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Yang S, Müller T, Wang N, Bekö G, Zhang M, Merizak M, Wargocki P, Williams J, Licina D. Influence of Ventilation on Formation and Growth of 1-20 nm Particles via Ozone-Human Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4704-4715. [PMID: 38326946 PMCID: PMC10938884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Ozone reaction with human surfaces is an important source of ultrafine particles indoors. However, 1-20 nm particles generated from ozone-human chemistry, which mark the first step of particle formation and growth, remain understudied. Ventilation and indoor air movement could have important implications for these processes. Therefore, in a controlled-climate chamber, we measured ultrafine particles initiated from ozone-human chemistry and their dependence on the air change rate (ACR, 0.5, 1.5, and 3 h-1) and operation of mixing fans (on and off). Concurrently, we measured volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and explored the correlation between particles and gas-phase products. At 25-30 ppb ozone levels, humans generated 0.2-7.7 × 1012 of 1-3 nm, 0-7.2 × 1012 of 3-10 nm, and 0-1.3 × 1012 of 10-20 nm particles per person per hour depending on the ACR and mixing fan operation. Size-dependent particle growth and formation rates increased with higher ACR. The operation of mixing fans suppressed the particle formation and growth, owing to enhanced surface deposition of the newly formed particles and their precursors. Correlation analyses revealed complex interactions between the particles and VOCs initiated by ozone-human chemistry. The results imply that ventilation and indoor air movement may have a more significant influence on particle dynamics and fate relative to indoor chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yang
- Human-Oriented
Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Müller
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nijing Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Environmental
and Resource Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Human-Oriented
Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Marouane Merizak
- Human-Oriented
Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Environmental
and Resource Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Energy,
Environment and Water Research Center, The
Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented
Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Lakey PSJ, Cummings BE, Waring MS, Morrison GC, Shiraiwa M. Effective mass accommodation for partitioning of organic compounds into surface films with different viscosities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1464-1478. [PMID: 37560969 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor surfaces can act as reservoirs and reaction media influencing the concentrations and type of species that people are exposed to indoors. Mass accommodation and partitioning are impacted by the phase state and viscosity of indoor surface films. We developed the kinetic multi-layer model KM-FILM to simulate organic film formation and growth, but it is computationally expensive to couple such comprehensive models with indoor air box models. Recently, a novel effective mass accommodation coefficient (αeff) was introduced for efficient and effective treatments of gas-particle partitioning. In this study, we extended this approach to a film geometry with αeff as a function of penetration depth into the film, partitioning coefficient, bulk diffusivity, and condensed-phase reaction rate constant. Comparisons between KM-FILM and the αeff method show excellent agreement under most conditions, but with deviations before the establishment of quasi-equilibrium within the penetration depth. We found that the deposition velocity of species and overall film growth are impacted by bulk diffusivity in highly viscous films (Db ∼<10-15 cm2 s-1). Reactions that lead to non-volatile products can increase film thicknesses significantly, with the extent of film growth being dependent on the gas-phase concentration, rate coefficient, partitioning coefficient and diffusivity. Amorphous semisolid films with Db > ∼10-17-10-19 cm2 s-1 can be efficient SVOC reservoirs for compounds with higher partitioning coefficients as they can be released back to the gas phase over extended periods of time, while glassy solid films would not be able to act as reservoirs as gas-film partitioning is impeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Bryan E Cummings
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael S Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, PA 19104, USA
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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3
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Baeza_Romero MT, Dudzinska MR, Amouei Torkmahalleh M, Barros N, Coggins AM, Ruzgar DG, Kildsgaard I, Naseri M, Rong L, Saffell J, Scutaru AM, Staszowska A. A review of critical residential buildings parameters and activities when investigating indoor air quality and pollutants. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13144. [PMID: 36437669 PMCID: PMC9828800 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air in residential dwellings can contain a variety of chemicals, sometimes present at concentrations or in combinations which can have a negative impact on human health. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) surveys are often required to characterize human exposure or to investigate IAQ concerns and complaints. Such surveys should include sufficient contextual information to elucidate sources, pathways, and the magnitude of exposures. The aim of this review was to investigate and describe the parameters that affect IAQ in residential dwellings: building location, layout, and ventilation, finishing materials, occupant activities, and occupant demography. About 180 peer-reviewed articles, published from 01/2013 to 09/2021 (plus some important earlier publications), were reviewed. The importance of the building parameters largely depends on the study objectives and whether the focus is on a specific pollutant or to assess health risk. When considering classical pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the building parameters can have a significant impact on IAQ, and detailed information of these parameters needs to be reported in each study. Research gaps and suggestions for the future studies together with recommendation of where measurements should be done are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Baeza_Romero
- Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha. Dpto. Química‐Física, Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial y AeroespacialToledoSpain
| | | | - Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public HealthUniversity of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital SciencesNazarbayev UniversityAstanaKazakhstan
| | - Nelson Barros
- UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit (FP‐ENAS)University Fernando PessoaPortoPortugal
| | - Ann Marie Coggins
- School of Natural Sciences & Ryan InstituteNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | - Duygu Gazioglu Ruzgar
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering DepartmentBursa Technical UniversityBursaTurkey
| | | | - Motahareh Naseri
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital SciencesNazarbayev UniversityAstanaKazakhstan
| | - Li Rong
- Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | | | | | - Amelia Staszowska
- Faculty of Environmental EngineeringLublin University of TechnologyLublinPoland
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4
