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Areevijit K, Dhanesuan N, Luckanagul JA, Rungsiyanont S. Biocompatibility study of modified injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel with mannitol/BSA to alveolar bone cells. J Biomater Appl 2020; 35:1294-1303. [PMID: 33148100 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220971746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The quality and quantity of bone are crucial to the success of dental implant treatment. Recently, bone grafting materials have reached some limitations. This study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility of novel drug delivery material, injectable methacrylated hyaluronic acid hydrogel incorporated with different ratios of mannitol and BSA (Man/BSA MeHA), to human alveolar bone cells. The three-dimensionally encapsulated cell culture was evaluated with the resazurin cell viability test, alkaline phosphatase activity assay, immunohistochemistry test for collagen type-I synthesis, and cell morphology. The results showed that the encapsulated cells were viable in all four ratios of Man/BSA MeHA hydrogel and the average metabolic rate was not less than the control group. The morphology test showed round shape cells at the upper portion of the hydrogel and fibroblast-like or polygonal shape at the lower portion of hydrogel next to the culture plate. All four groups could express enzyme alkaline phosphatase and collagen type-I. In conclusion, four ratios of Man/BSA MeHA hydrogel were biocompatible with primary human alveolar bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanhatai Areevijit
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nirada Dhanesuan
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jittima Amie Luckanagul
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Biomaterial Engineering for Medical and Health Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorasun Rungsiyanont
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
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KIM J, KIGAMI H, ADACHI T. Characterization of self-organized osteocytic spheroids using mouse osteoblast-like cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1299/jbse.20-00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun KIM
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Hiroyuki KIGAMI
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
| | - Taiji ADACHI
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
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Inglis S, Kanczler JM, Oreffo ROC. 3D human bone marrow stromal and endothelial cell spheres promote bone healing in an osteogenic niche. FASEB J 2018; 33:3279-3290. [PMID: 30403537 PMCID: PMC6404559 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801114r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current study used an ex vivo [embryonic day (E)18] chick femur defect model to examine the bone regenerative capacity of implanted 3-dimensional (3D) skeletal–endothelial cell constructs. Human bone marrow stromal cell (HBMSC) and HUVEC spheroids were implanted within a bone defect site to determine the osteogenic potential of the skeletal–endothelial cell unit. Cells were pelleted as co- or monocell spheroids and placed within 1-mm-drill defects in the mid-diaphysis of E18 chick femurs and cultured organotypically for 10 d. Micro-computed tomography analysis revealed significantly (P = 0.0001) increased levels of bone volume (BV) and BV/tissue volume ratio in all cell-pellet groups compared with the sham defect group. The highest increase was seen in BV in femurs containing the HUVEC and HBMSC monocell constructs. Type II collagen expression was particularly pronounced within the cell spheres containing HBMSCs and HUVECs, and CD31-positive cell clusters were prominent within HUVEC-implanted defects. These studies demonstrate the importance of the 3D osteogenic-endothelial niche interaction in bone regeneration. Elucidating the component cell interactions in the osteogenic-vascular niche and the role of exogenous factors in driving these osteogenic processes will aid the development of better bone reparative strategies.—Inglis, S., Kanczler, J. M., Oreffo, R. O. C. 3D human bone marrow stromal and endothelial cell spheres promote bone healing in an osteogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Inglis
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells, and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Janos M Kanczler
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells, and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells, and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Shalumon KT, Kuo CY, Wong CB, Chien YM, Chen HA, Chen JP. Gelatin/Nanohyroxyapatite Cryogel Embedded Poly(lactic- co-glycolic Acid)/Nanohydroxyapatite Microsphere Hybrid Scaffolds for Simultaneous Bone Regeneration and Load-Bearing. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E620. [PMID: 30966654 PMCID: PMC6403993 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is desirable to combine load-bearing and bone regeneration capabilities in a single bone tissue engineering scaffold. For this purpose, we developed a high strength hybrid scaffold using a sintered poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/nanohydroxyapatite (nHAP) microsphere cavity fitted with gelatin/nHAP cryogel disks in the center. Osteo-conductive/osteo-inductive nHAP was incorporated in 250⁻500 μm PLGA microspheres at 40% (w/w) as the base matrix for the high strength cavity-shaped microsphere scaffold, while 20% (w/w) nHAP was incorporated into gelatin cryogels as an embedded core for bone regeneration purposes. The physico-chemical properties of the microsphere, cryogel, and hybrid scaffolds were characterized in detail. The ultimate stress and Young's modulus of the hybrid scaffold showed 25- and 21-fold increases from the cryogel scaffold. In vitro studies using rabbit bone marrow-derived stem cells (rBMSCs) in cryogel and hybrid scaffolds through DNA content, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineral deposition by SEM/EDS, showed the prominence of both scaffolds in cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs in a normal medium. Calcium contents analysis, immunofluorescent staining of collagen I (COL I), and osteocalcin (OCN) and relative mRNA expression of COL I, OCN and osteopontin (OPN) confirmed in vitro differentiation of rBMSCs in the hybrid scaffold toward the bone lineage. From compression testing, the cell/hybrid scaffold construct showed a 1.93 times increase of Young's modulus from day 14 to day 28, due to mineral deposition. The relative mRNA expression of osteogenic marker genes COL I, OCN, and OPN showed 5.5, 18.7, and 7.2 folds increase from day 14 to day 28, respectively, confirming bone regeneration. From animal studies, the rBMSCs-seeded hybrid constructs could repair mid-diaphyseal tibia defects in rabbits, as evaluated by micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) and histological analyses. The hybrid scaffold will be useful for bone regeneration in load-bearing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Shalumon
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Yi Kuo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Chak-Bor Wong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Miao Chien
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Huai-An Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Tai-Shan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
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Ahn H, Patel RR, Hoyt AJ, Lin ASP, Torstrick FB, Guldberg RE, Frick CP, Carpenter RD, Yakacki CM, Willett NJ. Biological evaluation and finite-element modeling of porous poly(para-phenylene) for orthopaedic implants. Acta Biomater 2018; 72:352-361. [PMID: 29563069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(para-phenylene) (PPP) is a novel aromatic polymer with higher strength and stiffness than polyetheretherketone (PEEK), the gold standard material for polymeric load-bearing orthopaedic implants. The amorphous structure of PPP makes it relatively straightforward to manufacture different architectures, while maintaining mechanical properties. PPP is promising as a potential orthopaedic material; however, the biocompatibility and osseointegration have not been well investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate biological and mechanical behavior of PPP, with or without porosity, in comparison to PEEK. We examined four specific constructs: 1) solid PPP, 2) solid PEEK, 3) porous PPP and 4) porous PEEK. Pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3) exhibited similar cell proliferation among the materials. Osteogenic potential was significantly increased in the porous PPP scaffold as assessed by ALP activity and calcium mineralization. In vivo osseointegration was assessed by implanting the cylindrical materials into a defect in the metaphysis region of rat tibiae. Significantly more mineral ingrowth was observed in both porous scaffolds compared to the solid scaffolds, and porous PPP had a further increase compared to porous PEEK. Additionally, porous PPP implants showed bone formation throughout the porous structure when observed via histology. A computational simulation of mechanical push-out strength showed approximately 50% higher interfacial strength in the porous PPP implants compared to the porous PEEK implants and similar stress dissipation. These data demonstrate the potential utility of PPP for orthopaedic applications and show improved osseointegration when compared to the currently available polymeric material. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE PEEK has been widely used in orthopaedic surgery; however, the ability to utilize PEEK for advanced fabrication methods, such as 3D printing and tailored porosity, remain challenging. We present a promising new orthopaedic biomaterial, Poly(para-phenylene) (PPP), which is a novel class of aromatic polymers with higher strength and stiffness than polyetheretherketone (PEEK). PPP has exceptional mechanical strength and stiffness due to its repeating aromatic rings that provide strong anti-rotational biaryl bonds. Furthermore, PPP has an amorphous structure making it relatively easier to manufacture (via molding or solvent-casting techniques) into different geometries with and without porosity. This ability to manufacture different architectures and use different processes while maintaining mechanical properties makes PPP a very promising potential orthopaedic biomaterial which may allow for closer matching of mechanical properties between the host bone tissue while also allowing for enhanced osseointegration. In this manuscript, we look at the potential of porous and solid PPP in comparison to PEEK. We measured the mechanical properties of PPP and PEEK scaffolds, tested these scaffolds in vitro for osteocompatibility with MC3T3 cells, and then tested the osseointegration and subsequent functional integration in vivo in a metaphyseal drill hole model in rat tibia. We found that PPP permits cell adhesion, growth, and mineralization in vitro. In vivo it was found that porous PPP significantly enhanced mineralization into the construct and increased the mechanical strength required to push out the scaffold in comparison to PEEK. This is the first study to investigate the performance of PPP as an orthopaedic biomaterial in vivo. PPP is an attractive material for orthopaedic implants due to the ease of manufacturing and superior mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee Ahn
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; The Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center Atlanta, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Ravi R Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Anthony J Hoyt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Angela S P Lin
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F Brennan Torstrick
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carl P Frick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - R Dana Carpenter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Nick J Willett
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; The Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center Atlanta, Decatur, GA, USA.
