases. A data-driven interpretable ensemble framework based on tree models was designed to forecast daily new cases of COVID-19 in the USA and to determine the important factors related to COVID-19. Based on a hyperparametric optimization technique, we developed three machine learning algorithms based on decision trees, including random forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), and three linear ensemble models were used to integrate these outcomes for better prediction accuracy. Finally, the SHapley Additive explanation (SHAP) value was used to obtain the feature importance ranking. Our outcomes demonstrated that, among the three basic machine learners, the prediction accuracy was the following in descending order: LightGBM, XGBoost, and RF. The optimized LAD ensemble was the most precise prediction model that reduced the prediction error of the best base learner (LightGBM) by approximately 3.111%, while vaccination, wearing masks, less mobility, and government interventions had positive effects on the control and prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Li Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province China
| | - Shu-Yi An
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Bao-Jun Qiao
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province China
| | - De-Sheng Huang
- Department of Mathematics, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province China
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Kirsebom FCM, Andrews N, Sachdeva R, Stowe J, Ramsay M, Lopez Bernal J. Effectiveness of ChAdOx1-S COVID-19 booster vaccination against the Omicron and Delta variants in England. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7688. [PMID: 36509743 PMCID: PMC9744366 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of the ChAdOx1-S booster vaccine, little is known about the real-world effectiveness although clinical trials have demonstrated enhanced immunity following a ChAdOx1-S booster. In England 43,171 individuals received a ChAdOx1-S booster whilst 13,038,908 individuals received BNT162b2 in the same period. ChAdOx1-S booster recipients were more likely to be female (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.67 (1.64-1.71)), in a clinical risk group (adjusted OR 1.58 (1.54-1.63)), in the clinically extremely vulnerable group (adjusted OR 1.84 (1.79-1.89)) or severely immunosuppressed (adjusted OR 2.05 (1.96-2.13)). The effectiveness of the ChAdOx1-S and BNT162b2 boosters is estimated here using a test-negative case-control study. Protection against symptomatic disease with the Omicron variant peaks at 66.1% (16.6 to 86.3%) and 68.5% (65.7 to 71.2%) for the ChAdOx1-S and BNT162b2 boosters in older adults. Protection against hospitalisation peaks at 82.3% (64.2 to 91.3%) and 90.9% (88.7 to 92.7%). For Delta, effectiveness against hospitalisation is 80.9% (15.6% to 95.7%) and 93.9% (92.8% to 94.9%) after ChAdOx1-S and BNT162b2 booster vaccination. This study supports the consideration of ChAdOx1-S booster vaccination for protection against severe COVID-19 in settings yet to offer boosters and suggests that individuals who received a ChAdOx1-S booster do not require re-vaccination ahead of others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Andrews
- grid.515304.60000 0005 0421 4601UK Health Security Agency, London, UK ,grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XNIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ruchira Sachdeva
- grid.515304.60000 0005 0421 4601UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Julia Stowe
- grid.515304.60000 0005 0421 4601UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Mary Ramsay
- grid.515304.60000 0005 0421 4601UK Health Security Agency, London, UK ,grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XNIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jamie Lopez Bernal
- grid.515304.60000 0005 0421 4601UK Health Security Agency, London, UK ,grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XNIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Chavda VP, Vihol DR, Solanki HK, Apostolopoulos V. The Vaccine World of COVID-19: India’s Contribution. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111943. [PMID: 36423038 PMCID: PMC9695423 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) eruption has left not only illness and mortality in its wake, but also an overwhelming threat to health policy, human regality, food security, and struggle worldwide. The accessibility and potential distribution of a protective and successful vaccination to communities throughout the world are being considered now not just, as a potential of overcoming these hurdles, but also as an example of human perseverance in the face of catastrophe. A vaccine is the only tool that can efficaciously deal with the COVID-19 catastrophe. Currently, more than 47 vaccines are permitted for emergency use in distinct parts of the world. India will play a significant role in the development of the high-priced Moderna shots and Pfizer Inc, therefore assisting in the immunization of a large portion of the world. Moreover, many of the internationally researched and developed vaccine laboratories seek manufacturing in Indian firms and companies for efficient and low-cost production of vaccines intending to provide to the world, hence, making India, a major role player during these pandemic times. This review highlights the Indian contribution to the globe for COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380008, Gujarat, India
- Correspondence: (V.P.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Disha R. Vihol
- Pharmacy Section, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Hetvi K. Solanki
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380008, Gujarat, India
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.P.C.); (V.A.)