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Kvasnicka J, Cohen Hubal EA, Siegel JA, Scott JA, Diamond ML. Modeling Clothing as a Vector for Transporting Airborne Particles and Pathogens across Indoor Microenvironments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5641-5652. [PMID: 35404579 PMCID: PMC9069698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that human exposure to airborne particles and associated contaminants, including respiratory pathogens, can persist beyond a single microenvironment. By accumulating such contaminants from air, clothing may function as a transport vector and source of "secondary exposure". To investigate this function, a novel microenvironmental exposure modeling framework (ABICAM) was developed. This framework was applied to a para-occupational exposure scenario involving the deposition of viable SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory particles (0.5-20 μm) from a primary source onto clothing in a nonhealthcare setting and subsequent resuspension and secondary exposure in a car and home. Variability was assessed through Monte Carlo simulations. The total volume of infectious particles on the occupant's clothing immediately after work was 4800 μm3 (5th-95th percentiles: 870-32 000 μm3). This value was 61% (5-95%: 17-300%) of the occupant's primary inhalation exposure in the workplace while unmasked. By arrival at the occupant's home after a car commute, relatively rapid viral inactivation on cotton clothing had reduced the infectious volume on clothing by 80% (5-95%: 26-99%). Secondary inhalation exposure (after work) was low in the absence of close proximity and physical contact with contaminated clothing. In comparison, the average primary inhalation exposure in the workplace was higher by about 2-3 orders of magnitude. It remains theoretically possible that resuspension and physical contact with contaminated clothing can occasionally transmit SARS-CoV-2 between humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kvasnicka
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Elaine A. Cohen Hubal
- Center
for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Siegel
- Department
of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
- Dalla
Lana School of Public Health, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - James A. Scott
- Dalla
Lana School of Public Health, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Miriam L. Diamond
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
- Dalla
Lana School of Public Health, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
- School of
the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
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5
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Salthammer T, Morrison GC. Temperature and indoor environments. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13022. [PMID: 35622714 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
From the thermodynamic perspective, the term temperature is clearly defined for ideal physical systems: A unique temperature can be assigned to each black body via its radiation spectrum, and the temperature of an ideal gas is given by the velocity distribution of the molecules. While the indoor environment is not an ideal system, fundamental physical and chemical processes, such as diffusion, partitioning equilibria, and chemical reactions, are predictably temperature-dependent. For example, the logarithm of reaction rate and equilibria constants are proportional to the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. It is therefore possible to have non-linear, very steep changes in chemical phenomena over a relatively small temperature range. On the contrary, transport processes are more influenced by spatial temperature, momentum, and pressure gradients as well as by the density, porosity, and composition of indoor materials. Consequently, emergent phenomena, such as emission rates or dynamic air concentrations, can be the result of complex temperature-dependent relationships that require a more empirical approach. Indoor environmental conditions are further influenced by the thermal comfort needs of occupants. Not only do occupants have to create thermal conditions that serve to maintain their core body temperature, which is usually accomplished by wearing appropriate clothing, but also the surroundings must be adapted so that they feel comfortable. This includes the interaction of the living space with the ambient environment, which can vary greatly by region and season. Design of houses, apartments, commercial buildings, and schools is generally utility and comfort driven, requiring an appropriate energy balance, sometimes considering ventilation but rarely including the impact of temperature on indoor contaminant levels. In our article, we start with a review of fundamental thermodynamic variables and discuss their influence on typical indoor processes. Then, we describe the heat balance of people in their thermal environment. An extensive literature study is devoted to the thermal conditions in buildings, the temperature-dependent release of indoor pollutants from materials and their distribution in the various interior compartments as well as aspects of indoor chemistry. Finally, we assess the need to consider temperature holistically with regard to the changes to be expected as a result of global emergencies such as climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Yang S, Licina D, Weschler CJ, Wang N, Zannoni N, Li M, Vanhanen J, Langer S, Wargocki P, Williams J, Bekö G. Ozone Initiates Human-Derived Emission of Nanocluster Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14536-14545. [PMID: 34672572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocluster aerosols (NCAs, particles <3 nm) are important players in driving climate feedbacks and processes that impact human health. This study reports, for the first time, NCA formation when gas-phase ozone reacts with human surfaces. In an occupied climate-controlled chamber, we detected NCA only when ozone was present. NCA emissions were dependent on clothing coverage, occupant age, air temperature, and humidity. Ozone-initiated chemistry with human skin lipids (particularly their primary surface reaction products) is the key mechanism driving NCA emissions, as evidenced by positive correlations with squalene in human skin wipe samples and known gaseous products from ozonolysis of skin lipids. Oxidation by OH radicals, autoxidation reactions, and human-emitted NH3 may also play a role in NCA formation. Such chemical processes are anticipated to generate aerosols of the smallest size (1.18-1.55 nm), whereas larger clusters result from subsequent growth of the smaller aerosols. This study shows that whenever we encounter ozone indoors, where we spend most of our lives, NCAs will be produced in the air around us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yang
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Nijing Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Nora Zannoni
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Mengze Li
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Joonas Vanhanen
- Airmodus Limited, Erik Palménin Aukio 1, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland
| | - Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Göteborg SE-400 14, Sweden
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Division of Building Services Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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7
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Lakey PSJ, Eichler CMA, Wang C, Little JC, Shiraiwa M. Kinetic multi-layer model of film formation, growth, and chemistry (KM-FILM): Boundary layer processes, multi-layer adsorption, bulk diffusion, and heterogeneous reactions. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:2070-2083. [PMID: 33991124 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large surface area-to-volume ratios indoors cause heterogeneous interactions to be especially important. Semi-volatile organic compounds can deposit on impermeable indoor surfaces forming thin organic films. We developed a new model to simulate the initial film formation by treating gas-phase diffusion and turbulence through a surface boundary layer and multi-layer reversible adsorption on rough surfaces, as well as subsequent film growth by resolving bulk diffusion and chemical reactions in a film. The model was applied with consistent parameters to reproduce twenty-one sets of film formation measurements due to multi-layer adsorption of multiple phthalates onto different indoor-relevant surfaces, showing that the films should initially be patchy with the formation of pyramid-like structures on the surface. Sensitivity tests showed that highly turbulent conditions can lead to the film growing by more than a factor of two compared to low turbulence conditions. If surface films adopt an ultra-viscous state with bulk diffusion coefficients of less than 10-18 cm2 s-1 , a significant decrease in film growth is expected. The presence of chemical reactions in the film has the potential to increase the rate of film growth by nearly a factor of two.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chunyi Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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8