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Hao S, Ha L, Cheng G, Wan Y, Xia Y, Sosnoski DM, Mastro AM, Zheng SY. A Spontaneous 3D Bone-On-a-Chip for Bone Metastasis Study of Breast Cancer Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1702787. [PMID: 29399951 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis occurs at ≈70% frequency in metastatic breast cancer. The mechanisms used by tumors to hijack the skeleton, promote bone metastases, and confer therapeutic resistance are poorly understood. This has led to the development of various bone models to investigate the interactions between cancer cells and host bone marrow cells and related physiological changes. However, it is challenging to perform bone studies due to the difficulty in periodic sampling. Herein, a bone-on-a-chip (BC) is reported for spontaneous growth of a 3D, mineralized, collagenous bone tissue. Mature osteoblastic tissue of up to 85 µm thickness containing heavily mineralized collagen fibers naturally formed in 720 h without the aid of differentiation agents. Moreover, co-culture of metastatic breast cancer cells is examined with osteoblastic tissues. The new bone-on-a-chip design not only increases experimental throughput by miniaturization, but also maximizes the chances of cancer cell interaction with bone matrix of a concentrated surface area and facilitates easy, frequent observation. As a result, unique hallmarks of breast cancer bone colonization, previously confirmed only in vivo, are observed. The spontaneous 3D BC keeps the promise as a physiologically relevant model for the in vitro study of breast cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Hao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Penn State Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Laura Ha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Penn State Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Penn State Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yuan Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Penn State Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yiqiu Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Penn State Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Donna M Sosnoski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrea M Mastro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Micro & Nano Integrated Biosystem (MINIBio) Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Penn State Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Fawcett SA, Curran JM, Chen R, Rhodes NP, Murphy MF, Wilson P, Ranganath L, Dillon JP, Gallagher JA, Hunt JA. Defining the Properties of an Array of -NH 2-Modified Substrates for the Induction of a Mature Osteoblast/Osteocyte Phenotype from a Primary Human Osteoblast Population Using Controlled Nanotopography and Surface Chemistry. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 100:95-106. [PMID: 27796463 PMCID: PMC5214888 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Accelerating the integration of a joint replacement or the healing of a bone fracture, particularly a complicated non-union fracture, would improve patient welfare and decrease healthcare costs. Currently, an autologous bone graft is the gold standard method for the treatment of complicated non-union fractures, but it is not always possible to harvest such a graft. A proactive highly inductive so-called smart material approach is pertinent in these cases. In this study, the surface chemistry of a previously approved material with desirable bulk material properties was modified to investigate its potential as an economical and effective alternative. The objective was to create stable synthetic chemical coatings that could guide cells along the osteogenic lineage required to generate mineralised tissue that would induce and accelerate bone healing. Primary human osteoblast-like cells were cultured in vitro for 7, 14 and 28 days on amine-terminated (chain length in the range 3-11) silane-modified glass surfaces with controlled nanotopography, to determine how surface chemistry and nanotopography change osteoblast function. The materials were characterised using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle (WCA) and a novel ninhydrin assay. The cells were analysed using qRT-PCR, von Kossa tinctural staining for mineralisation, and visualised using both transmitted white light and electron microscopy. Bone-like nodules, quantified using microscopy, only formed on the short-chain (chain length 3 and 4) amines after 7 days, as did the up-regulation of sclerostin, suggestive of a more mature osteoblast phenotype. In this paper, we report more rapid nodule formation than has previously been observed, without the addition of exogenous factors in the culture medium. This suggests that the coating would improve the integration of implants with bone or be the basis of a smart biomaterial that would accelerate the bone regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Fawcett
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Judith M Curran
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Harrison Hughes Building, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK
| | - Rui Chen
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Nicholas P Rhodes
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Mark F Murphy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L33AF, UK
| | - Peter Wilson
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Lakshminarayan Ranganath
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Jane P Dillon
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - James A Gallagher
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - John A Hunt
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
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Çelik E, Bayram C, Akçapınar R, Türk M, Denkbaş EB. Calcified and mechanically debilitated three-dimensional hydrogel environment induces hypertrophic trend in chondrocytes. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911516633894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the main focus on tissue engineering strategies is to mimic the extracellular matrix of the related tissues. Many studies accomplished to build tissue scaffolds to act as the natural surroundings of the specific interest, which can be established to behave like either healthy or unhealthy tissues. The latter one of these conditions is a quite new approach and crucial for the design of three-dimensional in vitro disease models. This study investigates the potential of a composite scaffold consisting hydroxyapatite-integrated fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl diphenylalanine hydrogels by focusing on the optimization of this hybrid scaffold for the development of an in vitro model of degenerative cartilage. Cell growth, chondrocyte proliferation, extracellular matrix production, hypertrophy marker monitoring, scaffold mechanical properties, and morphological analysis were evaluated. Fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl diphenylalanine dipeptides were dissolved in null cell culture media and pH decreased sequentially to compel peptides to self-organize into fibrous hydrogel scaffolds. Nano-hydroxyapatite crystals were incorporated into fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl diphenylalanine hydrogels during the gelation to investigate the effect on chondrocytes. It is observed that hydroxyapatite incorporation into peptide hydrogels significantly increased the alkaline phosphatase activity and assymetrical cell divisions, which is appraised as an outcome of chondrocyte hypertrophy. It is concluded that chondrocytes develop a hypertrophic potential when they are cultured in a media with nano-hydroxyapatites in a three-dimensional cell culture matrix mimicking the extracellular matrix conditions of degenerative cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Çelik
- Bioengineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cem Bayram
- Advanced Technologies Research and Application Center, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rümeysa Akçapınar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Türk
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Emir Baki Denkbaş
- Bioengineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Maharana T, Pattanaik S, Routaray A, Nath N, Sutar AK. Synthesis and characterization of poly(lactic acid) based graft copolymers. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Deegan AJ, Aydin HM, Hu B, Konduru S, Kuiper JH, Yang Y. A facile in vitro model to study rapid mineralization in bone tissues. Biomed Eng Online 2014; 13:136. [PMID: 25224355 PMCID: PMC4228101 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-13-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mineralization in bone tissue involves stepwise cell-cell and cell-ECM interaction. Regulation of osteoblast culture microenvironments can tailor osteoblast proliferation and mineralization rate, and the quality and/or quantity of the final calcified tissue. An in vitro model to investigate the influencing factors is highly required. Methods We developed a facile in vitro model in which an osteoblast cell line and aggregate culture (through the modification of culture well surfaces) were used to mimic intramembranous bone mineralization. The effect of culture environments including culture duration (up to 72 hours for rapid mineralization study) and aggregates size (monolayer culture as control) on mineralization rate and mineral quantity/quality were examined by osteogenic gene expression (PCR) and mineral markers (histological staining, SEM-EDX and micro-CT). Results Two size aggregates (on average, large aggregates were 745 μm and small 79 μm) were obtained by the facile technique with high yield. Cells in aggregate culture generated visible and quantifiable mineralized matrix within 24 hours, whereas cells in monolayer failed to do so by 72 hours. The gene expression of important ECM molecules for bone formation including collagen type I, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin, varied temporally, differed between monolayer and aggregate cultures, and depended on aggregate size. Monolayer specimens stayed in a proliferation phase for the first 24 hours, and remained in matrix synthesis up to 72 hours; whereas the small aggregates were in the maturation phase for the first 24 and 48 hour cultures and then jumped to a mineralization phase at 72 hours. Large aggregates were in a mineralization phase at all these three time points and produced 36% larger bone nodules with a higher calcium content than those in the small aggregates after just 72 hours in culture. Conclusions This study confirms that aggregate culture is sufficient to induce rapid mineralization and that aggregate size determines the mineralization rate. Mineral content depended on aggregate size and culture duration. Thus, our culture system may provide a good model to study regulation factors at different development phases of the osteoblastic lineage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1475-925X-13-136) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ying Yang
