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Mouilly M, El Midaoui A, El Hessni A. The Effects of Swallowing Disorders and Oral Malformations on Nutritional Status in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Nutrients 2022; 14:3658. [PMID: 36079915 PMCID: PMC9460917 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition plays an important role both from a nutrition and a socio-psychological point of view; this part seems to be even more crucial in cerebral palsy where undernutrition is responsible for an increase in morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of swallowing disorders and oral malformations on the nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy. We evaluated 65 patients aged 2 to 17 years using a cross-sectional, descriptive and observational approach. All patients had a definite diagnosis of cerebral palsy. The measurement of anthropometric variables (weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI) and circumferences) was performed according to recognized techniques and measurements. The Z-score was also calculated using the World Health Organization (WHO) references. The 5-level Gross Motor Function Classification System was used, providing a standardized classification of motor disability patterns for children with cerebral palsy. The population had a median age of 9.25 (4.50−16.00) and was about 53% female. Furthermore, 75% of the patients had a height inferior to 158 cm. The results of our study show that 42 (64.6%) had false routes, 17 (26.2%) had oral-facial malformations and 51 (78.5%) did not have lip prehensions during meals. The results also show that growth retardation is closely related to gross motor function with p = 0.01, as well as all nutritional indices (Z-score weight for age, Z-score height for age and Z-score BMI for age) are affected by swallowing disorders and oral malformations, with statistically significant values < 0.05. In conclusion, a preventive and curative management specific to this population of children with cerebral palsy must be implemented with an interdisciplinary concertation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Mouilly
- Departement of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknès, BP. 509 Boutalamine, Errachidia 52000, Morocco
| | - Adil El Midaoui
- Departement of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknès, BP. 509 Boutalamine, Errachidia 52000, Morocco
- Departement of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medecine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC 999040, Canada
| | - Aboubaker El Hessni
- Departement of Biology, Faculté des Sciences, Ibn Tofail University of Kénitra, Kénitra 14000, Morocco
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Costa A, Martin A, Arreola V, Riera SA, Pizarro A, Carol C, Serras L, Clavé P. Assessment of Swallowing Disorders, Nutritional and Hydration Status, and Oral Hygiene in Students with Severe Neurological Disabilities Including Cerebral Palsy. Nutrients 2021; 13:2413. [PMID: 34371923 PMCID: PMC8308512 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Special needs schools (SNS) educate children and young people with major neurological disabilities who are at high risk of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) and malnutrition (MN). We aimed to assess the prevalence of OD, MN, dehydration (DH), and oral health (OH) in students at an SNS. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at SNS L'Arboç, Catalonia, Spain. We assessed (a) demographics, health status, comorbidities, and gross motor function classification system (GMFCS), (b) swallowing function, oral-motor evaluation, masticatory capacity, and EDACS classification for eating and drinking abilities, (c) nutritional and DH status (anthropometry, bioimpedance and dietary records), and (d) OH (Oral Hygiene Index Simplified). RESULTS A total of 33 students (mean age 13.3 years; 39.4% level V of GMFCS) were included. Main diagnosis was cerebral palsy at 57.6%. All students presented OD, 90.6% had impaired safety, 68.7% were at levels II-III of EDACS, and 31.3% required PEG; furthermore, 89.3% had chronic MN, 21.4% had acute MN, 70% presented intracellular DH, and 83.9% presented impaired OH. CONCLUSION MN, DH, OD, and poor OH are highly prevalent conditions in students with cerebral palsy and other neurological disabilities and must be specifically managed through nutritional and educational strategies. The multidisciplinary team at SNS should include healthcare professionals specifically trained in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Costa
- Unitat d’Exploracions Funcionals Digestives CSdM-UAB, Hospital de Mataró, 08304 Mataró, Spain; (A.M.); (V.A.); (S.A.R.)
