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Schwandt ML, Cullins E, Ramchandani VA. The role of resilience in the relationship between stress and alcohol. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 31:100644. [PMID: 38827175 PMCID: PMC11140813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress plays a well-documented role in alcohol consumption and the risk for developing alcohol use disorder. The concept of resilience - coping with and successfully adapting to stressful life experiences - has received increasing attention in the field of addiction research in recent decades, and there has been an accumulation of evidence for resilience as a protective factor against problematic alcohol consumption, risk for alcohol use disorder, disorder severity, and relapse. The conceptual and methodological approaches used in the generation of this evidence vary considerably across investigations, however. In light of this, we carried out this review in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the meaning and scope of resilience, what factors contribute to resilience, how it is measured, and how it relates to alcohol-associated phenotypes. Implications for treatment through the use of resilience-building interventions are likewise discussed, as well as implications for future research on the role of resilience in the etiology and clinical outcomes of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L. Schwandt
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eva Cullins
- Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vijay A. Ramchandani
- Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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McInerney SA, Waldrep E, Benight CC. Resilience enhancing programs in the U.S. military: An exploration of theory and applied practice. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 36:241-252. [PMID: 38661467 PMCID: PMC11057578 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2022.2086418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
U.S. service members are at an enhanced risk for developing mental disorders. To address these challenges, while promoting operational readiness and improving mental health outcomes, the Department of Defense directed each service component to develop and implement universal resilience enhancing programs. This paper provides a review of theoretical approaches conceptualizing resilience to trauma, including the theoretical foundations of programs currently in place. The resilience programs of U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps are described, and available program effectiveness data are reviewed. Gaps between theory and practice are identified and an alternative method of assessing psychological readiness in Army units that is informed by resilience theory is offered as one way to address these gaps and scientific concerns. By comprehensively assessing the stressors affecting Soldiers at regular intervals, military leaders may be able to better identify and mitigate stressors in a systematic way that bolsters individual and unit psychological fitness. An enhanced psychological readiness metric stands to strengthen the validity of current resilience programs, bring clarity to the mechanisms of resilience, and provide a novel way for leaders to promote readiness in their units. Application of this metric within the infrastructure of existing reporting systems stands to improve mental health outcomes for Service Members, enhance the psychological readiness of the force, and reduce healthcare costs over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. McInerney
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Edward Waldrep
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- PFC Floyd K. Lindstrom Department of Veterans Affairs Clinic, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Charles C. Benight
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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Kreienkamp M, Wheatley D, Ndobo A. Assessing the efficacy of a resilience training intervention for long-term improvements in well-being and resilience. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2024. [PMID: 38226711 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
This article has two aims: (1) to assess the impacts of a novel training intervention for individual well-being and (2) to measure the trajectory of resilience over the training period dependent on reported significant life events. Using a randomised controlled trial with a diverse German sample with the majority drawn from a student population, we measure the effects of the intervention to provide insight into its impacts and act as a proof of concept for the training. We find that the training intervention boosts resilience and other related well-being measures with a high effect size in comparison with a control group and compared with existing resilience training studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kreienkamp
- Fachbereich Psychologie, HMKW Hochschule für Medien, Kommunikation und Wirtschaft, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Wheatley
- Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - André Ndobo
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, Nantes Université, Univ Angers, Nantes, France
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Renault H, Freeman C, Banica I, Sandre A, Ethridge P, Park J, Weinberg A. Neural response to rewards moderates the within-person association between daily positive events and positive affect during a period of stress exposure. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14376. [PMID: 37430465 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress and neural responses to reward can interact to predict psychopathology, but the mechanisms of this interaction are unclear. One possibility is that the strength of neural responses to reward can affect the ability to maintain positive affect during stress. In this study, 105 participants completed a monetary reward task to elicit the reward positivity (RewP), an event-related potential sensitive to rewards. Subsequently, during a stressful period, participants reported on their affect nine times a day and on daily positive and negative events for 10 days. Even during heightened stress, experiencing more positive events was associated with increased positive affect. The RewP significantly moderated this association: Individuals with a larger RewP reported greater increases in positive affect when they experienced more positive events, relative to individuals with a smaller RewP. A blunted RewP might contribute to stress susceptibility by affecting how much individuals engage in positive emotion regulation during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héléna Renault
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clara Freeman
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Iulia Banica
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aislinn Sandre
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paige Ethridge
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mercer L, Cookson A, Müller-Myhsok B, van Vuuren J. Burnout and secondary traumatic stress in staff working with people with intellectual disabilities: The role of adverse childhood experiences, resilience and trauma-informed organisational climate. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2023; 36:1297-1307. [PMID: 37533333 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been extensive research into adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), however, less consideration has been given to the prevalence and impact of ACEs for staff working with people with intellectual disabilities. METHOD Participants were staff employed by agencies that care for people with intellectual disabilities. An online survey collected demographic information and measures of ACEs, resilience, trauma-informed organisational climate, burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Correlation, regression, mediation and moderation analyses were used. RESULTS 81.7% of 109 participants had experienced at least one ACE. Burnout, secondary traumatic stress and resilience were greater in the present study than in comparable samples. Trauma-informed organisational climate significantly predicted burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Resilience significantly predicted burnout. CONCLUSIONS Staff working with people with intellectual disabilities are likely to have experienced ACEs. Working in a trauma-informed organisational climate and resilience may be effective avenues for reducing burnout and secondary traumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Mercer
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alex Cookson
- Learning Disability Community Team, Merseycare NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Julie van Vuuren
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Handley ED, Rogosch FA, Duprey EB, Russotti J, Cicchetti D. Profiles of diurnal cortisol and DHEA regulation among children: Associations with maltreatment experiences, symptomatology, and positive adaptation. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1614-1626. [PMID: 35635209 PMCID: PMC9708938 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Person-centered methods represent an important advance in the simultaneous examination of multiple indicators of neuroendocrine functioning and may facilitate a more nuanced understanding of the impact of child maltreatment on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation. The aims of the present study were threefold: (a) identify naturally occurring patterns of diurnal cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) regulation among a sample of N = 1,258 children with and without histories of maltreatment, (b) investigate which neuroendocrine profiles characterize children with exposure to maltreatment, and (c) examine which profiles are related to adaptive outcomes and symptomatology among children. Cortisol and DHEA were sampled three times per day (9 a.m., 12 p.m., and 4 p.m.) across 5 and 2 days, respectively. Four profiles of cortisol and DHEA regulation were identified. Among females, a pattern marked by high cortisol and low DHEA was associated with more pervasive maltreatment experiences. Furthermore, we found evidence of adaptive interpersonal resilience such that children with maltreatment exposure who evidenced this pattern of high cortisol and low DHEA were viewed as more likeable than maltreated children with other neuroendocrine patterns. Finally, results pointed to higher levels of internalizing symptoms among children who displayed a profile marked by average cortisol and high DHEA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erinn B. Duprey
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester
- University of Rochester Medical Center
| | | | - Dante Cicchetti
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester
- University of Minnesota
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Ueno M. Relationships between drinking habits, psychological resilience, and salivary cortisol responses on the Trier Social Stress Test-Online among Japanese people. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:250. [PMID: 37641113 PMCID: PMC10464479 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine whether individual differences in resilience interacted with those in alcohol consumption habits in situations involving exposure to psychosocial stressors (Trier Social Stress Test-Online; TSST-OL). Additionally, we investigated whether individuals exhibiting resilience in their psychological scale scores showed biological responses that could be interpreted as resilience in stressful situations, such as the TSST-OL. We hypothesized that there would be no association between drinking habits and stress responses in the high-resilience group. Furthermore, high drinking habits would be associated with high stress responses in the low-resilience group. METHODS We recruited 22 and 20 individuals from the high and low-resilience groups, respectively, from among those who completed the online survey comprising the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and resilience scales; we excluded individuals with AUDIT scores of 15 or higher, and divided them by the median total resilience scale score. During the TSST-OL, self-rated stress measurement and saliva sample collection were performed seven times. Frozen samples were collected at the Tokyo site, and salivary hormonal (cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone) levels were measured after transport in frozen state. Finally, 36 participants were included in the analysis of self-rated stress and cortisol levels. RESULTS We observed the typical subjective stress responses to the TSST-OL. People with higher psychological scale scores for resilience traits showed significantly higher salivary cortisol levels than those with lower scores. Due to deficiencies in the survey and experimental design, the classification criteria were changed and an exploratory analysis was performed to investigate the interaction of individual differences in resilience and drinking habits. In contrast to our expectation, those with low resilience scores showed stress responses, regardless of their drinking habits. Furthermore, those with high resilience and drinking habits showed a specific insensitivity to salivary cortisol levels. Their self-rated stress scores were similar to those of other groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed the applicability of the TSST-OL in the Japanese population, the individual relationship between psychological resilience measures and biological stress responses, and a specific insensitivity in the salivary cortisol response as a result of individual differences in high resilience and drinking habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Ueno
- Tobacco Academic Studies Center, 1-16-3, Yokokawa, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-0003, Japan.
