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Minakata D. Development of an Elementary Reaction-Based Kinetic Model to Predict the Aqueous-Phase Fate of Organic Compounds Induced by Reactive Free Radicals. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 38804206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusAqueous-phase free radicals such as reactive oxygen, halogen, and nitrogen species play important roles in the fate of organic compounds in the aqueous-phase advanced water treatment processes and natural aquatic environments under sunlight irradiation. Predicting the fate of organic compounds in aqueous-phase advanced water treatment processes and natural aquatic environments necessitates understanding the kinetics and reaction mechanisms of initial reactions of free radicals with structurally diverse organic compounds and other reactions. Researchers developed conventional predictive models based on experimentally measured transformation products and determined reaction rate constants by fitting with the time-dependent concentration profiles of species due to difficulties in their measurements of unstable intermediates. However, the empirical treatment of lumped reaction mechanisms had a model prediction limitation with respect to the specific parent compound's fate. We use ab initio and density functional theory quantum chemical computations, numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations, and validation of the outcomes of the model with experiments. Sensitivity analysis of reaction rate constants and concentration profiles enables us to identify an important elementary reaction in formating the transformation product. Such predictive elementary reaction-based kinetics models can be used to screen organic compounds in water and predict their potentially toxic transformation products for a specific experimental investigation.Over the past decade, we determined linear free energy relationships (LFERs) that bridge the kinetic and thermochemical properties of reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals (HO•), peroxyl radicals (ROO•), and singlet oxygen (1O2); reactive halogen species such as chlorine radicals (Cl•) and bromine radicals (Br•); reactive nitrogen species (NO2•); and carbonate radicals (CO3•-). We used literature-reported experimental rate constants as kinetic information. We considered the theoretically calculated aqueous-phase free energy of activation or reaction to be a kinetic or a thermochemical property, and obtained via validated ab initio or density functional theory-based quantum chemical computations using explicit and implicit solvation models. We determined rate-determining reaction mechanisms involved in reactions by observing robust LFERs. The general accuracy of LFERs to predict aqueous-phase rate constants was within a difference of a factor of 2-5 from experimental values.We developed elementary reaction-based kinetic models and predicted the fate of acetone induced by HO• in an advanced water treatment process and methionine by photochemically produced reactive intermediates in sunlit fresh waters. We provided mechanistic insight into peroxyl radical reaction mechanisms and critical roles in the degradation of acetone and the formation of transformation products. We highlighted different roles of triplet excited states of two surrogate CDOMs, 1O2, and HO•, in methionine degradation. Predicted transformation products were compared to those obtained via benchtop experiments to validate our elementary reaction-based kinetic models. Predicting the reactivities of reactive halogen and nitrogen species implicates our understanding of the formation of potentially toxic halogen- and nitrogen-containing transformation products during water treatment processes and in natural aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Minakata
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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Rodrigues-Silva F, Santos CS, Marrero JA, Montes R, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Nunes OC, Starling MCVM, Amorim CC, Gomes AI, Vilar VJP. Continuous UV-C/H 2O 2 and UV-C/Chlorine applied to municipal secondary effluent and nanofiltration retentate: Removal of contaminants of emerging concern, ecotoxicity, and reuse potential. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142355. [PMID: 38768787 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
As global effects of water scarcity raise concerns and environmental regulations evolve, contemporary wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) face the challenge of effectively removing a diverse range of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) from municipal effluents. This study focuses on the assessment of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), specifically UV-C/H2O2 and UV-C/Chlorine, for the removal of 14 target CECs in municipal secondary effluent (MSE, spiked with 10 μg L-1 of each CEC) or in the subsequent MSE nanofiltration retentate (NFR, no spiking). Phototreatments were carried out in continuous mode operation, with a hydraulic retention time of 3.4 min, using a tube-in-tube membrane photoreactor. For both wastewater matrices, UV-C photolysis (3.3 kJ L-1) exhibited high efficacy in removing CECs susceptible to photolysis, although lower treatment performance was observed for NFR. In MSE, adding 10 mg L-1 of H2O2 or Cl2 enhanced treatment efficiency, with UV-C/H2O2 outperforming UV-C/Chlorine. Both UV-C/AOPs eliminated the chronic toxicity of MSE toward Chlorella vulgaris. In the NFR, not only was the degradation of target CECs diminished, but chronic toxicity to C. vulgaris persisted after both UV-C/AOPs, with UV-C/Chlorine increasing toxicity due to potential toxic by-products. Nanofiltration permeate (NFP) exhibited low CECs and microbial content. A single chlorine addition effectively controlled Escherichia coli regrowth for 3 days, proving NFP potential for safe reuse in crop irrigation (<1 CFU/100 mL for E. coli; <1 mg L-1 for free chlorine). These findings provide valuable insights into the applications and limitations of UV-C/H2O2 and UV-C/Chlorine for distinct wastewater treatment scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rodrigues-Silva
- Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GruPOA), Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, The Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carla S Santos
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquín A Marrero
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Process and Reaction Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosa Montes
- Aquatic One Health Research Center (ARCUS) & Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. R. Constantino Candeira S/N, IIAA building. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Aquatic One Health Research Center (ARCUS) & Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. R. Constantino Candeira S/N, IIAA building. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Aquatic One Health Research Center (ARCUS) & Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. R. Constantino Candeira S/N, IIAA building. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Olga C Nunes
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Process and Reaction Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Clara V M Starling
- Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GruPOA), Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, The Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila C Amorim
- Research Group on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GruPOA), Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, The Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ana I Gomes
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vítor J P Vilar
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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3
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Cheng F, Zhang T, Yang H, Liu Y, Qu J, Zhang YN, Peijnenburg WJGM. Effects of dissolved organic matter and halogen ions on phototransformation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aquatic environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134033. [PMID: 38521033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions contribute to the attenuation and transformation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface natural waters. Nevertheless, effects of DOM and halogen ions on phototransformation of PPCPs remain elusive. This work selected disparate PPCPs as target pollutants to investigate their aquatic phototransformation processes. Results show that PPCPs containing multiple electron-donating groups (-OH, -NH2, -OR, etc.) are more reactive with photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRIs) such as triplet DOM (3DOM*), singlet oxygen (1O2), and reactive halogen species (RHSs), relative to PPCPs containing electron-withdrawing groups (-NOR, -COOR, -OCR, etc.). The generation of RHSs as a result of the coexistance of DOM and halide ions changed the contribution of PPRIs to the photochemical conversion of PPCPs during their migration from fresh water to seawater. For PPCPs (AMP, SMZ, PN, NOR, CIP, etc) with highly reactive groups toward RHSs, the generation of RHSs facilitated their photolysis in halide ion-rich waters, where Cl- plays a critical role in the photochemical transformation of PPCPs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that single electron transfer and H-abstraction are main reaction pathways of RHSs with the PPCPs. These results demonstate the irreplaceable roles of PPRIs and revealing the underlying reaction mechanisms during the phototransformation of PPCPs, which contributes to a better understanding of the environmental behaviors of PPCPs in complex aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Cheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Jiao Qu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, PR China.
