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Mandal S, Mondal C, Lyndem LM. Probiotics: an alternative anti-parasite therapy. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:409-423. [PMID: 39145362 PMCID: PMC11319687 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper review about probiotic effects and mechanism of action against the gut and non-gut helminths and protozoan parasites. Gastrointestinal parasitic infections are considered a serious health problem and are widely distributed globally. The disease process which emanates from this parasite infection provides some of the many public and veterinary health problems in the tropical and sub-tropical countries. Prevention and control of the parasite disease is through antihelmintic and anti-protozoan drugs, but, due to the increasing emergence of such drug resistance, eradication of parasite infestation in human and livestock still lingers a challenge, which requires the development of new alternative strategies. The use of beneficial microorganisms i.e. probiotics is becoming interesting due to their prophylactic application against several diseases including parasite infections. Recent studies on the interactions between probiotics, parasites and host immune cells using animal models and in vitro culture systems has increased considerably and draw much attention, yet the mechanisms of actions mediating the positive effects of these beneficial microorganisms on the hosts remain unexplored. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to summarize the latest findings on the probiotic research against the gut and non-gut parasites of significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Mandal
- Visva-Bharati, Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Santiniketan, 731235 West Bengal India
| | - Chandrani Mondal
- Visva-Bharati, Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Santiniketan, 731235 West Bengal India
| | - Larisha M. Lyndem
- Visva-Bharati, Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Santiniketan, 731235 West Bengal India
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Fernando L, Echesabal-Chen J, Miller M, Powell RR, Bruce T, Paul A, Poudyal N, Saliutama J, Parman K, Paul KS, Stamatikos A. Cholesterol Efflux Decreases TLR4-Target Gene Expression in Cultured Macrophages Exposed to T. brucei Ghosts. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1730. [PMID: 39203572 PMCID: PMC11357207 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis in humans. Infection with T. brucei elicits a potent pro-inflammatory immune response within infected human hosts, and this response is thought to at least be partially due to Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. In response to stimulation by lipopolysaccharide and other pathogen antigens, TLR4 translocates to lipid rafts, which induces the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. However, cholesterol efflux is acknowledged as anti-inflammatory due to promoting lipid raft disruption. In this study, we wanted to assess the impact of T. brucei "ghosts", which are non-viable T. brucei essentially devoid of intracellular contents, in stimulating macrophage TLR4 translocation to lipid rafts, and whether promoting cholesterol efflux in macrophages incubated with T. brucei ghosts attenuates TLR4-target gene expression. When cultured macrophages were exposed to T. brucei ghosts, we observed an increase in lipid raft TLR4 protein content, which suggests certain surface molecules of T. brucei serve as ligands for TLR4. However, pretreating macrophages with cholesterol acceptors before T. brucei ghost exposure decreased lipid raft TLR4 protein content and the expression of pro-inflammatory TLR4-target genes. Taken together, these results imply that macrophage cholesterol efflux weakens pro-inflammatory responses which occur from T. brucei infection via increasing macrophage lipid raft disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Fernando
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.F.); (J.E.-C.)
| | - Jing Echesabal-Chen
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.F.); (J.E.-C.)
| | - Murphy Miller
- School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29605, USA;
| | - Rhonda Reigers Powell
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (R.R.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Terri Bruce
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (R.R.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Apurba Paul
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (N.P.); (K.S.P.)
| | - Nava Poudyal
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (N.P.); (K.S.P.)
| | - Joshua Saliutama
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (N.P.); (K.S.P.)
| | - Kristina Parman
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (N.P.); (K.S.P.)
| | - Kimberly S. Paul
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (N.P.); (K.S.P.)
| | - Alexis Stamatikos
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.F.); (J.E.-C.)
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3
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Morrison LJ, Barrett MP, Steketee PC, Cecchi G, Kijanga O, Mramba F, Auty HK. What is needed to achieve effective and sustainable control of African animal trypanosomosis? Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:679-686. [PMID: 39048503 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
A welcome resurgence in African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) research has resulted in advances in capabilities, foundational datasets, and understanding. Additionally, there is the prospect of the first new trypanocide in >60 years. However, it is vital to ensure that advances translate to improved and sustainable control in the field. A recent meeting, the Symposium on African Livestock Trypanosomes - Tanzania, convened stakeholders from across the spectrum of AAT research and control to ask how this can be achieved. Current constraints on progress were defined, as were critical gaps and opportunities that need addressing. There is a requirement and opportunity for the AAT research community to communicate, collaborate, and coordinate to maintain momentum and achieve the ultimate goal of sustainable AAT control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division (NSA), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Oliver Kijanga
- Vector and Vector-Borne Diseases Institute, Tanga, Tanzania
| | | | - Harriet K Auty
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Ungogo MA, de Koning HP. Drug resistance in animal trypanosomiases: Epidemiology, mechanisms and control strategies. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 25:100533. [PMID: 38555795 PMCID: PMC10990905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is a complex of veterinary diseases known under various names such as nagana, surra, dourine and mal de caderas, depending on the country, the infecting trypanosome species and the host. AT is caused by parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, and the main species infecting domesticated animals are T. brucei brucei, T. b. rhodesiense, T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, T. evansi and T. equiperdum. AT transmission, again depending on species, is through tsetse flies or common Stomoxys and tabanid flies or through copulation. Therefore, the geographical spread of all forms of AT together is not restricted to the habitat of a single vector like the tsetse fly and currently includes almost all of Africa, and most of South America and Asia. The disease is a threat to millions of companion and farm animals in these regions, creating a financial burden in the billions of dollars to developing economies as well as serious impacts on livestock rearing and food production. Despite the scale of these impacts, control of AT is neglected and under-resourced, with diagnosis and treatments being woefully inadequate and not improving for decades. As a result, neither the incidence of the disease, nor the effectiveness of treatment is documented in most endemic countries, although it is clear that there are serious issues of resistance to the few old drugs that are available. In this review we particularly look at the drugs, their application to the various forms of AT, and their mechanisms of action and resistance. We also discuss the spread of veterinary trypanocide resistance and its drivers, and highlight current and future strategies to combat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzuq A Ungogo
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Harry P de Koning
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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5
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Oaikhena EE, Yahaya UA, Abdulsalami SM, Egbe NL, Adeyemi MM, Ungogo MA, Ebiloma GU, Zoiku FK, Fordjour PA, Elati HAA, Quashie NB, Igoli JO, Gray AI, Lawson C, Ferro VA, de Koning HP. The activities of suaveolol and other compounds from Hyptis suaveolens and Momordica charantia against the aetiological agents of African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis and malaria. Exp Parasitol 2024; 263-264:108807. [PMID: 39043327 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis and malaria are among the most severe health challenges to humans and livestock in Africa and new drugs are needed. Leaves of Hyptis suaveolens Kuntze (Lamiaceae) and Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) were extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and then methanol, and subjected to silica gel column chromatography. Structures of six isolated compounds were elucidated through NMR and HR-EIMS spectrometry. Callistrisic acid, dehydroabietinol, suaveolic acid, suaveolol, and a mixture of suaveolol and suaveolic acid (SSA) were obtained from H. suaveolens, while karavilagenin D and momordicin I acetate were obtained from M. charantia. The isolated biomolecules were tested against trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and T. congolense, and against Plasmodium falciparum. The most promising EC50 values were obtained for the purified suaveolol fraction, at 2.71 ± 0.36 μg/mL, and SSA, exhibiting an EC50 of 1.56 ± 0.17 μg/mL against T. b. brucei trypomastigotes. Suaveolic acid had low activity against T. b. brucei but displayed moderate activity against T. congolense trypomastigotes at 11.1 ± 0.5 μg/mL. Suaveolol and SSA were also tested against T. evansi, T. equiperdum, Leishmania major and L. mexicana but the antileishmanial activity was low. Neither of the active compounds, nor the mixture of the two, displayed any cytotoxic effect on human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells at even the highest concentration tested, being 200 μg/mL. We conclude that suaveolol and its mixture possessed significant and selective trypanocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enimie E Oaikhena
- Department of Biotechnology, Nigerian Defence Academy, PMB 2109, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Umar A Yahaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy, PMB 2109, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Sani M Abdulsalami
- Department of Biotechnology, Nigerian Defence Academy, PMB 2109, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Nkechi L Egbe
- Department of Biotechnology, Nigerian Defence Academy, PMB 2109, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Modupe M Adeyemi
- Department of Chemistry, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Marzuq A Ungogo
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, EH8 PYL, UK
| | - Godwin U Ebiloma
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, M5 4NT, Manchester, UK
| | - Felix K Zoiku
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prince A Fordjour
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Hamza A A Elati
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy College, University of Elmergib, Al Khums, Libya
| | - Neils B Quashie
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Ghana; Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana
| | - John O Igoli
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Alexander I Gray
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Christopher Lawson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Valerie A Ferro
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Harry P de Koning
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Dangabar Shadrack A, Garba A, Samuel Ndidi U, Aminu S, Muhammad A. Isometamidium chloride alters redox status, down-regulates p53 and PARP1 genes while modulating at proteomic level in Drosophila melanogaster. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:416-426. [PMID: 36883353 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2186314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