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
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11
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Enhanced osteoblastogenesis in three-dimensional collagen gels. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:560. [PMID: 25120910 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Growth and differentiation of osteoblasts are often studied in cell cultures. In vivo, however, osteoblasts are embedded within a complex three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment, which bears little relation to standard culture flasks. Our study characterizes osteoblast-like cells cultured in 3D collagen gels and compares them with cells in two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Primary rat osteoblasts and MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded within type I collagen gels, and differentiation was determined by mineral staining and gene expression analysis. Cells growing in 3D gels showed positive mineral staining and induction of osteoblast marker genes earlier than cells growing in 2D. A number of genes, including osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, alkaline phosphatase and dentin matrix protein 1, were already highly upregulated in 3D cultures 24 h after seeding. The early expression of osteoblast genes was dependent on the 3D structure and was not induced in cells growing on collagen-coated dishes in 2D. Comparison of thymidine incorporation between cells in 3D and 2D cultures treated with agents that induce proliferation-transforming growth factor β, platelet-derived growth factor and lactoferrin-showed a much greater response in 3D gels. Cells in 3D cultures were also much more sensitive to inhibition of proliferation by the protein kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate. The 3D collagen gels better represent the physiological bone environment and offer a number of technical advantages for the study of osteoblasts in vitro. These studies have additional practical implications as 3D collagen gels are considered as a scaffold material in regenerative medicine for the repair of bone defects.
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12
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Altmann B, Löchner A, Swain M, Kohal RJ, Giselbrecht S, Gottwald E, Steinberg T, Tomakidi P. Differences in morphogenesis of 3D cultured primary human osteoblasts under static and microfluidic growth conditions. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3208-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Sart S, Tsai AC, Li Y, Ma T. Three-dimensional aggregates of mesenchymal stem cells: cellular mechanisms, biological properties, and applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:365-80. [PMID: 24168395 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are primary candidates in cell therapy and tissue engineering and are being tested in clinical trials for a wide range of diseases. Originally isolated and expanded as plastic adherent cells, MSCs have intriguing properties of in vitro self-assembly into three-dimensional (3D) aggregates reminiscent of skeletal condensation in vivo. Recent studies have shown that MSC 3D aggregation improved a range of biological properties, including multilineage potential, secretion of therapeutic factors, and resistance against ischemic condition. Hence, the formation of 3D MSC aggregates has been explored as a novel strategy to improve cell delivery, functional activation, and in vivo retention to enhance therapeutic outcomes. This article summarizes recent reports of MSC aggregate self-assembly, characterization of biological properties, and their applications in preclinical models. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying MSC aggregate formation and functional activation are discussed, and the areas that warrant further investigation are highlighted. These analyses are combined to provide perspectives for identifying the controlling mechanisms and refining the methods of aggregate fabrication and expansion for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sart
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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Clarke MS, Sundaresan A, Vanderburg CR, Banigan MG, Pellis NR. A three-dimensional tissue culture model of bone formation utilizing rotational co-culture of human adult osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7908-16. [PMID: 23664885 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Living bone is a complex, three-dimensional composite material consisting of numerous cell types spatially organized within a mineralized extracellular matrix. To date, mechanistic investigation of the complex cellular level cross-talk between the major bone-forming cells involved in the response of bone to mechanical and biochemical stimuli has been hindered by the lack of a suitable in vitro model that captures the "coupled" nature of this response. Using a novel rotational co-culture approach, we have generated large (>4mm diameter), three-dimensional mineralized tissue constructs from a mixture of normal human primary osteoblast and osteoclast precursor cells without the need for any exogenous osteoconductive scaffolding material that might interfere with such cell-cell interactions. Mature, differentiated bone constructs consist of an outer region inhabited by osteoclasts and osteoblasts and a central region containing osteocytes encased in a self-assembled, porous mineralized extracellular matrix. Bone constructs exhibit morphological, mineral and biochemical features similar to remodeling human trabecular bone, including the expression of mRNA for SOST, BGLAP, ACP5, BMP-2, BMP-4 and BMP-7 within the construct and the secretion of BMP-2 protein into the medium. This "coupled" model of bone formation will allow the future investigation of various stimuli on the process of normal bone formation/remodeling as it relates to the cellular function of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes in the generation of human mineralized tissue.
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Dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP-1) is a marker of bone-forming tumours. Virchows Arch 2013; 462:583-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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West NX, Lussi A, Seong J, Hellwig E. Scaffold-free microtissues: differences from monolayer cultures and their potential in bone tissue engineering. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 17:9-17. [PMID: 22695872 PMCID: PMC3585766 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cell-based therapies for bone augmentation after tooth loss and for the treatment of periodontal defects improve healing defects. Usually, osteogenic cells or stem cells are cultivated in 2D primary cultures, before they are combined with scaffold materials, even though this means a loss of the endogenous 3D microenvironment for the cells. Moreover, the use of single-cell suspensions for the inoculation of scaffolds or for the direct application into an area of interest has the disadvantages of low initial cell numbers and susceptibility to unwanted cellular distribution, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS We addressed the question whether an alternative to monolayer cultures, namely 3D microtissues, has the potential to improve osteogenic tissue engineering and its clinical outcome. RESULTS By contrast, to monolayer cultures, osteogenic differentiation of 3D microtissues is enhanced by mimicking in vivo conditions. It seems that the osteogenic differentiation in microtissues is enhanced by strong integrin-extracellular matrix interaction and by stronger autocrine BMP2 signaling. Moreover, microtissues are less prone to wash out by body fluids and allow the precise administration of large cell numbers. CONCLUSION Microtissue cultures have closer characteristics with cells in vivo and their enhanced osteogenic differentiation makes scaffold-free microtissues a promising concept in osteogenic tissue engineering. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Microtissues are particularly suitable for tissue engineering because they improve seeding efficiency of biomaterials by increasing the cell load of a scaffold. This results in accelerated osteogenic tissue formation and could contribute to earlier implant stability in mandibular bone augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. X. West
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - A. Lussi
- />Department of Operative Dentistry, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J. Seong
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - E. Hellwig
- />Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital Dentistry, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Nguyen LTH, Liao S, Chan CK, Ramakrishna S. Enhanced osteogenic differentiation with 3D electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1561-75. [PMID: 22709343 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Developing 3D scaffolds mimicking the nanoscale structure of the native extracellular matrix is important in tissue regeneration. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the novelty of 3D nanofibrous scaffolds and compare their efficiency with 2D nanofibrous scaffolds. MATERIALS & METHODS The 2D poly(L-lactic acid)/collagen nanofibrous scaffolds were 2D meshes fabricated by the conventional electrospinning technique, whereas the 3D poly(L-lactic acid)/collagen nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated by a modified electrospinning technique using a dynamic liquid support system. The morphology, proliferation and differentiation abilities of human mesenchymal stem cells in osteogenic medium on both scaffolds were investigated. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Compared with the 2D scaffolds, the 3D scaffolds significantly increased the expression of osteoblastic genes of the stem cells as well as the formation of bone minerals. In addition, the scanning electron microscopic and micro-computed tomographic images showed the dense deposition of bone minerals aligned along the nanofibers of the 3D scaffolds after 14 and 28 days cultured with the mesenchymal stem cells. As such, the 3D electrospun poly(L-lactic acid)/collagen nanofibrous scaffold is a novel bone graft substitute for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luong T H Nguyen
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore.