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Liu X, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Li M, Zhao Z, Lin B, Peng J, Shen H, He Q. Fenton-like system of UV/Glucose-oxidase@Kaolin coupled with organic green rust: UV-enhanced enzyme activity and the mechanism of UV synergistic degradation of photosensitive pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118257. [PMID: 38262511 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces the UV/glucose-oxidase@Kaolin (GOD@Kaolin) coupled organic green rust (OGR) system (UV/OGR/GOD@Kaolin) to investigate the promotion of glucose oxidase activity by UV light and its synergistic degradation mechanism for photosensitive pollutants, specifically targeting the efficient degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP). The enzyme system demonstrates its ability to overcome drawbacks associated with traditional Fenton systems, including a narrow pH range and high localized concentration of H2O2, by gradually releasing hydrogen peroxide in situ within a neutral environment. In the presence of UV radiation under specific conditions, enhanced enzyme activity is observed, resulting in increased efficiency in pollutant removal. The gradual release of hydrogen peroxide plays a crucial role in preventing unwanted reactions among active substances. These unique features facilitate the generation of highly reactive species, such as Fe(IV)O, •OH, and •O2-, tailored to efficiently target the organic components of interest. Additionally, the system establishes a positive iron cycle, ensuring a sustained reactive capability throughout the degradation process. The results highlight the UV/OGR/GOD@Kaolin system as an effective and environmentally friendly approach for the degradation of 4-CP, and the resilience of the enzyme extends the system's applicability to a broader range of scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liu
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MWR Standard & Quality Control Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University of Technology, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Meng Li
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University of Technology, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Ziqi Zhao
- Wuhan HUADET Environmental Protection Engineering & Technology, Wuhan, 430080, China
| | - Bing Lin
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Peng
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haonan Shen
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qi He
- School of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
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von Gunten U. Oxidation processes and me. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121148. [PMID: 38387263 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This publication summarizes my journey in the field of chemical oxidation processes for water treatment over the last 30+ years. Initially, the efficiency of the application of chemical oxidants for micropollutant abatement was assessed by the abatement of the target compounds only. This is controlled by reaction kinetics and therefore, second-order rate constant for these reactions are the pre-requisite to assess the efficiency and feasibility of such processes. Due to the tremendous efforts in this area, we currently have a good experimental data base for second-order rate constants for many chemical oxidants, including radicals. Based on this, predictions can be made for compounds without experimental data with Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships with Hammet/Taft constants or energies of highest occupied molecular orbitals from quantum chemical computations. Chemical oxidation in water treatment has to be economically feasible and therefore, the extent of transformation of micropollutants is often limited and mineralization of target compounds cannot be achieved under realistic conditions. The formation of transformation products from the reactions of the target compounds with chemical oxidants is inherent to oxidation processes and the following questions have evolved over the years: Are the formed transformation products biologically less active than the target compounds? Is there a new toxicity associated with transformation products? Are transformation products more biodegradable than the corresponding target compounds? In addition to the positive effects on water quality related to abatement of micropollutants, chemical oxidants react mainly with water matrix components such as the dissolved organic matter (DOM), bromide and iodide. As a matter of fact, the fraction of oxidants consumed by the DOM is typically > 99%, which makes such processes inherently inefficient. The consequences are loss of oxidation capacity and the formation of organic and inorganic disinfection byproducts also involving bromide and iodide, which can be oxidized to reactive bromine and iodine with their ensuing reactions with DOM. Overall, it has turned out in the last three decades, that chemical oxidation processes are complex to understand and to manage. However, the tremendous research efforts have led to a good understanding of the underlying processes and allow a widespread and optimized application of such processes in water treatment practice such as drinking water, municipal and industrial wastewater and water reuse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland; ENAC, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1000, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Chen X, Yue Y, Wang Z, Sun J, Dong S. Co-existing inorganic anions influenced the Norrish I and Norrish II type photoaging mechanism of biodegradable microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171756. [PMID: 38494013 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The degradation of biodegradable plastics (BPs) in natural environments is constrained, and the mechanisms underlying their photoaging in aquatic settings remain inadequately understood. In view of this, this study systematically investigated the photoaging process of biodegradable Poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) microplastics (PBAT-MPs), which are more widely used. The investigation was carried out in the presence of common inorganic anions (Br-, Cl- and NO3-). The results of EPR, FTIR and FESEM tests, along with pseudo-first-order kinetics analyses, showed that the presence of NO3- promoted the photoaging of PBAT-MPs, while the presence of Br- and Cl- inhibited the photoaging of PBAT-MPs. In addition, the results of the Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis determined the order of the changes in the functional groups, revealing that the Norrish I and Norrish II reaction mechanisms are presented by PBAT-MPs during the aging process, and the process is closely related to the ion concentration and UV irradiation time. This study provides valuable insights for understanding the phototransformation process of BPs in natural aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Yiying Yue
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Zihan Wang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Shuying Dong
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
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Wang J, Li Y, Yang J, Feng Z, Jing K, Guo K, Zhang G. Oxidation of selected fluoroquinolones by ferrate(VI) in water: Kinetics, mechanism, effects of constituents, and reaction pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117845. [PMID: 38065383 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the oxidation of gatifloxacin (GAT), fleroxacin (FLE) and enoxacin (ENO) in aqueous solution by ferrate (Fe(VI)) was systemically investigated. Weak alkaline and high oxidant doses were favorable for the reaction. The pseudosecond-order rate constants were 0.18055, 0.29162, and 0.05476 L/(mg·min), and the activation energies were 25.13, 15.25, and 11.30 kJ/mol at pH = 8.00 and n(Fe(VI)):n(GAT) = 30:1, n(Fe(VI)):n(FLE) = 20:1, n(Fe(VI)):n(ENO) = 40:1 and a temperature of 25 °C. The maximum degradation rates of the GAT, FLE and ENO were 96.72%, 98.48% and 94.12%, respectively, well simulated by Response Surface Methodology. During the oxidation, the contribution of hydroxyl radicals (HO•) varied with time, whereas the final contribution was approximately 20% at 30 min. The removal efficiency was inhibited by anions by less than 10%, and cations by less than 25%, and significantly inhibited by high concentrations of humic acid. Moreover, two or three dominant reaction pathways were predicted, and the ring cleavages of quinolone and piperazine were mainly achieved through decarboxylation, demethlation and hydroxylation, and some pathways ended up with monocyclic chemicals, which were harmless to aquatic animals and plants. Theoretical calculations further proved that the reactions between FeO4- and neutral fluoroquinolone antibiotics were the major reactions. This work illustrates that Fe(VI) can efficiently remove fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) in aqueous environments, and the results may contribute to the treatment of wastewater containing trace antibiotics and Fe(VI) chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, 030600, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, 030600, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, 030600, China
| | - Zhuo Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, 030600, China; CNNC NO.7 Research & Design Institute Co.,Ltd., Taiyuan, 030000, China