As trypanocide, several side effects have been reported in the use of Isometamidium chloride. This study was therefore, designed to evaluate its ability to induce oxidative stress and DNA damage using D. melanogaster as a model organism. The LC50 of the drug was determined by exposing the flies (1-3 days old of both genders) to six different concentrations (1 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg per 10 g of diet) of the drug for a period of seven days. The effect of the drug on survival (28 days), climbing behavior, redox status, oxidative DNA lesion, expression of p53 and PARP1 (Poly-ADP-Ribose Polymerase-1) genes after five days exposure of flies to 4.49 mg, 8.97 mg, 17.94 mg and 35.88 mg per 10 g diet was evaluated. The interaction of the drug in silico with p53 and PARP1 proteins was also evaluated. The result showed the LC50 of isometamidium chloride to be 35.88 mg per 10 g diet for seven days. Twenty-eight (28) days of exposure to isometamidium chloride showed a decreased percentage survival in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Isometamidium chloride significantly (p < 0.05) reduced climbing ability, total thiol level, Glutathione-S-transferase, and Catalase activity. The level of H2O2 was significantly (p < 0.05) increased. The result also showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the relative mRNA levels of p53 and PARP1 genes. The in silico molecular docking of isometamidium with p53 and PARP1 proteins showed high binding energy of -9.4 Kcal/mol and -9.2 Kcal/mol respectively. The results suggest that isometamidium chloride could be cytotoxic and a potential inhibitor of p53 and PARP1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apollos Dangabar Shadrack
- Department of Food Technology and Home Economics, National Agricultural Extension Research and Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Africa Center of Excellence on Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB), Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Auwalu Garba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Africa Center of Excellence on Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB), Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Uche Samuel Ndidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Africa Center of Excellence on Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB), Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Suleiman Aminu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Africa Center of Excellence on Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB), Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Aliyu Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Africa Center of Excellence on Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB), Zaria, Nigeria
- Center for Biomedical Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
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7
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de Melo-Junior RD, Bastos TSA, Couto LFM, Cavalcante ASDA, Zapa DMB, de Morais IML, Heller LM, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Franco ADO, Miguel MP, Ferreira LL, Cadioli FA, Machado RZ, Lopes WDZ. Trypanosoma vivax in and outside cattle blood: Parasitological, molecular, and serological detection, reservoir tissues, histopathological lesions, and vertical transmission evaluation. Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105290. [PMID: 38776695 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study reports assessment of the sensitivity of diagnostic techniques to detect T. vivax in experimentally infected cattle. Additionally, it describes T. vivax extravascular parasitism during the acute and chronic phases of trypanosomosis and congenital transmission. The T. vivax diagnosis was compared using blood samples collected from the jugular, coccygeal and ear tip veins. For this study, 13 males and two females were infected with ≈ 1 × 106 viable T. vivax trypomastigotes (D0). One animal was kept as a negative control during the entire study. The 13 infected males were euthanized between 14 and 749 days post-infection (DPI). After confirming the cyclicity of both females (9 months of age), they were naturally mated with a bull. One female was euthanized at 840 DPI, and the other at 924 DPI. The two calves, one from each female, were euthanized at six months of age (924 DPI), and the negative control at 924 DPI. During this period, T. vivax in blood was assessed using direct methods (Woo test, cPCR, microscopic examination of fresh wet blood films and parasite quantification - Brener method), and serological methods (IFAT, ELISA, and IA). Tissue samples were collected from the liver, spleen, brain, cerebellum, heart, testicles, epididymis, kidneys, eyeballs, pre-scapular lymph nodes, ear tips, mammary glands, uterus, and ovaries. The protozoan DNA was examined using LAMP. There was no difference in the detection of T. vivax using the Woo test and Brener method among the jugular, coccygeal, and ear tip veins. The sensitivity of the detection methods varied depending on the disease phase. Direct methods (Woo test, Brener method, and cPCR) demonstrated higher sensitivity during the acute phase, while serological methods (IFAT, ELISA, and IA) were more sensitive during the chronic phase. Anti-T. vivax antibodies were detected up to 924 DPI. Tissue evaluation using LAMP demonstrated the presence of T. vivax DNA and associated histopathological changes up to 840 or 924 DPI. Only in mammary glands and ovaries was no DNA detected. The most frequently observed histopathological alteration was lymphohistioplasmocytic inflammatory infiltrate. No transplacental transmission of T. vivax was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Faculdade Anhanguera, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | - Artur de Oliveira Franco
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marina Pacheco Miguel
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Antonio Cadioli
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Yamazaki A, Tanaka Y, Watanabe K, Sato M, Kawazu SI, Kita K, Inoue N, van Rensburg HDJ, N'Da DD, Suganuma K. Prophylactic activity of orally administered dry-heat-sterilized Acremonium egyptiacum against Trypanosoma congolense-induced animal African trypanosomosis. Acta Trop 2024; 254:107185. [PMID: 38494059 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) is an important global disease of livestock that causes economic losses of up to 4.5 billion US dollars per year. Thus, eliminating AAT in endemic countries will improve agricultural productivity and economic growth. To prevent AAT, vector control and the development of prophylactic drugs are crucial. Ascofuranone (AF) is a bioactive fungal compound with proven in vitro trypanocidal potency and in vivo treatment efficacy. However, the complex stereoselective synthesis of AF has prevented its cost-effective industrial production. Recently, a genetically modified strain of Acremonium egyptiacum fungus that produces a high yield of AF was developed. Therefore, we hypothesized that the oral administration of the AF-producing fungus itself may be effective against AAT. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the prophylactic activity of orally administered dry-heat-sterilized A. egyptiacum against Trypanosoma congolense IL3000 infection using a mouse model. The survival rate was significantly prolonged (p = 0.009), and parasitemia was suppressed in all AF-fungus-treated groups (Group 1-9) compared with that in the untreated control group (Group 10). Hence, the trypanocidal activity of AF was retained after dry-heat-sterilization of the AF-producing fungus and that its oral administration effectively prevented AAT. Since AAT is endemic to rural areas with underdeveloped veterinary infrastructure, dry-heat-sterilized A. egyptiacum would be the most cost-effective potential treatment for AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Yamazaki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mayu Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawazu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Helena D Janse van Rensburg
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Amisigo CM, Amegatcher G, Sunter JD, Gwira TM. Adipose and skin distribution of African trypanosomes in natural animal infections. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:215. [PMID: 38734633 PMCID: PMC11088761 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal African trypanosomiasis, which is caused by different species of African trypanosomes, is a deadly disease in livestock. Although African trypanosomes are often described as blood-borne parasites, there have been recent reappraisals of the ability of these parasites to reside in a wide range of tissues. However, the majority of those studies were conducted on non-natural hosts infected with only one species of trypanosome, and it is unclear whether a similar phenomenon occurs during natural animal infections, where multiple species of these parasites may be present. METHODS The infective trypanosome species in the blood and other tissues (adipose and skin) of a natural host (cows, goats and sheep) were determined using a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic. RESULTS The animals were found to harbour multiple species of trypanosomes. Different patterns of distribution were observed within the host tissues; for instance, in some animals, the blood was positive for the DNA of one species of trypanosome and the skin and adipose were positive for the DNA of another species. Moreover, the rate of detection of trypanosome DNA was highest for skin adipose and lowest for the blood. CONCLUSIONS The findings reported here emphasise the complexity of trypanosome infections in a natural setting, and may indicate different tissue tropisms between the different parasite species. The results also highlight the need to include adipose and skin tissues in future diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Mmalebna Amisigo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gloria Amegatcher
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jack D Sunter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Theresa Manful Gwira
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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10
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Chirwa KA, Francisco KR, Dube PS, Park H, Legoabe LJ, Teixeira TR, Caffrey CR, Beteck RM. Tractable Quinolone Hydrazides Exhibiting Sub-Micromolar and Broad Spectrum Antitrypanosomal Activities. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300667. [PMID: 38326914 PMCID: PMC11076157 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Nagana and Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by (sub)species of Trypanosoma, are diseases that impede human and animal health, and economic growth in Africa. The few drugs available have drawbacks including suboptimal efficacy, adverse effects, drug resistance, and difficult routes of administration. New drugs are needed. A series of 20 novel quinolone compounds with affordable synthetic routes was made and evaluated in vitro against Trypanosoma brucei and HEK293 cells. Of the 20 compounds, 12 had sub-micromolar potencies against the parasite (EC50 values=0.051-0.57 μM), and most were non-toxic to HEK293 cells (CC50 values>5 μM). Two of the most potent compounds presented sub-micromolar activities against other trypanosome (sub)species (T. cruzi and T. b. rhodesiense). Although aqueous solubility is poor, both compounds possess good logD values (2-3), and either robust or poor microsomal stability profiles. These varying attributes will be addressed in future reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgothatso A Chirwa
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Karol R Francisco
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Phelelisiwe S Dube
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Hayoung Park
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Thaiz Rodrigues Teixeira
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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11
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Ahmed AD, Kebede IA, Gebremeskel HF, Beriso TE. Epidemiological study on cattle trypanosomiasis and its vectors distributions in the Gambella regional state, southwestern Ethiopia. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105227. [PMID: 38513458 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomosis is a parasitic disease that causes significant economic losses in livestock due to anaemia, loss of condition, emaciation, and mortality. It is a key impediment to increased cattle output and productivity in Ethiopia. Cross-sectional entomological and parasitological studies were performed in the Gambella Region state of southwestern Ethiopia to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, apparent fly density, and potential risk factors. Blood samples were taken from 546 cattle for the parasitological study and analyzed using the buffy coat technique and stained with Giemsa. A total of 189 biconical (89) and NGU (100) traps were deployed in the specified districts for the entomological survey. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis at the animal level was 5.5% (95% CI: 3.86-7.75). Trypanosoma vivax (50.0%), T. congolense (30.0%), T. brucei (20.0%), and no mixed trypanosome species were found. The prevalence of trypanosomosis was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by altitude, body score conditions, age, mean packed cell volume (PCV), and peasant associations, while sex and coat color had no significant effect. According to the entomological survey results, a total of 2303 flies were captured and identified as tsetse (Glossina pallidipes (5.3%)) and G. fuscipes fuscipes (3.3%) and other biting flies (Tabanus (60.1%) and Stomoxys (31.3%)). In the current study, the overall apparent density was 4.1 flies/trap/day. This study shows that trypanosomosis remains a significant cattle disease in the Gambella regional state even during the dry season. Thus, the findings support the necessity to improve vector and parasite control measures in the area.