- Unitat de Dietètica i Nutrició, Hospital de Mataró, 08304 Mataró, Spain
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alberto Martin
- Unitat d’Exploracions Funcionals Digestives CSdM-UAB, Hospital de Mataró, 08304 Mataró, Spain; (A.M.); (V.A.); (S.A.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salut Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Viridiana Arreola
- Unitat d’Exploracions Funcionals Digestives CSdM-UAB, Hospital de Mataró, 08304 Mataró, Spain; (A.M.); (V.A.); (S.A.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salut Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie A. Riera
- Unitat d’Exploracions Funcionals Digestives CSdM-UAB, Hospital de Mataró, 08304 Mataró, Spain; (A.M.); (V.A.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Ana Pizarro
- Departament de Periodòncia, Facultat d’Odontologia de Barcelona UIC, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Cristina Carol
- Escola l’Arboç, Fundació El Maresme, 08301 Mataró, Spain;
| | - Laia Serras
- Unitat de Suport Tècnic, Fundació El Maresme, 08301 Mataró, Spain;
| | - Pere Clavé
- Unitat d’Exploracions Funcionals Digestives CSdM-UAB, Hospital de Mataró, 08304 Mataró, Spain; (A.M.); (V.A.); (S.A.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salut Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Fundació de Recerca en Gastroenterologia (Furega), 08008 Barcelona, Spain
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Tinkov AA, Ajsuvakova OP, Skalny AV. A Case-Control Study of Essential and Toxic Trace Elements and Minerals in Hair of 0-4-Year-Old Children with Cerebral Palsy. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 195:399-408. [PMID: 31468294 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess hair essential and toxic trace elements and minerals in children with cerebral palsy in relation to age of the examinees. A total of 70 children with cerebral palsy and 70 healthy controls aged 0-4 years old were enrolled in the present study. The examined children were also divided into two age groups of those younger and older than 2 years old. Hair trace element content was assessed using ICP-MS at NexION 300D (PerkinElmer, USA). The obtained data demonstrate that hair boron was more than 2-fold lower in CP children as compared with the control group. At the same time, hair Na, Se, and V levels were 21%, 12%, and 20% lower when compared with healthy controls, respectively. It is also notable that a 9% and 28% decrease in hair Fe and Li levels respectively were nearly significant. The observed alterations were more profound in a younger group of patients. No significant group difference in hair toxic metal and metalloid levels was observed between the general cohorts of children with and without CP. In regression models, only hair Al and Ca contents were significantly associated with the presence of cerebral palsy, whereas hair Mg, Na, Ni, and Se levels were characterized as significant negative predictors. The observed alteration in trace element metabolism may also provide an additional link between cerebral palsy, psychomotor delay, and certain diseases, including diabetes, epilepsy, and osteoporosis. However, further studies using other substrates (blood, urine) or biomarkers are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya St., 14, Yaroslavl, Russia, 150003.
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 19-1, Moscow, Russia, 119146.
- RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Moscow, Russia, 117198.
| | - Olga P Ajsuvakova
- Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya St., 14, Yaroslavl, Russia, 150003
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 19-1, Moscow, Russia, 119146
- RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Moscow, Russia, 117198
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 19-1, Moscow, Russia, 119146
- RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Moscow, Russia, 117198
- Taipei Medical University, Wuxing St., 250, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
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Parental Influence in Forming Preschool Children's Eating Behaviors-A Cross-Sectional Survey in Chongqing, China. Healthcare (Basel) 2019; 7:healthcare7040140. [PMID: 31703475 PMCID: PMC6955891 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare7040140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Children’s eating habits are closely related to their health problems and the outlook for children’s nutritional statuses appears poor. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among parents of preschool children from December 2018 to January 2019. Sixteen representative kindergartens in 6 districts of Chongqing, China, were included in the study. We took 2200 samples and collected information by questionnaire and after screening, 1781 questionnaires were valid and finally included in the data analysis (n = 1781). Ordinal logistic regression analysis found that age, fathers’ education level, forced diet and perception of children’s body shape were factors associated with children’s eating behaviors (ordered logistic regression/three-level eating behavior; odds ratios p < 0.05). 80.24% of preschool children may have unhealthy eating behavior in this survey and 80.35% of parents had forced their children to eat. Eating behaviors of preschool children in Chongqing are closely related to family factors. This study provides important insight for parents and health care workers in China to improve preschool-aged children’s nutritional behaviors. Intervention programs should focus on parents with low income, low education levels, coercive dietary behaviors and deviated body shape perceptions to reduce children’s eating behavioral problems.