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Lou J, Wang W, Lu H, Wang L, Zhu L. Increased disinfection byproducts in the air resulting from intensified disinfection during the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126249. [PMID: 34119971 PMCID: PMC8158349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Intensified use of disinfectants to control COVID-19 could unintentionally increase the disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in the environment. In indoor spaces, it is critical to determine the optimal disinfection practice to prevent the spread of the virus while keeping DBPs at relatively low levels in the air. The formation of DBPs exceed 0.1 μg/mg while hypochlorite dosed at >10 mg/m3. The total DBP concentrations in highly disinfected places (100-200 mg/m3 hypochlorite) were as high as 66.8 μg/m3, and the Hazard Index (HI) was up to 0.84, and both values were much higher than those in less disinfected places (<10 mg/m3 hypochlorite). Taking into account the HI, formation yields and the origin of the DBPs, we recommended 10 mg/m3 as the suggested hypochlorite dose to minimize DBPs generation during routine disinfection for controlling the coronavirus. DBPs in indoor air could be eliminated by ventilation, reducing the usage of personal care products, and wiping the solid surface with water before or after disinfection. These results highlighted the necessity to control air-borne DBPs and their associated health risks arising from intensified disinfection, and will guide the further development of evidence-based regulation on DBP exposure during disinfection and improve public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Lou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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9
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Rodríguez-López JL, Silva-Pereyra HG, Labrada-Delgado GJ, Pérez-Guillé B, Soriano-Rosales RE, Jiménez-Bravo Luna MA, Brito-Aguilar R, Mukherjee PS, Gayosso-Chávez C, Delgado-Chávez R. Environmental Fe, Ti, Al, Cu, Hg, Bi, and Si Nanoparticles in the Atrioventricular Conduction Axis and the Associated Ultrastructural Damage in Young Urbanites: Cardiac Arrhythmias Caused by Anthropogenic, Industrial, E-Waste, and Indoor Nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8203-8214. [PMID: 34081443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is a risk factor for arrhythmia. The atrioventricular (AV) conduction axis is key for the passage of electrical signals to ventricles. We investigated whether environmental nanoparticles (NPs) reach the AV axis and whether they are associated with ultrastructural cell damage. Here, we demonstrate the detection of the shape, size, and composition of NPs by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in 10 subjects from Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) with a mean age of 25.3 ± 5.9 and a 71-year-old subject without cardiac pathology. We found that in every case, Fe, Ti, Al, Hg, Cu, Bi, and/or Si spherical or acicular NPs with a mean size of 36 ± 17 nm were present in the AV axis in situ, freely and as conglomerates, within the mitochondria, sarcomeres, lysosomes, lipofuscin, and/or intercalated disks and gap junctions of Purkinje and transitional cells, telocytes, macrophages, endothelium, and adjacent atrial and ventricular fibers. Erythrocytes were found to transfer NPs to the endothelium. Purkinje fibers with increased lysosomal activity and totally disordered myofilaments and fragmented Z-disks exhibited NP conglomerates in association with gap junctions and intercalated disks. AV conduction axis pathology caused by environmental NPs is a plausible and modifiable risk factor for understanding common arrhythmias and reentrant tachycardia. Anthropogenic, industrial, e-waste, and indoor NPs reach pacemaker regions, thereby increasing potential mechanisms that disrupt the electrical impulse pathways of the heart. The cardiotoxic, oxidative, and abnormal electric performance effects of NPs in pacemaker locations warrant extensive research. Cardiac arrhythmias associated with nanoparticle effects could be preventable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, 287 Skaggs Building, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
- Universidad del Valle de México, Ciudad de México 14370, México
| | | | | | | | - Hector G Silva-Pereyra
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., San Luis Potosí 78216, México
| | - Gladis J Labrada-Delgado
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., San Luis Potosí 78216, México
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10
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Huang L, Frank ES, Shrestha M, Riahi S, Tobias DJ, Grassian VH. Heterogeneous Interactions of Prevalent Indoor Oxygenated Organic Compounds on Hydroxylated SiO 2 Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6623-6630. [PMID: 33945687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated organic compounds (OOCs) are widely found in indoor environments and come from either the direct emissions from indoor activities or the subsequent oxidation of nonoxygenated OCs. Adsorption and partitioning of OCs on surfaces are significant processes in indoor chemistry, yet these interactions specifically involving OOCs are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the interactions of three prevalent indoor OOCs (dihydromyrcenol, α-terpineol, and linalool) on an indoor surface proxy (hydroxylated SiO2) by combining vibrational spectroscopy with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The adsorption of these compounds on the SiO2 surface is driven by π hydrogen bonding and O-H hydrogen bonding interactions, with O-H hydrogen bonding interactions being stronger. The results of kinetic measurements suggest that indoor surfaces play a significant role in the removal of these OOCs, especially under moderate and low air exchange. Additionally, indoor surfaces can also serve as a reservoir of OOCs due to their much slower desorption kinetics when compared to other indoor relevant organic compounds such as limonene. Overall, the results gleaned by experiment and theoretical simulations provide a molecular representation of the interaction of OOCs on indoor relevant surfaces as well as implications of these interactions for indoor air chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubin Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elianna S Frank
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mona Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Saleh Riahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Douglas J Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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11