| | - Kangjian Jing
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, 030600, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, 030600, China
| | - Guokai Zhang
- CHINASEA GROUP Co., Ltd., Taiyuan, 030012, China
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Wang L, Zheng H, Hu C, Zeng H, Ma X, Li Q, Li X, Zhou S, Deng J. Novel UV-LED-driven photocatalysis-chlorine activation for carbamazepine degradation by sulfur-doped NH 2-MIL 53 (Fe) composites: Electronic modulation effect and the dual role of chlorine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:133037. [PMID: 37995635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine activation-inefficient and the generation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) has indeed limited the application of UV/chlorine process. In this study, the typical metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) NH2-MIL53(Fe) were successfully modified with organic ligands containing sulfur functional groups and applied to construct a novel UV-LED-driven heterogeneous chlorine activation system. The generation of intermediate energy levels and the charge redistribution effect on Fe-S bond facilitated the excitation of electrons and realized the effective separation of photohole (hvb+) and photoelectron (ecb-). The involvement of S-NH2-MIL53(Fe) improved the efficiency of UV-LED/chlorine process by 6 times. The effective activation of HOCl/OCl- by hvb+ and ecb- significantly enhanced the yield of HO· and Cl·. More importantly, HOCl/OCl- played a dual role in UV-LED/chlorine/S-NH2-MIL53(Fe) process as a precursor for the generation of free radicals and a catalyst for the enhancement of HO· yield, which could achieve efficient removal of the target pollutants at lower chlorine doses. In addition, the presence of low-valent sulfur species and ecb- accelerated the cycle of Fe(II)/Fe(III) and in-situ generation of HO· and Cl·. The known generation of DBPs in UV-LED/chlorine/S-NH2-MIL53(Fe) process decreased by 37.9% compared to UV-LED/chlorine process. Developing novel UV-LED/chlorine/S-NH2-MIL53(Fe) processes provided a reliable strategy to efficiently purify actual micro-polluted water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Huiming Zheng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chenkai Hu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Hanxuan Zeng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.
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Bulman DM, Milstead RP, Remucal CK. Formation of Targeted and Novel Disinfection Byproducts during Chlorine Photolysis in the Presence of Bromide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18877-18887. [PMID: 37363941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine photolysis is an advanced oxidation process that relies on the combination of direct chlorination by free available chlorine, direct photolysis, and reactive oxidants to transform contaminants. In waters that contain bromide, free available bromine and reactive bromine species can also form. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms or formation potential of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) under these conditions. We investigated reactive oxidant generation and DBP formation under dark conditions, chlorine photolysis, and radical-quenched chorine photolysis with variable chlorine (0-10 mg-Cl2/L) and bromide (0-2,000 μg/L) concentrations, as well as with free available bromine. Probe loss rates and ozone concentrations increase with chlorine concentration and are minimally impacted by bromide. Radical-mediated processes partially contribute to the formation targeted DBPs (i.e., trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, chlorate, and bromate), which increase with increasing chlorine concentration. Chlorinated novel DBPs detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry are attributable to a combination of dark chlorination, direct halogenation by reactive chlorine species, and transformation of precursors, whereas novel brominated DBPs are primarily attributable to dark bromination of electron-rich formulas. The formation of targeted and novel DBPs during chlorine photolysis in waters with elevated bromide may limit treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Manley Bulman
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Reid P Milstead
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Christina K Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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10
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Minakata D, von Gunten U. Predicting Transformation Products during Aqueous Oxidation Processes: Current State and Outlook. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18410-18419. [PMID: 37824098 PMCID: PMC10691424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Water quality and its impacts on human and ecosystem health presents tremendous global challenges. While oxidative water treatment can solve many of these problems related to hygiene and micropollutants, identifying and predicting transformation products from a large variety of micropollutants induced by dosed chemical oxidants and in situ formed radicals is still a major challenge. To this end, a better understanding of the formed transformation products and their potential toxicity is needed. Currently, no theoretical tools alone can predict oxidatively induced transformation products in aqueous systems. Coupling experimental and theoretical studies has advanced the understanding of reaction kinetics and mechanisms significantly. This perspective article highlights the key progress made concerning experimental and computational approaches to predict transformation products. Knowledge gaps are identified, and the research required to advance the predictive capability is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Minakata
- Civil,
Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstraße 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
(EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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11
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Kuang W, Yan Z, Chen J, Ling X, Zheng W, Huang W, Feng C. A Bipolar Membrane-Integrated Electrochlorination Process for Highly Efficient Ammonium Removal in Mature Landfill Leachate: The Importance of ClO • Generation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18538-18549. [PMID: 36240017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation has been demonstrated to be a useful method for removing biorefractory organic pollutants in mature landfill leachate but suffers from low efficiency in eliminating ammonium because of its resistance to being oxidized by HO• or free chlorine (FC) at decreased pH. Here, we propose a new bipolar membrane-electrochlorination (BPM-EC) process to address this issue. We found that the BPM-EC system was significantly superior to both the undivided and divided reactors with monopolar membranes in terms of elevated rate of ammonium removal, attenuated generation of byproducts (e.g., nitrate and chloramines), increased Faradaic efficiency, and decreased energy consumption. Mechanistic studies revealed that the integration of BPM was helpful in creating alkaline environments in the vicinity of the anode, which facilitated production of surface-bound HO• and FC and eventually promoted in situ generation of ClO•, a crucial reactive species mainly responsible for accelerating ammonium oxidation and selective transformation to nitrogen. The efficacy of BPM-EC in treating landfill leachates with different ammonium concentrations was verified under batch and continuous-flow conditions. A kinetic model that incorporates the key parameters was developed, which can successfully predict the optimal number of BPM-EC reactors (e.g., 2 and 5 for leachates containing 589.4 ± 5.5 and 1258.1 ± 9.6 mg L-1 NH4+-N, respectively) necessary for complete removal of ammonium. These findings reveal that the BPM-EC process shows promise in treating ammonium-containing wastewater, with advantages that include effectiveness, adaptability, and flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Kuang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, PR China
| | - Zhang Yan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, PR China
| | - Jinxiu Chen
- Guangdong Yinniu Environmental Information Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou510006, PR China
| | - Xiaotang Ling
- Guangdong Yinniu Environmental Information Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou510006, PR China
| | - Wenxiao Zheng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, PR China
| | - Weijun Huang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, PR China
| | - Chunhua Feng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, PR China
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12