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18
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West NX, Lussi A, Seong J, Hellwig E. Scaffold-free microtissues: differences from monolayer cultures and their potential in bone tissue engineering. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17 Suppl 1:S9-19. [PMID: 22695872 PMCID: PMC3585766 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The paper’s aim is to review dentin hypersensitivity (DHS), discussing pain mechanisms and aetiology. Materials and methods Literature was reviewed using search engines with MESH terms, DH pain mechanisms and aetiology (including abrasion, erosion and periodontal disease). Results The many hypotheses proposed for DHS attest to our lack of knowledge in understanding neurophysiologic mechanisms, the most widely accepted being the hydrodynamic theory. Dentin tubules must be patent from the oral environment to the pulp. Dentin exposure, usually at the cervical margin, is due to a variety of processes involving gingival recession or loss of enamel, predisposing factors being periodontal disease and treatment, limited alveolar bone, thin biotype, erosion and abrasion. Conclusions The current pain mechanism of DHS is thought to be the hydrodynamic theory. The initiation and progression of DHS are influenced by characteristics of the teeth and periodontium as well as the oral environment and external influences. Risk factors are numerous often acting synergistically and always influenced by individual susceptibility. Clinical relevance Whilst the pain mechanism of DHS is not well understood, clinicians need to be mindful of the aetiology and risk factors in order to manage patients’ pain and expectations and prevent further dentin exposure with subsequent sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. X. West
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - A. Lussi
- />Department of Operative Dentistry, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J. Seong
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - E. Hellwig
- />Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital Dentistry, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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19
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Maraldi T, Riccio M, Resca E, Pisciotta A, La Sala GB, Ferrari A, Bruzzesi G, Motta A, Migliaresi C, Marzona L, De Pol A. Human amniotic fluid stem cells seeded in fibroin scaffold produce in vivo mineralized matrix. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2833-43. [PMID: 21864161 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the potential of amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) to synthesize mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM) within different porous scaffolds of collagen, poly-D,L-lactic acid (PDLLA), and silk fibroin. The AFSCs were initially differentiated by using an osteogenic medium in two-dimensional culture, and expression of specific bone proteins and the physiologic mineral production by the AFSCs were analyzed. In particular, during differentiation process, AFSCs expressed proteins like Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), Osterix, Osteopontin, and Osteocalcin with a sequential expression, analogous to those occurring during osteoblast differentiation, and produced extracellular calcium stores. AFSCs were then cultured on three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds and evaluated for their ability to differentiate into osteoblastic cells in vivo. Stem cells were cultured in vitro for 1 week in collagen, fibroin, and PDLLA scaffolds. The effect of predifferentiation of the stem cells in scaffolds on the subsequent bone formation in vivo was determined in a rat subcutaneous model. With the addition of a third dimension, osteogenic differentiation and mineralized ECM production by AFSCs were significantly higher. This study demonstrated the strong potential of AFSCs to produce 3D mineralized bioengineered constructs in vivo and suggests that fibroin may be an effective scaffold material for functional repair of critical size bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Laboratories, Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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20
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Liao HT, Chen CT, Chen JP. Osteogenic Differentiation and Ectopic Bone Formation of Canine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Injectable Thermo-Responsive Polymer Hydrogel. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:1139-49. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Tsung Liao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Traumatic Plastic Surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Tzung Chen
- Division of Traumatic Plastic Surgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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21
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Altmann B, Steinberg T, Giselbrecht S, Gottwald E, Tomakidi P, Bächle-Haas M, Kohal RJ. Promotion of osteoblast differentiation in 3D biomaterial micro-chip arrays comprising fibronectin-coated poly(methyl methacrylate) polycarbonate. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8947-56. [PMID: 21868090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to the architecture of solid body tissues including bone, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro microenvironments appear favorable, since herein cell growth proceeds under more physiological conditions compared to conventional 2D systems. In the present study we show that a 3D microenvironment comprising a fibronectin-coated PMMA/PC-based micro-chip promotes differentiation of primary human osteoblasts as reflected by the densely-packed 3D bone cell aggregates and expression of biomarkers indicating osteoblast differentiation. Morphogenesis and fluorescence dye-based live/dead staining revealed homogenous cell coverage of the microcavities of the chip array, whereat cells showed high viability up to 14 days. Moreover, Azur II staining proved formation of uniform sized multilayered aggregates, exhibiting progressive intracellular deposition of extracellular bone matrix constituents comprising fibronectin, osteocalcin and osteonectin from day 7 on. Compared to 2D monolayers, osteoblasts grown in the 3D chip environment displayed differential mostly higher gene expression for osteocalcin, osteonectin, and alkaline phosphatase, while collagen type I remained fairly constant in both culture environments. Our results indicate that the 3D microenvironment, based on the PMMA biomaterial chip array promotes osteoblast differentiation, and hereby renders a promising tool for tissue-specific in vitro preconditioning of osteoblasts designated for clinically-oriented bone augmentation or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Altmann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Marí-Buyé N, Semino CE. Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in self-assembling peptide scaffolds. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 690:217-237. [PMID: 21042996 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-962-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe the capacity of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells in a three-dimensional (3D) self-assembling peptide scaffold, a synthetic nanofiber biomaterial with future applications in regenerative medicine. We have previously demonstrated that classical tissue cultures (two-dimensional) as well as 3D-systems promoted differentiation of mESCs into cells with an osteoblast-like phenotype expressing osteopontin (OPN) and collagen type I (Col I), as well as high alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos) activity and calcium phosphate mineralization. Interestingly, in 3D self-assembling peptide scaffold cultures, the frequency of appearance of embryonic stem-cell-like colonies was substantially enhanced, suggesting that this particular 3D microenvironment promoted the generation of a stem-cell-like niche that allows the maintenance of a small pool of undifferentiated cells. We propose that the 3D system provides a unique microenvironment permissive to promote differentiation of mESCs into osteoblast-like cells while maintaining its regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Marí-Buyé
- Department of Bioengineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Riccio M, Resca E, Maraldi T, Pisciotta A, Ferrari A, Bruzzesi G, De Pol A. Human dental pulp stem cells produce mineralized matrix in 2D and 3D cultures. Eur J Histochem 2010; 54:e46. [PMID: 21263745 PMCID: PMC3167326 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2010.e46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in 2D cultures and 3D biomaterials. DPSCs, separated from dental pulp by enzymatic digestion, and isolated by magnetic cell sorting were differentiated toward osteogenic lineage on 2D surface by using an osteogenic medium. During the differentiation process, DPSCs express specific bone proteins like Runx-2, Osx, OPN and OCN with a sequential expression, analogous to those occurring during osteoblast differentiation, and produce extracellular calcium deposits. In order to differentiate cells in a 3D space that mimes the physiological environment, DPSCs were cultured in two distinct bioscaffolds, Matrigel™ and Collagen sponge. With the addition of a third dimension, osteogenic differentiation and mineralized extracellular matrix production significantly improved. In particular, in Matrigel™ DPSCs differentiated with osteoblast/osteocyte characteristics and connected by gap junction, and therefore formed calcified nodules with a 3D intercellular network. Furthermore, DPSCs differentiated in collagen sponge actively secrete human type I collagen micro-fibrils and form calcified matrix containing trabecular-like structures. These neo-formed DPSCs-scaffold devices may be used in regenerative surgical applications in order to resolve pathologies and traumas characterized by critical size bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Riccio
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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24