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Contractor A, Shivaprakash S, Tiwari A, Setia MS, Gianchandani T. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines (CovishieldTM and Covaxin ®) in healthcare workers in Mumbai, India: A retrospective cohort analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276759. [PMID: 36301977 PMCID: PMC9612509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND India started its vaccination programme for Coronavirus-19 infection (COVID-19) on 16 January 2021 with CovishieldTM (Oxford/Astra Zeneca vaccine manufactured by Serum Institute of India) and Covaxin ® (Bharat Biotech, India). We designed the present study to study the effectiveness of vaccines for COVID-19 in prevention of breakthrough infections and severe symptomatic cases among health care workers in a real-life scenario in Mumbai, India. Furthermore, we also wanted to study the factors associated with this effectiveness. METHODS This is cohort analysis of secondary data of 2762 individuals working in a tertiary health care setting in Mumbai, India (16 January 2021 to 16 October 2021). Vaccination records of all groups of health care staff (including the date of vaccination, type of vaccine taken, and date of positivity for COVID-19) were maintained at the hospital. The staff were tested for COVID-19 at least once a week and when symptomatic. The observation time for everyone was divided into unvaccinated, partially vaccinated (14 days after the first dose); and fully vaccinated (14 days after the second dose). If the individual was found to be positive, the day of positivity was considered the 'day of the event' for that individual. We combined unvaccinated/partially vaccinated into one group and completely vaccinated in the other group. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) was assessed as (1-HR)*100. RESULTS The mean age (SD) of the study participants was 32.3 (8.3) years; majority of these individuals had taken Covishield TM (99.0%) and only 0.9% (n = 27) had taken Covaxin ®. The incidence rate in the overall population was 0.067/100 person-days (PD). The incidence rate was significantly higher in the unvaccinated/partially vaccinated group compared with the fully vaccinated group (0.0989 / 100 PD vs 0.0403/100 PD; p < 0.001). The adjusted HR (aHR) in the fully vaccinated group compared with the unvaccinated/partially vaccinated group in the complete cohort was 0.30 (95% CI: 0.23, 0.39). Thus, the vaccine effectiveness (VE) for full vaccination was 70% (95% CI: 61%, 77%). It remained the same in the Covishield TM only cohort. The VE in completely vaccinated and with a history of previous infection was 88% (95% CI: 80%, 93%). Only 11 health care workers required hospitalization over the entire observation period; the incidence rate in our cohort was 0.0016 / 100 PD. None of the HCWs reported any severe adverse events after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS In this real-world scenario, we did find that complete vaccination reduced the rate of infection, particularly severe infection in health care personnel even during the severe delta wave in the country. Even among those infected, the hospitalisation rates were very low, and none died. We did not record any major side effects of vaccination in these personnel. Previous infection with COVID-19 and complete vaccination had a significantly higher effectiveness in prevention of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish Contractor
- Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Anjali Tiwari
- Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Maninder Singh Setia
- Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Tarang Gianchandani
- Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Proinflammatory Innate Cytokines and Distinct Metabolomic Signatures Shape the T Cell Response in Active COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101762. [PMID: 36298628 PMCID: PMC9609972 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying factors contributing to the evolution of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses during COVID-19 infection remain unidentified. To address this, we characterized innate and adaptive immune responses with metabolomic profiling longitudinally at three different time points (0–3, 7–9, and 14–16 days post-COVID-19 positivity) from young, mildly symptomatic, active COVID-19 patients infected during the first wave in mid-2020. We observed that anti-RBD IgG and viral neutralization are significantly reduced against the delta variant, compared to the ancestral strain. In contrast, compared to the ancestral strain, T cell responses remain preserved against the delta and omicron variants. We determined innate immune responses during the early stage of active infection, in response to TLR 3/7/8-mediated activation in PBMCs and serum metabolomic profiling. Correlation analysis indicated PBMCs-derived proinflammatory cytokines, IL-18, IL-1β, and IL-23, and the abundance of plasma metabolites involved in arginine biosynthesis were predictive of a robust SARS-CoV-2-specific Th1 response at a later stage (two weeks after PCR positivity). These observations may contribute to designing effective vaccines and adjuvants that promote innate immune responses and metabolites to induce a long-lasting anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response.
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30
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Chi WY, Li YD, Huang HC, Chan TEH, Chow SY, Su JH, Ferrall L, Hung CF, Wu TC. COVID-19 vaccine update: vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 variants, boosters, adverse effects, and immune correlates of protection. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:82. [PMID: 36243868 PMCID: PMC9569411 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been the most severe public health challenge in this century. Two years after its emergence, the rapid development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines have successfully controlled this pandemic and greatly reduced the risk of severe illness and death associated with COVID-19. However, due to its ability to rapidly evolve, the SARS-CoV-2 virus may never be eradicated, and there are many important new topics to work on if we need to live with this virus for a long time. To this end, we hope to provide essential knowledge for researchers who work on the improvement of future COVID-19 vaccines. In this review, we provided an up-to-date summary for current COVID-19 vaccines, discussed the biological basis and clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants, and analyzed the effectiveness of various vaccine booster regimens against different SARS-CoV-2 strains. Additionally, we reviewed potential mechanisms of vaccine-induced severe adverse events, summarized current studies regarding immune correlates of protection, and finally, discussed the development of next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chi
- Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yen-Der Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hsin-Che Huang
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy En Haw Chan
- International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sih-Yao Chow
- Downstream Process Science, EirGenix Inc., Zhubei, Hsinchu, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jun-Han Su
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Louise Ferrall
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, CRB II Room 309, 1550 Orleans St, MD, 21231, Baltimore, USA.