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Hao L, Zhang J, Liu J, Min Y, Chen C. Applications of Carbon-Based Materials in Activated Peroxymonosulfate for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants: A Review. CHEM REC 2023:e202300203. [PMID: 37639150 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, water pollution has posed a serious threat to aquatic organisms and humans. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) show high oxidation, good selectivity, wide pH range and no secondary pollution in the removal of organic pollutants in water. Carbon-based materials are emerging green catalysts that can effectively activate persulfates to generate radical and non-radical active species to degrade organic pollutants. Compared with transition metal catalysts, carbon-based materials are widely used in SR-AOPs because of their low cost, non-toxicity, acid and alkali resistance, large specific surface area, and scalable surface charge, which can be used for selective control of specific water pollutants. This paper mainly presents several carbon-based materials used to activate PMS, including raw carbon materials and modified carbon materials (heteroatom-doped and metal-doped), analyzes and summarizes the mechanism of activating PMS by carbon-based catalysts, and discusses the influencing factors (temperature, pH, PMS concentration, catalyst concentration, inorganic anions, inorganic cations and dissolved oxygen) in the activation process. Finally, the future challenges and prospects of carbon-based materials in water pollution control are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyun Hao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Junkai Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yuting Min
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Chunguang Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
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13
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Qiu Y, Zhang T, Zhang P. Fate and environmental behaviors of microplastics through the lens of free radical. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131401. [PMID: 37086675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), as plastics with a size of less than 5 mm, are ubiquitously present in the environment and become an increasing environmental concern. The fate and environmental behavior of MPs are significantly influenced by the presence of free radicals. Free radicals can cause surface breakage, chemical release, change in crystallinity and hydrophilicity, and aggregation of MPs. On the other hand, the generation of free radicals with a high concentration and oxidation potential can effectively degrade MPs. There is a limited review article to bridge the fate and environmental behaviors of MP with free radicals and their reactions. This paper reviews the sources, types, detection methods, generation mechanisms, and influencing factors of free radicals affecting the environmental processes of MPs, the environmental effects of MPs controlled by free radicals, and the degradation strategies of MPs based on free radical-associated technologies. Moreover, this review elaborates on the limitations of the current research and provides ideas for future research on the interactions between MPs and free radicals to better explain their environmental impacts and control their risks. This article aims to keep the reader abreast of the latest development in the fate and environmental behaviors of MP with free radicals and their reactions and to bridge free radical chemistry with MP control methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Rd., Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China.
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14
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Tu Z, Qi Y, Tang X, Wang Z, Qu R. Photochemical transformation of anthracene (ANT) in surface soil: Chlorination and hydroxylation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131252. [PMID: 36963191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the fate of anthracene (ANT) in soil, the photodegradation behavior of ANT was systematically studied using SiO2 to simulate a soil environment. Under xenon lamp irradiation, more than 90% of ANT loaded on SiO2 could be removed after 240 min. Moreover, the effects of water content, chloride ions (Cl-) and humic acid (HA) were examined. It was found that the presence of water and HA can significantly inhibit the photolysis of ANT on SiO2, while the addition of chloride alone has no obvious effect. However, when water is present, the inhibition effect of chloride became more obvious. According to radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and chlorine radicals (Cl•) were formed in the system. Possible reaction pathways were speculated based on products identified by mass spectrometry. ANT was attacked by •OH to form hydroxylated products, which can be further hydroxylated and oxidized with the final formation of ring-opening products. ANT directly excited by light may also react with Cl• to produce chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs). Finally, the experimental results were verified on real soil. This study provides important information for understanding the photochemical transformation mechanism of ANT at the soil/air interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Yumeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Xiaosheng Tang
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Delta Environmental Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu 213100, PR China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
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15
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Chen L, Shao H, Mao C, Ren Y, Zhao T, Tu M, Wang H, Xu G. Degradation of hexavalent chromium and naphthalene by electron beam irradiation: Degradation efficiency, mechanisms, and degradation pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:138992. [PMID: 37271473 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in industrial wastewater have attracted much attention due to their damage to the environment and the human body. Studies have shown that there may be interactions between PAHs and HMs, leading to enhanced toxicity of both pollutants. It has been shown that traditional methods are difficult to treat a combination of PAHs and HMs simultaneously. This paper presented an innovative method for treating PAHs and HMs compound pollutants by electron beam irradiation and achieved the removal of the compound pollutants using a single means. Experiments showed that the absorbed dose at 15 kGy could achieve 100% degradation of NAP and 90% reduction of Cr (Ⅵ). This article investigated the effects of electron beam removal of PAHs and HMs complex contaminants in various water environmental matrices. The experimental results showed that the degradation of NAP followed the pseudo-first-order dynamics, and the degradation of NAP was more favorable under neutral conditions. Inorganic ions and water quality had little effect on NAP degradation. For electron beam reduction of Cr (Ⅵ), alkaline conditions were more conducive to reducing Cr (Ⅵ). Especially, adding K2S2O8 or HCOOH achieved 99% reduction of Cr (Ⅵ). Experiments showed that •OH achieve the degradation of NAP, and eaq- achieve the reduction of Cr (Ⅵ). The results showed that the degradation of NAP was mainly achieved by benzene ring opening, carboxylation and aldehyde, which proved that the degradation of NAP was mainly caused by •OH attack. The toxicity analysis results showed that the electron beam could significantly reduce the toxicity of NAP, and the toxicity of the final product was much lower than NAP, realizing the harmless treatment of NAP. The experimental results showed that electron beam irradiation has faster degradation rates and higher degradation efficiency for NAP and Cr (Ⅵ) compared to other reported treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Haiyang Shao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Chengkai Mao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yingfei Ren
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Mengxin Tu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Shanghai University, Shanghai Institute Applied Radiation, 20 Chengzhong Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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16
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Zhang W, Lu J, Liu S, Wang C, Zuo Q, Gong L. The Potential of Spent Coffee Grounds @ MOFs Composite Catalyst in Efficient Activation of PMS to Remove the Tetracycline Hydrochloride from an Aqueous Solution. TOXICS 2023; 11:88. [PMID: 36850964 PMCID: PMC9965720 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The efficient removal of Tetracycline Hydrochloride (TC) from wastewater, which is a difficult process, has attracted increasing attention. Aiming to synchronously achieve the goal of natural waste utilization and PMS activation, we have combined the MOFs material with waste coffee grounds (CG). The catalytic activity of the CG@ZIF-67 composite in the TC removal process was thoroughly evaluated, demonstrating that the TC removal rate could reach 96.3% within 30 min at CG@ZIF-67 composite dosage of 100 mg/L, PMS concertation of 1.0 mM, unadjusted pH 6.2, and contact temperate of 293.15 K. The 1O2 and ·SO4- in the CG@ZIF-67/PMS/TC system would play the crucial role in the TC degradation process, with 1O2 acting as the primary ROS. The oxygen-containing functional groups and graphite N on the surface of CG@ZIF-67 composite would play a major role in efficiently activating PMS and correspondingly degrading TC. In addition, the CG@ZIF-67/PMS/TC system could withstand a wide pH range (3-11). The application of CG in preparing MOF-based composites will provide a new method of removing emerging pollutants from an aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Yellow River Institute for Ecological Protection and Regional Coordination Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Pingdingshan 467036, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Water Cycle Simulation and Environmental Protection, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Water Resource and Environment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiajia Lu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shoushu Liu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiting Zuo