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Goulet CL, Wells CK, Szymanski LA, Thieman TJ. Gender-specific social support and resilience in nontraditional female college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:758-764. [PMID: 34398698 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1908300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Female college students report higher rates of stress than their male peers. Ineffective stress management contributes to a variety of concerning health outcomes. A number of factors have been shown to promote resilience to stress, such as experiencing positive social support. Few studies have examined if gender-specific social support impacts resilience. The present study investigates if gender-specific social support uniquely contributes to resilience among nontraditional college female students. Participants (N = 57) aged 21 to 54 completed an online survey assessing resilience and perceived social support from females and males. Participants with higher levels of perceived female social support reported higher levels of resilience than those with lower levels of perceived female social support. Perceived male social support was not significantly related to resilience when examined in conjunction with perceived female social support. These findings suggest that perceived female social support may uniquely contribute to resilience in nontraditional female students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Goulet
- Department of Psychology, Mayo Clinic Health Systems, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Courtney K Wells
- Department of Social Work, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lynda A Szymanski
- Psychology Department, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas J Thieman
- Psychology Department, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Gonzalez MR, Brown SA, Pelham WE, Bodison SC, McCabe C, Baker FC, Baskin‐Sommers A, Dick AS, Dowling GJ, Gebreselassie S, Guillaume M, Marshall AT, Sheth C, Sowell ER, Van Rinsveld A, Tapert SF. Family Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Risks of Financial Insecurity and Coping. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:43-58. [PMID: 35748113 PMCID: PMC9349420 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, families have experienced unprecedented financial and social disruptions. We studied the impact of preexisting psychosocial factors and pandemic-related financial and social disruptions in relation to family well-being among N = 4091 adolescents and parents during early summer 2020, participating in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study. Poorer family well-being was linked to prepandemic psychosocial and financial adversity and was associated with pandemic-related material hardship and social disruptions to routines. Parental alcohol use increased risk for worsening of family relationships, while a greater endorsement of coping strategies was mainly associated with overall better family well-being. Financial and mental health support may be critical for family well-being during and after a widespread crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Rademacher L, Kraft D, Eckart C, Fiebach CJ. Individual differences in resilience to stress are associated with affective flexibility. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022:10.1007/s00426-022-01779-4. [PMID: 36528692 PMCID: PMC10366320 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCognitive flexibility is frequently linked to resilience because of its important contribution to stress regulation. In this context, particularly affective flexibility, defined as the ability to flexibly attend and disengage from affective information, may play a significant role. In the present study, the relationship of cognitive and affective flexibility and resilience was examined in 100 healthy participants. Resilience was measured with three self-report questionnaires, two defining resilience as a personality trait and one focusing on resilience as an outcome in the sense of stress coping abilities. Cognitive and affective flexibility were assessed in two experimental task switching paradigms with non-affective and affective materials and tasks, respectively. The cognitive flexibility paradigm additionally included measures of cognitive stability and spontaneous switching in ambiguous situations. In the affective flexibility paradigm, we explicitly considered the affective valence of the stimuli. Response time switch costs in the affective flexibility paradigm were significantly correlated to all three measures of resilience. The correlation was not specific for particular valences of the stimuli before or during switching. For cognitive (non-affective) flexibility, a significant correlation of response time switch costs was found with only one resilience measure. A regression analysis including both affective and cognitive switch costs as predictors of resilience indicated that only affective, but not cognitive switch costs, explained unique variance components. Furthermore, the experimental measures of cognitive stability and the rate of spontaneous switching in ambiguous situations did not correlate with resilience scores. These findings suggest that specifically the efficiency of flexibly switching between affective and non-affective information is related to resilience.
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Krispil-Alon M, Jovasevic V, Radulovic J, Richter-Levin G. Sex-specific roles of hippocampal microRNAs in stress vulnerability and resilience. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:503. [PMID: 36473835 PMCID: PMC9726879 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrary to intuition, most individuals are resilient to psychological trauma and only a minority is vulnerable. Men and women are known to respond differently to trauma exposure, however, mechanisms underlying the relationship between sex differences and trauma resilience and vulnerability are not yet fully understood. Taking advantage of the Behavioral Profiling approach, which enables differentiating between 'affected' and 'unaffected' individuals, we examined sex-associated differences in stress exposure effects on hippocampal expression of selected stress-related GABA-A receptor targeting miRNAs. Levels of the miRNA-144 and miRNA-33 were measured in male and female affected (vulnerable, e.g., higher freezing time) and unaffected (resilient) rats. In male rats, increased levels of miRNA-144 and miRNA-33 were observed in the dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG) and ventral dentate gyrus (vDG) respectively, of stress-exposed but unaffected animals. In females, we observed an increased expression of miRNA-144 and miRNA-33 in the ventral cornu ammonis 1 (vCA1) of affected animals. Accordingly, we inhibited miRNAs expression selectively in hippocampal subregions using oligonucleotides containing locked nucleic acid bases, to examine the miRNAs' causal contribution to either vulnerability or resilience to stress in each sex. Inhibition of miRNA-144 in dDG and miRNA-33 in vDG in males resulted in an increased prevalence of vulnerable animals, while inhibition of miRNA-144 and miRNA-33 in vCA1 in females increased the proportion of resilient animals. The current findings reveal a critical sex-associated difference in the role of miRNAs in stress vulnerability and resilience. This novel understanding of sex-associated epigenetic involvement in the mechanism of stress-related psychopathologies may help improve gender-specific diagnosis and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Krispil-Alon
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Vladimir Jovasevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jelena Radulovic
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Gal Richter-Levin
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
- Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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Pigati PADS, Righetti RF, Nisiaymamoto BTC, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Tibério IDFLC. Resilience and its impact on the mental health of physiotherapists during the COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo, Brazil. J Affect Disord 2022; 310:422-428. [PMID: 35569609 PMCID: PMC9098656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze whether resilience modulates the levels of depression, anxiety, stress and the impact of events in physiotherapists who work with COVID-19 patients with those who do not. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2020 up to October 2020. A total of 519 physiotherapists were enrolled and divided according to resilience and whether they worked with COVID-19 patients. Volunteers answered sociodemographic questionnaires, rating their depression, anxiety, and stress on a scale (DASS-21). The impact of event scale revised (IES-R) and 14-item resilience scale (14-RS) were also used. RESULTS Physiotherapists with low resilience present scores significantly high of depression, anxiety, stress and impact of event compared to the high resilience group (P < .001). Additionally, working with COVID-19 patients also resulted in increased levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and impact of event compared with the NO COVID-19 group (P < .001). These responses were modulated by age, sex, number of absences from work, whether or not personal protective equipment was received, host leadership, and the practice and maintenance of regular physical activity. LIMITATIONS The responses to the questionnaires were anonymous and self-administered. We cannot assess whether these people had a previous diagnosis of depression, anxiety and stress. CONCLUSIONS Low resilience and work with COVID-19 patients were associated with high levels of depression, anxiety, and stress and worse psychological impacts of events. Several aspects modulate these responses and can contribute to improving the resilience and mental health of physiotherapists who are responsible for the care of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Angeli da Silva Pigati
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,Corresponding author at: Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 – 1 andar, sala 1216, 02146 903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo
- Department of Medicine (LIM-20), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil,Public Employee of São Paulo (IAMSPE), São Paulo, Brazil
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Resilience Improves the Quality of Life and Subjective Happiness of Physiotherapists during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148720. [PMID: 35886573 PMCID: PMC9317447 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Resilience is an individual characteristic that protects mental health. However, its impact on the lives of Brazilian physiotherapists during COVID-19 is not known. This study aimed to analyze whether resilience modulates the perceived quality of life (QoL) and subjective happiness (SH) of physiotherapists who work with COVID-19 patients, compared with those who do not. A cross-sectional study was conducted between 22 August and 22 October 2020. Physiotherapists working in critical and non-critical hospital sectors were invited to participate in the study. The participants completed sociodemographic questionnaires and were graded on the 14-item Resilience Scale, 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the Subjective Happiness Scale. In total, 519 physiotherapists were enrolled in the study. Physiotherapists with low resilience who worked with COVID-19 patients reported lower scores on the SF-36 subscales (except for social functioning) and the Subjective Happiness Scale, compared with those with high resilience who did not work with COVID-19 patients. These responses were modulated by age, sex, absence from work, receipt of personal protective equipment, host leadership, and practice and maintenance of regular physical activity. In conclusion, physiotherapists with low resilience who worked with COVID-19 patients presented lower perceptions of QoL and SH, compared with the other study participants.