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12
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Seetsi A, N'Da DD, Nyembe N, Suganuma K, Ramatla T, Thekisoe O. In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of synthesized nitrofurantoin-triazole hybrids against Trypanosoma species causing animal African trypanosomosis. Exp Parasitol 2024; 259:108711. [PMID: 38355002 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) is a disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. vivax, T. evansi and T. congolense which are mainly transmitted by tsetse flies (maybe the family/genus scientific name for the tsetse flies here?). Synthetic trypanocidal drugs are used to control AAT but have reduced efficacy due to emergence of drug resistant trypanosomes. Therefore, there is a need for the continued development of new safe and effective drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity of novel nitrofurantoin compounds against trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. evansi and T. congolense) causing AAT. This study assessed previously synthesized nineteen nitrofurantoin-triazole (NFT-TZ) hybrids against animal trypanosomes and evaluated their cytotoxicity using Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. The n-alkyl sub-series hybrids, 8 (IC50 0.09 ± 0.02 μM; SI 686.45) and 9 (IC50 0.07 ± 0.04 μM; SI 849.31) had the highest anti-trypanosomal activity against T. b. brucei. On the contrary, the nonyl 6 (IC50 0.12 ± 0.06 μM; SI 504.57) and nitrobenzyl 18 (IC50 0.11 ± 0.03 μM; SI 211.07) displayed the highest trypanocidal activity against T. evansi. The nonyl hybrid 6 (IC50 0.02 ± 0.01 μM; SI 6328.76) was also detected alongside the undecyl 8 (IC50 0.02 ± 0.01 μM; SI 3454.36) and 3-bromobenzyl 19 (IC50 0.02 ± 0.01 μM; SI 2360.41) as the most potent hybrids against T. congolense. These hybrids had weak toxicity effects on the mammalian cells and highly selective submicromolar antiparasitic action efficacy directed towards the trypanosomes, hence they can be regarded as potential trypanocidal leads for further in vivo investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Seetsi
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (PHARMACEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2521, South Africa
| | - Nthatisi Nyembe
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, 9880, South Africa
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa; Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
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13
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Carrillo AK, Kadayat TM, Hwang JY, Chen Y, Zhu F, Holbrook G, Gillingwater K, Connelly MC, Yang L, Kaiser M, Guy RK. Antitrypanosomal Chloronitrobenzamides. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3437-3447. [PMID: 38363074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Tbg) or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Tbr), remains a significant public health concern with over 55 million people at risk of infection. Current treatments for HAT face the challenges of poor efficacy, drug resistance, and toxicity. This study presents the synthesis and evaluation of chloronitrobenzamides (CNBs) against Trypanosoma species, identifying previously reported compound 52 as a potent and selective orally bioavailable antitrypanosomal agent. 52 was well tolerated in vivo and demonstrated favorable oral pharmacokinetics, maintaining plasma concentrations surpassing the cellular EC50 for over 24 h and achieving peak brain concentrations exceeding 7 μM in rodents after single oral administration (50 mg/kg). Treatment with 52 significantly extended the lifespan of mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense and T. brucei rhodesiense. These results demonstrate that 52 is a strong antitrypanosomal lead with potential for developing treatments for both human and animal African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Carrillo
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Tara Man Kadayat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, United States
| | - Jong Yeon Hwang
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, KR 34114, United States
| | - Yizhe Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, United States
| | - Fangyi Zhu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Gloria Holbrook
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Kirsten Gillingwater
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
| | - Michele C Connelly
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, United States
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14
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Stijlemans B, De Baetselier P, Van Molle I, Lecordier L, Hendrickx E, Romão E, Vincke C, Baetens W, Schoonooghe S, Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh G, Korf H, Wallays M, Pinto Torres JE, Perez-Morga D, Brys L, Campetella O, Leguizamón MS, Claes M, Hendrickx S, Mabille D, Caljon G, Remaut H, Roelants K, Magez S, Van Ginderachter JA, De Trez C. Q586B2 is a crucial virulence factor during the early stages of Trypanosoma brucei infection that is conserved amongst trypanosomatids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1779. [PMID: 38413606 PMCID: PMC10899635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, is characterized by the manipulation of the host's immune response to ensure parasite invasion and persistence. Uncovering key molecules that support parasite establishment is a prerequisite to interfere with this process. We identified Q586B2 as a T. brucei protein that induces IL-10 in myeloid cells, which promotes parasite infection invasiveness. Q586B2 is expressed during all T. brucei life stages and is conserved in all Trypanosomatidae. Deleting the Q586B2-encoding Tb927.6.4140 gene in T. brucei results in a decreased peak parasitemia and prolonged survival, without affecting parasite fitness in vitro, yet promoting short stumpy differentiation in vivo. Accordingly, neutralization of Q586B2 with newly generated nanobodies could hamper myeloid-derived IL-10 production and reduce parasitemia. In addition, immunization with Q586B2 delays mortality upon a challenge with various trypanosomes, including Trypanosoma cruzi. Collectively, we uncovered a conserved protein playing an important regulatory role in Trypanosomatid infection establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Stijlemans
- Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Van Molle
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lecordier
- Biology of Membrane Transport Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Erika Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Ema Romão
- VIB Nanobody Core, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile Vincke
- Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wendy Baetens
- Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Hannelie Korf
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Wallays
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joar E Pinto Torres
- Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Perez-Morga
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Lea Brys
- Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Oscar Campetella
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María S Leguizamón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mathieu Claes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dorien Mabille
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Han Remaut
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kim Roelants
- Amphibian Evolution Lab, Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Brussels Center for Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Saldanha I, Betson M, Vrettou C, Paxton E, Nixon J, Tennant P, Ritchie A, Matthews KR, Morrison LJ, Torr SJ, Cunningham LJ. Consistent detection of Trypanosoma brucei but not T. congolense DNA in faeces of experimentally infected cattle. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4158. [PMID: 38378867 PMCID: PMC10879203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a significant food security and economic burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Current AAT empirical and immunodiagnostic surveillance tools suffer from poor sensitivity and specificity, with blood sampling requiring animal restraint and trained personnel. Faecal sampling could increase sampling accessibility, scale, and species range. Therefore, this study assessed feasibility of detecting Trypanosoma DNA in the faeces of experimentally-infected cattle. Holstein-Friesian calves were inoculated with Trypanosoma brucei brucei AnTat 1.1 (n = 5) or T. congolense Savannah IL3000 (n = 6) in separate studies. Faecal and blood samples were collected concurrently over 10 weeks and screened using species-specific PCR and qPCR assays. T. brucei DNA was detected in 85% of post-inoculation (PI) faecal samples (n = 114/134) by qPCR and 50% by PCR between 4 and 66 days PI. However, T. congolense DNA was detected in just 3.4% (n = 5/145) of PI faecal samples by qPCR, and none by PCR. These results confirm the ability to consistently detect T. brucei DNA, but not T. congolense DNA, in infected cattle faeces. This disparity may derive from the differences in Trypanosoma species tissue distribution and/or extravasation. Therefore, whilst faeces are a promising substrate to screen for T. brucei infection, blood sampling is required to detect T. congolense in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Saldanha
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Martha Betson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Edith Paxton
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James Nixon
- Large Animal Research and Imaging Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Tennant
- Large Animal Research and Imaging Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adrian Ritchie
- Large Animal Research and Imaging Facility, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute of Immunology and Infection, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Stephen J Torr
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lucas J Cunningham
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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16
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Suganuma K, Mochabo KM, Chemuliti JK, Kiyoshi K, Noboru I, Kawazu SI. Ascofuranone antibiotic is a promising trypanocidal drug for nagana. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2024; 91:e1-e6. [PMID: 38426744 PMCID: PMC11005941 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v91i1.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is a disease complex which affects both humans and animals in sub-Saharan Africa, transmitted by the tsetse fly and distributed within the tsetse belt of Africa. But some trypanosome species, for example, Trypanosoma brucei evansi, T. vivax, T. theileri and T. b. equiperdum are endemic outside the tsetse belt of Africa transmitted by biting flies, for example, Tabanus and Stomoxys, or venereal transmission, respectively. Trypanocidal drugs remain the principal method of animal trypanosomosis control in most African countries. However, there is a growing concern that their effectiveness may be severely curtailed by widespread drug resistance. A minimum number of six male cattle calves were recruited for the study. They were randomly grouped into two (T. vivax and T. congolense groups) of three calves each. One calf per group served as a control while two calves were treatment group. They were inoculated with 105 cells/mL parasites in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) in 2 mL. When parasitaemia reached 1 × 107.8 cells/mL trypanosomes per mL in calves, treatment was instituted with 20 mL (25 mg/kg in 100 kg calf) ascofuranone (AF) for treatment calves, while the control ones were administered a placebo (20 mL PBS) intramuscularly. This study revealed that T. vivax was successfully cleared by AF but the T. congolense group was not cleared effectively.Contribution: There is an urgent need to develop new drugs which this study sought to address. It is suggested that the AF compound can be developed further to be a sanative drug for T. vivax in non-tsetse infested areas like South Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro.
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17
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Janse van Rensburg HD, N'Da DD, Suganuma K. In vitro trypanocidal potency and in vivo treatment efficacy of oligomeric ethylene glycol-tethered nitrofurantoin derivatives. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 192:106668. [PMID: 38065268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a significant vector-borne disease of humans and animals in the tsetse fly belt of Africa, particularly affecting production animals such as cattle, and thus, hindering food security. Trypanosoma congolense (T. congolense), the causative agent of nagana, is livestock's most virulent trypanosome species. There is currently no vaccine against trypanosomiasis; its treatment relies solely on chemotherapy. However, pathogenic resistance has been established against trypanocidal agents in clinical use. This underscores the need to develop new therapeutics to curb trypanosomiasis. Many nitroheterocyclic drugs or compounds, including nitrofurantoin, possess antiparasitic activities in addition to their clinical use as antibiotics. The current study evaluated the in vitro trypanocidal potency and in vivo treatment efficacy of previously synthesized antileishmanial active oligomeric ethylene glycol derivatives of nitrofurantoin. The trypanocidal potency of analogues 2a-o varied among the trypanosome species; however, T. congolense strain IL3000 was more susceptible to these drug candidates than the other human and animal trypanosomes. The arylated analogues 2k (IC50 0.04 µM; SI >6365) and 2l (IC50 0.06 µM; SI 4133) featuring 4-chlorophenoxy and 4-nitrophenoxy moieties, respectively, were revealed as the most promising antitrypanosomal agents of all analogues against T. congolense strain IL3000 trypomastigotes with nanomolar activities. In a preliminary in vivo study involving T. congolense strain IL3000 infected BALB/c mice, the oral administration of 100 mg/kg/day of 2k caused prolonged survival up to 18 days post-infection relative to the infected but untreated control mice which survived 9 days post-infection. However, no cure was achieved due to its poor solubility in the in vivo testing medium, assumably leading to low oral bioavailability. These results confirm the importance of the physicochemical properties lipophilicity and water solubility in attaining not only in vitro trypanocidal potency but also in vivo treatment efficacy. Future work will focus on the chemical optimization of 2k through the investigation of analogues containing solubilizing groups at certain positions on the core structure to improve solubility in the in vivo testing medium which, in the current investigation, is the biggest stumbling block in successfully treating either animal or human Trypanosoma infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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18
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Kim J, Álvarez-Rodríguez A, Li Z, Radwanska M, Magez S. Recent Progress in the Detection of Surra, a Neglected Disease Caused by Trypanosoma evansi with a One Health Impact in Large Parts of the Tropic and Sub-Tropic World. Microorganisms 2023; 12:44. [PMID: 38257871 PMCID: PMC10819111 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Surra is a wasting disease triggered by infection with Trypanosoma evansi, a protozoan blood parasite that causes mortality and morbidity in a broad spectrum of wild and domestic animals and occasionally humans. Trypanosoma evansi has the widest geographical spread among all pathogenic trypanosomes, inflicting significant worldwide economic problems due to its adverse effects on meat and milk production. For diagnosis, most endemic countries continue to rely on traditional parasitological and serological techniques, such as the analysis of blood smears by microscopy and the Card Agglutination Test for T. evansi (CATT/T. evansi). Although these techniques suffer from a limited positive predictive value (PPV), resource constraints in endemic countries often hinder the adoption of more advanced diagnostic tools such as PCR. This paper addresses diverse diagnostic approaches for identifying T. evansi and assesses their viability in field settings. Moreover, it underscores the urgency of transitioning towards molecular diagnostic techniques such as Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) and Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) for dependable high-PPV point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Finally, this review delves into strategies to enhance and refine next-generation diagnostics for Surra as part of a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Kim
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (A.Á.-R.); (M.R.)
| | - Andrés Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (A.Á.-R.); (M.R.)