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O'Brien RE, Li Y, Kiland KJ, Katz EF, Or VW, Legaard E, Walhout EQ, Thrasher C, Grassian VH, DeCarlo PF, Bertram AK, Shiraiwa M. Emerging investigator series: chemical and physical properties of organic mixtures on indoor surfaces during HOMEChem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:559-568. [PMID: 33870396 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00060h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic films on indoor surfaces serve as a medium for reactions and for partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds and thus play an important role in indoor chemistry. However, the chemical and physical properties of these films are poorly characterized. Here, we investigate the chemical composition of an organic film collected during the HOMEChem campaign, over three cumulative weeks in the kitchen, using both Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and offline Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (AMS). We also characterize the viscosity of this film using a model based on molecular formulas as well as poke-flow measurements. We find that the film contains organic material similar to cooking organic aerosol (COA) measured during the campaign using on-line AMS. However, the average molecular formula observed using FT-ICR MS is ∼C50H90O11, which is larger and more oxidized than fresh COA. Solvent extracted film material is a low viscous semisolid, with a measured viscosity <104 Pa s. This is much lower than the viscosity model predicts, which is parametrized with atmospherically relevant organic molecules, but sensitivity tests demonstrate that including unsaturation can explain the differences. The presence of unsaturation is supported by reactions of film material with ozone. In contrast to the solvent extract, manually removed material appears to be highly viscous, highlighting the need for continued work understanding both viscosity measurements as well as parameterizations for modeled viscosity of indoor organic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kristian J Kiland
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Victor W Or
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Emily Legaard
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
| | - Emma Q Walhout
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
| | - Corey Thrasher
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA and Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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12
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Eichler CMA, Hubal EAC, Xu Y, Cao J, Bi C, Weschler CJ, Salthammer T, Morrison GC, Koivisto AJ, Zhang Y, Mandin C, Wei W, Blondeau P, Poppendieck D, Liu X, Delmaar CJE, Fantke P, Jolliet O, Shin HM, Diamond ML, Shiraiwa M, Zuend A, Hopke PK, von Goetz N, Kulmala M, Little JC. Assessing Human Exposure to SVOCs in Materials, Products, and Articles: A Modular Mechanistic Framework. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:25-43. [PMID: 33319994 PMCID: PMC7877794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the current state of knowledge of chemical emissions from indoor sources, partitioning among indoor compartments, and the ensuing indoor exposure leads to a proposal for a modular mechanistic framework for predicting human exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Mechanistically consistent source emission categories include solid, soft, frequent contact, applied, sprayed, and high temperature sources. Environmental compartments are the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, indoor surfaces, and clothing. Identified research needs are the development of dynamic emission models for several of the source emission categories and of estimation strategies for critical model parameters. The modular structure of the framework facilitates subsequent inclusion of new knowledge, other chemical classes of indoor pollutants, and additional mechanistic processes relevant to human exposure indoors. The framework may serve as the foundation for developing an open-source community model to better support collaborative research and improve access for application by stakeholders. Combining exposure estimates derived using this framework with toxicity data for different end points and toxicokinetic mechanisms will accelerate chemical risk prioritization, advance effective chemical management decisions, and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elaine A Cohen Hubal
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Glenn C Morrison
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Antti Joonas Koivisto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), Champs sur Marne 77447, France
| | - Patrice Blondeau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur pour l'Environnement - LaSIE, Université de La Rochelle, La Rochelle 77447, France
| | - Dustin Poppendieck
- Engineering Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Christiaan J E Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A0B9, Canada
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5708, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | | | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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13
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Gabdrashova R, Nurzhan S, Naseri M, Bekezhankyzy Z, Gimnkhan A, Malekipirbazari M, Tabesh M, Khanbabaie R, Crape B, Buonanno G, Hopke PK, Amouei Torkmahalleh A, Amouei Torkmahalleh M. The impact on heart rate and blood pressure following exposure to ultrafine particles from cooking using an electric stove. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141334. [PMID: 32846247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cooking is a major source of indoor particulate matter (PM), especially ultrafine particles (UFPs). Long-term exposure to fine and ultrafine particles (UFPs) has been associated with adverse human health effects. Toxicological studies have demonstrated that exposure to PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm) may result in increased blood pressure (BP). Some clinical studies have shown that acute exposure to PM2.5 causes changes in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), depending on the source of particles. Studies assessing the effect of exposure to cooking PM on BP and heart rate (HR) using electric or gas stoves are not well represented in the literature. The aim of this investigation was to perform controlled studies to quantify the exposure of 50 healthy volunteer participants to fine and ultrafine particles emitted from a low-emissions recipe for frying ground beef on an electric stove. The BP and heart rate (HR) of the volunteers were monitored during exposure and after the exposure (2 h post-exposure). Maximum UFP and PM2.5 concentrations were 6.5 × 104 particles/cm3 and 0.017 mg/m3, respectively. Exposure to UFPs from frying was associated with statistically significant increases in the SBP. The lack of food and drink during the 2 h post-cooking period was also associated with a statistically significant reduction in SBP. No statistically significant changes in DBP were observed. Physiological factors, including heat stress over the stove, movements and anxiety, could be responsible for an elevation in HR at the early stages of the experiments with a subsequent drop in HR after 90 min post-cooking, when study participants were relaxed in a living room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raikhangul Gabdrashova
- Department of Biology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Sholpan Nurzhan
- Department of Biology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Motahareh Naseri
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhibek Bekezhankyzy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidana Gimnkhan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Milad Malekipirbazari
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahsa Tabesh
- Department of Physics, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Shariati Ave., Babol 47148-71167, Iran
| | - Reza Khanbabaie
- Department of Physics, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Shariati Ave., Babol 47148-71167, Iran
| | - Byron Crape
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, Cassino 03043, Italy
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | - Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan.