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Sharpley CF, Christie DRH, Bitsika V. Which Aspects of Psychological Resilience Moderate the Association between Deterioration in Sleep and Depression in Patients with Prostate Cancer? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148505. [PMID: 35886356 PMCID: PMC9320600 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of psychological resilience on sleep-deterioration-related depression among patients with prostate cancer, in terms of the total score and individual symptoms. From a survey of 96 patients with prostate cancer, 55 who reported a deterioration in their sleep quality since diagnosis and treatment completed the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Insomnia Severity Index. Moderation analysis was conducted for the scale total scores and for the ‘core’ symptoms of each scale within this sample, based on data analysis. Interaction analysis was used to identify key associations. The moderation analysis suggested that psychological resilience moderated the depressive effect of sleep deterioration that patients reported occurred after their diagnosis and treatment and did so at the total and ‘core’ symptom levels of being able to see the humorous side of things and to think clearly when under pressure, but there was an interaction between this moderating effect, the strength of psychological resilience, and severity of sleep deterioration. Although it appears to be a successful moderator of depression arising from sleep deterioration that was reported by patients with prostate cancer, the effectiveness of psychological resilience is conditional upon the severity of patients’ sleep difficulties and the strength of their psychological resilience. Implications for the application of resilience training and concomitant therapies for patients with prostate cancer with sleep difficulties and depression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F. Sharpley
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science & Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (D.R.H.C.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - David R. H. Christie
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science & Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (D.R.H.C.); (V.B.)
- Genesiscare, John Flynn Private Hospital, Tugun, QLD 4224, Australia
| | - Vicki Bitsika
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science & Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (D.R.H.C.); (V.B.)
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Singh A, Modi R. Role of meditation in resilience and hope among students. Ind Psychiatry J 2022; 31:364-366. [PMID: 36419677 PMCID: PMC9678166 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_183_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Rising stress levels for students in the current era due to challenges such as competition and pressure to succeed are a cause for concern. Resilience and hope are two powerful weapons in the fight against these stress-related issues. AIM The study's objective was to explore the role of goal meditation on resilience and hope among students. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study participants comprised college students aged 22-24 years from Kanpur, U.P., India. The purposive sampling method was used to draw samples. A pre‒post study design was used to test the role of meditation in resilience and hope, for which post data were collected 6 months after the imposition of intervention. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was employed to analyze data. RESULTS Results indicated that resilience and hope increased in pre-and post-intervention measures, and there is a positive relationship between resilience and hope. CONCLUSION Based on these results, it was inferred that goal meditation effectively enhances resilience and hope among students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Singh
- Department of Psychology, P.P.N. College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritu Modi
- Department of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hatun O, Kurtça TT. Self-compassion, Resilience, Fear of COVID-19, Psychological Distress, and Psychological Well-being among Turkish Adults. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-11. [PMID: 35345542 PMCID: PMC8943103 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to examine the variables that may affect the psychological distress and psychological well-being of individuals. This study aims to investigate the mediating effects of psychological resilience, fear of COVID-19, and psychological distress on the relationship between self-compassion and psychological well-being among Turkish adults. The participants of this study were chosen through the convenience sampling method. Participants consist of 617 Turkish adults, 461 (74.7%) females and 156 (25.3%) males. The participants' ages vary between 18 and 24 (M age = 30.44, SD = 11.45). The relations between variables were examined by bootstrapping procedure. The results showed that self-compassion, resilience, fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, and psychological well-being are significantly inter-correlated. Self-compassion significantly predicts psychological well-being through the mediating factors of resilience, fear of COVID-19, and psychological distress. It was also found that psychological distress is a mediating factor for the relationship between fear of COVID-19, resilience, and psychological well-being. The indirect effects of self-compassion on psychological well-being through mediating variables were found to be significant. Based on the findings, it can be said that self-compassion decreases individuals' psychological distress and increases their well-being by increasing their resilience. Consequently, psychoeducational programs designed to increase self-compassion and resilience can be vital to support individuals' mental health. In light of the literature, the results, implications, and limitations were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Hatun
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Türk Kurtça
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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17
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Sanhokwe H, Takawira S. Appreciating resilience at work: Psychometric assessment, measurement, and practical implications. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2022.2052620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hamfrey Sanhokwe
- Graduate School of Business Leadership Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Simon Takawira
- School of Public Health Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe
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18
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Nieto-Carracedo A, Contador I, Palenzuela DL, Ruisoto P, Ramos F, Fernández-Calvo B. The Distinctive Role of Grounded Optimism and Resilience for predicting Burnout and Work Engagement: A study in Professional Caregivers of Older Adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2022; 100:104657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Harrison A, Tronick E. Intersubjectivity: Conceptual Considerations in Meaning-Making With a Clinical Illustration. Front Psychol 2022; 12:715873. [PMID: 35082710 PMCID: PMC8784664 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.715873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript explores intersubjectivity through a conceptual construct for meaning-making that emphasizes three major interrelated elements-meaning making in interaction, making meaning with the body as well as the mind, and meaning making within an open dynamic system. These three elements are present in the literature on intersubjectivity with a wide range of terms used to describe various theoretical formulations. One objective of this manuscript is to illustrate how such a construct can be useful to understand the meaning-making observed in psychoanalysis, such as in the treatment of a young child on the autistic spectrum. The challenges in establishing an intersubjective state with a child on the autistic spectrum serve to highlight important features of intersubjectivity. As an important background to this clinical illustration, we illustrate the construct with the scientific paradigm of the well-known face-to-face still-face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Harrison
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ed Tronick
- Developmental Brain Sciences Program, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
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20
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Canbeyli R. Sensory Stimulation Via the Visual, Auditory, Olfactory and Gustatory Systems Can Modulate Mood and Depression. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:244-263. [PMID: 34708453 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common mental disorders, predicted to be the leading cause of disease burden by the next decade. There is great deal of emphasis on the central origin and potential therapeutics of depression whereby the symptomatology of depression has been interpreted and treated as brain generated dysfunctions filtering down to the periphery. This top-down approach has found strong support from clinical work and basic neuroscientific research. Nevertheless, despite great advances in our knowledge of the etiology and therapeutics of depression, success in treatment is still by no means assured.. As a consequence, a wide net has been cast by both clinicians and researchers in search of more efficient therapies for mood disorders. As a complementary view, the present integrative review advocates approaching mood and depression from the opposite perspective: a bottom-up view that starts from the periphery. Specifically, evidence is provided to show that sensory stimulation via the visual, auditory, olfactory and gustatory systems can modulate depression. The review shows how -depending on several parameters- unisensory stimulation via these modalities can ameliorate or aggravate depressive symptoms. Moreover, the review emphasizes the bidirectional relationship between sensory stimulation and depression. Just as peripheral stimulation can modulate depression, depression in turn affects-and in most cases impairs-sensory reception. Furthermore, the review suggests that combined use of multisensory stimulation may have synergistic ameliorative effects on depressive symptoms over and above what has so far been documented for unisensory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resit Canbeyli
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University
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21
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Yu Y. Factors contributing to coparenting quality: characteristics at the individual level and the relational level. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2021; 28:1115-1125. [PMID: 34693855 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2021.1995885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore how characteristics of parents at the individual level (i.e. anxiety, depression, and psychological resilience) and the relational level (i.e. family functioning) are associated with their coparenting quality in Chinese context. A total of 432 parents whose first child aged 1-18 were recruited to complete online self-measures of anxiety, depression, psychological resilience, family functioning, and coparenting quality. The findings indicated that parents with more anxiety and depression tended to have worse resilience and family functioning, as well as poorer coparenting quality. There were strong correlations between resilience, family functioning, and coparenting quality. Mediation analysis showed that resilience and family functioning partially mediated the link between anxiety and coparenting and fully mediated the link between depression and coparenting. Moreover, family functioning fully carried the impact of resilience on coparenting. These results extended our understanding by demonstrating that resilience and family functioning serve as mediators between negative emotions and coparenting quality. The significant implications for parental practice and research were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongju Yu
- Department of Social Work, School of International Law and Sociology, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Matrisciano F, Pinna G. PPAR-α Hypermethylation in the Hippocampus of Mice Exposed to Social Isolation Stress Is Associated with Enhanced Neuroinflammation and Aggressive Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910678. [PMID: 34639019 PMCID: PMC8509148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Social behavioral changes, including social isolation or loneliness, increase the risk for stress-related disorders, such as major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicide, which share a strong neuroinflammatory etiopathogenetic component. The peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-α, a newly discovered target involved in emotional behavior regulation, is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor and a transcription factor that, following stimulation by endogenous or synthetic ligands, may induce neuroprotective effects by modulating neuroinflammation, and improve anxiety and depression-like behaviors by enhancing neurosteroid biosynthesis. How stress affects epigenetic mechanisms with downstream effects on inflammation and emotional behavior remains poorly understood. We studied the effects of 4-week social isolation, using a mouse model of PTSD/suicide-like behavior, on hippocampal PPAR-α epigenetic modification. Decreased PPAR-α expression in the hippocampus of socially isolated mice was associated with increased levels of methylated cytosines of PPAR-α gene CpG-rich fragments and deficient neurosteroid biosynthesis. This effect was associated with increased histone deacetylases (HDAC)1, methyl-cytosine binding protein (MeCP)2 and decreased ten-eleven translocator (TET)2 expression, which favor hypermethylation. These alterations were associated with increased TLR-4 and pro-inflammatory markers (e.g., TNF-α,), mediated by NF-κB signaling in the hippocampus of aggressive mice. This study contributes the first evidence of stress-induced brain PPAR-α epigenetic regulation. Social isolation stress may constitute a risk factor for inflammatory-based psychiatric disorders associated with neurosteroid deficits, and targeting epigenetic marks linked to PPAR-α downregulation may offer a valid therapeutic approach.