- Brussels Center for Immunology (BCIM), Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology WE10, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zeng Li
- Brussels Center for Immunology (BCIM), Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (A.Á.-R.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology WE14, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (A.Á.-R.); (M.R.)
- Brussels Center for Immunology (BCIM), Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology WE10, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Alunda JM. Antileishmanial and Antitrypanosomes Drugs for the Current Century. Microorganisms 2023; 12:43. [PMID: 38257870 PMCID: PMC10818473 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Human infections by trypanosomatids are widely distributed and prevalent in the tropical and subtropical regions. Diseases caused by Trypanosoma and Leishmania have variable clinical outcomes, ranging from self-healing to fatality, and are considered Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD). In addition, animal trypanosomiases have a significant impact on animal health and production, apart from their potential role as reservoirs in zoonotic species. Control of these infections is progressing and, in some cases (such as human African trypanomiasis (HAT)), significant reductions have been achieved. In the absence of effective vaccination, chemotherapy is the most used control method. Unfortunately, the therapeutic arsenal is scarce, old, and of variable efficacy, and reports of resistance to most antiparasitic agents have been published. New drugs, formulations, or combinations are needed to successfully limit the spread and severity of these diseases within a One Health framework. In this Special Issue, contributions regarding the identification and validation of drug targets, underlying mechanisms of action and resistance, and potential new molecules are presented. These research contributions are complemented by an update revision of the current chemotherapy against African Trypanosoma species, and a critical review of the shortcomings of the prevailing model of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Alunda
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; ; Tel.: +34-913-943-701
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Steverding D, Troeberg L. 100 years since the publication of the suramin formula. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:11. [PMID: 38057659 PMCID: PMC10700199 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Suramin was the first drug developed using the approach of medicinal chemistry by the German Bayer company in the 1910s for the treatment of human African sleeping sickness caused by the two subspecies Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesienese. However, the drug was politically instrumentalized by the German government in the 1920s in an attempt to regain possession of its former African colonies lost after the First World War. For this reason, the formula of suramin was kept secret for more than 10 years. Eventually, the French pharmacist Ernest Fourneau uncovered the chemical structure of suramin by reverse engineering and published the formula of the drug in 1924. During the Nazi period, suramin became the subject of colonial revisionism, and the development of the drug was portrayed in books and films to promote national socialist propaganda. Ever since its discovery, suramin has also been tested for bioactivity against numerous other infections and diseases. However, sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is the only human disease for which treatment with suramin is currently approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Rosalind Franklin Road, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Rosalind Franklin Road, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
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21
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Morrison LJ, Steketee PC, Tettey MD, Matthews KR. Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomes: From laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts. Virulence 2023; 14:2150445. [PMID: 36419235 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are vector-borne protozoa, which cause significant human and animal disease across sub-Saharan Africa, and animal disease across Asia and South America. In humans, infection is caused by variants of Trypanosoma brucei, and is characterized by varying rate of progression to neurological disease, caused by parasites exiting the vasculature and entering the brain. Animal disease is caused by multiple species of trypanosome, primarily T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei. These trypanosomes also infect multiple species of mammalian host, and this complexity of trypanosome and host diversity is reflected in the spectrum of severity of disease in animal trypanosomiasis, ranging from hyperacute infections associated with mortality to long-term chronic infections, and is also a main reason why designing interventions for animal trypanosomiasis is so challenging. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of trypanosome determinants of infection progression and severity, covering laboratory models of disease, as well as human and livestock disease. We will also highlight gaps in knowledge and capabilities, which represent opportunities to both further our fundamental understanding of how trypanosomes cause disease, as well as facilitating the development of the novel interventions that are so badly needed to reduce the burden of disease caused by these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mabel D Tettey
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Cook AD, Carrington M, Higgins MK. Trypanosomes and complement: more than one way to die? Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:1014-1022. [PMID: 37758633 PMCID: PMC10789607 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomes show a remarkable ability to survive as extracellular parasites in the blood and tissue spaces of an infected mammal. Throughout the infection they are exposed to the molecules and cells of the immune system, including complement. In this opinion piece, we review decades-worth of evidence about how complement affects African trypanosomes. We highlight the discovery of a trypanosome receptor for complement C3 and we critically assess three recent studies which attempt to provide a structural and mechanistic view of how this receptor helps trypanosomes to survive in the presence of complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Cook
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QU
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QU.
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23
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Steketee PC, Paxton E, Barrett MP, Pearce MC, Connelley TK, Morrison LJ. Anti-parasitic benzoxaboroles are ineffective against Theileria parva in vitro. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 23:71-77. [PMID: 37866107 PMCID: PMC10623109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
East Coast Fever (ECF) is a disease affecting cattle in sub-Saharan Africa, caused by the tick-borne Apicomplexan pathogen Theileria parva. The disease is a major problem for cattle farmers in affected regions and there are few methods of control, including a complex infection and treatment vaccine, expensive chemotherapy, and the more widespread tick control through acaricides. New intervention strategies are, therefore, sorely needed. Benzoxaboroles are a versatile class of boron-heterocyclic compounds with demonstrable pharmacological activity against a diverse group of pathogens, including those related to T. parva. In this study, the in vitro efficacy of three benzoxaboroles against the intracellular schizont stage of T. parva was investigated using a flow cytometry approach. Of the benzoxaboroles tested, only one showed any potency, albeit only at high concentrations, even though there is high protein sequence similarity in the CPSF3 protein target compared to other protozoan pathogen species. This finding suggests that benzoxaboroles currently of interest for the treatment of African animal trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis and malaria may not be suitable for the treatment of ECF. We conclude that testing of further benzoxaborole compounds is needed to fully determine whether any lead compounds can be identified to target T. parva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C Steketee
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Michael C Pearce
- Global Alliance for Livestock Medicines, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Timothy K Connelley
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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24
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Zhyldyz A, Aitakin K, Atabek B, Elmurat J, Rysbek N, Jailobek O, Ahedor B, Otgonsuren D, Mumbi NNM, Guswanto A, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N. An epidemiological survey of vector-borne pathogens infecting cattle in Kyrgyzstan. Parasitol Int 2023; 97:102791. [PMID: 37544641 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cattle production is a major contributor to the national economy of Kyrgyzstan. Most cattle in Kyrgyzstan are managed via extensive systems and graze in communal pastures. As a result, infestations with ectoparasites are widespread, implying that various vector-borne diseases might be common in cattle. However, methods to control such infectious diseases are not available in Kyrgyzstan because the epidemiology of vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) infecting cattle remains unclear. The present study was therefore designed to survey Kyrgyz cattle for VBPs. We prepared blood DNA samples from 319 cattle in Kyrgyzstan and screened them with specific PCR assays for detecting Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia naoakii, Theileria annulata, Theileria orientalis, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma theileri, and Anaplasma marginale infections. Our findings indicated that the surveyed cattle were infected with six of the eight pathogens targeted, with the exceptions being B. naoakii and Try. evansi. The most common pathogen was T. orientalis (84.3%), followed by B. bigemina (47.6%), T. annulata (16.6%), A. marginale (11.6%), Try. theileri (7.2%), and B. bovis (2.5%). Additional screening of the B. bovis- and B. bigemina-negative samples with a Babesia genus-specific 18S rRNA PCR identified two positive samples, and sequencing analysis confirmed that each of them was infected with either Babesia major or Babesia occultans. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. occultans, Try. theileri, and A. marginale infections in cattle in Kyrgyzstan. Our findings suggest that cattle in Kyrgyzstan are at high risk of infectious diseases caused by VBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atambekova Zhyldyz
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Named After A. Duisheev, Togolok Moldo Str. 60, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Kamarli Aitakin
- Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Named After A. Duisheev, Togolok Moldo Str. 60, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Berdikulov Atabek
- Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Named After A. Duisheev, Togolok Moldo Str. 60, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Jetigenov Elmurat
- Kyrgyz National Agrarian University Named After. K.I. Scryabin, Mederova Str. 68, Bishkek 720005, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Nurgaziev Rysbek
- Kyrgyz National Agrarian University Named After. K.I. Scryabin, Mederova Str. 68, Bishkek 720005, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Orozov Jailobek
- Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Named After A. Duisheev, Togolok Moldo Str. 60, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Believe Ahedor
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Davaajav Otgonsuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ngigi Noel Muthoni Mumbi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Azirwan Guswanto
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; WOAH Reference Laboratories for Bovine Babesiosis and Equine Piroplasmosis, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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25
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Albisetti A, Hälg S, Zoltner M, Mäser P, Wiedemar N. Suramin action in African trypanosomes involves a RuvB-like DNA helicase. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 23:44-53. [PMID: 37757728 PMCID: PMC10520940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Suramin is one of the oldest drugs in use today. It is still the treatment of choice for the hemolymphatic stage of African sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, and it is also used for surra in camels caused by Trypanosoma evansi. Yet despite one hundred years of use, suramin's mode of action is not fully understood. Suramin is a polypharmacological molecule that inhibits diverse proteins. Here we demonstrate that a DNA helicase of the pontin/ruvB-like 1 family, termed T. brucei RuvBL1, is involved in suramin resistance in African trypanosomes. Bloodstream-form T. b. rhodesiense under long-term selection for suramin resistance acquired a homozygous point mutation, isoleucine-312 to valine, close to the ATP binding site of T. brucei RuvBL1. The introduction of this missense mutation, by reverse genetics, into drug-sensitive trypanosomes significantly decreased their sensitivity to suramin. Intriguingly, the corresponding residue of T. evansi RuvBL1 was found mutated in a suramin-resistant field isolate, in that case to a leucine. RuvBL1 (Tb927.4.1270) is predicted to build a heterohexameric complex with RuvBL2 (Tb927.4.2000). RNAi-mediated silencing of gene expression of either T. brucei RuvBL1 or RuvBL2 caused cell death within 72 h. At 36 h after induction of RNAi, bloodstream-form trypanosomes exhibited a cytokinesis defect resulting in the accumulation of cells with two nuclei and two or more kinetoplasts. Taken together, these data indicate that RuvBL1 DNA helicase is involved in suramin action in African trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Albisetti
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvan Hälg
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zoltner
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Biocev, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Wiedemar
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
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26
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Rascón-García K, Martínez-López B, Cecchi G, Scoglio C, Matovu E, Muhanguzi D. Prevalence of African animal trypanosomiasis among livestock and domestic animals in Uganda: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis from 1980 to 2022. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20337. [PMID: 37990067 PMCID: PMC10663568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is one of the major constraints to animal health and production in sub-Saharan Africa. To inform AAT control in Uganda and help advance along the progressive control pathway (PCP), we characterized AAT prevalence among eight host species in Uganda and explored factors that influence the prevalence variation between studies. We retrieved AAT prevalence publications (n = 2232) for Uganda (1980-2022) from five life sciences databases, focusing on studies specifying AAT detection methods, sample size, and the number of trypanosome-positive animals. Following PRISMA guidelines, we included 56 publications, and evaluated publication bias by the Luis Furuya-Kanamori (LFK) index. National AAT prevalence under DNA diagnostic methods for cattle, sheep and goats was 22.15%, 8.51% and 13.88%, respectively. Under DNA diagnostic methods, T. vivax was the most common Trypanosoma sp. in cattle (6.15%, 95% CI: 2.91-10.45) while T. brucei was most common among small ruminants (goats: 8.78%, 95% CI: 1.90-19.88, and sheep: 8.23%, 95% CI: 4.74-12.50, respectively). Northern and Eastern regions accounted for the highest AAT prevalence. Despite the limitations of this study (i.e., quality of reviewed studies, underrepresentation of districts/regions), we provide insights that could be used for better control of AAT in Uganda and identify knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to support the progressive control of AAT at country level and other regional endemic countries with similar AAT eco-epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rascón-García
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Scoglio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Enock Matovu