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Rakshit S, Adiga V, Ahmed A, Parthiban C, Chetan Kumar N, Dwarkanath P, Shivalingaiah S, Rao S, D’Souza G, Dias M, Maguire TJA, Doores KJ, Zoodsma M, Geckin B, Dasgupta P, Babji S, van Meijgaarden KE, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM, Li Y, Netea MG, Stuart KD, De Rosa SC, McElrath MJ, Vyakarnam A. Evidence for the heterologous benefits of prior BCG vaccination on COVISHIELD™ vaccine-induced immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative young Indian adults. Front Immunol 2022; 13:985938. [PMID: 36268023 PMCID: PMC9577398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.985938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This proof-of-concept study tested if prior BCG revaccination can qualitatively and quantitively enhance antibody and T-cell responses induced by Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1nCoV-19 or COVISHIELD™, an efficacious and the most widely distributed vaccine in India. We compared COVISHIELD™ induced longitudinal immune responses in 21 BCG re-vaccinees (BCG-RV) and 13 BCG-non-revaccinees (BCG-NRV), all of whom were BCG vaccinated at birth; latent tuberculosis negative and SARS-CoV-2 seronegative prior to COVISHIELD™ vaccination. Compared to BCG-NRV, BCG-RV displayed significantly higher and persistent spike-specific neutralizing (n) Ab titers and polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells for eight months post COVISHIELD™ booster, including distinct CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD4+IFN-γ- effector memory (EM) subsets co-expressing IL-2, TNF-α and activation induced markers (AIM) CD154/CD137 as well as CD8+IFN-γ+ EM,TEMRA (T cell EM expressing RA) subset combinations co-expressing TNF-α and AIM CD137/CD69. Additionally, elevated nAb and T-cell responses to the Delta mutant in BCG-RV highlighted greater immune response breadth. Mechanistically, these BCG adjuvant effects were associated with elevated markers of trained immunity, including higher IL-1β and TNF-α expression in CD14+HLA-DR+monocytes and changes in chromatin accessibility highlighting BCG-induced epigenetic changes. This study provides first in-depth analysis of both antibody and memory T-cell responses induced by COVISHIELD™ in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative young adults in India with strong evidence of a BCG-induced booster effect and therefore a rational basis to validate BCG, a low-cost and globally available vaccine, as an adjuvant to enhance heterologous adaptive immune responses to current and emerging COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabanti Rakshit
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biotechnology, PES University, Bangalore, India
| | - Asma Ahmed
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Nirutha Chetan Kumar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Srishti Rao
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - George D’Souza
- Division of Nutrition, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Mary Dias
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | - Martijn Zoodsma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualized Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Busranur Geckin
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sudhir Babji
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Liver Renal Urology Transplant Gastro/Gastrointestinal Surgery, Inflammation Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simone A. Joosten
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualized Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Kenneth D. Stuart
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Centre for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Centre for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Infectious Disease Unit, St. John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Annapurna Vyakarnam, ;
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Veerapu N, Inamdar DP, Kumar BPR, Anuradha B, Guddanti P, Issapuri SD, Ganta NS, Gopi A. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Persons Attending the RT-PCR center at a Medical College Hospital in Telangana: A Case- Control Study. Indian J Community Med 2022; 47:587-590. [PMID: 36742954 PMCID: PMC9891038 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_273_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In January 2021, India's drug regulator issued restricted emergency approval for COVISHIELD and COVAXIN, which were manufactured in India. In mid-January 2021, in India, there were 10.5 million confirmed cases and 0.15 million deaths. The objectives were to evaluate vaccine effectiveness (VE) of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines made in India against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Materials and Methods A test-negative case-control study was conducted from May 2021 to December 2021 for a duration of 8 months among people attending a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) center at a medical college hospital for RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2. The baseline characteristics and RT-PCR report were collected from the RT-PCR center. The exposure to COVID-19 vaccines was enquired via phone call or was checked with data available with the health authorities. Results After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and case and control definitions, a total of 380 participants (95 cases and 285 controls) were included. The adjusted VE of two doses of COVISHIED vaccine against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection was 52.2% (41.7 to 62.1), and that of a single dose was 40.88% (31.26 to 51.29). The adjusted VE of two doses of COVAXIN vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection was 39% (29.40 to 49.27). The overall VE was 48.20% (37.90 to 58.22) for two doses of any vaccines. Conclusions Vaccines made in India were nearly 50% effective. Further new studies should be conducted as new variants of SARS-CoV-2 are emerging. We do not know the VE against the variants, and whether booster doses are required or not is not yet established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagapraveen Veerapu
- Department of Community Medicine, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | | | - Baer P Ravi Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Basavaraju Anuradha
- Department of Microbiology, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Pavitra Guddanti
- Department of Community Medicine, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Sree D Issapuri
- Department of Community Medicine, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Nikhita S Ganta
- Department of Community Medicine, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Arun Gopi
- Department of Statistics, JSS Medical College, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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Sobieszczyk ME, Maaske J, Falsey AR, Sproule S, Robb ML, Frenck RW, Tieu HV, Mayer KH, Corey L, Neuzil KM, Tong T, Brewinski Isaacs M, Janes H, Bansal H, Edwards LM, Green JA, Kelly EJ, Shoemaker K, Takas T, White T, Bhuyan P, Villafana T, Hirsch AI. Durability of protection and immunogenicity of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) COVID-19 vaccine over 6 months. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e160565. [PMID: 36106642 PMCID: PMC9479753 DOI: 10.1172/jci160565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundWe report updated safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) from an ongoing phase 3 trial.MethodsAdults at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection were randomized (2:1), stratified by age, to receive 2 doses of AZD1222 or placebo. The primary efficacy end point was confirmed SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcriptase PCR-positive (RT-PCR-positive) symptomatic COVID-19 at 15 or more days after a second dose in baseline SARS-CoV-2-seronegative participants. The 21,634 and 10,816 participants were randomized to AZD1222 and placebo, respectively.FindingsData cutoff for this analysis was July 30, 2021; median follow-up from second dose was 78 and 71 days for the double-blind period (censoring at unblinding or nonstudy COVID-19 vaccination) and 201 and 82 days for the period to nonstudy COVID-19 vaccination (regardless of unblinding) in the AZD1222 and placebo groups, respectively. For the primary efficacy end point in the double-blind period (141 and 184 events; incidence rates: 39.2 and 118.8 per 1,000 person years), vaccine efficacy was 67.0% (P < 0.001). In the period to nonstudy COVID-19 vaccination, incidence of events remained consistently low and stable through 6 months in the AZD1222 group; for the primary efficacy end point (328 and 219 events; incidence rates: 36.4, 108.4) and severe/critical disease (5 and 13 events; incidence rates: 0.6, 6.4), respective vaccine efficacy estimates were 65.1% and 92.1%. AZD1222 elicited humoral immune responses over time, with waning at day 180. No emergent safety issues were seen.ConclusionAZD1222 is safe and well tolerated, demonstrating durable protection and immunogenicity with median follow-up (AZD1222 group) of 6 months.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04516746.FundingAstraZeneca; US government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jill Maaske