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14
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Lim CY, Abbatt JP. Chemical Composition, Spatial Homogeneity, and Growth of Indoor Surface Films. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14372-14379. [PMID: 33156609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic films on indoor surfaces are ubiquitous, but details about their composition and growth over timescales less than a month are not fully understood. To address these gaps in understanding, organic film samples in an apartment unit were collected over the course of 17 days using passive samplers and analyzed in a non-targeted manner using direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Overall, the chemical composition observed across various locations within the apartment are very similar. Mass spectra also show clear evidence for the growth of semi-volatile compounds from natural sources and consumer products, such as carboxylic acids and plasticizers. Certain compounds show evidence for equilibration, mostly consistent with surface partitioning models based on octanol-air partition coefficients (Koa). Compounds which have higher molecular weight or larger Koa values tend to equilibrate later, leading to an overall shift in the composition of the film as a function of collection time. Growth rates of film thickness are at least 0.05 nm/day based on a limited number of individually calibrated ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Y Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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15
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Kvasnicka J, Cohen Hubal E, Ladan J, Zhang X, Diamond ML. Transient Multimedia Model for Investigating the Influence of Indoor Human Activities on Exposure to SVOCs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10772-10782. [PMID: 32786603 PMCID: PMC8637498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence suggests that human occupants indoors, through their presence and activities, can influence the dynamics of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). To better understand these dynamics, a transient multimedia human exposure model was developed (Activity-Based Indoor Chemical Assessment Model (ABICAM)). This model parametrizes mass-balance equations as functions of time-dependent human activities. As a case study, ABICAM simulated exposures of an archetypal adult and toddler over 24 h to diethyl phthalate (DEP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) that span a wide range of gas-particle partitioning tendencies. Under baseline (no activities beyond respiration), the toddler's time-average internal doses were three to four times higher than the adult's, due to differences in physical human attributes (e.g., inhalation rate). When time-dependent activities were considered, interindividual (e.g., adult vs toddler) variability was accentuated by up to a factor of 3 for BBzP. Activities with the greatest influence on time-average internal dose were showering (-71% for BBzP), cooking (+27% for DEHP), and sleeping (-26% for DEHP). Overall, the results support the hypotheses that (1) transient indoor activities can give rise to intraindividual variability in estimated internal doses of SVOCs, and (2) interindividual variability in such exposure can result from differences in activity patterns and physical human attributes, according to a compound's physical-chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kvasnicka
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Elaine Cohen Hubal
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States
| | - John Ladan
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
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16
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Patel S, Sankhyan S, Boedicker EK, DeCarlo PF, Farmer DK, Goldstein AH, Katz EF, Nazaroff WW, Tian Y, Vanhanen J, Vance ME. Indoor Particulate Matter during HOMEChem: Concentrations, Size Distributions, and Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7107-7116. [PMID: 32391692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is important to improve our understanding of exposure to particulate matter (PM) in residences because of associated health risks. The HOMEChem campaign was conducted to investigate indoor chemistry in a manufactured test house during prescribed everyday activities, such as cooking, cleaning, and opening doors and windows. This paper focuses on measured size distributions of PM (0.001-20 μm), along with estimated exposures and respiratory-tract deposition. Number concentrations were highest for sub-10 nm particles during cooking using a propane-fueled stovetop. During some cooking activities, calculated PM2.5 mass concentrations (assuming a density of 1 g cm-3) exceeded 250 μg m-3, and exposure during the postcooking decay phase exceeded that of the cooking period itself. The modeled PM respiratory deposition for an adult residing in the test house kitchen for 12 h varied from 7 μg on a day with no indoor activities to 68 μg during a simulated day (including breakfast, lunch, and dinner preparation interspersed by cleaning activities) and rose to 149 μg during a simulated Thanksgiving day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sumit Sankhyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Erin K Boedicker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erin F Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joonas Vanhanen
- Airmodus Oy, Erik Palménin aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marina E Vance
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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17