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Burns JS, Rasmussen PL, Larsen KH, Schrøder HD, Kassem M. Parameters in three-dimensional osteospheroids of telomerized human mesenchymal (stromal) stem cells grown on osteoconductive scaffolds that predict in vivo bone-forming potential. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2331-42. [PMID: 20196644 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in monolayer culture is artefactual, lacking an organized bone-like matrix. We present a highly reproducible microwell protocol generating three-dimensional ex vivo multicellular aggregates of telomerized hMSC (hMSC-telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT)) with improved mimicry of in vivo tissue-engineered bone. In osteogenic induction medium the hMSC were transitioned with time-dependent specification toward the osteoblastic lineage characterized by production of alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, osteonectin, and osteocalcin. Introducing a 1-2 mm(3) crystalline hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold generated osteospheroids with upregulated gene expression of transcription factors RUNX2/CBFA1, Msx-2, and Dlx-5. An organized lamellar bone-like collagen matrix, evident by birefringence of polarized light, was deposited in the scaffold concavities. Here, mature osteoblasts stained positively for differentiated osteoblast markers TAZ, biglycan, osteocalcin, and phospho-AKT. Quantification of collagen birefringence and relatively high expression of genes for matrix proteins, including type I collagen, biglycan, decorin, lumican, elastin, microfibrillar-associated proteins (MFAP2 and MFAP5), periostin, and tetranectin, in vitro correlated predictively with in vivo bone formation. The three-dimensional hMSC-TERT/hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate osteospheroid cultures in osteogenic induction medium recapitulated many characteristics of in vivo bone formation, providing a highly reproducible and resourceful platform for improved in vitro modeling of osteogenesis and refinement of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S Burns
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital and Medical Biotechnology Center, Odense, Denmark
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25
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Upregulation of bone-like extracellular matrix expression in human dental pulp stem cells by mechanical strain. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Hydrogel/calcium phosphate composites require specific properties for three-dimensional culture of human bone mesenchymal cells. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2932-9. [PMID: 20152947 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To provide multipotent cells with a three-dimensional environment closer to bone matrix, an engineered construct mimicking bone components has been designed and evaluated. A biocompatible hydrogel (silated hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose) was used as an extra-cellular matrix while biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic particles were used to replace mineralized matrix. Finally, human bone mesenchymal cells were cultured in three dimensions in the resulting constructs to study their cell viability, proliferation, interactions within the composites, and maintenance of their osteogenic potential. This approach resulted in homogeneous structures in which cells were viable and retained their osteoblastic differentiation potential. However, the cells did not proliferate nor colonize the constructs, possibly because of a lack of suitable interactions with their micro-environment.
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27
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Gallego L, Junquera L, García E, García V, Álvarez-Viejo M, Costilla S, Fresno MF, Meana Á. Repair of Rat Mandibular Bone Defects by Alveolar Osteoblasts in a Novel Plasma-Derived Albumin Scaffold. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:1179-87. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gallego
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cabueñes Hospital, Gijón, Spain
| | - Luis Junquera
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Central Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
- University of Medicine, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva García
- Tissue Engineering Research Unit, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - María Álvarez-Viejo
- Tissue Engineering Research Unit, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Transplant and Cell Therapy Unit, Central University Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Serafín Costilla
- University of Medicine, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Radiology, Central University Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Manuel F. Fresno
- University of Medicine, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Central University Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Álvaro Meana
- Tissue Engineering Research Unit, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Kawase T, Okuda K, Kogami H, Nakayama H, Nagata M, Yoshie H. Osteogenic activity of human periosteal sheets cultured on salmon collagen-coated ePTFE meshes. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:731-739. [PMID: 19834787 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Our animal implantation studies have demonstrated that, after osteogenic processing, cultured human periosteal sheets form osteoid tissue ectopically without the aid of conventional scaffolding materials. To improve the osteogenic activity of these periosteal sheets, we have tested the effects of including a scaffold made of salmon collagen-coated ePTFE mesh. Periosteal sheets were produced with minimal manipulation without enzymatic digestion. Outgrown cells penetrated into the coated mesh fiber networks to form complex multicellular layers and increased expression of alkaline phosphatase activity in response to the osteoinduction. In vitro mineralization was notably enhanced in the original tissue segment regions, but numerous micro-mineral deposits were also formed on the coated-fiber networks. When implanted subcutaneously into nude mice, periosteal sheets efficiently form osteoid around the mineral deposits. These findings suggest that the intricate three-dimensional mesh composed of collagen-coated fibers substantially augmented the osteogenic activity of human periosteal sheets both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kawase
- Division of Oral Bioengineering, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstitution, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, 951-8514, Niigata, Japan,
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29
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Altmann B, Welle A, Giselbrecht S, Truckenmüller R, Gottwald E. The famous versus the inconvenient - or the dawn and the rise of 3D-culture systems. World J Stem Cells 2009; 1:43-8. [PMID: 21607106 PMCID: PMC3097909 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v1.i1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest impacts on in vitro cell biology was the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) culture systems more than six decades ago and this era may be called the dawn of 3D-tissue culture. Although the advantages were obvious, this field of research was a "sleeping beauty" until the 1970s when multicellular spheroids were discovered as ideal tumor models. With this rebirth, organotypical culture systems became valuable tools and this trend continues to increase. While in the beginning, simple approaches, such as aggregation culture techniques, were favored due to their simplicity and convenience, now more sophisticated systems are used and are still being developed. One of the boosts in the development of new culture techniques arises from elaborate manufacturing and surface modification techniques, especially micro and nano system technologies that have either improved dramatically or have evolved very recently. With the help of these tools, it will soon be possible to generate even more sophisticated and more organotypic-like culture systems. Since 3D perfused or superfused systems are much more complex to set up and maintain compared to use of petri dishes and culture flasks, the added value of 3D approaches still needs to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Altmann
- Brigitte Altmann, Alexander Welle, Stefan Giselbrecht, Eric Gottwald, Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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30
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Altmann B, Welle A, Giselbrecht S, Truckenmüller R, Gottwald E. The famous versus the inconvenient - or the dawn and the rise of 3D-culture systems. World J Stem Cells 2009. [PMID: 21607106 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v1.i143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest impacts on in vitro cell biology was the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) culture systems more than six decades ago and this era may be called the dawn of 3D-tissue culture. Although the advantages were obvious, this field of research was a "sleeping beauty" until the 1970s when multicellular spheroids were discovered as ideal tumor models. With this rebirth, organotypical culture systems became valuable tools and this trend continues to increase. While in the beginning, simple approaches, such as aggregation culture techniques, were favored due to their simplicity and convenience, now more sophisticated systems are used and are still being developed. One of the boosts in the development of new culture techniques arises from elaborate manufacturing and surface modification techniques, especially micro and nano system technologies that have either improved dramatically or have evolved very recently. With the help of these tools, it will soon be possible to generate even more sophisticated and more organotypic-like culture systems. Since 3D perfused or superfused systems are much more complex to set up and maintain compared to use of petri dishes and culture flasks, the added value of 3D approaches still needs to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Altmann