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23
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What Do the Animal Studies of Stress Resilience Teach Us? Cells 2021; 10:cells10071630. [PMID: 34209787 PMCID: PMC8306023 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting stress factors, both biological and psychological, are commonly accepted as the main cause of depressive disorders. Several animal models, using various stressful stimuli, have been used to find biochemical and molecular alterations that could help us understand the etiopathogenesis of depression. However, recent sophisticated studies indicate that the most frequently used animal models of stress only capture a portion of the molecular features associated with complex human disorders. On the other hand, some of these models generate groups of animals resilient to stress. Studies of the mechanisms of stress resilience bring us closer to understanding the process of adapting to aversive stimuli and the differences between stress-susceptible vs. resilient phenotypes. Especially interesting in this context is the chronic mild stress (CMS) experimental paradigm, most often using rats. Studies using this animal model have revealed that biochemical (e.g., the dopamine D2 receptor) and molecular (e.g., microRNA) alterations are dynamic (i.e., depend on stress duration, 2 vs. 7 weeks) and much more pronounced in stress-resilient than stress-susceptible groups of animals. We strongly suggest that studies aimed at understanding the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of depression must consider these dynamics. A good candidate to serve as a biomarker in such studies might be serum microRNA, since it can be obtained relatively easily from living individuals at various time points.
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Fan M, Cai W, Jiang L. Can Team Resilience Boost Team Creativity Among Undergraduate Students? A Sequential Mediation Model of Team Creative Efficacy and Team Trust. Front Psychol 2021; 12:604692. [PMID: 34177683 PMCID: PMC8222805 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.604692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent literature has highlighted the critical role of resilience in creativity literature, existing findings have failed to indicate the processes through which resilience contributes to creativity at the graduate level. The current study fills this gap by hypothesizing the influence of team resilience on team creativity through a sequential mediating mechanism. A time lagged research study was conducted, and a sample of 201 undergraduate students and their teacher filled out questionnaires at three different time points (with 2-week intervals). After aggregating the data at the team level, we employed the PROCESS macro in SPSS to analyze data and test all the hypotheses through performing a sequential mediation analysis. We found that (a) team resilience would predict team creativity; and (b) team efficacy and team trust sequentially mediated the relation between team resilience and team creativity. The results in our study advance the emergent literature on linking resilience and creativity for the practical applications of resilience and creativity in education settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Fan
- School of Education, Weinan Normal University, Weinan, China
| | - Wenjing Cai
- Intellectual Property Research Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Management and Organization, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Public Affairs, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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25
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Ali S, Khalid A, Zahid E. Is COVID-19 Immune to Misinformation? A Brief Overview. Asian Bioeth Rev 2021; 13:255-277. [PMID: 33777228 PMCID: PMC7985752 DOI: 10.1007/s41649-020-00155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the current COVID-19 pandemic, misinformation is a major challenge, raising several social and psychological concerns. This article highlights the prevailing misinformation as an outbreak containing hoaxes, myths, and rumours. In comparison to traditional media, online media platforms facilitate misinformation even more widely. To further affirm this ethical concern, the researchers cite relevant studies demonstrating the role of new media in misinformation and its potential consequences. Besides other significant psychosocial impacts, such as xenophobia, psychological distress, LGBT rights violation, gender-based violence, misinformation is undermining healthcare workers' psychological health and their efforts to mitigate the impact of COVID-19. In view of the adverse consequences of misinformation, this article addresses it as a massive ethical challenge during the current outbreak. Thus, the researchers make relevant suggestions to evaluate misinformation sources and mitigate the psychosocial impacts attributed to misinformation during crises. They include forming mental health teams comprising of psychologists, psychiatrists, and trained paramedical staff; rapid dissemination of authentic and updated COVID-19 situation reports regularly; establishing helpline services; and recognizing a broader range of personal needs. All health authorities should make clear that they are listening and responding to public concerns. Much effort is needed to counteract COVID-19 misinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ali
- Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Atiqa Khalid
- Sahiwal Medical College (affiliated with the University of Health Sciences, Lahore), Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Erum Zahid
- Quaid e Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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26
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Sharpley CF, Murcell N, Anderson M, Bitsika V, Fourie PJ, Agnew LL. An exploration of recent life stress, psychological resilience, purpose in life, and optimism as correlates of depression in social housing residents in rural Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2021.1896079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F. Sharpley
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | | | - Mark Anderson
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Vicki Bitsika
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Phillip J. Fourie
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Linda L. Agnew
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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27
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Silveira S, Kornbluh M, Withers MC, Grennan G, Ramanathan V, Mishra J. Chronic Mental Health Sequelae of Climate Change Extremes: A Case Study of the Deadliest Californian Wildfire. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041487. [PMID: 33557397 PMCID: PMC7915298 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Weather-related disasters, such as wildfires exacerbated by a rise in global temperatures, need to be better studied in terms of their mental health impacts. This study focuses on the mental health sequelae of the deadliest wildfire in California to date, the Camp Fire of 2018. Methods. We investigated a sample of 725 California residents with different degrees of disaster exposure and measured mental health using clinically validated scales for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Data were collected at a chronic time-point, six months post-wildfire. We used multiple regression analyses to predict the mental health outcomes based on self-reported fire exposure. Additionally, we included vulnerability and resilience factors in hierarchical regression analyses. Results. Our primary finding is that direct exposure to large scale fires significantly increased the risk for mental health disorders, particularly for PTSD and depression. Additionally, the inclusion of vulnerability and resilience factors in the hierarchical regression analyses led to the significantly improved prediction of all mental health outcomes. Childhood trauma and sleep disturbances exacerbated mental health symptoms. Notably, self-reported resilience had a positive effect on mental health, and mindfulness was associated with significantly lower depression and anxiety symptoms. Conclusion. Overall, our study demonstrated that climate-related extreme events, such as wildfires, can have severe mental illness sequelae. Moreover, we found that pre-existing stressful life events, resilient personality traits and lifestyle factors can play an important role in the prevalence of psychopathology after such disasters. Unchecked climate change projected for the latter half of this century may severely impact the mental wellbeing of the global population, and we must find ways to foster individual resiliency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (S.S.); (G.G.)
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mariah Kornbluh
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Mathew C. Withers
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA;
| | - Gillian Grennan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (S.S.); (G.G.)
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Jyoti Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (S.S.); (G.G.)
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence:
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Bartlett R, Sarnyai Z, Momartin S, Ooi L, Schwab SG, Matosin N. Understanding the pathology of psychiatric disorders in refugees. Psychiatry Res 2021; 296:113661. [PMID: 33373807 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Displacement of people from their homes, families and countries is a current global crisis, with over 70 million people forcibly on the move. A substantial proportion of these people will end up in regions with a different language and culture, where they are registered as refugees or asylum seekers. Due to the underlying reasons for displacement (including conflicts, persecution or violation of human rights), displaced people are severely stress-exposed, which continues into their post-migration life and increases risk for developing psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders and mood disorders. While landmark studies have illustrated the increased prevalence of psychopathology in asylum seeker and refugee populations following pre-/post-displacement stress, few studies add to our understanding of the basic biological mechanisms underpinning risk to psychiatric disorders in these populations. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying resilience despite significant adversity remain unclear. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning the development of psychiatric disorders in refugees can propel treatments (both drug and non-drug) that are capable of influencing biology at the molecular level, and the design of interventions. In the following review, we summarise the status quo of research investigating the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders in refugees, and propose new ways to address gaps in knowledge with multidisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Bartlett
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Zoltan Sarnyai
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre for Molecular Discovery, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Shakeh Momartin
- NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS), 152-168 The Horsley Drive, Carramar, NSW 2163, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sibylle G Schwab
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Natalie Matosin
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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Marschalko EE, Kotta I, Kalcza-Janosi K, Szabo K, Jancso-Farcas S. Psychological Predictors of COVID-19 Prevention Behavior in Hungarian Women Across Different Generations. Front Psychol 2021; 12:596543. [PMID: 33574787 PMCID: PMC7870484 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.596543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age related differences were found in prevention behavior, showing that older individuals tend to be the most proactive. The aim of the study was the identification of psychological predictors on COVID-19 prevention behavior in women, across four generations. In addition, the predictive role of the psychological variables was explored through the lens of negative and positive information processing perspective on total and domain-specific COVID-19 prevention behavior. METHODS A cross-sectional research was conducted. The sample included 834 Hungarian speaking women. The assessed variables were: COVID-19 knowledge, risk perception, COVID-19 health anxiety, negative automatic thoughts, psychological flexibility, and four domains of COVID-19 prevention behavior (social distancing, general hygiene, information seeking, health behavior). A three-level hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate the predictors of preventive behavior in each generation. RESULTS A diversity across generations was found. In case of baby boomer generation, the final model explained 32.4% of the variance for total prevention behavior [F(14,215) = 8.847, p < 0.001], and only perceived risk made a significant contribution. For Gen X the final model accounted for 21.1% of variance of total prevention behavior [F(14,341) = 7.788, p < 0.001], marital status, perceived risk, COVID-19 health anxiety, and negative automatic thoughts made significant contributions. In case of Gen Y the final model accounted for 6.2% of variance on total prevention behavior [F(14,147) = 1.761, p = 0.05], only perceived risk had a contribution to the final model. For Gen Z the final model accounted for 23.4% of variance on total preventive behavior [F(13,71) = 2.979, p = 0.002], and only psychological flexibility made a contribution to the model. The results on the distinct domains of COVID-19 prevention behavior emphasized details in the dissimilarity among generations. CONCLUSION The role of generational identity on COVID-19 prevention behavior is relevant. The coexistence of negative and positive information processing may have its beneficial role in certain areas of prevention.