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann R. Falsey
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie Sproule
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W. Frenck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hong-Van Tieu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Mayer
- Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Tina Tong
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Holly Janes
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Himanshu Bansal
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Justin A. Green
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J. Kelly
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Shoemaker
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Therese Takas
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Tom White
- Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and
| | - Prakash Bhuyan
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Tonya Villafana
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - and Ian Hirsch
- Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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He X, Su J, Ma Y, Zhang W, Tang S. A comprehensive analysis of the efficacy and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945930. [PMID: 36090988 PMCID: PMC9459021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is urgently needed to update the comprehensive analysis about the efficacy or effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines especially during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants. In general, the current COVID-19 vaccines showed a cumulative efficacy of 66.4%, 79.7%, and 93.6% to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, symptomatic COVID-19, and severe COVID-19, respectively, but could not prevent the asymptomatic infection of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the current COVID-19 vaccines could effectively prevent COVID-19 caused by the Delta variant although the incidence of breakthrough infection of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant increased when the intervals post full vaccination extended, suggesting the waning effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. In addition, one-dose booster immunization showed an effectiveness of 74.5% to prevent COVID-19 caused by the Delta variant. However, current COVID-19 vaccines could not prevent the infection of Omicron sub-lineage BA.1.1.529 and had about 50% effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 caused by Omicron sub-lineage BA.1.1.529. Furthermore, the effectiveness was 87.6% and 90.1% to prevent severe COVID-19 and COVID-19-related death caused by Omicron sub-lineage BA.2, respectively, while one-dose booster immunization could enhance the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines to prevent the infection and COVID-19 caused by Omicron sub-lineage BA.1.1.529 and sub-lineage BA.2. Two-dose booster immunization showed an increased effectiveness of 81.8% against severe COVID-19 caused by the Omicron sub-lineage BA.1.1.529 variant compared with one-dose booster immunization. The effectiveness of the booster immunization with RNA-based vaccine BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 was over 75% against severe COVID-19 more than 17 weeks after booster immunization whereas the heterogenous booster immunization showed better effectiveness than homologous booster immunization. In summary, the current COVID-19 vaccines could effectively protect COVID-19 caused by Delta and Omicron variants but was less effective against Omicron variant infection. One-dose booster immunization could enhance protection capability, and two-dose booster immunization could provide additional protection against severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Evidence-Based Medicine, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Jiao Su
- Department of biochemistry, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Yu’nan Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Shixing Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shixing Tang,
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Xu K, Fan C, Han Y, Dai L, Gao GF. Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines: an update of data published by 31 December 2021. Int Immunol 2022; 34:595-607. [PMID: 35778913 PMCID: PMC9278184 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a disaster for public health in the last 2 years, without any sign of an ending. Various vaccines were developed rapidly as soon as the outbreak occurred. Clinical trials demonstrated the reactogenicity, immunogenicity and protection efficacy in humans, and some of the vaccines have been approved for clinical use. However, waves of infections such as the recently circulating Omicron variant still occur. Newly emerging variants, especially the variants of concern, and waning humoral responses pose serious challenges to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Previously, we summarized the humoral and cellular immunity, safety profiles and protection efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines with clinical data published by 21 May 2021. In this review, we summarize and update the published clinical data of COVID-19 vaccines and candidates up to 31 December 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Chunxiang Fan
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Vikkurthi R, Ansari A, Pai AR, Jha SN, Sachan S, Pandit S, Nikam B, Kalia A, Jit BP, Parray HA, Singh S, Kshetrapal P, Wadhwa N, Shrivastava T, Coshic P, Kumar S, Sharma P, Sharma N, Taneja J, Pandey AK, Sharma A, Thiruvengadam R, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Bhatnagar S, Gupta N. Inactivated whole-virion vaccine BBV152/Covaxin elicits robust cellular immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:974-985. [PMID: 35681012 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BBV152 is a whole-virion inactivated vaccine based on the Asp614Gly variant. BBV152 is the first alum-imidazoquinolin-adjuvanted vaccine authorized for use in large populations. Here we characterized the magnitude, quality and persistence of cellular and humoral memory responses up to 6 months post vaccination. We report that the magnitude of vaccine-induced spike and nucleoprotein antibodies was comparable with that produced after infection. Receptor binding domain-specific antibodies declined against variants in the order of Alpha (B.1.1.7; 3-fold), Delta (B.1.617.2; 7-fold) and Beta (B.1.351; 10-fold). However, pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies declined up to 2-fold against the Delta followed by the Beta variant (1.7-fold). Vaccine-induced memory B cells were also affected by the Delta and Beta variants. The SARS-CoV-2-specific multicytokine-expressing CD4+ T cells were found in ~85% of vaccinated individuals. Only a ~1.3-fold reduction in efficacy was observed in CD4+ T cells against the Beta variant. We found that antigen-specific CD4+ T cells were present in the central memory compartment and persisted for at least up to 6 months post vaccination. Vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells were detected in ~50% of individuals. Importantly, the vaccine was capable of inducing follicular T helper cells that exhibited B-cell help potential. These findings show that inactivated vaccine BBV152 induces robust immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern that persists for at least 6 months after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Vikkurthi
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Asgar Ansari
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupama R Pai
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Someshwar Nath Jha
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpa Sachan
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Suvechchha Pandit
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhushan Nikam
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Kalia
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Prasad Jit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Savita Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Poonam Coshic
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya Sharma
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nandini Sharma
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Juhi Taneja
- ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Nimesh Gupta
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.