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Hansen SL, Lorentzen J, Pedersen LT, Hendrich FL, Jorsal M, Pingel J, Nielsen JB, Kiens B. Suboptimal Nutrition and Low Physical Activity Are Observed Together with Reduced Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Concentration in Children with Severe Cerebral Palsy (CP). Nutrients 2019; 11:E620. [PMID: 30875771 PMCID: PMC6470501 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a mediator of exercise and nutrition-induced neural plasticity. In children with cerebral palsy (CP), neuromuscular deficits and mobility impairment have a negative impact on their physical activity level and nutritional status, but whether these children have reduced BDNF concentrations is unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the plasma BDNF concentration, nutritional status, and physical activity level in children with mild to severe CP. Blood sampling, dietary registration, and questionnaires were completed for children with mild CP (gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) I⁻II, n = 31, age 10.6 ± 0.6 years), severe CP (GMFCS IV⁻V, n = 14, age 10.9 ± 1.1 years) and typically developed (TD) children (n = 22, age 10.9 ± 0.6 years). Children with severe CP had ~40% lower plasma BDNF concentration than TD children (p < 0.05). Furthermore, children with severe CP had lower daily physical activity level than TD children (p < 0.01), and a daily intake of energy, n-3 fatty acids, and dietary fibers that was only ~50% of TD (p > 0.001). Reduced plasma BDNF concentrations were observed in children with severe CP. This may be of significance for optimal neural growth and plasticity. This was observed together with low physical activity levels and a suboptimal intake of energy, n-3 fatty acids, and dietary fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvejg L Hansen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Jakob Lorentzen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
- Elsass Institute, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.
| | - Lin T Pedersen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Frederikke L Hendrich
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Martin Jorsal
- Geelsgårdskolen, Region Hovedstaden, 2830 Virum, Denmark.
| | - Jessica Pingel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Jens B Nielsen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
- Elsass Institute, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark.
| | - Bente Kiens
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Orel A, Homan M, Blagus R, Benedik E, Orel R, Fidler Mis N. Nutrition of Patients with Severe Neurologic Impairment. Radiol Oncol 2018. [PMID: 29520209 PMCID: PMC5839085 DOI: 10.1515/raon-2017-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Commercial enteral formulas are generally recommended for gastrostomy feeding in patients with severe neurologic impairment. However, pureed food diets are still widely used and even gaining popularity among certain groups. We tried to compare the effectiveness of gastrostomy feeding for treatment of severe malnutrition with either enteral formulas or pureed feeds. Patients and methods A 6-month nutritional intervention was made with 37 malnourished children, adolescents and young adults (2–26 years old) with severe neurologic impairment (Gross Motor Function Classification system [GMFCS] grade V). The individual needs were calculated. Participants were fed by gastrostomy with either enteral formulas (n = 17) or pureed food (n = 20). Measurements to assess nutritional status were made at the beginning and at the end of intervention. Results The Z scores for weight-for-age and for the body-mass index increased more in enteral formula than in pureed food group (2.07 vs. 0.70, p = 0.0012; and 3.75 vs. 0.63, p = 0.0014, respectively). Fat mass index increased more in enteral formula than in pureed food group (1.12 kg/m2vs. 0.38 kg/m2; p = 0.0012). Patients in the enteral formula group showed increase in lean body mass expressed as fat-free mass index (0.70 kg/m2), while those in pureed food group did not (-0.06 kg/m2) (p = 0.0487). Conclusions The results suggest that even professionally planned pureed food diet is less effective than commercial enteral formula for nutritional rehabilitation of malnourished patients with severe neurologic impairment. However, larger and if possible randomised clinical studies should be made to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anija Orel
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaz Homan
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Paediatrics, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Blagus
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Evgen Benedik
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Orel
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Paediatrics, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natasa Fidler Mis