- Brigitte Altmann, Alexander Welle, Stefan Giselbrecht, Eric Gottwald, Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Gallego L, Junquera L, Meana Á, Álvarez-Viejo M, Fresno M. Ectopic Bone Formation from Mandibular Osteoblasts Cultured in a Novel Human Serum-derived Albumin Scaffold. J Biomater Appl 2009; 25:367-81. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328209353643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ectopic bone formation using a novel serum-derived albumin scaffold and cultured human mandibular osteoblasts in nude mice. Osteoblasts were cultured with 10% human serum and plated in a novel spongy noncalcified protein scaffold prepared with plasmatic albumin crossed with a glutaraldehyde type agent. Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed a bone-like extracellular matrix and in vitro mineralization was confirmed by von Kossa staining. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation showed progression of mineralization in vivo. These results suggest the clinical feasibility of alveolar cells and albumin scaffold as a good alternative for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gallego
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cabueñes Hospital Gijón, Spain
| | - Luis Junquera
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Medicine, University Central Hospital, Oviedo, Spain,
| | - Álvaro Meana
- Tissue Engineering Research Unit, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Fresno
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine University Central Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
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Yang XZ, Sun TM, Dou S, Wu J, Wang YC, Wang J. Block Copolymer of Polyphosphoester and Poly(l-Lactic Acid) Modified Surface for Enhancing Osteoblast Adhesion, Proliferation, and Function. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2213-20. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900390k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zhu Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Meng Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Dou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cai Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
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Manduca P, Castagnino A, Lombardini D, Marchisio S, Soldano S, Ulivi V, Zanotti S, Garbi C, Ferrari N, Palmieri D. Role of MT1-MMP in the osteogenic differentiation. Bone 2009; 44:251-65. [PMID: 19027888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metalloproteinase MT1-MMP is induced and Pro-MMP-2 up modulated early in rat preosteoblasts (ROB) set to differentiate. We here show that the induction of MMPs, accompanied by activation of Pro-MMP-2, occurs by 6 h of adhesion on endogenous extracellular matrix (ECM), Fibronectin (FN) and Collagen type I (CI). These events do not occur after adhesion on Collagen III (CIII), Vitronectin (VN) or BSA. Within the first hour on inducing substrata or plastic, FAK is unchanged and ERK(1,2), is activated, but this activation is not sufficient for MT1-MMP induction. The function of p38 MAPK and PTKs is not required for the induction by substrata of MMPs. Six hours after plating preosteoblasts on MMP-inducing substrata, complexes of beta1 integrin with MT1-MMP are formed, that contain integrin dimers specifically engaged by the substratum, alpha4 and alpha5 chains for cells plated on FN, and alpha2 chain for cells plated on CI and ECM. Induction of MT1-MMP and its expression during osteogenesis pleiotropically regulate alkaline phosphatase (AP) expression. During differentiation, variant clones derived from preosteoblasts and MMPs-over-expressing osteoblasts show high MT1-MMP level associated with high AP level both persisting in time, while inhibition of MMPs is accompanied by inhibition of AP. Up or down modulation of AP, transcriptionally or by inhibition of the enzyme activity, has no effect on level or timing of expression of MT1-MMP and Pro-MMP-2. The persistence in expression of MT1-MMP during differentiation, and the associated persistence in expression of AP, as well as their inhibition, both impair the formation of nodules and mineral deposition. A transient pattern of expression of MT1-MMP is required for the establishment of nodules, and MT1-MMP decrease is permissive for nodule mineralization. The expression of AP is required for nodule formation and its level modulates the mineralization. MT1-MMP has multiple functions and is implicated in multiple steps of the differentiation process, acting to regulate homeostasis of the osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Manduca
- Genetics, DiBio, University of Genoa, 26, C. Europa, Genoa 16132, Italy.
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Ng AMH, Tan KK, Phang MY, Aziyati O, Tan GH, Isa MR, Aminuddin BS, Naseem M, Fauziah O, Ruszymah BHI. Differential osteogenic activity of osteoprogenitor cells on HA and TCP/HA scaffold of tissue engineered bone. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 85:301-12. [PMID: 17688285 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial, an essential component of tissue engineering, serves as a scaffold for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation; provides the three dimensional (3D) structure and, in some applications, the mechanical strength required for the engineered tissue. Both synthetic and naturally occurring calcium phosphate based biomaterial have been used as bone fillers or bone extenders in orthopedic and reconstructive surgeries. This study aims to evaluate two popular calcium phosphate based biomaterial i.e., hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite (TCP/HA) granules as scaffold materials in bone tissue engineering. In our strategy for constructing tissue engineered bone, human osteoprogenitor cells derived from periosteum were incorporated with human plasma-derived fibrin and seeded onto HA or TCP/HA forming 3D tissue constructs and further maintained in osteogenic medium for 4 weeks to induce osteogenic differentiation. Constructs were subsequently implanted intramuscularly in nude mice for 8 weeks after which mice were euthanized and constructs harvested for evaluation. The differential cell response to the biomaterial (HA or TCP/HA) adopted as scaffold was illustrated by the histology of undecalcified constructs and evaluation using SEM and TEM. Both HA and TCP/HA constructs showed evidence of cell proliferation, calcium deposition, and collagen bundle formation albeit lesser in the former. Our findings demonstrated that TCP/HA is superior between the two in early bone formation and hence is the scaffold material of choice in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M H Ng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
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Tian XF, Heng BC, Ge Z, Lu K, Rufaihah AJ, Fan VTW, Yeo JF, Cao T. Comparison of osteogenesis of human embryonic stem cells within 2D and 3D culture systems. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2008; 68:58-67. [PMID: 18224557 DOI: 10.1080/00365510701466416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the osteogenic potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) within two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) culture systems. hESCs of the H1 line (Wicell Inc., Madison, Wisc., USA) were induced to form embryoid bodies (EBs) through 5 days of suspension culture within non-adherent culture dishes. Following enzymatic dissociation, the EB-derived single cells were seeded on either novel 3D porous PLGA scaffolds or 2D culture dishes with the same total cell number. Osteogenic differentiation was induced through culture media supplemented with dexamethasone, L-ascorbic acid and beta-glycerophosphate. After 3 weeks of in vitro culture, quantitative and qualitative assays of osteogenic differentiation were conducted. Osteocalcin secretion and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities were detected at significantly higher levels within 3D culture compared with the 2D system. Subsequently, the cell-scaffold constructs were implanted in iliac crest defects of immunosuppressed rabbits. After 4 weeks, the constructs were subsequently explanted and characterized by histology and X-ray analysis. Formation of new bone was detected within and around the implanted scaffolds. The results demonstrate that the osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells is enhanced in a 3D culture system compared to a 2D culture environment. Upon implantation in situ, the differentiating human embryonic stem cells can contribute positively to the repair and regeneration of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-F Tian
- Department of Oral-Maxillo Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Applications of an athymic nude mouse model of nonhealing critical-sized calvarial defects. J Craniofac Surg 2008; 19:192-7. [PMID: 18216688 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e31815c93b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calvarial bone defects are a common clinical scenario in craniofacial surgery. Numerous approaches are used to reconstruct skull defects, and each possesses its own inherent disadvantages. This fact underscores the opportunity to develop a novel method to repair osseous defects in craniofacial surgery. Recent literature strongly suggests that cell-based therapies in the form of regenerative medicine may be a developing paradigm in reconstructive surgery. Although numerous studies have probed osteoprogenitor cells from mice, few have explored the biology of human cells in the setting of osteogenesis in an equally rigorous manner. This study proposes a nude mouse model of critical-sized calvarial defects to study the in vivo biology of human osteoprogenitor cells. Critical-sized 4.0-mm calvarial defects were created in nude mice (n = 15) with a custom trephine drill bit outfitted to a dental drill handpiece. During the craniotomy, the dura mater was spared from injury. Gross inspection, routine histology, and micro-computed tomographic scanning were performed at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks postoperatively. There was no calvarial healing in any of the animals by 16 weeks. The dura mater remained intact in all subjects. Gross, histologic, and radiographic assays confirmed these findings. Although several studies have implanted human osteoprogenitor cells in vivo in various animal models, few have documented the appropriate controls or conditions necessary to support the potential to translate benchtop findings into clinical applications. We propose in this study that the nude mouse critical-sized calvarial defect model will be valuable with increasing investigations with human osteoprogenitor cells.