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Miller MJ, Mealer ML, Cook PF, Kittelson AJ, Christiansen CL. Psychometric Assessment of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale for People With Lower-Limb Amputation. Phys Ther 2021; 101:6075036. [PMID: 33421074 PMCID: PMC8023555 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to (1) determine the psychometric properties of the 25- and 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scales (CD-RISC25, CD-RISC10) for people with lower-limb amputation (LLA) in middle age or later, and (2) describe relationships of the CD-RISC with biopsychosocial, sociodemographic, and health variables. METHODS Participants were included if their most recent LLA was 1 or more years prior, if they were independently walking with a prosthesis, and if they were between 45 and 88 years of age (N = 122; mean = 62.5 years of age [SD = 8]; 59.5 [mean = 58] months since LLA; 88.5% male; 82.0% with dysvascular etiology; 68.0% with unilateral transtibial LLA). Psychometric analyses included assessment of skewness, floor and ceiling effects, internal consistency, and agreement between versions. Correlation analyses were used to determine associations between the CD-RISC with disability, perceived functional capacity, falls efficacy, life-space, anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, social support, sociodemographic, and health variables. Additionally, quartiles of participants were identified using CD-RISC25 and CD-RISC10 scores and compared using ANOVA and post-hoc comparisons for disability, perceived functional capacity, falls efficacy, and life-space. RESULTS Skewness, floor, and ceiling effects of both CD-RISC versions were acceptable. Both versions of the CD-RISC were internally consistent (CD-RISC25: α = .92; CD-RISC10: α = .89). The CD-RISC25 and CD-RISC10 were highly correlated with disability, perceived functional capacity, falls efficacy, anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy (r = 0.52-0.67). CD-RISC25 and CD-RISC10 quartile differences, especially the lowest quartile, were identified for disability, perceived functional capacity, falls efficacy, and life-space. CONCLUSION The CD-RISC25 and CD-RISC10 have acceptable psychometric properties for use with people who have LLA. CD-RISC scores are associated with clinically relevant biopsychosocial measures targeted by physical therapist intervention following LLA. IMPACT The CD-RISC may be an appropriate tool to measure resilience following LLA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meredith L Mealer
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul F Cook
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrew J Kittelson
- School of Physical Therapy, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Cory L Christiansen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA,VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Luo D, Zhou M, Sun L, Lin Z, Bian Q, Liu M, Ren S. Resilience as a Mediator of the Association Between Perceived Stigma and Quality of Life Among People With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:709295. [PMID: 34421685 PMCID: PMC8377363 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.709295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Improving Quality of Life (QOL) is an essential objective in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. An accumulating body of research has been conducted to explore the association between perceived stigma and QOL among patients with chronic illness. Still, underlying mechanisms behind this pathway have not been thoroughly examined. Objective: To investigate (a) the effect of perceived stigma on QOL among patients with inflammatory bowel disease; and (b) the mediating role of resilience in the association between perceived stigma and QOL. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a convenient sample of patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease from four tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu Province, China. Patients completed the Perceived Stigma Scale in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PSS-IBD), the Resilience Scale for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (RS-IBD), and the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ). A bootstrapping analysis was implemented using the SPSS macro PROCESS. Results: A total of 311 patients with Cohn's disease and ulcerative colitis participated in this study, and 57.6% were men. The mean disease duration was 3.51 ± 1.04 years. Approximately 40% of the sample exceeded the criterion score for moderate stigma. Patients who perceived moderate or severe stigma reported lower QOL compared with those with mild stigma. After controlling for sociodemographic and clinical variables, we observed that perceived stigma was negatively associated with resilience. Moreover, resilience was found to mediate the relationship between perceived stigma and all aspects of QOL. Conclusions: These findings suggested that QOL of patients with inflammatory bowel disease was associated with perceived stigma and resilience and identified the mediating effects of resilience in the relationship between perceived stigma and QOL. Furthermore, this suggests that integrating intervention techniques to target resilience into the QOL improvement program of individuals with perceived stigma is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijing Zhou
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lifu Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiugui Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meihong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shurong Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Mohlin Å, Axelsson U, Bendahl PO, Borrebaeck C, Hegardt C, Johnsson P, Rahm Hallberg I, Rydén L. Psychological Resilience and Health-Related Quality of Life in Swedish Women with Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:12041-12051. [PMID: 33269004 PMCID: PMC7701364 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s268774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Psychological resilience appears to be an important influencing factor in various aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a context of adversity, eg, being informed of a cancer diagnosis. The purpose was to investigate psychological resilience and HRQoL in Swedish women with newly diagnosed breast cancer in relation to demographic and clinicopathological characteristics. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted including 517 women with breast cancer in the South Swedish Health Care Region. Participants were enrolled at the time of consultation for the diagnosis. Psychological resilience was assessed with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 25 (CD-RISC25), and HRQoL was assessed with the Short Form Health Survey. The participants responded to questions regarding demographic variables. Clinicopathological data were collected from the Swedish National Quality Register for Breast Cancer. Results The mean score for psychological resilience was 70.6, identifying 15% of included patients with a score lower than 58 (-1 standard deviation). The study cohort had significantly lower mean scores for several aspects of HRQoL compared with Swedish normative data. Regression analyses demonstrated that psychological resilience was significantly associated with all domains of HRQoL after adjustment for demographic and clinicopathological factors. Conclusion Higher levels of psychological resilience were significantly related to higher levels of HRQoL in Swedish women with newly diagnosed breast cancer and no modifying factor was identified. The assessment of psychological resilience at the time of breast cancer diagnosis might allow for early identification of women in need of more intense psychosocial support. Future studies are needed to identify a clinically relevant threshold of the CD-RISC25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Mohlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Medical History, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden.,Healthcare Center Laröd, Helsingborg 252 86, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Axelsson
- Department of Immunotechnology and CREATE Health Translational Cancer Center, Lunds University, Lund 223 81, Sweden
| | - Pär-Ola Bendahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund 223 81, Sweden
| | - Carl Borrebaeck
- Department of Immunotechnology and CREATE Health Translational Cancer Center, Lunds University, Lund 223 81, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Hegardt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund 223 81, Sweden
| | - Per Johnsson
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | | | - Lisa Rydén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Surgery, Lund University, Lund 223 81, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, 214 28, Sweden
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33
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Campion D. Measuring resilience in veterinary practice. Vet Rec 2020; 186:486-488. [PMID: 32358116 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Campion
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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34
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Angosta AD, Reyes AT, Cross C, Pollom T, Sood K. Cardiovascular disease knowledge, risk factors, and resilience among US veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2020; 33:947-958. [PMID: 32976251 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of hospitalization and disability among the US veterans. Information about CVD knowledge and risk factors, and connection between psychological health and CVD among veterans transitioning from the military are limited. PURPOSE We examined the existing knowledge of CVD and its risk factors among the US veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the relationship between knowledge, risk factors, resilience, and PTSD. METHODS A total of 104 veterans participated in our study by responding to the Primary Care PTSD Screen for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Heart Disease Fact Questionnaire (HDFQ) knowledge scale, and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10. Data were extracted from the online Qualtrics survey software into SPSS (v. 25) for analysis. RESULTS Mean age was 52.3 years, mostly males (85.6%), married (72.1%), employed (54.8%), and with college education. Most were in the Navy or Air Force (72.1%) and served in a war (68.0%). Hypertension, high cholesterol, and obesity were the most common CVD risk factors reported. Average CVD knowledge score was 85%. Marines scored higher on resilience than other branches of the military. Seventeen percent reported having PTSD. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10 was significantly correlated with the HDFQ in the probable PTSD group (r = .589, p = .013). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Our study provides information about the knowledge and risk factors of CVD among veterans and insights about interventions needed to improve CV health. Nurse practitioners should assess the CV and psychological health of veterans and screen for PTSD to provide appropriate care and referral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona D Angosta
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas School of Nursing, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | | | - Chad Cross
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Trevor Pollom
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Komal Sood
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Las Vegas, Nevada
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35