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Abbatt JPD, Wang C. The atmospheric chemistry of indoor environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:25-48. [PMID: 31712796 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00386j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Through air inhalation, dust ingestion and dermal exposure, the indoor environment plays an important role in controlling human chemical exposure. Indoor emissions and chemistry can also have direct impacts on the quality of outdoor air. And so, it is important to have a strong fundamental knowledge of the chemical processes that occur in indoor environments. This review article summarizes our understanding of the indoor chemistry field. Using a molecular perspective, it addresses primarily the new advances that have occurred in the past decade or so and upon developments in our understanding of multiphase partitioning and reactions. A primary goal of the article is to contrast indoor chemistry to that which occurs outdoors, which we know to be a strongly gas-phase, oxidant-driven system in which substantial oxidative aging of gases and aerosol particles occurs. By contrast, indoor environments are dark, gas-phase oxidant concentrations are relatively low, and due to air exchange, only short times are available for reactive processing of gaseous and particle constituents. However, important gas-surface partitioning and reactive multiphase chemistry occur in the large surface reservoirs that prevail in all indoor environments. These interactions not only play a crucial role in controlling the composition of indoor surfaces but also the surrounding gases and aerosol particles, thus affecting human chemical exposure. There are rich research opportunities available if the advanced measurement and modeling tools of the outdoor atmospheric chemistry community continue to be brought indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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18
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Shiraiwa M, Carslaw N, Tobias DJ, Waring MS, Rim D, Morrison G, Lakey PSJ, Kruza M, von Domaros M, Cummings BE, Won Y. Modelling consortium for chemistry of indoor environments (MOCCIE): integrating chemical processes from molecular to room scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1240-1254. [PMID: 31070639 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a modelling consortium for chemistry in indoor environments that connects models over a range of spatial and temporal scales, from molecular to room scales and from sub-nanosecond to days, respectively. Our modeling approaches include molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, kinetic process modeling, gas-phase chemistry modeling, organic aerosol modeling, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. These models are applied to investigate ozone reactions with skin and clothing, oxidation of volatile organic compounds and formation of secondary organic aerosols, and mass transport and partitioning of indoor species to surfaces. MD simulations provide molecular pictures of limonene adsorption on SiO2 and ozone interactions with the skin lipid squalene, providing kinetic parameters such as surface accommodation coefficient, desorption lifetime, and bulk diffusivity. These parameters then constrain kinetic process models, which resolve mass transport and chemical reactions in gas and condensed phases for analysis of experimental data. A detailed indoor chemical box model is applied to simulate α-pinene ozonolysis with improved representation of gas-particle partitioning. Application of 2D-volatility basis set reveals that OH-induced aging sometimes drives increases in indoor organic aerosol concentrations, due to organic mass functionalization and enhanced partitioning. CFD simulations show that concentrations of ozone and primary product change near the human surface rapidly, indicating non-uniform spatial distributions from the occupant surface to ambient air, while secondary ozone product is relatively well-mixed throughout the room. This development establishes a framework to integrate different modeling tools and experimental measurements, opening up an avenue for development of comprehensive and integrated models with representations of various chemistry in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Indoor surfaces provide a plentiful and varied substrate on which multiphase reactions can occur which can be important to the chemical makeup of the indoor environment. Here, we attempt to characterise real indoor surface films via water uptake behaviour and ionic composition. We show that water uptake by indoor films is different than that observed outdoors, and can vary according to room use, building characteristics, and season. Similarly, preliminary investigation into the ionic composition of the films showed that they varied according to the room in which they were collected. This study highlights the importance of different types of soiling to multiphase chemistry, especially those reactions controlled by relative humidity or adsorbed water.
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20
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Fang Y, Lakey PSJ, Riahi S, McDonald AT, Shrestha M, Tobias DJ, Shiraiwa M, Grassian VH. A molecular picture of surface interactions of organic compounds on prevalent indoor surfaces: limonene adsorption on SiO 2. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2906-2914. [PMID: 30996868 PMCID: PMC6428143 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05560b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoor surfaces are often coated with organic compounds yet a molecular understanding of what drives these interactions is poorly understood. Herein, the adsorption and desorption of limonene, an organic compound found in indoor environments, on hydroxylated silica (SiO2) surfaces, used to mimic indoor glass surfaces, is investigated by combining vibrational spectroscopy, atomistic computer simulations and kinetic modeling. Infrared spectroscopy shows the interaction involves hydrogen-bonding between limonene and surface O-H groups. Atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirm the existence of π-hydrogen bonding interactions, with one or two hydrogen bonds between the silica O-H groups and the carbon-carbon double bonds, roughly one third of the time. The concentration and temperature dependent adsorption/desorption kinetics as measured by infrared spectroscopy were reproduced with a kinetic model, yielding the adsorption enthalpy of ∼55 kJ mol-1, which is consistent with the value derived from the MD simulations. Importantly, this integrated experimental, theoretical and kinetic modeling study constitutes a conceptual framework for understanding the interaction of organic compounds with indoor relevant surfaces and thus provides important insights into our understanding of indoor air chemistry and indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , 92093 , CA , USA .
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , 92697 , CA , USA . ;
| | - Saleh Riahi
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , 92697 , CA , USA . ;
| | - Andrew T McDonald
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , 92093 , CA , USA .
| | - Mona Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , 92093 , CA , USA .
| | - Douglas J Tobias
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , 92697 , CA , USA . ;
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , 92697 , CA , USA . ;
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , 92093 , CA , USA .