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Effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Coronavirus Vaccine (Covishield TM) in Preventing SARS-CoV2 Infection, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 2021. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060970. [PMID: 35746578 PMCID: PMC9228854 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We estimated the effectiveness of two doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Covishield) vaccine against any COVID-19 infection among individuals ≥45 years in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. A community-based cohort study was conducted from May to September 2021 in a selected geographic area in Chennai. The estimated sample size was 10,232. We enrolled 69,435 individuals, of which 21,793 were above 45 years. Two-dose coverage of Covishield in the 18+ and 45+ age group was 18% and 31%, respectively. Genomic analysis of 74 out of the 90 aliquots collected from the 303 COVID-19-positive individuals in the 45+ age group showed delta variants and their sub-lineages. The vaccine’s effectiveness against COVID-19 disease in the ≥45 age group was 61.3% (95% CI: 43.6–73.4) at least 2 weeks after receiving the second dose of Covishield. We demonstrated the effectiveness of two doses of the ChAdOx1 vaccine against the delta variant in the general population of Chennai. We recommend similar future studies considering emerging variants and newer vaccines. Two-dose vaccine coverage could be ensured to protect against COVID-19 infection.
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Das S, Singh J, Shaman H, Singh B, Anantharaj A, Sharanabasava P, Pandey R, Lodha R, Pandey AK, Medigeshi GR. Pre-existing antibody levels negatively correlate with antibody titers after a single dose of BBV152 vaccination. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3451. [PMID: 35705548 PMCID: PMC9199457 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many adults in India have received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine with or without a prior history SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, there is limited information on the effect of prior immunity on antibody response upon vaccination in India. As immunization of individuals continues, we aimed to assess whether pre-existing antibodies are further boosted by a single dose of BBV152, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and, if these antibodies can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants. Here we show that natural infection during the second wave in 2021 led to generation of neutralizing antibodies against other lineages of SARS-CoV-2 including the Omicron variant, albeit at a significantly lower level for the latter. A single dose of BBV152 boosted antibody titers against the Delta and the Omicron variants but the antibody levels remained low against the Omicron variant. Boosting of antibodies showed negative correlation with baseline neutralizing antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Das
- Employees State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Janmejay Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Heena Shaman
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Balwant Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Anbalagan Anantharaj
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Patil Sharanabasava
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Serum Institute of India, Pune, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Pandey
- Employees State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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COVID-19 vaccines: Update of the vaccines in use and under development. VACUNAS 2022; 23:S88-S102. [PMID: 35761987 PMCID: PMC9217136 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacun.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a series of challenges on the scientific community. One of the biggest was the development of safe and effective vaccines in record time, which could be achieved through a global effort. A topic of great discussion has been the technology surrounding these vaccines: ranging from the well-known inactivated virus vaccines to the latest RNA vaccines. As vaccines became available, another point also came into question: their efficacy and effectiveness against the original Wuhan strain and its variants. Among the numerous variants, 5 of them (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and, more recently, Omicron) gained greater prominence due to their epidemiological relevance. In this scenario, with numerous variants and several vaccine options, scientific information can often be mismatched. This review aims to provide an overview of the efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of 11 vaccines in use or under development against the original Wuhan strain and the variants of concern identified by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Simultaneously, we aim to explore possible scenarios that can be expected shortly regarding new variants and vaccines. Overall, COVID-19 vaccines have satisfactory efficacy and loss of effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially the Omicron strain.
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Bhuiyan TR, Akhtar M, Khaton F, Rahman SIA, Ferdous J, Alamgir A, Rahman M, Kawser Z, Hasan I, Calderwood SB, Harris JB, Charles RC, LaRocque RC, Ryan ET, Banu S, Shirin T, Qadri F. Covishield vaccine induces robust immune responses in Bangladeshi adults. IJID REGIONS 2022; 3:211-217. [PMID: 35720155 PMCID: PMC9050186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
All participants became seropositive 2 months after receipt of the second dose of vaccine. Comparable antibody responses were observed in both males and females. Participants with previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection showed a robust antibody response. Similar antibody responses were observed in participants with and without comorbidities.
Objective To evaluate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific antibody responses after Covishield vaccination for 6 months after vaccination. Design SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the recombinant receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 in 381 adults given the Covishield vaccine at baseline (n=119), 1 month (n=126) and 2 months (n=75) after the first dose, 1 month after the second dose (n=161), and monthly for 3 additional months. Results Over 51% of participants were seropositive at baseline (before vaccination with Covishield), and almost all participants (159/161) became seropositive 1 month after the second dose. Antibody levels peaked 1 month after receipt of the second dose of vaccine, and decreased by 4 months after the first dose; the lowest responses were found 6 months after the first dose, although antibody responses and responder frequencies remained significantly higher compared with baseline (P<0.0001). Compared with younger participants, older participants had lower antibody responses 6 months after the first dose of vaccine (P<0.05). Participants who had previous SARS-CoV-2 infection showed robust higher antibody responses after vaccination. Conclusions These findings help to elucidate the longevity of vaccine-specific antibody responses following vaccination with Covishield, and provide information relevant to the planning of booster doses after the initial two doses of vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjahan Akhtar
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema Khaton
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Jannatul Ferdous
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A.S.M. Alamgir
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zannat Kawser
- Institute of Developing Sciences and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Imrul Hasan
- Institute of Developing Sciences and Health Initiatives, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen Beaven Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Thomas Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sayera Banu
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author: Address: Mucosal Immunology and Vaccinology Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh. Tel.: +880 (0)2 2222 77001 10, Ext. 2431.