- Department of Biotechnical & Diagnostic Sciences (BDS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- Department of Bio-Molecular Resources and Bio-Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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27
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Janse van Rensburg H, N’Da DD, Suganuma K. In Vitro and In Vivo Trypanocidal Efficacy of Nitrofuryl- and Nitrothienylazines. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43088-43098. [PMID: 38024678 PMCID: PMC10652724 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne disease of animals and humans in the tsetse fly belt of Africa. Trypanosoma congolense ("nagana") is the most pathogenic trypanosome in livestock and causes high morbidity and mortality rates among cattle. In the absence of effective preventative vaccines, the management of trypanosomiasis relies on chemoprophylaxis and/or -therapy. However, the trypanocides in clinical use exhibit poor oral bioavailability and toxicity, and therapeutic failures occur because of resistant strains. Because nitrofurantoin displayed, in addition to its clinical use, promising antiparasitic activity, the current study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro trypanocidal activity and preliminary in vivo treatment efficacy of previously synthesized nitrofuranylazines. The trypanocidal activity of these nitrofuran derivatives varied among the evaluated trypanosome species; however, T. congolense strain IL3000 was more susceptible than other animal and human trypanosomes. The nitrofurylazines 4a (IC50 0.04 μM; SI > 7761) and 7a (IC50 0.03 μM; SI > 9542) as well as the nitrothienylazine 8b (IC50 0.04 μM; SI 232), with nanomolar IC50 values, were revealed as early antitrypanosomal leads. Although these derivatives showed strong trypanocidal activity in vitro, no in vivo treatment efficacy was observed in T. congolense IL3000 infected mice after both oral and intraperitoneal administration in a preliminary study. This was attributed to the poor solubility of the test compounds in the in vivo testing media. Indeed, a challenge in drug discovery is finding a balance between the physicochemical properties of a drug candidate, particularly lipophilicity and water solubility, and maintaining adequate potency to provide an effective dose. Hence, future chemical modifications may be required to generate lead-like to lead-like nitrofuranylazines that possess optimal physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties while retaining in vitro and, ultimately, in vivo trypanocidal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David D. N’Da
- Centre
of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National
Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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28
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Black JA, Klinger CM, Lemgruber L, Dacks JB, Mottram JC, McCulloch R. AAK1-like: A putative pseudokinase with potential roles in cargo uptake in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei parasites. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12994. [PMID: 37548427 PMCID: PMC10952953 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Selection and internalization of cargo via clathrin-mediated endocytosis requires adaptor protein complexes. One complex, AP-2, acts during cargo selection at the plasma membrane. African trypanosomes lack all components of the AP-2 complex, except for a recently identified orthologue of the AP-2-associated protein kinase 1, AAK1. In characterized eukaryotes, AAK1 phosphorylates the μ2 subunit of the AP-2 complex to enhance cargo recognition and uptake into clathrin-coated vesicles. Here, we show that kinetoplastids encode not one, but two AAK1 orthologues: one (AAK1L2) is absent from salivarian trypanosomes, while the other (AAK1L1) lacks important kinase-specific residues in a range of trypanosomes. These AAK1L1 and AAK1L2 novelties reinforce suggestions of functional divergence in endocytic uptake within salivarian trypanosomes. Despite this, we show that AAK1L1 null mutant Trypanosoma brucei, while viable, display slowed proliferation, morphological abnormalities including swelling of the flagellar pocket, and altered cargo uptake. In summary, our data suggest an unconventional role for a putative pseudokinase during endocytosis and/or vesicular trafficking in T. brucei, independent of AP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Black
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection & ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Christen M. Klinger
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection & ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health, Research InnovationUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection & ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Glasgow Imaging Facility, School of Infection & ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Joel B. Dacks
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology CentreCzech Academy of SciencesCeske Budejovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Richard McCulloch
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection & ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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29
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Singh M, Sharma SK, Bhat VK. Vertex-Based Resolvability Parameters for Identification of Certain Chemical Structures. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39865-39872. [PMID: 37901551 PMCID: PMC10601419 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemical graph theory explores chemical phenomena and entities through the conceptual framework of graph theory. In chemical graph theory, molecular structures are represented by chemical graphs, where edges and vertices correspond to bonds and atoms, respectively. Chemical graphs serve as fundamental data types in cheminformatics for illustrating chemical structures. The computable properties of graphs form the basis for quantitative structure-property and structure-activity predictions, which are central to cheminformatics. These graphs capture the physical characteristics of molecules and can be further reduced to graph-theoretical indices or descriptors. One extensively studied distance-based graph descriptor is the resolving set Z, which enables the distinction of every pair of distinct vertices in a connected simple graph. Resolving sets were specifically employed in pharmaceutical research to find patterns shared by several different drugs. Since very early times, medicinal drugs have played a significant part in human civilization. In this article, we investigate minimum resolving sets for certain significant drug molecular structures, namely, suramin (S86) and acemannan (A116).
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Affiliation(s)
- Malkesh Singh
- School
of Mathematics, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra 182320, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sunny Kumar Sharma
- Department
of Mathematics, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Bhat
- School
of Mathematics, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra 182320, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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30
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Larcombe SD, Briggs EM, Savill N, Szoor B, Matthews KR. The developmental hierarchy and scarcity of replicative slender trypanosomes in blood challenges their role in infection maintenance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306848120. [PMID: 37824530 PMCID: PMC10589647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306848120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of Trypanosoma brucei in its mammalian host is marked by a distinct morphological change as replicative "slender" forms differentiate into cell cycle arrested "stumpy" forms in a quorum-sensing-dependent manner. Although stumpy forms dominate chronic infections at the population level, the proportion of replicative parasites at the individual cell level and the irreversibility of arrest in the bloodstream are unclear. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that developmental cell cycle arrest is definitively irreversible in acute and chronic infections in mice. Furthermore, analysis of replicative capacity and single-cell transcriptome profiling reveal a temporal hierarchy, whereby cell cycle arrest and appearance of a reversible stumpy-like transcriptome precede irreversible commitment and morphological change. Unexpectedly, we show that proliferating parasites are exceptionally scarce in the blood after infections are established. This challenges the ability of bloodstream trypanosomes to sustain infection by proliferation or antigenic variation, these parasites instead being overwhelmingly adapted for transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Larcombe
- School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth laboratories, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. Briggs
- School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth laboratories, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3FL, United Kingdom
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, School of Infection and Immunity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Savill
- School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth laboratories, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Balazs Szoor
- School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth laboratories, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R. Matthews
- School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth laboratories, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH9 3FL, United Kingdom
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31
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Nué-Martinez JJ, Cisneros D, Moreno-Blázquez MD, Fonseca-Berzal C, Manzano JI, Kraeutler D, Ungogo MA, Aloraini MA, Elati HAA, Ibáñez-Escribano A, Lagartera L, Herraiz T, Gamarro F, de Koning HP, Gómez-Barrio A, Dardonville C. Synthesis and Biophysical and Biological Studies of N-Phenylbenzamide Derivatives Targeting Kinetoplastid Parasites. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13452-13480. [PMID: 37729094 PMCID: PMC10578353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The AT-rich mitochondrial DNA (kDNA) of trypanosomatid parasites is a target of DNA minor groove binders. We report the synthesis, antiprotozoal screening, and SAR studies of three series of analogues of the known antiprotozoal kDNA binder 2-((4-(4-((4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)amino)benzamido)phenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (1a). Bis(2-aminoimidazolines) (1) and bis(2-aminobenzimidazoles) (2) showed micromolar range activity against Trypanosoma brucei, whereas bisarylimidamides (3) were submicromolar inhibitors of T. brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania donovani. None of the compounds showed relevant activity against the urogenital, nonkinetoplastid parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. We show that series 1 and 3 bind strongly and selectively to the minor groove of AT DNA, whereas series 2 also binds by intercalation. The measured pKa indicated different ionization states at pH 7.4, which correlated with the DNA binding affinities (ΔTm) for series 2 and 3. Compound 3a, which was active and selective against the three parasites and displayed adequate metabolic stability, is a fine candidate for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Jonathan Nué-Martinez
- Instituto
de Química Médica, IQM−CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
- PhD
Programme in Medicinal Chemistry, Doctoral School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Cisneros
- Instituto
de Química Médica, IQM−CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
- PhD
Programme in Medicinal Chemistry, Doctoral School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Fonseca-Berzal
- Departamento
de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Manzano
- Instituto
de Parasitología y Biomedicina “Löpez Neyra”,
IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnolögico
de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Damien Kraeutler
- Instituto
de Química Médica, IQM−CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marzuq A. Ungogo
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Maha A. Aloraini
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Hamza A. A. Elati
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano
- Departamento
de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lagartera
- Instituto
de Química Médica, IQM−CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN−CSIC, José Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad
Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto
de Parasitología y Biomedicina “Löpez Neyra”,
IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnolögico
de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Harry P. de Koning
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Alicia Gómez-Barrio
- Departamento
de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Hervé P, Monic S, Bringaud F, Rivière L. Phospholipases A and Lysophospholipases in protozoan parasites. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:204-216. [PMID: 37786811 PMCID: PMC10513453 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.10.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases (PLs) and Lysophospholipases (LysoPLs) are a diverse group of esterases responsible for phospholipid or lysophospholipid hydrolysis. They are involved in several biological processes, including lipid catabolism, modulation of the immune response and membrane maintenance. PLs are classified depending on their site of hydrolysis as PLA1, PLA2, PLC and PLD. In many pathogenic microorganisms, from bacteria to fungi, PLAs and LysoPLs have been described as critical virulence and/or pathogenicity factors. In protozoan parasites, a group containing major human and animal pathogens, growing literature show that PLAs and LysoPLs are also involved in the host infection. Their ubiquitous presence and role in host-pathogen interactions make them particularly interesting to study. In this review, we summarize the literature on PLAs and LysoPLs in several protozoan parasites of medical relevance, and discuss the growing interest for them as potential drug and vaccine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Hervé
- Université de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah Monic
- Université de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Université de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Université de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
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33
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Racané L, Ptiček L, Kostrun S, Raić-Malić S, Taylor MC, Delves M, Alsford S, Olmo F, Francisco AF, Kelly JM. Bis-6-amidino-benzothiazole Derivative that Cures Experimental Stage 1 African Trypanosomiasis with a Single Dose. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13043-13057. [PMID: 37722077 PMCID: PMC10544003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a series of symmetric bis-6-amidino-benzothiazole derivatives with aliphatic central units and evaluated their efficacy against bloodstream forms of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei. Of these, a dicationic benzothiazole compound (9a) exhibited sub-nanomolar in vitro potency with remarkable selectivity over mammalian cells (>26,000-fold). Unsubstituted 5-amidine groups and a cyclohexyl spacer were the crucial determinants of trypanocidal activity. In all cases, mice treated with a single dose of 20 mg kg-1 were cured of stage 1 trypanosomiasis. The compound displayed a favorable in vitro ADME profile, with the exception of low membrane permeability. However, we found evidence that uptake by T. brucei is mediated by endocytosis, a process that results in lysosomal sequestration. The compound was also active in low nanomolar concentrations against cultured asexual forms of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Therefore, 9a has exquisite cross-species efficacy and represents a lead compound with considerable therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Racané
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Ptiček
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, Prilaz baruna Filipovića 28a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Kostrun
- Chemistry
Department, Selvita Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silvana Raić-Malić
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martin Craig Taylor
- Department
of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT London, U.K.