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Melunovic M, Hadzagic-Catibusic F, Bilalovic V, Rahmanovic S, Dizdar S. Anthropometric Parameters of Nutritional Status in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Mater Sociomed 2017; 29:68-72. [PMID: 28484358 PMCID: PMC5402377 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2017.29.68-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with cerebral palsy (CP), besides the basic neurological damage, are also often undernourished. Adequate nutrition for children is very important during the period of intensive growth and development, which is of particular importance in patients with CP. GOAL To evaluate the nutritional status of patients with CP who are treated at the Pediatric Clinic, Clinical Centre of Sarajevo University and causes of malnutrition in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty patients with CP underwent anthropometric assessment (body weight, body height, body mass index, head circumference, subscapular skinfold thickness, triceps skinfold thickness and mid upper arm muscle circumference). Severity of CP was classified based on the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). We compared the anthropometric parameters of our patients with normal values of healthy children, as well as with degree of motor impairment, oromotor dysfunction, feeding assistance, length of meals and daily feeding time. RESULTS There were significant differences in all monitored parameters in relation to normal values, with 38 (47.5%) malnourished patients in the total group, out of which 29 (63.0%) with severe motor impairment and with 9 (11.3%) obese patients in the total group. The presence of oromotor dysfunction and other monitored parameters had a significant impact on the nutritional status of these patients. CONCLUSION In severely disabled patients with CP there is a risk of profound malnutrition. Early identification and treatment of these patients is very important for their growth, development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Melunovic
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Pediatric Clinic 1, Discipline for the child's health, Clinical Centre of Sarajevo University, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Feriha Hadzagic-Catibusic
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Pediatric Clinic 2, Discipline for the child's health Clinical Centre of Sarajevo University, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vildan Bilalovic
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Primary Health Care Center Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Samra Rahmanovic
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Pediatric Clinic 1, Discipline for the child's health, Clinical Centre of Sarajevo University, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Selma Dizdar
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Pediatric Clinic 1, Discipline for the child's health, Clinical Centre of Sarajevo University, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Ohwada H, Nakayama T, Kanaya Y, Tanaka Y. Serum albumin levels and their correlates among individuals with motor disorders at five institutions in Japan. Nutr Res Pract 2017; 11:57-63. [PMID: 28194266 PMCID: PMC5300948 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2017.11.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The level of serum albumin is an index of nourishment care and management. However, the distribution and correlates of serum albumin levels among individuals with motor disorders have not been reported until now. Therefore, we examined the distribution and correlates of serum albumin levels among individuals with motor disorders. SUBJECTS/METHODS A cross-sectional study on 249 individuals with motor disabilities (144 men, mean age: 51.4 years; 105 women, mean age: 51.4 years) was conducted at five institutions in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan in 2008. The results were compared with data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey. RESULTS The mean serum albumin levels were 4.0 ± 0.4 g/dL for men and 3.8 ± 0.5 g/dL for women. Overall, 17 (11.8%) men and 25 (23.8%) women had hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin level ≤ 3.5 g/dL); these proportions were greater than those among healthy Japanese adults (≤ 1%). Low serum albumin level was related with female sex, older age, low calf circumference, low relative daily energy intake, low hemoglobin (Hb), low blood platelet count, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low HbA1c, and high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The strongest correlates, based on standardized betas, were Hb (0.321), CRP (-0.279), and HDL-C (0.279) levels. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the prevalence of hypoalbuminemia is higher in individuals with motor disabilities than in healthy individuals and that inflammation is a strong negative correlate of serum albumin levels. Therefore, inflammation should be examined for the assessment of hypoalbuminemia among institutionalized individuals with motor disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ohwada
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Yamagata Prefectural Yonezawa University of Nutrition Sciences, 6-15-1 Torimachi, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-0025, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakayama
- Department of Health Informatics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanaya
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Yamagata Prefectural Yonezawa University of Nutrition Sciences, 6-15-1 Torimachi, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-0025, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Yamagata Prefectural Yonezawa University of Nutrition Sciences, 6-15-1 Torimachi, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-0025, Japan