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Zeng B, Gao L, Zhou Q, Yu K, Sun F. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2022; 20:200. [PMID: 35606843 PMCID: PMC9126103 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was urgent and necessary to synthesize the evidence for vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness profile of COVID-19 vaccines against VOC. METHODS Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case-control studies that evaluated the VE against VOC (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, or Omicron) were searched until 4 March 2022. Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. VE was defined as (1-estimate). RESULTS Eleven RCTs (161,388 participants), 20 cohort studies (52,782,321 participants), and 26 case-control studies (2,584,732 cases) were included. Eleven COVID-19 vaccines (mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, ChAdOx1, Ad26.COV2.S, NVX-CoV2373, BBV152, CoronaVac, BBIBP-CorV, SCB-2019, CVnCoV, and HB02) were included in this analysis. Full vaccination was effective against Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants, with VE of 88.0% (95% CI, 83.0-91.5), 73.0% (95% CI, 64.3-79.5), 63.0% (95% CI, 47.9-73.7), 77.8% (95% CI, 72.7-82.0), and 55.9% (95% CI, 40.9-67.0), respectively. Booster vaccination was more effective against Delta and Omicron variants, with VE of 95.5% (95% CI, 94.2-96.5) and 80.8% (95% CI, 58.6-91.1), respectively. mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273/BNT162b2) seemed to have higher VE against VOC over others; significant interactions (pinteraction < 0.10) were observed between VE and vaccine type (mRNA vaccines vs. not mRNA vaccines). CONCLUSIONS Full vaccination of COVID-19 vaccines is highly effective against Alpha variant, and moderate effective against Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants. Booster vaccination is more effective against Delta and Omicron variants. mRNA vaccines seem to have higher VE against Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Zeng
- Department of Science and Education, Peking University Binhai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Le Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingxin Zhou
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Science and Education, Peking University Binhai Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China.
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Wang K, Wang L, Li M, Xie B, He L, Wang M, Zhang R, Hou N, Zhang Y, Jia F. Real-Word Effectiveness of Global COVID-19 Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:820544. [PMID: 35665358 PMCID: PMC9160927 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.820544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, promoted vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 are being given out globally. However, the occurrence of numerous COVID-19 variants has hindered the goal of rapid mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic by effective mass vaccinations. The real-word effectiveness of the current vaccines against COVID-19 variants has not been assessed by published reviews. Therefore, our study evaluated the overall effectiveness of current vaccines and the differences between the various vaccines and variants. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, medRxiv, bioRxiv, and arXiv were searched to screen the eligible studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the Egger test were applied to estimate the quality of the literature and any publication bias, respectively. The pooled incident rates of different variants after vaccination were estimated by single-arm analysis. Meanwhile, the pooled efficacies of various vaccines against variants were evaluated by two-arm analysis using odds ratios (ORs) and vaccine effectiveness (VE). Results A total of 6,118 studies were identified initially and 44 articles were included. We found that the overall incidence of variants post first/second vaccine were 0.07 and 0.03, respectively. The VE of the incidence of variants post first vaccine between the vaccine and the placebo or unvaccinated population was 40% and post second vaccine was 96%, respectively. The sub-single-arm analysis showed a low prevalence rate of COVID-19 variants after specific vaccination with the pooled incidence below 0.10 in most subgroups. Meanwhile, the sub-two-arm analysis indicated that most current vaccines had a good or moderate preventive effect on certain variants considering that the VE in these subgroups was between 66 and 95%, which was broadly in line with the results of the sub-single-arm analysis. Conclusion Our meta-analysis shows that the current vaccines that are used globally could prevent COVID-19 infection and restrict the spread of variants to a great extent. We would also support maximizing vaccine uptake with two doses, as the effectiveness of which was more marked compared with one dose. Although the mRNA vaccine was the most effective against variants according to our study, specific vaccines should be taken into account based on the local dominant prevalence of variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Independent Researcher, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Lu He
- Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Zhangdian District, Zibo, China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Nianzong Hou
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Fusen Jia
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
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43
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Isaeva OI, Ketelaars SLC, Kvistborg P. In Silico Analysis Predicts a Limited Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Variants on CD8 T Cell Recognition. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891524. [PMID: 35572563 PMCID: PMC9094405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, mutations have led to the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, and some of these have become prominent or dominant variants of concern. This natural course of development can have an impact on how protective the previously naturally or vaccine induced immunity is. Therefore, it is crucial to understand whether and how variant specific mutations influence host immunity. To address this, we have investigated how mutations in the recent SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and concern influence epitope sequence similarity, predicted binding affinity to HLA, and immunogenicity of previously reported SARS-CoV-2 CD8 T cell epitopes. Our data suggests that the vast majority of SARS-CoV-2 CD8 T cell recognized epitopes are not altered by variant specific mutations. Interestingly, for the CD8 T cell epitopes that are altered due to variant specific mutations, our analyses show there is a high degree of sequence similarity between mutated and reference SARS-CoV-2 CD8 T cell epitopes. However, mutated epitopes, primarily derived from the spike protein, in SARS-CoV-2 variants Delta, AY.4.2 and Mu display reduced predicted binding affinity to their restriction element. These findings indicate that the recent SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and concern have limited ability to escape memory CD8 T cell responses raised by vaccination or prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 early in the pandemic. The overall low impact of the mutations on CD8 T cell cross-recognition is in accordance with the notion that mutations in SARS-CoV-2 are primarily the result of receptor binding affinity and antibody selection pressures exerted on the spike protein, unrelated to T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Isaeva
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Steven L C Ketelaars