| | - Michael Delves
- Department
of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT London, U.K.
| | - Sam Alsford
- Department
of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT London, U.K.
| | - Francisco Olmo
- Department
of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT London, U.K.
| | - Amanda Fortes Francisco
- Department
of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT London, U.K.
| | - John M. Kelly
- Department
of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT London, U.K.
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34
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Albisetti AC, Douglas RL, Welch MD. FAZ assembly in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei requires kinesin KIN-E. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar103. [PMID: 37531263 PMCID: PMC10551704 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, uses its flagellum for movement, cell division, and signaling. The flagellum is anchored to the cell body membrane via the flagellum attachment zone (FAZ), a complex of proteins, filaments, and microtubules that spans two membranes with elements on both flagellum and cell body sides. How FAZ components are carried into place to form this complex is poorly understood. Here, we show that the trypanosome-specific kinesin KIN-E is required for building the FAZ in bloodstream-form parasites. KIN-E is localized along the flagellum with a concentration at its distal tip. Depletion of KIN-E by RNAi rapidly inhibits flagellum attachment and leads to cell death. A detailed analysis reveals that KIN-E depletion phenotypes include failure in cytokinesis completion, kinetoplast DNA missegregation, and transport vesicle accumulation. Together with previously published results in procyclic form parasites, these data suggest KIN-E plays a critical role in FAZ assembly in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Albisetti
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Robert L. Douglas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Matthew D. Welch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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35
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Obi CF, Okpala MI, Anyogu DC, Onyeabo A, Aneru GE, Ezeh IO, Ezeokonkwo RC. Comparative pathogenicity of single and mixed drug-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense infections in rats. Res Vet Sci 2023; 162:104946. [PMID: 37467559 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Drug-resistant trypanosomes are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and in conjunction with the drug-sensitive phenotypes cause a serious endemic wasting disease in animals. We evaluated the pathogenicity of single and mixed drug-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei and T. congolense isolates in 35 female rats, randomly divided into seven groups (1-7) of five rats. Group 1 was the uninfected control. Groups 2 and 3 were infected with drug-sensitive T. brucei brucei and T. congolense, respectively, whereas groups 4 and 5 were infected with multidrug-resistant T. brucei brucei and T. congolense respectively. Group 6 were infected with drug-sensitive T. brucei brucei and T. congolense while group 7 were infected with multidrug-resistant T. brucei brucei and T. congolense. Parasitaemia kinetics, haematological parameters, body weight, clinical signs, survival time, gross and histopathological changes in the spleen were evaluated. Parasitaemia occurred between day 3-9 post-infection in all the infected groups. Rats in groups 4 and 7 had markedly prolonged (p < 0.05) pre-patent period, days to first peak parasitaemia, survival time, and lower (p < 0.05) parasitaemia level than groups 2 and 6 rats while these parameters were comparable for groups 3 and 5 rats. Anaemia was noted in the infected groups but the severity did not vary amongst the infected groups. Severe clinical signs and splenic lesions were noted in rats infected with drug-sensitive trypanosome species compared to the multidrug-resistant species. Therefore, we conclude that the trypanosome isolates were pathogenic. However, the drug-sensitive T. brucei brucei and mixed drug-sensitive trypanosome infections were more pathogenic than their multidrug-resistant counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso F Obi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Michael I Okpala
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Davinson C Anyogu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Amaechi Onyeabo
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu E Aneru
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ikenna O Ezeh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Romanus C Ezeokonkwo
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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36
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Janse van Rensburg HD, Suganuma K, N'Da DD. In vitro trypanocidal activities and structure-activity relationships of ciprofloxacin analogs. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10704-9. [PMID: 37481633 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Tropical diseases, such as African trypanosomiasis, by their nature and prevalence lack the necessary urgency regarding drug development, despite the increasing need for novel, structurally diverse antitrypanosomal drugs, using different mechanisms of action that would improve drug efficacy and safety. Traditionally antibacterial agents, the fluoroquinolones, reportedly possess in vitro trypanocidal activities against Trypanosoma brucei organisms. During our research, the fluroquinolone, ciprofloxacin (1), and its analogs (2-24) were tested against bloodstream forms of T. brucei brucei, T. b. gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense, T. evansi, T. equiperdum, and T. congolense and Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (cytotoxicity). Ciprofloxacin [CPX (1)] demonstrated selective trypanocidal activity against T. congolense (IC50 7.79 µM; SI 39.6), whereas the CPX derivatives (2-10) showed weak selective activity (25 < IC50 < 65 µM; 2 < SI < 4). Selectivity and activity of the CPX and 1,2,3-triazole (TZ) hybrids (11-24) were governed by their chemical functionality at C-3 (carboxylic acid, or 4-methylpiperazinyl amide) and their electronic effect (electron-donating or electron-withdrawing para-benzyl substituent), respectively. Trypanocidal hits in the micromolar range were identified against bloodstream forms of T. congolense [CPX (1); CPX amide derivatives 18: IC50 8.95 µM; SI 16.84; 22: IC50 5.42 µM; SI 25.2] and against T. brucei rhodesiense (CPX acid derivative 13: IC50 4.51 µM; SI 10.2), demonstrating more selectivity toward trypanosomes than mammalian cells. Hence, the trypanocidal hit compound 22 may be optimized by retaining the 4-methylpiperazine amide functional group (C-3) and the TZ moiety at position N-15 and introducing other electron-withdrawing ortho-, meta-, and/or para-substituents on the aryl ring in an effort to improve the pharmacokinetic properties and increase the trypanocidal activity. Structure-activity relationships of ciprofloxacin-1,2,3-triazole hybrids were governed by the chemical functionality at C-3 and electronic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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37
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Bachmaier S, Gould MK, Polatoglou E, Omelianczyk R, Brennand AE, Aloraini MA, Munday JC, Horn D, Boshart M, de Koning HP. Novel kinetoplastid-specific cAMP binding proteins identified by RNAi screening for cAMP resistance in Trypanosoma brucei. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1204707. [PMID: 37475965 PMCID: PMC10354285 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1204707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP signalling in trypanosomes differs from most eukaryotes due to absence of known cAMP effectors and cAMP independence of PKA. We have previously identified four genes from a genome-wide RNAi screen for resistance to the cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor NPD-001. The genes were named cAMP Response Protein (CARP) 1 through 4. Here, we report an additional six CARP candidate genes from the original sample, after deep sequencing of the RNA interference target pool retrieved after NPD-001 selection (RIT-seq). The resistance phenotypes were confirmed by individual RNAi knockdown. Highest level of resistance to NPD-001, approximately 17-fold, was seen for knockdown of CARP7 (Tb927.7.4510). CARP1 and CARP11 contain predicted cyclic AMP binding domains and bind cAMP as evidenced by capture and competition on immobilised cAMP. CARP orthologues are strongly enriched in kinetoplastid species, and CARP3 and CARP11 are unique to Trypanosoma. Localization data and/or domain architecture of all CARPs predict association with the T. brucei flagellum. This suggests a crucial role of cAMP in flagellar function, in line with the cell division phenotype caused by high cAMP and the known role of the flagellum for cytokinesis. The CARP collection is a resource for discovery of unusual cAMP pathways and flagellar biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bachmaier
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthew K. Gould
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Eleni Polatoglou
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Omelianczyk
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ana E. Brennand
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maha A. Aloraini
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C. Munday
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Horn
- The Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Boshart
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Harry P. de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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38
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Danazumi AU, Ishmam IT, Idris S, Izert MA, Balogun EO, Górna MW. Targeted protein degradation might present a novel therapeutic approach in the fight against African trypanosomiasis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 186:106451. [PMID: 37088149 PMCID: PMC11032742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis (AT) is a hemoparasitic disease caused by infection with African trypanosomes and it is prevalent in many sub-Saharan African countries, affecting both humans and domestic animals. The disease is transmitted mostly by haematophagous insects of the genus Glossina while taking blood meal, in the process spreading the parasites from an infected animal to an uninfected animal. The disease is fatal if untreated, and the available drugs are generally ineffective and resulting in toxicities. Therefore, it is still pertinent to explore novel methods and targets for drug discovery. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) present a new strategy for development of therapeutic molecules that mimic cellular proteasomal-mediated protein degradation to target proteins involved in different disease types. PROTACs have been used to degrade proteins involved in various cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, and immune disorders with remarkable success. Here, we highlight the problems associated with the current treatments for AT, discuss the concept of PROTACs and associated targeted protein degradation (TPD) approaches, and provide some insights on the future potential for the use of these emerging technologies (PROTACs and TPD) for the development of new generation of anti-Trypanosoma drugs and the first "TrypPROTACs".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Usman Danazumi
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Salisu Idris
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Matylda Anna Izert
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emmanuel Oluwadare Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; African Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Maria Wiktoria Górna
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Alkhaldi AAM. Effects of Synthetic Ligustrazine-Based Chalcone Derivatives on Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Leishmania spp. Promastigotes. Molecules 2023; 28:4652. [PMID: 37375205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Current medication therapy for leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis remains a major challenge due to its limited efficacy, significant adverse effects, and inaccessibility. Consequently, locating affordable and effective medications is a pressing concern. Because of their easy-to-understand structure and high functionalization potential, chalcones are promising candidates for use as bioactive agents. Thirteen synthetic ligustrazine-containing chalcones were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis in etiologic agents. The tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) analogue ligustrazine was chosen as the central moiety for the synthesis of these chalcone compounds. The most effective compound (EC50 = 2.59 µM) was the chalcone derivative 2c, which featured a pyrazin-2-yl amino on the ketone ring and a methyl substitution. Multiple actions were observed for certain derivatives, including 1c, 2a-c, 4b, and 5b, against all strains tested. Eflornithine served as a positive control, and three ligustrazine-based chalcone derivatives, including 1c, 2c, and 4b, had a higher relative potency. Compounds 1c and 2c are particularly efficacious; even more potent than the positive control, they are therefore promising candidates for the treatment of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.