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Pinto VV, Alves LAC, Mendes FM, Ciamponi AL. The nutritional state of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy is associated with oral motor dysfunction and social conditions: a cross sectional study. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:55. [PMID: 27117791 PMCID: PMC4847222 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) is the main cause of severe physical impairment during childhood and has commonly shown oral motor association. It has been considered as the main cause of the high prevalence of problems in children's nutrition. Respiration, chewing, swallowing, speaking and facial expressionare part of the orofacial motor functions and when affected they can interfere in children's well-being. The aim of this study was to correlate two methods of orofacial motor evaluation, analyze the influence of orofacial motor functional impairment on the nutritional status of children and adolescents with CP, and the association between socioeconomic factors. METHODS Seventy children and adolescents with CP were selected, age range 6-16 years and following the exclusion criteria previously determined; 129 normoreactive children (control group), sex and age-matched to patients with CP. For the orofacial motor analysis two evaluation instruments were applied, the "Oral Motor Assessment Scale" (OMAS) and "Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening" (NOT-S). The anthropometric evaluation was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) and followed the criteria recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. RESULTS There was statistically significant correlation between the oral motor methods of evaluation (r = -0.439, p < 0.0001). Concerning the nutritional status evaluation, being overweight was associated with dystonic and mixed CP forms variables (p = 0.034), mother with no partnership (p = 0.045) and mild oral motor impairment (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION It could be concluded that, the weight's gain by children and adolescents might be favored by a better functional oral motor performance and social factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vieira Pinto
- Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 2227, SP, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Levy Anderson César Alves
- Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 2227, SP, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fausto M Mendes
- Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 2227, SP, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Lídia Ciamponi
- Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 2227, SP, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Malone C, Sharif F, Glennon-Slattery C. Growth and nutritional risk in children with developmental delay. Ir J Med Sci 2015; 185:839-846. [PMID: 26573207 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-015-1377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutritional risk impacts outcome in developmental delay. The main objectives were to identify the incidence and factors contributing to growth faltering. METHODS Clinical data review was completed for 500 patients with developmental delay accepted to an Early Intervention service. Data was collected using the standardised parent nutrition screening checklist prior to and at time of initial dietary assessment. Data was compared to nutritional assessment data, GOSH and FSAI dietary guidelines. Weight category was determined using RCPCH growth and BMI charts. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20 (IBM Statistics 20.0). RESULTS Nutritional risk was identified in 48.6 %. Weight categories were growth faltering (13.5 %), underweight (7.7 %), overweight (8.4 %) and obesity (4.3 %) at initial assessment. Growth faltering was correlated with age <1 year (p = 0.000) and with gestational age (p = 0.017) with highest rates identified in those born 32-36 weeks (3.6 %). Weight category was associated with introduction of solids pre 17 weeks recommendation (10.1 %), ANOVA demonstrating significance (P = 0.013). There was poor parental recognition of nutritional risk in 22.7 % of those assessed. Nutritional difficulties were common: 4.2 % were enterally fed, 7.7 % were on prescribed nutritional supplements, 29.1 % (n = 121) had feeding difficulties and 13.9 % (n = 58) had behavioural feeding difficulties. Iron intake did not meet the recommended intake in 20.9 % (n = 87), calcium in 4.5 % (n = 19). The prevalence of constipation was 21.6, 11.8 % of whom required medical management. CONCLUSIONS Developmental delay predisposes to nutritional deficits which influence outcome. Screening, assessment and timely interventions are warranted to prevent poorer developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Malone
- Nutrition and Dietetic Service, St Loman's Campus, Mullingar, Co Westmeath, Ireland.
| | - F Sharif
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), HSE Midland Regional Hospital, Mullingar, Co Westmeath, Ireland
| | - C Glennon-Slattery
- Nutrition and Dietetic Service, St Loman's Campus, Mullingar, Co Westmeath, Ireland
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Rezende R, Cardoso IM, Leonel RB, Perim LGL, Oliveira TGS, Jacob Júnior C, Júnior JLB, Lourenço RB. Bone mineral density evaluation among patients with neuromuscular scoliosis secondary to cerebral palsy. Rev Bras Ortop 2015; 50:68-71. [PMID: 26229882 PMCID: PMC4519559 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate bone mineral density among patients with neuromuscular scoliosis secondary to quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Methods This was a descriptive prospective study in which both bone densitometric and anthropometric data were evaluated. The inclusion criteria used were that the patients should present quadriplegic cerebral palsy, be confined to a wheelchair, be between 10 and 20 years of age and present neuromuscular scoliosis. Results We evaluated 31 patients (20 females) with a mean age of 14.2 years. Their mean biceps circumference, calf circumference and body mass index were 19.4 cm, 18.6 cm and 16.9 kg/m2, respectively. The mean standard deviation from bone densitometry was −3.2 (z-score), which characterizes osteoporosis. Conclusion There is high incidence of osteoporosis in patients with neuromuscular scoliosis secondary to quadriplegic cerebral palsy.