- Yellow River Institute for Ecological Protection and Regional Coordination Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Pingdingshan 467036, China
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lin Gong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Yellow River Institute for Ecological Protection and Regional Coordination Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Pingdingshan 467036, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Water Cycle Simulation and Environmental Protection, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Water Resource and Environment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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17
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Zhang H, Li Z, Zhou X, Lu X, Gu H, Ma J. Insight into the performance of UV/chlorine/TiO 2 on carbamazepine degradation: The crucial role of chlorine oxide radical (ClO •). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158345. [PMID: 36037890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The UV/chlorine (UC) system is a homogeneous advanced oxidation process with increasing attention in water decontamination. The addition of TiO2 is a newly found strategy to enhance the generation of hydroxyl radical (HO•) and chlorine radical (Cl•) in the UC system. However, the crucial role of chlorine oxide radical (ClO•, generated by the reactions of HO• and Cl• with chlorine) on pollutant degradation, has not been noticed in UV/chlorine/TiO2 (UCT), the heterogeneous photocatalytic system for chlorine activation. Herein, the role of ClO• in UCT was clarified through quenching experiments combined with model simulations during carbamazepine degradation. Tert-butyl alcohol completely inhibited while bicarbonate only partly suppressed carbamazepine degradation in UCT, indicating the important role of ClO•. The second-order reaction rate constant between ClO• and carbamazepine (kClO•,carbamazepine) was fitted to be (1.21 ± 0.08) × 107 M-1 s-1 by the kinetic model, which avoided the influence of carbonate radical (CO3•-), whose contribution couldn't be excluded during kClO•,carbamazepine determination in commonly used competitive kinetic methods with bicarbonate. With the obtained kClO•,carbamazepine, model simulation suggested that ClO• contributed about 50 % to carbamazepine degradation in UCT, and its concentration was less affected under varied conditions (solution pH, chlorine, bicarbonate, and chloride concentration) to keep an efficient carbamazepine degradation. On the contrary, pollutant degradation dominated by HO• in UCT was largely inhibited with the increase of pH, chlorine, and bicarbonate concentration. In addition to the promotion of degradation efficiency, less disinfection byproducts and lower energy requirement were found in UCT compared with UC. Furthermore, UCT could maintain satisfactory degradation efficiency and energy saving in ground water and surface water samples. Results of this study unraveled the crucial role of ClO• for pollutant degradation in UCT, and showed bright prospects and great potentials of the system in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Haiteng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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18
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Jiao J, Li Y, Song Q, Wang L, Luo T, Gao C, Liu L, Yang S. Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) by Free Radicals in Advanced Oxidation Processes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8152. [PMID: 36431636 PMCID: PMC9695708 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As emerging pollutants, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have received extensive attention due to their high detection frequency (with concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L) and potential risk to aqueous environments and human health. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are effective techniques for the removal of PPCPs from water environments. In AOPs, different types of free radicals (HO·, SO4·-, O2·-, etc.) are generated to decompose PPCPs into non-toxic and small-molecule compounds, finally leading to the decomposition of PPCPs. This review systematically summarizes the features of various AOPs and the removal of PPCPs by different free radicals. The operation conditions and comprehensive performance of different types of free radicals are summarized, and the reaction mechanisms are further revealed. This review will provide a quick understanding of AOPs for later researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qi Song
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liujin Wang
- State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Tianlie Luo
- State of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Changfei Gao
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Lifen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Shengtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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19
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Daware GB, Pangarkar BL, Kayande UP, Shinde PR, Kolhe M, Dabhade GB, Rajesh Y, Joshi PP. Intensified removal of 4-Methylpyridine by ultrasonication in presence of advanced oxidants. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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High effective degradation of phenol with Cu/Bi-Ce/Al2O3 heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst in a two-stage fixed-bed reactor. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Yang X, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Lei Y, Pan Y, Lei X, Westerhoff P. Multiple Roles of Dissolved Organic Matter in Advanced Oxidation Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11111-11131. [PMID: 35797184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can degrade a wide range of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) to improve the quality of potable water or discharged wastewater effluents. Their effectiveness is impacted, however, by the dissolved organic matter (DOM) that is ubiquitous in all water sources. During the application of an AOP, DOM can scavenge radicals and/or block light penetration, therefore impacting their effectiveness toward contaminant transformation. The multiple ways in which different types or sources of DOM can impact oxidative water purification processes are critically reviewed. DOM can inhibit the degradation of TrOCs, but it can also enhance the formation and reactivity of useful radicals for contaminants elimination and alter the transformation pathways of contaminants. An in-depth analysis highlights the inhibitory effect of DOM on the degradation efficiency of TrOCs based on DOM's structure and optical properties and its reactivity toward oxidants as well as the synergistic contribution of DOM to the transformation of TrOCs from the analysis of DOM's redox properties and DOM's transient intermediates. AOPs can alter DOM structure properties as well as and influence types, mechanisms, and extent of oxidation byproducts formation. Research needs are proposed to advance practical understanding of how DOM can be exploited to improve oxidative water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
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22
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Jin W, Cheng F, Liu Y, Yang H, Zhou Y, Qu J, Zhang YN. Insights into generation mechanisms of halogen radicals from excited triplet state of dissolved organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155280. [PMID: 35427609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triplet states of dissolved organic matter (3DOM*) can sensitize the generation of halogen radicals in marine water. The generation pathways of halogen radicals from 3DOM* is still not fully understood. In this study, the generation of halogen radicals from DOM was investigated with Suwanee River fulvic acid (SRFA) as a representative and detailed generation pathways were further revealed with anthraquinone-2-sodium sulfonate (AQ2S) as a triplet sensitizer. The results showed that in SRFA solutions with halogen ions, various halogen radicals can be generated. Among which, Br is formed by the reaction of Br- with 3AQ2S*, and Cl is produced by the reaction of Cl- with AQ2S+ that generated in the presence of dissolved oxygen (DO). Cl2- and Br2- were generated via the subsequent combination of Cl/Br with another Cl-/Br-. In solutions without DO, BrCl- is mainly generated through the combination of Br with Cl-, and BrCl- could also be generated through the combination of Cl with Br- in solutions with DO. This study provides deep insights into the generation mechanisms of different halogen radicals from 3DOM* and is helpful for understanding the photochemical processes of halogen radicals in marine waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Jin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Fangyuan Cheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Yangjian Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Jiao Qu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, China.