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Lv J, Wu H, Xu J, Liu J. Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a systematic review. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:53. [PMID: 35562753 PMCID: PMC9100319 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterologous prime-boost with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vector vaccine (ChAd) and a messenger RNA vaccine (BNT or mRNA-1273) has been widely facilitating mass coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunisation. This review aimed to synthesize immunogenicity and reactogenicity of heterologous immunisations with ChAd and BNT (mRNA-1273) vaccine compared with homologous ChAd or BNT (mRNA-1273) immunisation. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched from inception to March 7, 2022. Immunogenicity involving serum antibodies against different SAS-CoV-2 fragments, neutralizing antibody, or spike-specific T cells response were compared. Any, local and systemic reactions were pooled by meta-analysis for comparison. RESULTS Of 14,571 records identified, 13 studies (3024 participants) were included for analysis. Compared with homologous BNT/BNT vaccination, heterologous ChAd/BNT schedule probably induced noninferior anti-spike protein while higher neutralizing antibody and better T cells response. Heterologous ChAd/BNT (mRNA-1273) immunisation induced superior anti-spike protein and higher neutralizing antibody and better T cells response compared with homologous ChAd/ChAd vaccination. Heterologous ChAd/BNT (mRNA-1273) had similar risk of any reaction (RR = 1.30, 95% CI: 0.86-1.96) while higher risk of local reactions (RR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.27-2.15) and systemic reactions (RR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.17-1.90) compared with homologous ChAd/ChAd vaccination. There was a higher risk of local reactions (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03-1.31) in heterologous ChAd/BNT (mRNA-1273) vaccination compare with homologous BNT/BNT but a similar risk of any reaction (RR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.79-1.34) and systemic reactions (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.60-1.30). CONCLUSIONS Heterologous ChAd/BNT schedule induced at least comparable immunogenicity compared with homologous BNT/BNT and better immunogenicity compared with homologous ChAd/ChAd vaccination. The synthetical evidence supported the general application of heterologous prime-boost vaccination using ChAd and BNT COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lv
- Expanded Program Immunization Division of Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Nosocomial Infection Control Department, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Clinical Research Academy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Jiaye Liu
- School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, No. 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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45
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Repurposing of Four Drugs as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents and Their Interactions with Protein Targets. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there are existing vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), new COVID-19 cases are increasing due to low immunization coverage and the emergence of new variants. For this reason, new drugs to treat and prevent severe COVID-19 are needed. Here, we provide four different FDA-approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 proteins involved in the entry and replication process, aiming to identify potential drugs to treat COVID-19. We use the main protease (Mpro), the spike glycoprotein (S protein), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) as protein targets for anti- SARS-CoV-2 drugs. In our constructed database, we selected different drugs against each target (Mpro, S protein, and RdRp) based on their common interactions with relevant residues involved in viral entry at the host cell and replication. Furthermore, their stability inside the binding pocket, as well as their predicted binding-free energy, allow us to provide new insight into the possible drug repurposing of viomycin (interacting with Mpro) due to its interactions with key residues, such as Asn 143, Glu 166, and Gln 189 at the same time as hesperidin (interacting with the S protein) is interacting with residues Tyr 449, Ser 494, and Thr 500, keeping inside the predicted binding pocket, as well as interacting with residues in different variants of concern. Finally, we also suggest nystatin and elvitegravir (interacting with RdRp) as possible drugs due to their stability within the predicted pocket along the simulation and their interaction with key residues, such as Asp 760, Asp 761, and Asp 618. Altogether our results provide new knowledge about the possible mechanism of the inhibition of viomycin, hesperidin, elvitegravir, and nystatin to inhibit the viral life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and some of its variants of concern (VOC). Additionally, some iodide-based contrast agents were also found to bind the S protein strongly, i.e., iohexol (−58.99 Kcal/mol), iotrolan (−76.19 Kcal/mol), and ioxilan (−62.37 Kcal/mol). Despite the information we report here as the possible strong interaction between these contrast agents and the SARS-CoV-2′s S protein, Mpro, and RdRp, we believe that further investigation, including chemical modifications in their structures, are needed for COVID-19 treatment.
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Hingankar N, Deshpande S, Das P, Rizvi ZA, Wibmer CK, Mashilo P, Ansari MY, Burns A, Barman S, Zhao F, Mukherjee S, Torres JL, Chattopadhyay S, Mehdi F, Sutar J, Rathore DK, Pargai K, Singh J, Sonar S, Jakhar K, Dandotiya J, Bhattacharyya S, Mani S, Samal S, Singh S, Kshetrapal P, Thiruvengadam R, Batra G, Medigeshi G, Ward AB, Bhatnagar S, Awasthi A, Sok D, Bhattacharya J. A combination of potently neutralizing monoclonal antibodies isolated from an Indian convalescent donor protects against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010465. [PMID: 35482816 PMCID: PMC9089897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although efficacious vaccines have significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19, there remains an unmet medical need for treatment options, which monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can potentially fill. This unmet need is exacerbated by the emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) that have shown some resistance to vaccine responses. Here we report the isolation of five neutralizing mAbs from an Indian convalescent donor, out of which two (THSC20.HVTR04 and THSC20.HVTR26) showed potent neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs at picomolar concentrations, including the Delta variant (B.1.617.2). One of these (THSC20.HVTR26) also retained activity against the Omicron variant. These two mAbs target non-overlapping epitopes on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein and prevent virus attachment to its host receptor, human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (hACE2). Furthermore, the mAb cocktail demonstrated protection against the Delta variant at low antibody doses when passively administered in the K18 hACE2 transgenic mice model, highlighting their potential as a cocktail for prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Developing the capacity to rapidly discover and develop mAbs effective against highly transmissible pathogens like coronaviruses at a local level, especially in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC) such as India, will enable prompt responses to future pandemics as an important component of global pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Hingankar
- IAVI HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, IAVI-THSTI partnership program, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Suprit Deshpande
- IAVI HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, IAVI-THSTI partnership program, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Payel Das
- IAVI HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, IAVI-THSTI partnership program, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Immuno-biology Lab, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
- Immunology Core, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Poppy Mashilo
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mohammed Yousuf Ansari