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Kraft D, Rademacher L, Eckart C, Fiebach CJ. Cognitive, Affective, and Feedback-Based Flexibility - Disentangling Shared and Different Aspects of Three Facets of Psychological Flexibility. J Cogn 2020; 3:21. [PMID: 32984758 PMCID: PMC7500224 DOI: 10.5334/joc.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility - the ability to adjust one ´s behavior to changing environmental demands - is crucial for controlled behavior. However, the term 'cognitive flexibility' is used heterogeneously, and associations between cognitive flexibility and other facets of flexible behavior have only rarely been studied systematically. To resolve some of these conceptual uncertainties, we directly compared cognitive flexibility (cue-instructed switching between two affectively neutral tasks), affective flexibility (switching between a neutral and an affective task using emotional stimuli), and feedback-based flexibility (non-cued, feedback-dependent switching between two neutral tasks). Three experimental paradigms were established that share as many procedural features (in terms of stimuli and/or task rules) as possible and administered in a pre-registered study plan (N = 100). Correlation analyses revealed significant associations between the efficiency of cognitive and affective task switching (response time switch costs). Feedback-based flexibility (measured as mean number of errors after rule reversals) did not correlate with task switching efficiency in the other paradigms, but selectively with the effectiveness of affective switching (error rate costs when switching from neutral to emotion task). While preregistered confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided no clear evidence for a shared factor underlying the efficiency of switching in all three domains of flexibility, an exploratory CFA suggested commonalities regarding switching effectiveness (accuracy-based switch costs). We propose shared mechanisms controlling the efficiency of cue-dependent task switching across domains, while the relationship to feedback-based flexibility may depend on mechanisms controlling switching effectiveness. Our results call for a more stringent conceptual differentiation between different variants of psychological flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kraft
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, DE
| | - Lena Rademacher
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, DE
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, DE
| | - Cindy Eckart
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, DE
| | - Christian J. Fiebach
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, DE
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, DE
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36
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Vieira IS, Pedrotti Moreira F, Mondin TC, Cardoso TDA, Branco JC, Kapczinski F, Jansen K, Souza LDDM, da Silva RA. Resilience as a mediator factor in the relationship between childhood trauma and mood disorder: A community sample of young adults. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:48-53. [PMID: 32469831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the field of mood disorders has mainly focusing on the risk factors associated to develop the illness or the clinical factors associated with the clinical progression. Less attention was given to factors such as resilience that may be associated with better outcomes in the course of mood disorders. In this study, we assessed the mediation effect of resilience on the relationship between childhood trauma and mood disorders, as well as the severity of depressive symptoms in a population-based sample. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with a community sample of young adults with bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and community controls without any mood disorder. The trauma experiences during childhood were assessed by Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and to assess the resilience was used the Resilience Scale (RS-25). RESULTS All subtypes of trauma were associated with both MDD and BD, however, only physical and emotional abuse differentiated BD from MDD subjects. Bootstrapping-enhanced mediation analyses indicated that resilience partly mediated the association of childhood trauma to both mood disorder and severity of depression. LIMITATION The employed mediation analyses are cross-sectional in nature, which limits any firm conclusions regarding causality. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the clinical assumption that resilient subjects may be partly protected against the detrimental long-term effects of childhood trauma. This study provides important information regarding the relationships among childhood trauma, resilience, and mood disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Soares Vieira
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Pedrotti Moreira
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thaise Campos Mondin
- Pró-Reitoria de Assuntos Estudantis (PRAE), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Taiane de Azevedo Cardoso
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Costa Branco
- Mestrado em Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karen Jansen
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciano Dias de Mattos Souza
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Azevedo da Silva
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Geraci JC, Mobbs M, Edwards ER, Doerries B, Armstrong N, Porcarelli R, Duffy E, Loos CM, Kilby D, Juanamarga J, Cantor G, Sutton L, Sokol Y, Goodman M. Expanded Roles and Recommendations for Stakeholders to Successfully Reintegrate Modern Warriors and Mitigate Suicide Risk. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1907. [PMID: 32973608 PMCID: PMC7471060 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article draws upon the legends of warriors from ancient Greece and other traditions to illuminate the journey of Modern Warriors (MWs) who have served in the United States military over the last century. It then turns to stakeholders that can assist current MWs in their reintegration to civilian life and mitigate suicide risk. Until this point, without an existing and coordinated local, federal, non-profit, and private system, rates of suicide for post-9/11 MWs after leaving the military have greatly increased, especially for young and women MWs. This is due in part to the military satisfying many of MWs’ needs by providing units, leaders, and a mission during the Departure and Initiation stages of the MW journey. However, as MWs exit the military and face the difficult task of reintegration, the absence of units, leaders, and mission leads to deteriorating psychological health and increasing suicide risk. Written primarily by post-9/11 MWs, this article proposes recommendations for stakeholders to better reintegrate MWs and mitigate suicide risk. The authors strive to develop a system that satisfies MWs’ reintegration needs and enables MWs to be well positioned to continue their next ‘mission’ – to serve and improve society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Geraci
- Transitioning Servicemember/Veteran and Suicide Prevention Center, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, The Bronx, NY, United States.,Resilience Center for Veterans and Families, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States.,Institute for Veterans and Military Families, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Meaghan Mobbs
- Resilience Center for Veterans and Families, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Emily R Edwards
- Transitioning Servicemember/Veteran and Suicide Prevention Center, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, The Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Bryan Doerries
- Theater of War Productions, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas Armstrong
- Institute for Veterans and Military Families, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | | | - Elana Duffy
- Pathfinder.vet, New York City, NY, United States
| | | | - Daniel Kilby
- Transitioning Servicemember/Veteran and Suicide Prevention Center, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, The Bronx, NY, United States.,Resilience Center for Veterans and Families, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Josephine Juanamarga
- Resilience Center for Veterans and Families, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Gilly Cantor
- Institute for Veterans and Military Families, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Loree Sutton
- NYC Department of Veterans' Services, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Yosef Sokol
- Transitioning Servicemember/Veteran and Suicide Prevention Center, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, The Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Marianne Goodman
- Transitioning Servicemember/Veteran and Suicide Prevention Center, VISN 2 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, The Bronx, NY, United States
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Sharpley CF, Christie DRH, Bitsika V. Depression and prostate cancer: implications for urologists and oncologists. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:571-585. [PMID: 32733038 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-0354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with prostate cancer experience severe levels of depression, which can negatively affect their treatment and disease course. Some prostate cancer treatments can increase the severity of a patient's depression, for example, by increasing anhedonia and erectile dysfunction. Depression is often thought of as a unitary phenomenon, but multiple subtypes can be distinguished. This variety of manifestations challenges the successful application of universal antidepressant treatment options and argues for a multi-symptom assessment process that considers a patient's disease burden and their particular form of depression. Inclusion of screening and detailed diagnosis of depression can be argued to be part of good practice, and clinicians are urged to consider when and how this might be accomplished within their urological practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Sharpley
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - David R H Christie
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.,Genesiscare, John Flynn Private Hospital, Tugun, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vicki Bitsika
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Kunzler AM, Helmreich I, König J, Chmitorz A, Wessa M, Binder H, Lieb K. Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 7:CD013684. [PMID: 32691879 PMCID: PMC7388680 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resilience can be defined as maintaining or regaining mental health during or after significant adversities such as a potentially traumatising event, challenging life circumstances, a critical life transition or physical illness. Healthcare students, such as medical, nursing, psychology and social work students, are exposed to various study- and work-related stressors, the latter particularly during later phases of health professional education. They are at increased risk of developing symptoms of burnout or mental disorders. This population may benefit from resilience-promoting training programmes. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of interventions to foster resilience in healthcare students, that is, students in training for health professions delivering direct medical care (e.g. medical, nursing, midwifery or paramedic students), and those in training for allied health professions, as distinct from medical care (e.g. psychology, physical therapy or social work students). SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, 11 other databases and three trial registries from 1990 to June 2019. We checked reference lists and contacted researchers in the field. We updated this search in four key databases in June 2020, but we have not yet incorporated these results. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any form of psychological intervention to foster resilience, hardiness or post-traumatic growth versus no intervention, waiting list, usual care, and active or attention control, in adults (18 years and older), who are healthcare students. Primary outcomes were resilience, anxiety, depression, stress or stress perception, and well-being or quality of life. Secondary outcomes were resilience factors. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data, assessed risks of bias, and rated the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach (at post-test only). MAIN RESULTS We included 30 RCTs, of which 24 were set in high-income countries and six in (upper- to lower-) middle-income countries. Twenty-two studies focused solely on healthcare students (1315 participants; number randomised not specified for two studies), including both students in health professions delivering direct medical care and those in allied health professions, such as psychology and physical therapy. Half of the studies were conducted in a university or school setting, including nursing/midwifery students or medical students. Eight studies investigated mixed samples (1365 participants), with healthcare students and participants outside of a health professional study field. Participants mainly included women (63.3% to 67.3% in mixed samples) from young adulthood (mean age range, if reported: 19.5 to 26.83 years; 19.35 to 38.14 years in mixed samples). Seventeen of the studies investigated group interventions of high training intensity (11 studies; > 12 hours/sessions), that were delivered face-to-face (17 studies). Of the included studies, eight compared a resilience training based on mindfulness versus unspecific comparators (e.g. wait-list). The studies were funded by different sources (e.g. universities, foundations), or a combination of various sources (four studies). Seven studies did not specify a potential funder, and three studies received no funding support. Risk of bias was high or unclear, with main flaws in performance, detection, attrition and reporting bias domains. At post-intervention, very-low certainty evidence indicated that, compared to controls, healthcare students receiving resilience training may report higher levels of resilience (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07 to 0.78; 9 studies, 561 participants), lower levels of anxiety (SMD -0.45, 95% CI -0.84 to -0.06; 7 studies, 362 participants), and lower levels of stress or stress perception (SMD -0.28, 95% CI -0.48 to -0.09; 7 studies, 420 participants). Effect sizes varied between small and moderate. There was little or no evidence of any effect of resilience training on depression (SMD -0.20, 95% CI -0.52 to 0.11; 6 studies, 332 participants; very-low certainty evidence) or well-being or quality of life (SMD 0.15, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.43; 4 studies, 251 participants; very-low certainty evidence). Adverse effects were measured in four studies, but data were only reported for three of them. None of the three studies reported any adverse events occurring during the study (very-low certainty of evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For healthcare students, there is very-low certainty evidence for the effect of resilience training on resilience, anxiety, and stress or stress perception at post-intervention. The heterogeneous interventions, the paucity of short-, medium- or long-term data, and the geographical distribution restricted to high-income countries limit the generalisability of results. Conclusions should therefore be drawn cautiously. Since the findings suggest positive effects of resilience training for healthcare students with very-low certainty evidence, high-quality replications and improved study designs (e.g. a consensus on the definition of resilience, the assessment of individual stressor exposure, more attention controls, and longer follow-up periods) are clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jochem König
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Chmitorz
- Faculty of Social Work, Health Care and Nursing, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Kunzler AM, Helmreich I, Chmitorz A, König J, Binder H, Wessa M, Lieb K. Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 7:CD012527. [PMID: 32627860 PMCID: PMC8121081 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012527.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resilience can be defined as the maintenance or quick recovery of mental health during or after periods of stressor exposure, which may result from a potentially traumatising event, challenging life circumstances, a critical life transition phase, or physical illness. Healthcare professionals, such as nurses, physicians, psychologists and social workers, are exposed to various work-related stressors (e.g. patient care, time pressure, administration) and are at increased risk of developing mental disorders. This population may benefit from resilience-promoting training programmes. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals, that is, healthcare staff delivering direct medical care (e.g. nurses, physicians, hospital personnel) and allied healthcare staff (e.g. social workers, psychologists). SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, 11 other databases and three trial registries from 1990 to June 2019. We checked reference lists and contacted researchers in the field. We updated this search in four key databases in June 2020, but we have not yet incorporated these results. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults aged 18 years and older who are employed as healthcare professionals, comparing any form of psychological intervention to foster resilience, hardiness or post-traumatic growth versus no intervention, wait-list, usual care, active or attention control. Primary outcomes were resilience, anxiety, depression, stress or stress perception and well-being or quality of life. Secondary outcomes were resilience factors. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data, assessed risks of bias, and rated the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach (at post-test only). MAIN RESULTS We included 44 RCTs (high-income countries: 36). Thirty-nine studies solely focused on healthcare professionals (6892 participants), including both healthcare staff delivering direct medical care and allied healthcare staff. Four studies investigated mixed samples (1000 participants) with healthcare professionals and participants working outside of the healthcare sector, and one study evaluated training for emergency personnel in general population volunteers (82 participants). The included studies were mainly conducted in a hospital setting and included physicians, nurses and different hospital personnel (37/44 studies). Participants mainly included women (68%) from young to middle adulthood (mean age range: 27 to 52.4 years). Most studies investigated group interventions (30 studies) of high training intensity (18 studies; > 12 hours/sessions), that were delivered face-to-face (29 studies). Of the included studies, 19 compared a resilience training based on combined theoretical foundation (e.g. mindfulness and cognitive-behavioural therapy) versus unspecific comparators (e.g. wait-list). The studies were funded by different sources (e.g. hospitals, universities), or a combination of different sources. Fifteen studies did not specify the source of their funding, and one study received no funding support. Risk of bias was high or unclear for most studies in performance, detection, and attrition bias domains. At post-intervention, very-low certainty evidence indicated that, compared to controls, healthcare professionals receiving resilience training may report higher levels of resilience (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 0.65; 12 studies, 690 participants), lower levels of depression (SMD -0.29, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.09; 14 studies, 788 participants), and lower levels of stress or stress perception (SMD -0.61, 95% CI -1.07 to -0.15; 17 studies, 997 participants). There was little or no evidence of any effect of resilience training on anxiety (SMD -0.06, 95% CI -0.35 to 0.23; 5 studies, 231 participants; very-low certainty evidence) or well-being or quality of life (SMD 0.14, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.30; 13 studies, 1494 participants; very-low certainty evidence). Effect sizes were small except for resilience and stress reduction (moderate). Data on adverse effects were available for three studies, with none reporting any adverse effects occurring during the study (very-low certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For healthcare professionals, there is very-low certainty evidence that, compared to control, resilience training may result in higher levels of resilience, lower levels of depression, stress or stress perception, and higher levels of certain resilience factors at post-intervention. The paucity of medium- or long-term data, heterogeneous interventions and restricted geographical distribution limit the generalisability of our results. Conclusions should therefore be drawn cautiously. The findings suggest positive effects of resilience training for healthcare professionals, but the evidence is very uncertain. There is a clear need for high-quality replications and improved study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Chmitorz
- Faculty of Social Work, Health Care and Nursing, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jochem König
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michèle Wessa
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Horner J. Moral Features of the Therapeutic Relationship with Adults: Dignity, Trust, Autonomy, Vulnerability, and Resilience. Semin Speech Lang 2020; 41:212-220. [PMID: 32585705 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Using dignity as a foundational value of morality, this article defines trust, autonomy, vulnerability, and resilience in relational terms. A fictional narrative illustrates these attributes as well as solidarity and care, two core tenets of relational ethics. Medicine and rehabilitation are described as moral enterprises with respect for persons at the core of our professional obligations to patients-namely, duties of care, trustworthiness, and loyalty. Clinically, promoting autonomy, decreasing vulnerability, and fostering resilience are encouraged, with particular emphasis on avoiding words or actions (or inactions) that could cause patients to feel discouraged or depersonalized. In conclusion, the purpose of our work with persons with aphasia and other communication disorders is to help them live their lives as fully as possible, despite their life-changing losses. Viewing our therapeutic relationships with them in relational moral terms can enhance our work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Horner
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
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Roque A, Craske MG, Treanor M, Rosenfield D, Ritz T, Meuret AE. Stress-induced cortisol reactivity as a predictor of success in treatment for affective dimensions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 116:104646. [PMID: 32200225 PMCID: PMC8978549 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Response rates to first-line treatments for depression and anxiety remain unsatisfactory. Identification of predictors or moderators that can optimize treatment matching is of scientific and clinical interest. This study examined the role of prolonged laboratory-induced stress cortisol reactivity as a predictor of outcome for a treatment of affective dimensions (TAD). Patients received 15-sessions of a treatment targeting reductions in negative affect or increases in positive affect (Craske et al., 2019). A second aim was to examine whether treatment type would moderate the association between cortisol reactivity and treatment outcome. METHODS Thirty-five participants underwent a 36-minute intermittent stress induction task composed of a mental arithmetic task and a fear-potentiated startle task one week before treatment initiation. Cortisol was collected at five-time points with reactivity being quantified as peak during the task minus basal level of cortisol the evening before the assessment. Using multilevel modeling, we examined the associations between cortisol reactivity and slopes of symptom improvement. RESULTS Cortisol reactivity was related to treatment outcome, with average and higher levels of stress-induced cortisol response predicting greater decreases in symptoms throughout treatment and 6-month follow-up. Treatment condition differences (moderation) were not observed in the effect of cortisol reactivity on symptoms. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the impact of greater cortisol stress reactivity on treatment outcome. Future studies should investigate how to enhance this therapeutic benefit through capitalizing on endogenous diurnal fluctuations or exogenous cortisol manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Roque
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University
| | | | - Michael Treanor
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles
| | | | - Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University
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Sharpley CF, Bitsika V, Agnew LL. Psychological resilience mediates the depressive effects of poor dyadic interaction in rural Australians: implications for couples counselling. ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21507686.2020.1772331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F. Sharpley
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vicki Bitsika
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Linda L. Agnew