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Gachoki S, Groen TA, Vrieling A, Skidmore A, Masiga D. Evidence-based advice on timing and location of tsetse control measures in Shimba Hills National reserve, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011398. [PMID: 37276209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling tsetse flies is critical for effective management of African trypanosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa. To enhance timely and targeted deployment of tsetse control strategies a better understanding of their temporal dynamics is paramount. A few empirical studies have explained and predicted tsetse numbers across space and time, but the resulting models may not easily scale to other areas. We used tsetse catches from 160 traps monitored between 2017 and 2019 around Shimba Hills National Reserve in Kenya, a known tsetse and trypanosomiasis hotspot. Traps were divided into two groups: proximal (<1.0 km)) to and distant (> 1.0 km) from the outer edge of the reserve boundary. We fitted zero-inflated Poisson and generalized linear regression models for each group using as temporal predictors rainfall, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and LST (land surface temperature). For each predictor, we assessed their relationship with tsetse abundance using time lags from 10 days up to 60 days before the last tsetse collection date of each trap. Tsetse numbers decreased as distance from the outside of reserve increased. Proximity to croplands, grasslands, woodlands, and the reserve boundary were the key predictors for proximal traps. Tsetse numbers rose after a month of increased rainfall and the following increase in NDVI values but started to decline if the rains persisted beyond a month for distant traps. Specifically, tsetse flies were more abundant in areas with NDVI values greater than 0.7 for the distant group. The study suggests that tsetse control efforts beyond 1.0 km of the reserve boundary should be implemented after a month of increased rains in areas having NDVI values greater than 0.7. To manage tsetse flies effectively within a 1.0 km radius of the reserve boundary, continuous measures such as establishing an insecticide-treated trap or target barrier around the reserve boundary are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Gachoki
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas A Groen
- University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Anton Vrieling
- University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Skidmore
- University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Mewamba EM, Magang EMK, Tiofack AAZ, Woguia GF, Bouaka CUT, Kamga RMN, Farikou O, Fogue PS, Tume C, Ravel S, Simo G. Trypanosome infections in animals from tsetse infected areas of Cameroon and their sensitivity and resistance molecular profiles for diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 41:100868. [PMID: 37208078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and assessment of control strategies for African trypanosomoses' elimination require not only updating data on trypanosome infections, but also to have an overview on the molecular profiles of trypanocides resistance in different epidemiological settings. This study was designed to determine, in animals from six tsetse-infested areas of Cameroon, the prevalence of trypanosome infections as well as the diminazene aceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride (ISM) sensitivity/resistance molecular profiles of these trypanosomes. From 2016 to 2019, blood was collected in pigs, dogs, sheep, goats and cattle from six tsetse infested areas of Cameroon. DNA was extracted from blood and trypanosome species were identified by PCR. The sensitivity/resistance molecular profiles of trypanosomes to DA and ISM were investigated using PCR-RFLP. From 1343 blood samples collected, Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense forest and savannah, Trypanosoma theileri and trypanosomes of the sub-genus Trypanozoon were identified. The overall prevalence of trypanosome infections was 18.7%. These prevalence vary between trypanosome species, animal taxa, within and between sampling sites. Trypanosoma theileri was the predominant species with an infection rate of 12.1%. Trypanosomes showing resistant molecular profiles for ISM and DA were identified in animals from Tibati (2.7% for ISM and 65.6% for DA) and Kontcha (0.3% for ISM and 6.2% for DA). No trypanosome carrying resistant molecular profile for any of the two trypanocides was detected in animals from Fontem, Campo, Bipindi and Touboro. Mixed molecular profiles of sensitive/resistant trypanosomes were detected in animals from Tibati and Kontcha. Results of this study highlighted the presence of various trypanosome species as well as parasites carrying sensitive/resistant molecular profiles for DA and ISM in animals of tsetse infested areas of Cameroon. They indicate that the control strategies must be adapted according to epidemiological settings. The diversity of trypanosomes indicates that AAT remains a serious threat for animal breeding and animal health in these tsetse infested areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Mezajou Mewamba
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Eugenie Melaine Kemta Magang
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Arnol Auvaker Zebaze Tiofack
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Gilles-Fils Woguia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Calmes Ursain Tsakeng Bouaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rolin Mitterran Ndeffo Kamga
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Oumarou Farikou
- Special Mission for Eradication of Tsetse flies, Regional tsetse Division of Adamawa, MINEPIA, Ngaoundere, Cameroon; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Pythagore Sobgwi Fogue
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Christopher Tume
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Sophie Ravel
- IRD INTERTRYP, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
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Priyowidodo D, Sahara A, Prastowo J, Nurcahyo W, Firdausy LW. Detection of Trypanosoma evansi in a naturally infected cat in Indonesia using bioassay and molecular techniques. Vet World 2023; 16:828-833. [PMID: 37235144 PMCID: PMC10206981 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.828-833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The prevalence of surra in domestic cat is seldom and it is caused by Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi. However, molecular diagnostic approaches are required owing to similarities in their morphology. In Yogyakarta, a domestic cat was diagnosed with trypanosomiasis; however, the causative species was undetermined. Therefore, we aimed to molecularly and biologically identify the isolate. Materials and Methods Approximately 1 mL of blood from an infected cat was collected into EDTA tube and separated for inoculation into donor mice, blood smear, and DNA isolation. Two donor mice was then used for increasing the number of parasite in order to infect 10 experimental mice. Parasitemia was monitored daily in each experimental mouse by preparing a wet mount and Giemsa-stained thin blood smear. The blood of experimental mice that reached the peak of parasitemia was then collected and used for DNA isolation. Each blood sample, which collected from infected cat and experimental mice, was then isolated and amplified the DNA by polymerase chain reaction using ITS-1. The parasitemia pattern and viability of the animals were observed to determine the biological characteristics of trypanosomatid, while to assess the molecular characteristics, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 amplification was used. Results The prepatent period of this trypanosomatid is between 2 and 4 dpi, whereas the life span of mice is approximately 4-10 dpi. Morphologically, the trypomastigote in the cat blood smear had long slender and intermediate shapes. However, only the long slender form was detected. Among the total of 410 nucleotides (NT) of ITS-1 sequences, 25 NT substitutions differed between the cat and mouse isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both samples had a close genetic relationship with T. evansi. Conclusion Trypanosoma evansi, a highly virulent trypanosomatid, was isolated from a cat in Yogyakarta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Priyowidodo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ana Sahara
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Joko Prastowo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Wisnu Nurcahyo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Lintang Winantya Firdausy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Synthesis of urea and thiourea derivatives of C20-epi-aminosalinomycin and their activity against Trypanosoma brucei. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115241. [PMID: 36870272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Salinomycin (SAL) is a natural polyether ionophore that exhibits a very broad spectrum of biological effects, ranging from anticancer to antiparasitic activities. Our recent studies have shown that the chemical modification of the SAL biomolecule is a fruitful strategy for generating lead compounds for the development of novel antitrypanosomal agents. As a continuation of our program to develop trypanocidal active lead structures, we synthesized a series of 14 novel urea and thiourea analogs of C20-epi-aminosalinomycin (compound 2b). The trypanocidal and cytotoxic activities of the derivatives were assessed with the mammalian life cycle stage of Trypanosoma brucei and human leukemic HL-60 cells, respectively. The most antitrypanosomal compounds were the two thiourea derivatives 4b (C20-n-butylthiourea) and 4d (C20-phenylthiourea) with 50% growth inhibition (GI50) values of 0.18 and 0.22 μM and selectivity indices of 47 and 41, respectively. As potent SAL derivatives have been shown to induce strong cell swelling in bloodstream forms of T. brucei, the effect of compounds 4b and 4d to increase the cell volume of the parasite was also investigated. Interestingly, both derivatives were capable to induce faster cell swelling in bloodstream-form trypanosomes than the reference compound SAL. These findings support the suggestion that C20-epi-aminosalinomycin derivatives are suitable leads in the rational development of new and improved trypanocidal drugs.