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Lopes PAC, Amancio OMS, Araújo RFC, Vitalle MSDS, Braga JAP. Food pattern and nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2014; 31:344-9. [PMID: 24142317 PMCID: PMC4182970 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822013000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the food intake pattern and the nutritional status of children with
cerebral palsy. METHODS Cross-sectional study with 90 children from two to 12.8 years with cerebral
palsy in the following forms: hemiplegia, diplegia, and tetraplegia.
Nutritional status was assessed by weight, height, and age data. Food intake
was verified by the 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire. The
ability to chew and/or swallowing, intestinal habits, and physical activity
were also evaluated. RESULTS For 2-3 year-old age group, the mean energy intake followed the recommended
range; in 4-6 year-old age group with hemiplegia and tetraplegia, energy
intake was below the recommended limits. All children presented low intake
of carbohydrates, adequate intake of proteins and high intake of lipids. The
tetraplegia group had a higher prevalence of chewing (41%) and swallowing
(12.8%) difficulties compared to 14.5 and 6.6% of children with hemiplegia,
respectively. Most children of all groups had a daily intestinal habit. All
children presented mild physical activity, while moderate activity was not
practiced by any child of the tetraplegia group, which had a significantly
lower height/age Z score than those with hemiplegia (-2.14
versus -1.05; p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS The children with cerebral palsy presented inadequate dietary pattern and
impaired nutritional status, with special compromise of height. Tetraplegia
imposes difficulties regarding chewing/swallowing and moderate physical
activity practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Ayrosa C Lopes
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, São PauloSP, Brasil
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Westbom L, Lundkvist Josenby A, Wagner P, Nordmark E. Growth in children with cerebral palsy during five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a practice-based study. BMC Neurol 2010; 10:57. [PMID: 20594320 PMCID: PMC2913912 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight is reported as a side effect of SDR. The aims were to study the development of weight, height and body mass index (BMI) during five years after SDR. METHODS This prospective, longitudinal and practice-based study included all 56 children with CP spastic diplegia undergoing SDR from the start in March 1993 to April 2003 in our hospital. The preoperative Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels were I-II in 17, III in 15, IV-V in 24 children. Median age at SDR was 4.3 years (range 2.4-7.4 years). Weight and height/recumbent length were measured. Swedish growth charts for typically developing children generated weight, height and BMI z-scores for age and gender. RESULTS The preoperative median z-scores were for height -1.92 and for body mass index (BMI) -0.22. Five years later, the median BMI z-score was increased by + 0.57 (p < 0.05). The occurrence of thinness (BMI < -2 SD) was decreased (n.s.) and obesity (BMI > + 2 SD) increased (p < 0.05). Baseline BMI and age at the start of follow-up influenced the BMI change during the five years (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 respectively).The individual growth was highly variable, but a tendency towards increasing stunting with age was seen in severe gross motor dysfunction (GMFCS levels IV-V) and the opposite, a slight catch-up of height in children with walking ability (GMFCS levels I-III). CONCLUSIONS These are the first available subtype- and GMFCS-specific longitudinal growth data for children with CP spastic diplegia. Their growth potential according to these data should be regarded as a minimum, as some children were undernourished. It is unknown whether the spasticity reduction through SDR increased the weight gain velocity, or if the relative weight increase was part of the general "obesity epidemic".For some children the weight increase was highly desirable. In others, it resulted in overweight and obesity with risk of negative health effects. Weight and height should be monitored to enable early prevention of weight aberrations also causing problems with mobility, activity and participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Westbom
- Division of Paediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences (Lund), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Children's Hospital, Skåne University Hospital, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Annika Lundkvist Josenby
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Children's Hospital, Skåne University Hospital, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Philippe Wagner
- Swedish National Competence Centre for Musculoskeletal Disorders (NKO), Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Nordmark