- IAVI HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, IAVI-THSTI partnership program, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Alison Burns
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shawn Barman
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Fangzhu Zhao
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sohini Mukherjee
- IAVI HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, IAVI-THSTI partnership program, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
- IAVI, New York, United States of America
- IAVI, New Delhi, India
| | - Jonathan L. Torres
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Souvick Chattopadhyay
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Farha Mehdi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Jyoti Sutar
- IAVI HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, IAVI-THSTI partnership program, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
- IAVI, New York, United States of America
- IAVI, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Rathore
- Immunology Core, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Kamal Pargai
- Bioassay laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Janmejay Singh
- Bioassay laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudipta Sonar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Kamini Jakhar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Jyotsna Dandotiya
- Immuno-biology Lab, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
- Immunology Core, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Savita Singh
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Pallavi Kshetrapal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Gaurav Batra
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Guruprasad Medigeshi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
- Bioassay laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shinjini Bhatnagar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immuno-biology Lab, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
- Immunology Core, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Devin Sok
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- IAVI, New York, United States of America
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- IAVI HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, IAVI-THSTI partnership program, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
- IAVI, New York, United States of America
- IAVI, New Delhi, India
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Wheatley AK, Juno JA. COVID-19 vaccines in the age of the delta variant. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:429-430. [PMID: 34838184 PMCID: PMC8616563 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Bonnet B, Chabrolles H, Archimbaud C, Brebion A, Godignon M, Dutheil F, Lambert C, Cosme J, Mirand A, Ollier A, Pereira B, Regagnon C, Vidal M, Evrard B, Henquell C. Comparative T and B immune responses of four different anti-COVID-19 vaccine strategies 6 months after vaccination. J Infect 2022; 84:e45-e47. [PMID: 35278482 PMCID: PMC8905884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Wang C, Han J. Will the COVID-19 pandemic end with the Delta and Omicron variants? ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:2215-2225. [PMID: 35069059 PMCID: PMC8760078 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqi Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Environmental Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Human Settlements and Environmental Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
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50
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Bouillon K, Baricault B, Botton J, Jabagi MJ, Bertrand M, Semenzato L, Le Vu S, Drouin J, Dray-Spira R, Weill A, Zureik M. Effectiveness of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1-S vaccines against severe covid-19 outcomes in a nationwide mass vaccination setting: cohort study. BMJ MEDICINE 2022; 1:e000104. [PMID: 36936561 PMCID: PMC9978755 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2021-000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Objective To estimate the effectiveness of the three covid-19 vaccines by Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2), Moderna (mRNA-1273), and Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-S) in people after receiving two doses. Design Cohort study. Setting Nationwide, population based data in France, from the French National Health Data System (Système National des Données de Santé), between 27 December 2020 and 30 April 2021. Participants Adults aged ≥50 years receiving a first dose of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdOx1-S were randomly selected (1:1) and matched on the date of vaccination with one unvaccinated control. Individuals were matched on year of birth, sex, region of residence, and residence in a nursing home (for individuals aged ≥75 years). All individuals were followed up until 20 August 2021. Main outcome measures Primary outcome measure was vaccine effectiveness estimated at least 14 days after the second dose against covid-19 related hospital admission using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for baseline characteristics and comorbidities. Vaccine effectiveness against covid-19 related death in hospital was also investigated. Results 11 256 832 vaccinated individuals were included in the study (63.6% (n=7 161 658) with the BNT162b2 vaccine, 7.6% (n=856 599) with the mRNA-1273 vaccine, and 28.8% (n=3 238 575) with the ChAdOx1-S vaccine), along with 11 256 832 matched unvaccinated controls. During follow-up (up to 20 August 2021), 43 158 covid-19 related hospital admissions and 7957 covid-19 related deaths in hospital were registered. Compared with unvaccinated controls, vaccine effectiveness of two doses against covid-19 related hospital admission was 91% (95% confidence interval 91% to 92%), 95% (93% to 96%), and 91% (89% to 94%) for the BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx1-S vaccines, respectively. Similar results were observed for vaccine effectiveness of two doses against covid-19 related deaths in hospital (BNT162b2, 91% (90% to 93%); mRNA-1273, 96% (92% to 98%); and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, 88% (68% to 95%)). At 5-6 months after receiving the second dose of vaccine, effectiveness remained high at 94% (92% to 95%) for the BNT162b2 vaccine and 98% (93% to 100%) for the mRNA-1273 vaccine. Vaccine effectiveness of ChAdOx1-S estimated at 3-4 months was 90% (63% to 97%). All three vaccines remained effective at the time of circulation of the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 between 1 July and 20 August 2021 (effectiveness between 89% and 95%). Conclusions These findings provide evidence indicating that two doses of ChAdOx1-S is as effective as two doses of mRNA vaccines in France against the alpha and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2. The effectiveness of ChAdOx1-S should be further examined with a longer follow-up and in the light of the circulation of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Bouillon
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Bérangère Baricault
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Jérémie Botton
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, Saint-Denis, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris-Saclay University, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Marie-Joëlle Jabagi
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Marion Bertrand
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Laura Semenzato
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Stéphane Le Vu
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Jérôme Drouin
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Rosemary Dray-Spira
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Alain Weill
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Mahmoud Zureik
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, Saint-Denis, France
- CESP-Inserm, Anti-infective evasion and pharmacoepidemiology, Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
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