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Casas-Sanchez A, Ramaswamy R, Perally S, Haines LR, Rose C, Aguilera-Flores M, Portillo S, Verbeelen M, Hussain S, Smithson L, Yunta C, Lehane MJ, Vaughan S, van den Abbeele J, Almeida IC, Boulanger MJ, Acosta-Serrano Á. The Trypanosoma brucei MISP family of invariant proteins is co-expressed with BARP as triple helical bundle structures on the surface of salivary gland forms, but is dispensable for parasite development within the tsetse vector. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011269. [PMID: 36996244 PMCID: PMC10089363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei spp. develop into mammalian-infectious metacyclic trypomastigotes inside tsetse salivary glands. Besides acquiring a variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat, little is known about the metacyclic expression of invariant surface antigens. Proteomic analyses of saliva from T. brucei-infected tsetse flies identified, in addition to VSG and Brucei Alanine-Rich Protein (BARP) peptides, a family of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored surface proteins herein named as Metacyclic Invariant Surface Proteins (MISP) because of its predominant expression on the surface of metacyclic trypomastigotes. The MISP family is encoded by five paralog genes with >80% protein identity, which are exclusively expressed by salivary gland stages of the parasite and peak in metacyclic stage, as shown by confocal microscopy and immuno-high resolution scanning electron microscopy. Crystallographic analysis of a MISP isoform (MISP360) and a high confidence model of BARP revealed a triple helical bundle architecture commonly found in other trypanosome surface proteins. Molecular modelling combined with live fluorescent microscopy suggests that MISP N-termini are potentially extended above the metacyclic VSG coat, and thus could be tested as a transmission-blocking vaccine target. However, vaccination with recombinant MISP360 isoform did not protect mice against a T. brucei infectious tsetse bite. Lastly, both CRISPR-Cas9-driven knock out and RNAi knock down of all MISP paralogues suggest they are not essential for parasite development in the tsetse vector. We suggest MISP may be relevant during trypanosome transmission or establishment in the vertebrate's skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Casas-Sanchez
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Samïrah Perally
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lee R. Haines
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Clair Rose
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Marcela Aguilera-Flores
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Susana Portillo
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | | | | | - Laura Smithson
- Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Yunta
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Lehane
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Igor C. Almeida
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Martin J. Boulanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Álvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Okello I, Mafie E, Nzalawahe J, Eastwood G, Mboera LEG, Hakizimana JN, Ogola K. Trypanosoma Congolense Resistant to Trypanocidal Drugs Homidium and Diminazene and their Molecular Characterization in Lambwe, Kenya. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:130-144. [PMID: 36441294 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a disease affecting livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. The use of trypanocidal agents is common practice to control AAT. This study aimed to identify drug-resistant Trypanosoma congolense in Lambwe, Kenya, and assess if molecular test backed with mice tests is reliable in detecting drug sensitivity. METHODS Blood samples were collected from cattle, in Lambwe, subjected to buffy coat extraction and Trypanosoma spp. detected under a microscope. Field and archived isolates were subjected to molecular characterization. Species-specific T. congolense and TcoAde2 genes were amplified using PCR to detect polymorphisms. Phylogenetic analysis were performed. Four T. congolense isolates were evaluated individually in 24 test mice per isolate. Test mice were then grouped (n=6) per treatement with diminazene, homidium, isometamidium, and controls. Mice were subsequently assessed for packed cell volume (PCV) and relapses using microscopy. RESULTS Of 454 samples, microscopy detected 11 T. congolense spp, eight had TcoAde2 gene, six showed polymorphisms in molecular assay. Phylogenetic analysis grouped isolates into five. Two archived isolates were homidium resistant, one was also diminazene resistant in mice. Two additional isolates were sensitive to all the drugs. Interestingly, one sensitive isolate lacked polymorphisms, while the second lacked TcoAde2, indicating the gene is not involved in drug sensitivity. Decline in PCV was pronounced in relapsed isolates. CONCLUSION T. congolense associated with homidium and diminazene resistance exist in Lambwe. The impact can be their spread and AAT increase. Polymorphisms are present in Lambwe strains. TcoAde2 is unlikely involved in drug sensitivity. Molecular combined with mice tests is reliable drug sensitivity test and can be applied to other genes. Decline in PCV in infected-treated host could suggest drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Okello
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, P.O. BOX 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Eliakunda Mafie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, P.O. BOX 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jahashi Nzalawahe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, P.O. BOX 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jean Nepomuscene Hakizimana
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, P.O. BOX 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Kennedy Ogola
- Pharmacology & Molecular Laboratory, Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, Biotechnology Research Institute, P. O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya
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Lamba S, Roy A. Demystifying the potential of inhibitors targeting DNA topoisomerases in unicellular protozoan parasites. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103574. [PMID: 37003515 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are a group of enzymes omnipresent in all organisms. They maintain the DNA topology during replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. However, the structure of topoisomerase in protozoan parasites differs significantly from that of human topoisomerases; thus, this enzyme acts as a crucial target in drug development against parasitic diseases. Although the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting the parasitic topoisomerase is well known, to manage the shortcomings of currently available therapeutics and the emergence of drug resistance, the discovery of novel antiparasitic molecules is an urgent need. In this review, we describe various investigational and repurposed topoisomerase inhibitors developed against protozoan parasites over the past few years. Teaser: Fatal parasitic diseases are an increasing cause for concern; here, we provide a compilation of different inhibitors targeting DNA topoisomerases, enzymes that are essential for, and unique to, protozoan parasites; therefore, inhibitors are efficient and have few adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Lamba
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India
| | - Amit Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India.
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Makarov A, Began J, Mautone IC, Pinto E, Ferguson L, Zoltner M, Zoll S, Field MC. The role of invariant surface glycoprotein 75 in xenobiotic acquisition by African trypanosomes. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:18-35. [PMID: 36789350 PMCID: PMC9896412 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.02.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The surface proteins of parasitic protozoa mediate functions essential to survival within a host, including nutrient accumulation, environmental sensing and immune evasion. Several receptors involved in nutrient uptake and defence from the innate immune response have been described in African trypanosomes and, together with antigenic variation, contribute towards persistence within vertebrate hosts. Significantly, a superfamily of invariant surface glycoproteins (ISGs) populates the trypanosome surface, one of which, ISG75, is implicated in uptake of the century-old drug suramin. By CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and biophysical analysis, we show here that ISG75 directly binds suramin and mediates uptake of additional naphthol-related compounds, making ISG75 a conduit for entry of at least one structural class of trypanocidal compounds. However, ISG75 null cells present only modest attenuation of suramin sensitivity, have unaltered viability in vivo and in vitro and no alteration to suramin-invoked proteome responses. While ISG75 is demonstrated as a valid suramin cell entry pathway, we suggest the presence of additional mechanisms for suramin accumulation, further demonstrating the complexity of trypanosomatid drug interactions and potential for evolution of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Makarov
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jakub Began
- Laboratory of Structural Parasitology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ileana Corvo Mautone
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Erika Pinto
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Liam Ferguson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Martin Zoltner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Zoll
- Laboratory of Structural Parasitology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mark C. Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Ungogo MA, Aldfer MM, Natto MJ, Zhuang H, Chisholm R, Walsh K, McGee M, Ilbeigi K, Asseri JI, Burchmore RJS, Caljon G, Van Calenbergh S, De Koning HP. Cloning and Characterization of Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax Nucleoside Transporters Reveal the Potential of P1-Type Carriers for the Discovery of Broad-Spectrum Nucleoside-Based Therapeutics against Animal African Trypanosomiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043144. [PMID: 36834557 PMCID: PMC9960827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT), caused predominantly by Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. vivax and T. congolense, is a fatal livestock disease throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Treatment options are very limited and threatened by resistance. Tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine) analogs have shown activity against individual parasites but viable chemotherapy must be active against all three species. Divergence in sensitivity to nucleoside antimetabolites could be caused by differences in nucleoside transporters. Having previously characterized the T. brucei nucleoside carriers, we here report the functional expression and characterization of the main adenosine transporters of T. vivax (TvxNT3) and T. congolense (TcoAT1/NT10), in a Leishmania mexicana cell line ('SUPKO') lacking adenosine uptake. Both carriers were similar to the T. brucei P1-type transporters and bind adenosine mostly through interactions with N3, N7 and 3'-OH. Expression of TvxNT3 and TcoAT1 sensitized SUPKO cells to various 7-substituted tubercidins and other nucleoside analogs although tubercidin itself is a poor substrate for P1-type transporters. Individual nucleoside EC50s were similar for T. b. brucei, T. congolense, T. evansi and T. equiperdum but correlated less well with T. vivax. However, multiple nucleosides including 7-halogentubercidines displayed pEC50>7 for all species and, based on transporter and anti-parasite SAR analyses, we conclude that nucleoside chemotherapy for AAT is viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzuq A. Ungogo
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Kaduna State, Nigeria
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mustafa M. Aldfer
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Manal J. Natto
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Hainan Zhuang
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Robyn Chisholm
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Katy Walsh
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - MarieClaire McGee
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Kayhan Ilbeigi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jamal Ibrahim Asseri
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Richard J. S. Burchmore
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (Campus Heymans), Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Harry P. De Koning
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
- Correspondence:
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Mdachi RE, Ogolla KO, Auma JE, Wamwiri FN, Kurgat RK, Wanjala KB, Mugunieri LG, Alusi PM, Chemuliti JK, Mukiria PW, Okoth SO. Variation of sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi isolates from Isiolo and Marsabit counties of Kenya to locally available trypanocidal drugs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281180. [PMID: 36730273 PMCID: PMC9894490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanocidal resistance is a major cause of treatment failure. This study evaluated the sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi field isolates collected from Marsabit and Isiolo counties, Kenya. A total of 2,750 camels were screened using parasitological tests for trypanosomes. Of the screened camels, 113 tested positive from which 40 T. evansi isolates were tested using the single dose mice sensitivity test. Five treatment groups each comprising of 6 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1x105 trypanosomes of each isolate and treated 24 hours later with isometamidium chloride at 1 mg/kg, homidium chloride at 1mg/kg, diminazene aceturate at 20 mg/kg and quinapyramine sulphate & chloride at 1 mg/kg. The fifth group was left untreated (positive control). The mice were monitored daily for 60 days. A survey on camel owners' practices that influence development of resistance to trypanocidal drugs was then conducted. Results indicated presence of drug resistance in all the 7 study sites that had infected camels. Seven of the isolates tested were resistant to diminazene aceturate whereas, 28, 33 and 34 were resistant to isometamidium chloride, quinapyramine sulphate & chloride and homidium chloride, respectively. Seven (17.5%) isolates of the 40 tested were sensitive to all 4 drugs, whereas, 7.5%, 10%,55% and 10% were resistant to 1,2,3 and 4 drugs, respectively. The prevalence of multiple drug resistance was 75%. Survey data indicated that camel management practices influenced the prevalence and degree of drug resistance. In conclusion, the multiple drug resistance observed in the two counties may not be an indication of total trypanocidal drug failure. Judicious treatment of confirmed trypanosomiasis cases with correct dosage would still be effective in controlling the disease since the observed resistance was at the population and not clonal level. However, integrated control of the disease and the vectors using available alternative methods is recommended to reduce drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sylvance O. Okoth
- East African Science and Technology Commission (EASTECO)\East African Community, Kigali, Rwanda
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The Activity of Red Nigerian Propolis and Some of Its Components against Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020622. [PMID: 36677679 PMCID: PMC9860874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Propolis is a resin that is gathered by bees from exudates produced by various plants. Its exact chemical composition depends on the plants available near the hive. Bees use propolis to coat the surfaces of the hive, where it acts as an anti-infective. Regardless of the chemical composition of propolis, it is always anti-protozoal, probably because protozoan parasites, particularly Lotmarium passim, are widespread in bee populations. The protozoa Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense cause disease in humans and/or animals. The existing drugs for treating these diseases are old and resistance is an increasingly severe problem. The many types of propolis present a rich source of anti-trypanosomal compounds-from a material gathered by bees in an environmentally friendly way. In the current work, red Nigerian propolis from Rivers State, Nigeria was tested against T. brucei and T. congolense and found to be highly active (EC50 1.66 and 4.00 µg/mL, respectively). Four isoflavonoids, vestitol, neovestitol, 7-methylvestitol and medicarpin, were isolated from the propolis. The isolated compounds were also tested against T. brucei and T. congolense, and vestitol displayed the highest activity at 3.86 and 4.36 µg/mL, respectively. Activities against drug-resistant forms of T. brucei and T. congolense were similar to those against wild type.
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