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , Department of Nanoengineering , University of California , San Diego , La Jolla , 92093 , CA , USA
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21
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Eichler CMA, Cao J, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Little JC. Modeling the formation and growth of organic films on indoor surfaces. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:17-29. [PMID: 30387208 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emission, transport, and fate of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), which include plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides, biocides, and oxidation products of volatile organic compounds, are influenced in part by their tendency to sorb to indoor surfaces. A thin organic film enhances this effect, because it acts as both an SVOC sink and a source, thus potentially prolonging human exposure. Unfortunately, our ability to describe the initial formation and subsequent growth of organic films on indoor surfaces is limited. To overcome this gap, we propose a mass transfer model accounting for adsorption, condensation, and absorption of multiple gas-phase SVOCs on impervious, vertical indoor surfaces. Further model development and experimental research are needed including more realistic scenarios accounting for surface heterogeneity, non-ideal organic mixtures, and particle deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Jianping Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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22
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Erfassung der Humanexposition mit organischen Verbindungen in Innenraumumgebungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fachbereich Materialanalytik und Innenluftchemie; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Deutschland
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA); Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Deutschland
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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23
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Salthammer T, Zhang Y, Mo J, Koch HM, Weschler CJ. Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry; Fraunhofer WKI; 38108 Braunschweig Bienroder Weg 54E Germany
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science; Tsinghua University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control; Beijing 100084 PR China
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA); Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum; 44789 Bochum Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1 Germany
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI); Rutgers University; 170 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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24
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Amouei Torkmahalleh M, Ospanova S, Baibatyrova A, Nurbay S, Zhanakhmet G, Shah D. Contributions of burner, pan, meat and salt to PM emission during grilling. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:11-17. [PMID: 29459231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Grilling ground beef meat was conducted in two locations at Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan. The experiments were designed such that only particles from beef meat were isolated. A similar experimental protocol was applied at both locations. The average particle number and mass emission rates for grilling pure meat itself (excluding particles from pan and burner) were found to be 9.4 × 1012(SD = 7.2 × 1012 particle min-1 and 7.6 × 10 (SD = 6.3 × 10) mg.min-1, respectively. The PM emissions (number and mass) from the burner were found to be negligible compared to the pan and meat emissions. Ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations from the heated pan itself were comparable to those of grilled meat. However, the particle mass concentrations from the pan itself were negligible. Approximately an hour of continuous heating resulted in zero emissions from the pan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh
- Chemical and Aerosol Research Team (CART), Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 10000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Saltanat Ospanova
- Chemical and Aerosol Research Team (CART), Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 10000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aknur Baibatyrova
- Chemical and Aerosol Research Team (CART), Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 10000, Kazakhstan
| | - Shynggys Nurbay
- Chemical and Aerosol Research Team (CART), Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 10000, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulaina Zhanakhmet
- Chemical and Aerosol Research Team (CART), Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 10000, Kazakhstan
| | - Dhawal Shah
- Chemical and Aerosol Research Team (CART), Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 10000, Kazakhstan
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25
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Alwarda R, Zhou S, Abbatt JPD. Heterogeneous oxidation of indoor surfaces by gas-phase hydroxyl radicals. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:655-664. [PMID: 29873111 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate heterogeneous oxidation kinetics of monolayer-thick, surface-sorbed organics, namely di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) and palmitic acid (PA), with gas-phase OH. The pseudo-first order rate constants for organic loss at OH concentrations of 1.6 × 108 molecules/cm3 are: (2.3 ± 0.1) × 10-4 to (4.8 ± 0.8) × 10-4 s-1 , and (1.3 ± 0.5) × 10-4 s-1 for DnOP and PA, respectively. Films developed in indoor office environments over a few weeks are also oxidized using the same OH concentration. Heterogeneous decay rate constants of mass signals from these films, attributed to phthalates (MW = 390.6) and to PA, are similar to those for the single-component films, ie, (1.9 ± 0.4) × 10-4 to (3.4 ± 0.5) × 10-4 s-1 , and (1.1 ± 0.4) × 10-4 s-1 , respectively. These results suggest that the lifetimes for OH heterogeneous oxidation of monolayer-thick indoor organic films will be on the timescale of weeks to months. To support this argument, we present the first analysis of the mass transfer processes that occur when short-lived gas-phase molecules, such as OH, are taken up by reactive indoor surfaces. Due to rapid chemical production, the diffusion limitation to mass transfer is less important for short-lived molecules than for molecules with little chemical production, such as ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alwarda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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26
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Abstract
This review aims to encapsulate the importance, ubiquity, and complexity of indoor chemistry. We discuss the many sources of indoor air pollutants and summarize their chemical reactions in the air and on surfaces. We also summarize some of the known impacts of human occupants, who act as sources and sinks of indoor chemicals, and whose activities (e.g., cooking, cleaning, smoking) can lead to extremely high pollutant concentrations. As we begin to use increasingly sensitive and selective instrumentation indoors, we are learning more about chemistry in this relatively understudied environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Environment Department , University of York , York , North Yorkshire YO10 5NG , U.K
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27
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Chen C, Zhao Y, Zhao B. Emission Rates of Multiple Air Pollutants Generated from Chinese Residential Cooking. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1081-1087. [PMID: 29302961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Household air pollution generated from cooking is severe, especially for Chinese-style cooking. We measured the emission rates of multiple air pollutants including fine particles (PM2.5), ultrafine particles (UFPs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs, including formaldehyde, benzene, and toluene) that were generated from typical Chinese cooking in a residential kitchen. The experiment was designed through five-factor and five-level orthogonal testing. The five key factors were cooking method, ingredient weight, type of meat, type of oil, and meat/vegetable ratio. The measured emission rates (mean value ± standard deviation) of PM2.5, UFPs, formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), benzene, and toluene were 2.056 ± 3.034 mg/min, 9.102 ± 6.909 × 1012 #/min, 1.273 ± 0.736 mg/min, 1.349 ± 1.376 mg/min, 0.074 ± 0.039 mg/min, and 0.004 ± 0.004 mg/min. Cooking method was the most influencing factor for the emission rates of PM2.5, UFPs, formaldehyde, TVOCs, and benzene but not for toluene. Meanwhile, the emission rate of PM2.5 was also significantly influenced by ingredient weight, type of meat, and meat/vegetable ratio. Exhausting the range hood decreased the emission rates by approximately 58%, with a corresponding air change rate of 21.38/h for the kitchen room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture and ‡Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuejing Zhao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture and ‡Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture and ‡Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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28