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23
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Wojnárovits L, Wang J, Chu L, Takács E. Rate constants of chlorine atom reactions with organic molecules in aqueous solutions, an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:55492-55513. [PMID: 35688978 PMCID: PMC9374632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Rate constants of chlorine atom (Cl•) reactions (kCl•) determined using a large variation of experimental methods, including transient measurements, steady-state and computation techniques, were collected from the literature and were discussed together with the reaction mechanisms. The kCl• values are generally in the 108-109 mol-1 dm3 s-1 range when the basic reaction between the Cl• and the target molecule is H-atom abstraction. When Cl• addition to double bonds dominates the interaction, the kCl• values are in the 1 × 109-2 × 1010 mol-1 dm3 s-1 range. In the kCl• = 1 × 1010-4 × 1010 mol-1 dm3 s-1 range, single-electron-transfer reactions may also contribute to the mechanism. The Cl• reactions with organic molecules in many respects are similar to those of •OH, albeit Cl• seems to be less selective as •OH. However, there is an important difference, as opposed to Cl• in the case of •OH single-electron-transfer reactions have minor importance. The uncertainty of Cl• rate constant determinations is much higher than those of •OH. Since Cl• reactions play very important role in the emerging UV/chlorine water purification technology, some standardization of the rate constant measuring techniques and more kCl• measurements are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Wojnárovits
- Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, Radiation Chemistry Department, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Libing Chu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Erzsébet Takács
- Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, Radiation Chemistry Department, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary.
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24
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Wu X, Zhao X, Chen R, Liu P, Liang W, Wang J, Teng M, Wang X, Gao S. Wastewater treatment plants act as essential sources of microplastic formation in aquatic environments: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118825. [PMID: 35949074 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
According to extensive in situ investigations, the microplastics (MPs) determined in current wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are mostly aged, with roughened surfaces and varied types of oxygen-containing functional groups (i.e., carbonyl and hydroxyl). However, the formation mechanism of aged MPs in WWTPs is still unclear. This paper systematically reviewed MP fragmentation and generation mechanisms in WWTPs at different treatment stages. The results highlight that MPs are prone to undergo physical abrasion, biofouling, and chemical oxidation-associated weathering in WWTPs at different treatment stages and can be further decomposed into smaller secondary MPs, including in nanoplastics (less than 1000 nm or 100 nm in size), suggesting that WWTPs can act as a formation source for MPs in aquatic environments. Sand associated mechanical crashes in the primary stage, microbes in active sewage sludge-related biodegradation in the secondary stage, and oxidant-relevant chemical oxidation processes (light photons, Cl2, and O3) in the tertiary stage are the dominant causes of MP formation in WWTPs. For MP formation mechanisms in WWTPs, external environmental forces (shear and stress forces, UV radiation, and biodegradation) can first induce plastic chain scission, destroy the plastic molecular arrangement, and create abundant pores and cracks on the MP surface. Then, the physicochemical properties (modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and elongation at break) of MPs shift consequently and finally breakdown into smaller secondary MPs or nanoscale plastics. Overall, this review provides new insights to better understand the formation mechanism, occurrence, fate, and adverse effects of aged microplastics/nanoplastics in current WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Rouzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Weigang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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25
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Zhu Y, Li W, Shu S, Wang Q, Gao N. Effects of MPUV/chlorine oxidation and coexisting bromide, ammonia, and nitrate on DBP formation potential of five typical amino acids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153221. [PMID: 35063517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation is a potential concern with regard to MPUV/Cl2 application in water treatment. In this study, five typical amino acids (AAs) were selected to investigate their DBP alteration during short-term medium pressure (MP) UV/chlorine oxidation following post-chlorination relative to parallel dark controls. The five selected AAs include two potent DBP precursors (aspartic acid and tryptophan), one modest precursor (asparagine) and two poor precursors (phenylalanine and proline). MPUV/chlorine increased the total DBP formation and DBP-associated cytotoxicity of the two poor precursors phenylalanine (Phe) and proline (Pro) as well as their chlorine demands. Conversely, DBP formation and DBP-associated cytotoxicity of the three modest-to-potent DBP precursors showed the opposite changing trends due to MPUV/Cl2 oxidation. The two aromatic AAs (tryptophan and phenylalanine) were more readily to be affected by MPUV/Cl2 oxidation especially at acidic pH condition. Conversely, DBP formation and DBP-associated cytotoxicity of the three modest-to-potent precursors showed the opposite changing trends due to MPUV/Cl2 oxidation. Among the measured DBPs, the absolute formation potential changes of haloacetic acids and haloacetonitriles were the most prominent. Presence of bromide increased the trihalomethane formation potential of five AAs. Ammonia-spiked samples resulted in notably higher chlorine demands but slightly reduced DBPFP. Photonitration caused increased haloacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane formation but lower overall DBP formation potential and DBP-associated cytotoxicity. Results indicated that increased DBP formation of unreactive aromatic AAs may be problematic with respect to MPUV/Cl2 application, while the presence of inorganic ions may not contribute to further increase in calculated cytotoxicity of measured DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wanting Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shihu Shu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Qiongfang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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26
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Rivas FJ. Monopersulfate in water treatment: Kinetics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128383. [PMID: 35176700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of monopersulfate based systems in the elimination of potential harmful contaminants has been assessed from a theoretical point of view. A detailed reaction mechanism sustained in the generation of radicals (mainly hydroxyl and sulfate), propagation and termination stages has been proposed. The system of first order differential equations derived has numerically been solved. The effect of main influencing parameters such as contaminant and peroxymonosulfate initial concentrations, intermediate generation, presence of organic matter, role played by anions, has been theoretically obtained. Discussion of simulated results has been accomplished by comparison with experimental data found in the literature. At the sight of the theoretical and empirical data, use of simplistic pseudo first order kinetics is discouraged. Despite considering a significant number of elemental reactions, modelling of the system reveals that a high fraction of them can be neglected due to their insignificant role played in the mechanism. The entire mechanism has been tested when peroxymonosulfate has been activated by UV radiation, although results can be fairly extrapolated to other activation strategies. Finally, a generic model capable of accounting for the effect of a diversity of parameters is proposed. No theoretical background is behind the model, however the generic model clearly improves the results obtained by simple first order kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Rivas
- Departamento de Ingeniería química y química física, IACYS,Universidad de Extremadura, Av. Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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27