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Na K, Kim SW, Sun BK, Woo DG, Yang HN, Chung HM, Park KH. Osteogenic differentiation of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells in thermo-reversible hydrogel constructs containing hydroxyapatite and bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2). Biomaterials 2007; 28:2631-7. [PMID: 17331575 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of ectopic bone formation in a three-dimensional hybrid scaffold in combination with hydroxyapatite (HA) and poly(NiPAAm-co-AAc) as an injectable vehicle in the form of a supporting matrix for the osteogenic differentiation of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in the hybrid scaffold was greatly influenced by the addition of growth factors. When the osteoinduction activity of hybrid scaffold was studied following implantation into the back subcutis of nude mouse in terms of histological and biochemical examinations, significantly homogeneous bone formation was histologically observed throughout the hybrid scaffolds containing growth factor (BMP-2: bone morphogenic protein-2). The level of alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin content at the implanted sites of hybrid scaffolds were significantly high for the perfusion group compared with those in static culture group. We conclude that combination of MSC-seeded hybrid scaffold containing BMP-2 was a promising method by which to enhance in vitro osteogenic differentiation of MSC and in vivo ectopic bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Na
- Division of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43-1 Yokkok2-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
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Tajima N, Sotome S, Marukawa E, Omura K, Shinomiya K. A three-dimensional cell-loading system using autologous plasma loaded into a porous β-tricalcium-phosphate block promotes bone formation at extraskeletal sites in rats. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2006.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Simão AMS, Beloti MM, Cezarino RM, Rosa AL, Pizauro JM, Ciancaglini P. Membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase from ectopic mineralization and rat bone marrow cell culture. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 146:679-87. [PMID: 16798036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells from rat bone marrow exhibit the proliferation-differentiation sequence of osteoblasts, form mineralized extracellular matrix in vitro and release alkaline phosphatase into the medium. Membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase was obtained by method that is easy to reproduce, simpler and fast when compared with the method used to obtain the enzyme from rat osseous plate. The membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase from cultures of rat bone marrow cells has a MW(r) of about 120 kDa and specific PNPP activity of 1200 U/mg. The ecto-enzyme is anchored to the plasma membrane by the GPI anchor and can be released by PIPLC (selective treatment) or polidocanol (0.2 mg/mL protein and 1% (w/v) detergent). The apparent optimum pH for PNPP hydrolysis by the enzyme was pH 10. This fraction hydrolyzes ATP (240 U/mg), ADP (350 U/mg), glucose 1-phosphate (1100 U/mg), glucose 6-phosphate (340 U/mg), fructose 6-phosphate (460 U/mg), pyrophosphate (330 U/mg) and beta-glycerophosphate (600 U/mg). Cooperative effects were observed for the hydrolysis of PPi and beta-glycerophosphate. PNPPase activity was inhibited by 0.1 mM vanadate (46%), 0.1 mM ZnCl2 (68%), 1 mM levamisole (66%), 1 mM arsenate (44%), 10 mM phosphate (21%) and 1 mM theophylline (72%). We report the biochemical characterization of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase obtained from rat bone marrow cells cultures, using a method that is simple, rapid and easy to reproduce. Its properties are compared with those of rat osseous plate enzyme and revealed that the alkaline phosphatase obtained has some kinetics and structural behaviors with higher levels of enzymatic activity, facilitating the comprehension of the mineralization process and its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria S Simão
- Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-FFCLRP-USP, Departamento de Química, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Hidaka M, Su GNC, Chen JKH, Mukaisho KI, Hattori T, Yamamoto G. Transplantation of engineered bone tissue using a rotary three-dimensional culture system. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2007; 43:49-58. [PMID: 17570019 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-006-9005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a complex, highly structured, mechanically active, three-dimensional (3-D) tissue composed of cellular and matrix elements. We previously published a report on in situ collagen gelation using a rotary 3-D culture system (CG-RC system) for the construction of large tissue specimens. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the feasibility of bone tissue engineering using our CG-RC system. Osteoblasts from the calvaria of newborn Wistar rats were cultured in the CG-RC system for up to 3 wk. The engineered 3-D tissues were implanted into the backs of nude mice and calvarial round bone defects in Wistar rats. Cell metabolic activity, mineralization, and bone-related proteins were measured in vitro in the engineered 3-D tissues. Also, the in vivo histological features of the transplanted, engineered 3-D tissues were evaluated in the animal models. We found that metabolic activity increased in the engineered 3-D tissues during cultivation, and that sufficient mineralization occurred during the 3 wk in the CG-RC system in vitro. One mo posttransplantation, the transplants to nude mice remained mineralized and were well invaded by host vasculature. Of particular interest, 2 mo posttransplantation, the transplants into the calvarial bone defects of rats were replaced by new mature bone. Thus, this study shows that large 3-D osseous tissue could be produced in vitro and that the engineered 3-D tissue had in vivo osteoinductive potential when transplanted into ectopic locations and into bone defects. Therefore, this system should be a useful model for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoko Hidaka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
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Garreta E, Genové E, Borrós S, Semino CE. Osteogenic differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts in a three-dimensional self-assembling peptide scaffold. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2215-27. [PMID: 16968162 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we studied the differentiation capacity of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells in a 3-dimensional (3D) self-assembling peptide scaffold, a synthetic nanofiber biomaterial with potential applications in regenerative medicine. We demonstrated that 2D and 3D systems promoted differentiation of mESCs into cells with an osteoblast-like phenotype consisting of osteopontin and collagen I marker expression, as well as high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium phosphate deposits. In 3D cultures the frequency of appearance of embryonic stem cell-like colonies was substantially greater, suggesting that the 3D microenvironment promoted the generation of a stem cell-like niche that allows undifferentiated stem cell maintenance. On the other hand, after MEFs were cultured in the 3D system with their regular growth medium, but not in the 2D system, they expressed osteopontin, up-regulated metalloproteinase activities, and acquired a distinct phenotype consisting of small, elongated cells with remaining mitotic activity. Furthermore, only 3D MEF cultures underwent osteoblast differentiation after osteogenic induction, based on matrix mineralization, collagen I synthesis, ALP activity, and expression of the osteoblast transcription factor Runx2, suggesting that the 3D environment promotes differentiation of MEFs into osteoblast-like cells. We propose that the 3D system provides a unique microenvironment that promotes differentiation of mESCs and MEFs into osteoblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Garreta
- Barcelona Bioengineering Center, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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Dhurjati R, Liu X, Gay CV, Mastro AM, Vogler EA. Extended-Term Culture of Bone Cells in a Compartmentalized Bioreactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:3045-54. [PMID: 17518620 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A specialized bioreactor is used to grow mineralizing, collagenous tissue up to 150 microm thick from an inoculum of isolated murine (mouse calvaria MC3T3-E1, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) CRL-2593) or human (hFOB 1.19 ATCC CRL-11372) fetal osteoblasts over uninterrupted culture periods longer than 120 days (4 months). Proliferation and phenotypic progression of an osteogenic-cell monolayer into a tissue consisting of 6 or more cell layers of mature osteoblasts in the bioreactor was compared with cell performance in conventional tissue-culture polystyrene (TCPS) controls. Cells in the bioreactor basically matched results obtained in TCPS over a 15-day culture interval, but loss of insoluble extracellular matrix and an approximate doubling of apoptosis rates in TCPS after 30 days indicated that progressive instability of cultures maintained in TCPS with periodic refeeding but without subculture. In contrast, stable cultures were maintained in the bioreactor for more than 120 days, suggesting that extended-term tissue maintenance is feasible with little or no special technique. Transmission electron microscopy ultramorphology of tissue derived from hFOB 1.19 recovered from the bioreactor after only 15 days of culture showed evidence of osteocytic-like processes and gap junctions between cells like those observed in vivo, in addition to elaboration of the usual osteoblastic markers such as alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization (alizarin red). Thus, the bioreactor design based on the principle of simultaneous growth and dialysis was shown to create an extraordinarily stable peri-cellular environment that better simulates the in vivo condition than conventional tissue culture. The bioreactor shows promise as a tool for the in vitro study of osteogenesis and osteopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Dhurjati