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Liang Y, Liu X, Allen MR. Measuring and modeling surface sorption dynamics of organophosphate flame retardants on impervious surfaces. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:754-762. [PMID: 29175403 PMCID: PMC5921081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sorption mechanisms for organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) on impervious surfaces is important to improve our knowledge of the fate and transport of OPFRs in indoor environments. The sorption processes of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) on indoor surfaces are heterogeneous (multilayer sorption) or homogeneous (monolayer sorption). In this study, we adopted simplified Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm in a dynamic sink model to characterize the sorption dynamics of OPFRs on impervious surfaces such as stainless steel and made comparisons between the two models through a series of empty chamber studies. The tests involve two types of stainless steel chambers (53-L small chambers and 44-mL micro chambers) using tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP) as target compounds. Our test results show that the dynamic sink model using Freundlich isotherm can better represent the sorption process in the empty small chamber. Micro chamber test results from this study show that the sink model using both simplified Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isotherm can well fit the measured gas-phase concentrations of OPFRs. We further applied both models and the parameters obtained to predict the gas phase concentrations of OPFRs in a small chamber with an emission source. Comparisons between model predictions and measurements demonstrate the reliability and applicability of the sorption parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Participant at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USA
| | - X Liu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - M R Allen
- Jacobs Technology Inc., 600 William Northern Boulevard, Tullahoma, TN, 37388, USA
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29
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Jørgensen RB, Hveding IG, Solheim K. Nano-sized emission from commercially available paints used for indoor surfaces during drying. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:153-160. [PMID: 28934655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Consumers worry about the presence of nano-particles in paints and the risk of exposure. As a result, the paint industry now omits marketing paints as containing nanoparticles. The industry claims that no nanoparticles are released into the indoor environment; this, however, has yet to be documented. In this study, the emission of nano-sized emission from four indoor paints was investigated. The emission was studied for both base and full-pigmented versions of the paints, which consisted of three water-borne acrylic paints and one solvent-borne alkyd paint. All experiments were performed twice in a 6.783 m3 stainless-steel test chamber under standardized conditions (22.98 °C, 50.08% RH, air exchange rate 0.48 h-1). Emissions during the paint-drying period were measured using a TSI Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS) measuring the number concentration of nano-particles and the size distribution in the range 5.6-560 nm. The results from the solvent-borne paint showed the highest concentration, with a mean concentration of 3.2·105 particles/cm3 and a maximum of 1.4·106 particles/cm3. This paint also had the smallest particle size distribution, with 9.31 nm particles as the most dominant particle size. The results from this study showed that the exposure to nanoparticles for the residents evaluated over a 7 or 28 day period was low and that interior paints are probably not very important when it comes to identifying products that release nano-particles into indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Bramming Jørgensen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Trondheim, 7491, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Grav Hveding
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Karoline Solheim
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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30
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Morrison GC, Carslaw N, Waring MS. A modeling enterprise for chemistry of indoor environments (CIE). INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:1033-1038. [PMID: 29024112 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G C Morrison
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA(formerly at Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO, USA)
| | - N Carslaw
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - M S Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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Weschler CJ, Nazaroff WW. Growth of organic films on indoor surfaces. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:1101-1112. [PMID: 28556424 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a model for the growth of organic films on impermeable indoor surfaces. The model couples transport through a gas-side boundary layer adjacent to the surface with equilibrium partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) between the gas phase and the surface film. Model predictions indicate that film growth would primarily be influenced by the gas-phase concentration of SVOCs with octanol-air partitioning (Koa ) values in the approximate range 10≤log Koa ≤13. Within the relevant range, SVOCs with lower values will equilibrate with the surface film more rapidly. Over time, the film becomes relatively enriched in species with higher log Koa values, while the proportion of gas-phase SVOCs not in equilibrium with the film decreases. Given stable airborne SVOC concentrations, films grow at faster rates initially and then subsequently diminish to an almost steady growth rate. Once an SVOC is equilibrated with the film, its mass per unit film volume remains constant, while its mass per unit area increases in proportion to overall film thickness. The predictions of the conceptual model and its mathematical embodiment are generally consistent with results reported in the peer-reviewed literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - W W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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32
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Wu Y, Eichler CMA, Leng W, Cox SS, Marr LC, Little JC. Adsorption of Phthalates on Impervious Indoor Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2907-2913. [PMID: 28140579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sorption of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) onto interior surfaces, often referred to as the "sink effect", and their subsequent re-emission significantly affect the fate and transport of indoor SVOCs and the resulting human exposure. Unfortunately, experimental challenges and the large number of SVOC/surface combinations have impeded progress in understanding sorption of SVOCs on indoor surfaces. An experimental approach based on a diffusion model was thus developed to determine the surface/air partition coefficient K of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on typical impervious surfaces including aluminum, steel, glass, and acrylic. The results indicate that surface roughness plays an important role in the adsorption process. Although larger data sets are needed, the ability to predict K could be greatly improved by establishing the nature of the relationship between surface roughness and K for clean indoor surfaces. Furthermore, different surfaces exhibit nearly identical K values after being exposed to kitchen grime with values that are close to those reported for the octanol/air partition coefficient. This strongly supports the idea that interactions between gas-phase DEHP and soiled surfaces have been reduced to interactions with an organic film. Collectively, the results provide an improved understanding of equilibrium partitioning of SVOCs on impervious surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxing Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Weinan Leng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Virginia Tech Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences (ICTAS) , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Steven S Cox
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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