- Brain-Behaviour Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Huggins C, Hinkson G. Signs of Traumatic Grief, Lack of Justice, Magnitude of Loss, and Signs of Resilience Following the Homicidal Loss of Their Adult Child Among Caribbean Black Mothers. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2020; 84:914-934. [PMID: 32336201 DOI: 10.1177/0030222820921013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the aftermath of adult homicide on Trinidadian mothers. This is an understudied population, and the ability of these mothers to cope with the aftermath of such a tragedy needs to be fully acknowledged in order to understand their mental health status after the traumatic death of an adult child. This study utilized a narrative analysis approach to interview 20 mothers and used NVIVO 12 software to analyze the data. The findings highlight that factors such as multiple deaths, the scale of loss, and attempts to seek justice complicated the grief process. Although none of the mothers interviewed were diagnosed with a grief disorder, it was evident that their grief was indeed traumatic. It took more than a year for some mothers to find ways and opportunities for resilience, while others continue to struggle in the aftermath. Homicidally bereaved mothers are a distinct population that should be studied as they have the experiential knowledge and are willing to share the feelings and trauma-related needs after their loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Huggins
- Behavioral Science, Social Work Unit, University of the West Indies at St. Augustine
| | - Glenda Hinkson
- Faculty of Social Science, University of Southern Caribbean
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Miller MJ, Mealer ML, Cook PF, So N, Morris MA, Christiansen CL. Qualitative analysis of resilience characteristics of people with unilateral transtibial amputation. Disabil Health J 2020; 13:100925. [PMID: 32312526 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resilience characteristics are a significant factor in the highly variable rehabilitation outcomes for people in middle age or later with transtibial amputation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe resilience characteristics meaningful to people with transtibial amputation in middle age or later, who use a prosthesis. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio recorded, and transcribed with eighteen participants. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using a directed content analysis approach, guided by Charney's theory of resilience and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale scores. RESULTS Five main resilience characteristics (themes) were identified: coping skills, cognitive flexibility, optimism, skill for facing fear, and social support. Participants with higher resilience scores generally described effective use of coping skills, cognitive flexibility, optimism, skills in facing fears, and social support to attain meaningful goals. In contrast, participants with lower resilience scores discussed passive coping strategies, cognitive rigidity, general pessimism, avoidance of activities due to fear, or social support limitations. CONCLUSION Coping skills, cognitive flexibility, optimism, skills for facing fear, and social support were identified as meaningful resilience characteristics for people with transtibial amputation in middle age or later. These characteristics can be targeted and enhanced using resilience interventions. Future research should consider these characteristics when designing and testing rehabilitation focused resilience interventions for people with TTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Miller
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Meredith L Mealer
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul F Cook
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Noel So
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Megan A Morris
- Adult and Child Consortium of Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cory L Christiansen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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Langford DJ, Cooper B, Paul S, Humphreys J, Hammer MJ, Levine J, Conley YP, Wright F, Dunn LB, Miaskowski C. Distinct Stress Profiles Among Oncology Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy. J Pain Symptom Manage 2020; 59:646-657. [PMID: 31711968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cancer and its treatment are inherently stressful and stress impacts important patient outcomes. Patients vary considerably in their response to stress. Understanding this variability requires a patient-centered multidimensional approach. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize patient subgroups with distinct multidimensional stress profiles (stress appraisal, exposure, and adaptation) during cancer treatment. METHODS Among 957 patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast, gastrointestinal, gynecological, or lung cancer, latent profile analysis was performed to identify patient subgroups using concurrent evaluations of global (Perceived Stress Scale) and cancer-specific (Impact of Events Scale-Revised) stress, lifetime stress exposure (Life Stressor Checklist-Revised), and resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10). RESULTS Three latent classes were identified: "Normative" (54.3%; intermediate global stress and resilience, lower cancer-related stress, lowest life stress); "Stressed" (39.9%; highest global and cancer-specific stress scores, lowest resilience, most life stress); and "Resilient" (5.7%; lowest global stress, cancer-specific stress comparable to Normative class, highest resilience, intermediate life stress). Characteristics that distinguished the Stressed from the Normative class included the following: younger age, female gender, lower socioeconomic status, unmarried/partnered, living alone, poorer functional status, and higher comorbidity burden. Compared to Stressed patients, Resilient patients were more likely to be partnered, to not live alone, and had a higher functional status. No demographic or clinical characteristics differentiated Normative from Resilient patients. Exposure to specific life stressors differed significantly among the classes. CONCLUSION A subset of patients warrants intensive psychosocial intervention to reduce stress and improve adaptation to cancer. Intervention efforts may be informed by further study of Resilient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale J Langford
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bruce Cooper
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven Paul
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jon Levine
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yvette P Conley
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fay Wright
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura B Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.
| | - Christine Miaskowski
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Tashjian SM, Galván A. Longitudinal Trajectories of Post-Election Distress Track Changes in Neural and Psychological Functioning. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:1198-1210. [PMID: 32013683 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The shift in political climate after the 2016 U.S. presidential election had a distressing effect on many individuals. To date, no research has identified how changes in societal-level distressing experiences affected ongoing neurobiological and psychological functioning. Fifty-five participants (Mage = 21.746, 37 women) were tested at two time points. fMRI and psychological measures were used to test the hypotheses that increases in distress over 1 year would relate to worsening mental health symptomology and blunted neurobiological response to reward during the same period. Because individual experiences of distress occurred within a larger macroclimate of societal attitudes, measures were standardized to reflect relative change within the sample. Distress changes over 1 year were positively associated with problematic mental health symptomology and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) response to reward, with dissociable effects for anticipation and outcome. Worsening distress was associated with increased NAcc response to reward anticipation but decreased NAcc response to reward outcome. Individuals who exhibited increased sensitivity to anticipatory reward were those who exhibited more avoidance distress symptoms, whereas intrusion and hyperarousal were associated with decreased sensitivity to reward outcome. This study highlights the importance of considering individual variation in profiles of change in response to ongoing distress, suggests that individual response styles yield differences in reward sensitivity, and extends neurobiological understanding of exposure to stressful life experiences to political events.
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Beshai S, Hammond BK, Bjornson SE. Dispositional mindfulness is associated with heart rate reactivity and recovery in response to a lab stressor. Stress Health 2020; 36:3-10. [PMID: 31736208 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Heightened perceived stress is consistently associated with symptoms of psychopathology. Perceived stress can be reliably linked with physiological responses, such as increased heart rate. Even though dispositional mindfulness is associated with lower self-reported stress, no studies to date have examined whether dispositional mindfulness can predict physiological responses to and recovery from stress. We recruited 142 student participants and administered a measure of dispositional mindfulness (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form/FFMQ-SF) and a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Specifically, during the TSST, we instructed participants that they were about to deliver a presentation to a panel of judges, then informed them they no longer need to deliver this presentation, all while measuring their heart rate. We found that total FFMQ-SF and non-reactivity subscale scores were positively and significantly correlated with heart rate reactivity to the lab stressor. Further, we found that the FFMQ-SF facet of non-judgment was negatively and significantly correlated with the time it took for participants' heart rates to return to and stabilize at baseline. The results of this study elucidate potential mechanisms of mindfulness in stress. Specifically, mindfulness may not necessarily make people less reactive to stressors, but may operate through top-down processes to enhance recovery and resilience during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Beshai
- Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | | | - Sarah E Bjornson
- Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Canada.,Departmentof Psychology, University or Regina, Regina, Canada
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Relationships of blood proinflammatory markers with psychological resilience and quality of life in civilian women with posttraumatic stress disorder. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17905. [PMID: 31784695 PMCID: PMC6884570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show low resilience and impaired quality of life (QOL). Accumulating evidence shows that PTSD is associated with increased inflammation. Studies suggest that inflammation can be a key mechanism underlying low resilience/QOL, but this relationship has been understudied in individuals with PTSD. Here, we investigated the association of blood proinflammatory markers with self-reported resilience and QOL in civilian women with PTSD. Fifty-six women with PTSD and 73 healthy control women participated in this study. Resilience was assessed using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. QOL was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of three proinflammatory markers including interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity tumor necrosis factor-α, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Compared to controls, patients showed significantly higher IL-6 levels and lower resilience and QOL. In patients, IL-6 levels were significantly negatively correlated with resilience, and hsCRP levels were significantly negatively correlated with psychological QOL. These results show that increased levels of proinflammatory markers including IL-6 and hsCRP are associated with lower psychological resilience and QOL in PTSD patients. Our findings suggest that interventions and treatments targeting inflammation may aid in the recovery from PTSD and lead to better prognosis.
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Gan Y, Chen Y, Han X, Yu NX, Wang L. Neuropeptide Y Gene × Environment Interaction Predicts Resilience and Positive Future Focus. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2019; 11:438-458. [DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li Wang
- Chinese Academy of Science China
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