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Children's Hospital, Skåne University Hospital, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Bell KL, Boyd RN, Tweedy SM, Weir KA, Stevenson RD, Davies PSW. A prospective, longitudinal study of growth, nutrition and sedentary behaviour in young children with cerebral palsy. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:179. [PMID: 20370929 PMCID: PMC2867996 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of physical disability in childhood, occurring in one in 500 children. It is caused by a static brain lesion in the neonatal period leading to a range of activity limitations. Oral motor and swallowing dysfunction, poor nutritional status and poor growth are reported frequently in young children with cerebral palsy and may impact detrimentally on physical and cognitive development, health care utilisation, participation and quality of life in later childhood. The impact of modifiable factors (dietary intake and physical activity) on growth, nutritional status, and body composition (taking into account motor severity) in this population is poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the relationship between a range of factors - linear growth, body composition, oral motor and feeding dysfunction, dietary intake, and time spent sedentary (adjusting for motor severity) - and health outcomes, health care utilisation, participation and quality of life in young children with cerebral palsy (from corrected age of 18 months to 5 years). Design/Methods This prospective, longitudinal, population-based study aims to recruit a total of 240 young children with cerebral palsy born in Queensland, Australia between 1st September 2006 and 31st December 2009 (80 from each birth year). Data collection will occur at three time points for each child: 17 - 25 months corrected age, 36 ± 1 months and 60 ± 1 months. Outcomes to be assessed include linear growth, body weight, body composition, dietary intake, oral motor function and feeding ability, time spent sedentary, participation, medical resource use and quality of life. Discussion This protocol describes a study that will provide the first longitudinal description of the relationship between functional attainment and modifiable lifestyle factors (dietary intake and habitual time spent sedentary) and their impact on the growth, body composition and nutritional status of young children with cerebral palsy across all levels of functional ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie L Bell
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Around one third of children with cerebral palsy have severe difficulty eating and drinking and are at risk of undernourishment. A gastrostomy feeding tube may be offered as a way of providing nourishment as it bypasses the main physical difficulties. For the families feeding and concerns about the method of feeding affect many areas of their daily life but we know little about what the experience is actually like. This study aimed to explore mothers' experience of feeding children with cerebral palsy. METHODS Ten principal carers for children with cerebral palsy and severe eating difficulty were interviewed. Four of the children, one girl and three boys aged 2.5 to 4.5 years were being fed solely by mouth and six children, three girls and three boys, aged 4.5 years to 15 years and 10 months, were fed via a gastrostomy feeding tube. Long, loosely structured tape recorded interviews were transcribed and manually analysed using a phenomenological approach. This involved extracting and coding each relevant phrase that contained meaning; then through sequential stages of ordering and reduction into themes the invariant meanings were uncovered. The transcripts were analysed in two groups, oral and gastrostomy feeding, in an identical manner. RESULTS Phenomenological analysis resulted in two prose accounts that described in depth the essence of the experience. The accounts were mutually informative. Both groups treasured feeding by mouth suggesting that support for oral feeding should be given a higher priority. The accounts explained why some professional encounters added to families' stress and why consistency of care is so important. The study gives insight about the kinds of support families find helpful. CONCLUSIONS This study should help those involved to understand the families' predicament better and so make a contribution towards providing more appropriate support.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sleigh
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Health Sciences, Oxford, UK.
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Abstract
Increased longevity and improved medical management of children with chronic illnesses has led to a focus on the short- and long-term consequences of these conditions on bone health. Bone loss is influenced by diet, malabsorption, and disease-related imbalances in bone turnover. It may be exacerbated by common medications, especially corticosteroids. Assessment of bone mass and quality, calcium absorption, kinetically derived rates of bone turnover, and biochemical markers of bone turnover have increased our knowledge of the pathophysiology of bone loss in these children as well as provided insights into possible therapeutic interventions. Increased intake of calcium and vitamin D, while useful, is unlikely to prevent or resolve bone loss in many chronically ill children. Emphasis on combination of nutritional interventions with exercise and newer bone-sparing therapies may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Abrams
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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