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Ellingsen JE, Thomsen P, Lyngstadaas SP. Advances in dental implant materials and tissue regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2006; 41:136-56. [PMID: 16686931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Eirik Ellingsen
- Oral Research Laboratory and Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Kurata K, Heino TJ, Higaki H, Väänänen HK. Bone marrow cell differentiation induced by mechanically damaged osteocytes in 3D gel-embedded culture. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:616-25. [PMID: 16598382 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osteocytes are suggested to have a crucial role in the initial resorptive phase of bone turnover after microdamage. To study the role of osteocytes in targeted remodeling, we developed an in vitro model, in which osteocytes can be locally damaged and their interactions with bone marrow cells studied. Our results show that the damaged osteocytes activate the osteoclast precursors by soluble factors and thus can control the initial phase of targeted remodeling. INTRODUCTION Microdamage in bone contributes to fractures and acts as a stimulus for bone remodeling. Besides the targeted remodeling, some remodeling may also be random to serve metabolic purposes. Osteocytes have been considered to provide a crucial role in the activation of osteoclastic bone resorption adjacent to the damaged site. This study was aimed to develop a relevant in vitro model of the targeted remodeling and to show that damaged osteocytes can induce the initial bone resorptive stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed a new device, in which osteocyte-like cell line MLO-Y4 cells were 3D cultured, subjected to local scratching, and assayed for cell viability. NIH3T3-3 cells were used as a control. Bone marrow cells were cultured on the top of the mechanically damaged MLO-Y4 cells, and the formation of TRACP+ cells was assayed. Additionally, the conditioned medium from scratched cultures was added to bone marrow cultures, and the TRACP activity in cell lysates was quantified. The macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and RANKL secretion in the conditioned medium was assayed by ELISA. RESULTS Scratching induced the death of MLO-Y4 cells. When bone marrow cells were cultured over the gel-embedded MLO-Y4 cells, the application of mechanical scratching induced TRACP+ cell differentiation on gel surface. The cells with TRACP+ could be observed in the very restricted region along the scratching path. Additionally, mechanically damaged osteocytes secreted M-CSF and RANKL, and the conditioned medium showed the potential to induce TRACP+ cells in bone marrow culture. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that soluble factors secreted from damaged osteocytes can locally induce and activate the initial phase of osteoclastic cell formation. This study directly shows the association between the damaged osteocytes and the initiation of resorptive stage in bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosaku Kurata
- Department of Biorobotics, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Pals K, Vankelecom H, Denef C. Triiodothyronine expands the lactotroph and maintains the lactosomatotroph population, whereas thyrotrophin-releasing hormone augments thyrotroph abundance in aggregate cell cultures of postnatal rat pituitary gland. J Neuroendocrinol 2006; 18:203-16. [PMID: 16454804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used a three-dimensional pituitary cell culture system from early postnatal rats to examine the in vitro developmental potential of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). Cell types were identified at the hormone mRNA level by single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and any change in abundance was further examined by immunofluorescence staining of the corresponding hormone protein. In aggregates from 14-day-old rats, long-term (12-16 days) treatment with T3 (0.5 nM) increased the abundance of cells expressing prolactin mRNA (PRLmRNA cells) by 2.5-fold and lowered that of nonhormonal cells and thyroid-stimulating hormone beta (TSHbeta)mRNA cells. The abundance of growth hormone (GH)mRNA cells decreased during culture compared to that in the freshly dispersed pituitary gland and T3 did not significantly affect this cell population. Cells coexpressing PRL mRNA and GH mRNA virtually disappeared during culture but reappeared in the presence of T3. T3 increased the abundance of PRL-immunoreactive (ir) cells in aggregates from 14-day-old rats, as well as in aggregates from newborn and 1-week-old rats. As estimated by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling, a 3-day treatment with T3 enhanced the number of PRL-ir cells that had incorporated BrdU, but did not yet expand the total population of PRL-ir cells. Long-term treatment with TRH (100 nM) did not affect the proportion of PRLmRNA or GHmRNA cells, but consistently increased the proportional number of TSHbeta(mRNA) and TSHbeta-ir cells. The present data confirm the findings obtained in recent in vivo loss of function genetic studies suggesting that T3 plays a prominent role in postnatal expansion of the lactotroph population and that TRH is important for thyrotroph development. The data suggest that the effect of T3 is brought about by a direct action on the pituitary gland through a cell proliferation mechanism. T3 also appears to support the lactosomatotroph population. In view of the established theory that lactotrophs develop from GH-expressing progenitor cells and that this is a post mitotic event, we propose that T3 is mitogenic for GHmRNA cells that lack GH-ir material and that transdifferentiate into PRL-ir cells, but that a pathway of PRL cell development from mitotic nonhormonal cell progenitors may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pals
- Laboratory of Cell Pharmacology, University of Leuven (K.U.Leuven), Medical School, Campus Gasthuisberg (O & N), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Lee J, Shanbhag S, Kotov NA. Inverted colloidal crystals as three-dimensional microenvironments for cellular co-cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b605797g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Edelman DB, Keefer EW. A cultural renaissance: in vitro cell biology embraces three-dimensional context. Exp Neurol 2005; 192:1-6. [PMID: 15698613 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, researchers are recognizing the limitations of two-dimensional (2-D), monolayer cell culture and embracing more realistic three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture systems. Currently, 3-D culture techniques are being employed by neuroscientists to grow cells from the central nervous system. From this work, it has become clear that 3-D cell culture offers a more realistic milieu in which the functional properties of neurons can be observed and manipulated in a manner that is not possible in vivo. The implications of this technical renaissance in cell culture for both clinical and basic neuroscience are significant and far-reaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Edelman
- The Neurosciences Institute, 10640 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Schieker M, Seitz S, Gülkan H, Nentwich M, Horvath G, Regauer M, Milz S, Mutschler W. Tissue Engineering von Knochen. DER ORTHOPADE 2004; 33:1354-60. [PMID: 15551050 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-004-0740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering opens up new ways for therapy of bone defects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a mouse model to investigate local cell growth of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) on the scaffold in vivo. Moreover, migration of cells to other organs should be excluded.hMSC (Cambrex, USA) were cultivated according to supplier's recommendations. After inoculation on cylindric scaffolds, one matrix cell construct and one scaffold without hMSC were implanted subcutaneously left and right paravertebrally in athymic nude mice. After 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks constructs and organs were harvested for immunohistological evaluation and PCR. In conclusion, we found integration of scaffolds loaded with hMSC implanted ectopically. HMSC seeded on 3D scaffolds survived for a period of up to 12 weeks. In addition, we could not detect hMSC in any other organ of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schieker
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik-Innenstadt, Klinikum der LMU München.
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Lieb E, Milz S, Vogel T, Hacker M, Dauner M, Schulz MB. Effects of Transforming Growth Factor β1 on Bonelike Tissue Formation in Three-Dimensional Cell Culture. I. Culture Conditions and Tissue Formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 10:1399-413. [PMID: 15588400 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2004.10.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering based on growing bone marrow stromal cells on poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) fiber meshes suffers from limited matrix production and mineralization when the cells are cultured with the standard differentiation supplements (dexamethasone, beta-glycerophosphate, and ascorbic acid). To overcome this problem we included transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), which is described as playing a key role in collagen type I formation, although its effect on mineralization is controversially discussed. The investigations focused on establishing culture conditions for the application of TGF-beta1 in three-dimensional cell culture and on the effects of different doses of TGF-beta1 (1-20 ng/mL) on bonelike extracellular matrix formation. Immunohistochemical staining showed that TGF-beta1 enhanced the formation of procollagen type I, collagen type I, and collagen type V, especially under dynamic culture conditions (orbital shaker). A long-term study confirmed positive effects on the formation of extracellular matrix, which penetrated the scaffold to a depth of 250 to 300 microm. Mineralization, qualified by scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and evaluated by determination of the Ca2+ content per scaffold, was up to 1.7-fold increased by TGF-beta1 compared with the control. In conclusion, the growth factor TGF-beta1 seems to be effective in improving extracellular bonelike matrix formation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lieb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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