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Guo Q, Song H, Sun M, Yuan X, Su Y, Lv Y. Co 3O 4 modified polymeric carbon nitride for external light-free chlorine activating degradation of organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128193. [PMID: 35086034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) activated by chlorine have emerged as a green and efficient strategy for water treatment and have attracted widespread attention. However, most of them require continuous UV radiation during the degradation reaction, which increases the cost and is not conducive to practical application, in some ways. Hererin we proposed an external light-free chlorine activation methodology for the removal of organic pollutants with the assistance of the intrinsic chemiluminescence (CL) in the system. A very interesting phenomenon, 20-fold enhanced CL of Co3O4 nanoparticles modified polymeric carbon nitride (PCN/Co3O4) was observed in the presence of hypochlorous acid (HClO), compared with the pristine PCN nanosheets. Without ultraviolet (UV), even any other light-emitting devices, the strong intrinsic CL in the PCN/Co3O4-HClO system was found to be conducive to chlorine activation degradation of organic pollutants. The inner connection between the CL of the PCN/Co3O4-HClO system and the chlorine-based AOPs was further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongjie Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohan Yuan
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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28
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Mechanistic Insight into Degradation of Cetirizine under UV/Chlorine Treatment: Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UV/chlorine treatment is an efficient technology for removing organic pollutants in wastewater. Nevertheless, degradation of antihistamines in the UV/chlorine system, especially the underlying reaction mechanism, is not yet clear. In this study, the degradation of cetirizine (CTZ), a representative antihistamine, under UV/chlorine treatment was investigated. The results showed that CTZ could undergo fast degradation in the UV/chlorine system with an observed reaction rate constant (kobs) of (0.19 ± 0.01) min−1, which showed a first-increase and then-decrease trend with its initial concentration increased. The degradation of CTZ during the UV/chlorine treatment was attributed to direct UV irradiation (38.7%), HO• (35.3%), Cl• (7.3%), and ClO• (17.1%). The kobs of CTZ decreased with the increase in pH and the increase in concentrations of a representative dissolved organic matter, Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM), due to their negative effects on the concentrations of reactive species generated in the UV/chlorine system. The detailed reaction pathways of HO•, ClO•, and Cl• with CTZ were revealed using quantum chemical calculation. This study provided significant insights into the efficient degradation and the underlying mechanism for the removal of CTZ in the UV/chlorine system.
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29
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Li M, An Z, Huo Y, Jiang J, Zhou Y, Cao H, He M. Simulation degradation of bromophenolic compounds in chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes: Mechanism, microscopic and apparent kinetics, and toxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133034. [PMID: 34822870 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been extensively studied to remove contaminants through generating HO• and reactive chlorine species, including ClO• and Cl•. In this work, 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (246TBA) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (246TBP) were selected as model to investigate the reaction mechanisms and micro-kinetics of brominated contaminants with HO•, ClO• and Cl• in chlorine-based AOPs. Also, the apparent degradation kinetics of two compounds were simulated at pH 3.0-9.5 under UV/H2O2, UV/chlorine and UV/NH2Cl. Calculated results showed that neutral 246TBA and 246TBP exhibited similar reactivity to HO• and ClO•, which was different from anionic 2,4,6-tribromophenolate (246TBPT): radical adduct formation (RAF) and H atom abstraction (HAA) were predominant mechanisms for the HO• and ClO• initiated reactions of 246TBA and 246TBP, while RAF and single electron transfer (SET) for 246TBPT; the reaction rate constants of 246TBA and 246TBP with HO• and ClO• were lower than 107 M-1 s-1, and such rate constants dramatically increased to 1010 M-1 s-1 once 246TBP was deprotonated to 246TBPT. The apparent degradation kinetics of 246TBA at pH 3.0-9.5 was simulated in the order of UV/NH2Cl > UV/chlorine > UV/H2O2, and UV/chlorine and UV/NH2Cl were more effective for the removal of 246TBP and 246TBPT than UV/H2O2. UV and/or Cl• dominated 246 TBA degradation under three AOPs. The main radicals mediating 246TBP and 246TBPT degradation are respectively HO• under UV/H2O2, ClO• under UV/chlorine, and HO• and Cl• under UV/NH2Cl. The transformation products of 246TBA, 246TBP and 246TBPT, especially methoxylated and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs and HO-PBDEs), were still toxic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zexiu An
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yanru Huo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jinchan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Haijie Cao
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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30
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Cao Z, Yu X, Zheng Y, Aghdam E, Sun B, Song M, Wang A, Han J, Zhang J. Micropollutant abatement by the UV/chloramine process in potable water reuse: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127341. [PMID: 34634702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The need in using reclaimed water increased significantly to address the water shortage and its continuing quality deterioration in sustaining societal development. Degrading micropollutants in wastewater treatment plant effluents is one of the most important tasks in supplying safe drinking water, which is often achieved by full advanced treatment technologies (FATs), including reverse osmosis (RO) and the UV-based advanced oxidation process (AOP). As an emerging AOP, UV/chloramine process shows many noteworthy advantages in the scenario of potable water reuse, including membrane biological fouling control by chloramine, producing highly reactive radicals (e.g., Cl•, HO•, Cl2•-, and reactive nitrogen-containing species) to degrade the RO permeated pollutants, and acting as long-lasting disinfectant in the potable water distribution system. In addition, chloramine is often designedly produced by taking advantage of the ammonia in source. Thus, UV/chloramine processes gather much attention from researcher and published papers on UV/chloramine process have drastically increased since 2016, which were thoroughly reviewed in this paper. The fundamentals of chloramine photolysis, including the photolysis kinetics, the quantum yield, the generation and transformation of radicals and the final products, were scrutinized. Further, the impacts of reaction conditions such as pH, chloramine dosage and water matrix on the degradation of micropollutants by the UV/chloramine process are discussed. Moreover, the formation potential of disinfection by-products is debated. The opportunity of application of the UV/chloramine process in real-world practice is also presented, emphasizing the need for extensive efforts to remove currently prevalent knowledge roadblocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Cao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Ximing Yu
- Taiwei Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250001, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Zheng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Ehsan Aghdam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Mingming Song
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, PR China
| | - Aijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jinglong Han
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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31
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Huang J, Wu Y, Wu Y, Sheng D, Sun J, Bu L, Zhou S. Comparison of UV and UV/chlorine system on degradation of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and formation of disinfection byproducts in subsequent chlorination. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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32
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Stanbury DM. Misconceptions about the Chemistry of Aqueous Chlorine Atoms and HClOH •(aq), and a Revised Mechanism for the Photochemical Peroxydisulfate/Chloride Reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12541-12549. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00914e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is widely considered that aqueous chlorine atoms (Cl•) convert to the species HClOH• with a half life of about 3 µs and that this species plays an important role...
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33
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Yan Z, Dai Z, Zheng W, Lei Z, Qiu J, Kuang W, Huang W, Feng C. Facile ammonium oxidation to nitrogen gas in acid wastewater by in situ photogenerated chlorine radicals. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117678. [PMID: 34601361 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of low-concentration ammonium (e.g., <50 mg L-1) in highly acidic wastewaters through traditional biological nitrification, physical separation, or chemical stripping remains a huge challenge. Herein, we report that photocatalytic ammonium oxidation using bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) can successfully occur in Cl--laden solutions within a pH range of 1.0-6.0. All reactions follow pseudo-zero-order kinetics (with rate constants of 0.27-0.32 mg L-1 min-1 at pH 2.0-6.0 and 0.14 mg L-1 min-1 at pH 1.0), indicating the saturation of reactive species by the reactants. The interlayer is self-oxidized by the valence band holes (VB h+), resulting in the formation of Cl• and subsequently HClO, which is excited upon UV irradiation to provoke consecutive photoreactions for chlorine radical generation. Compared to the free chlorine, HO•, Cl•, and Cl2•-, the ClO• produced using the UV/BiOCl system plays a predominant role in oxidizing ammonium under acidic conditions. BiOCl exhibits good stability because of the compensation of Cl- from solution and maintains high activity under different conditions (i.e., different cations and co-existing anions, temperatures, and initial substrate concentrations). The successful removal of ammonium from real wastewater using the UV/BiOCl system suggests that this is a promising method for treating diluted ammonium under highly acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zongren Dai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wenxiao Zheng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhenchao Lei
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jinwen Qiu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wenjie Kuang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Weijun Huang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chunhua Feng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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34
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Jia D, Hanna K, Mailhot G, Brigante M. A Review of Manganese(III) (Oxyhydr)Oxides Use in Advanced Oxidation Processes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195748. [PMID: 34641291 PMCID: PMC8510277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The key role of trivalent manganese (Mn(III)) species in promoting sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) has recently attracted increasing attention. This review provides a comprehensive summary of Mn(III) (oxyhydr)oxide-based catalysts used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) in water. The crystal structures of different Mn(III) (oxyhydr)oxides (such as α-Mn2O3, γ-MnOOH, and Mn3O4) are first introduced. Then the impact of the catalyst structure and composition on the activation mechanisms are discussed, as well as the effects of solution pH and inorganic ions. In the Mn(III) (oxyhydr)oxide activated SR-AOPs systems, the activation mechanisms of PMS and PDS are different. For example, both radical (such as sulfate and hydroxyl radical) and non-radical (singlet oxygen) were generated by Mn(III) (oxyhydr)oxide activated PMS. In comparison, the activation of PDS by α-Mn2O3 and γ-MnOOH preferred to form the singlet oxygen and catalyst surface activated complex to remove the organic pollutants. Finally, research gaps are discussed to suggest future directions in context of applying radical-based advanced oxidation in wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Jia
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP SIGMA Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (D.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Khalil Hanna
- École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Université Rennes, CNRS, ISCR–UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France;
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), MESRI, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Mailhot
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP SIGMA Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (D.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Marcello Brigante
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP SIGMA Clermont, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (D.J.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-047-340-5514
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Wu X, Liu P, Wang H, Huang H, Shi Y, Yang C, Gao S. Photo aging of polypropylene microplastics in estuary water and coastal seawater: Important role of chlorine ion. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117396. [PMID: 34246992 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photo aging of microplastics (MPs) in water environment are relevant to free radical associated polymer chain reaction, and various photo chemical reactive constitutes (i.e., Cl-, Br-, NO3-, CO32-, and natural organic matters) would affect the reaction, leading to a great difference in the photo aging mechanism of MPs between freshwater and seawater system. This study investigated light induced photo aging process of polypropylene (PP) MPs in ultrapure water, estuary water, and seawater. Results revealed that the aging rate of PP MPs was significantly decreased in estuary water and seawater compared with that in ultrapure water, leading to a longer resistance time after emission in marine environment. Besides, lower carbonyl index was found with the increased aqueous Cl- concentration, highlighting the important role of Cl- in the inhibitory effect for PP MPs aging process in seawater. This is due to the formation of Cl2•- in seawater which could react with HO2• and prevent the formation of O2•-, thus inhibit the photo aging process of PP MPs under light irradiation. The finding in this study clearly indicates the impact of the water matrices on the photo aging rate of MPs in natural water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hexinyue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yanqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Changfu Yang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Kazmierczak L, Janik I, Wolszczak M, Swiatla-Wojcik D. Dynamics of Ion Pairing in Dilute Aqueous HCl Solutions by Spectroscopic Measurements of Hydroxyl Radical Conversion into Dichloride Radical Anions. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9564-9571. [PMID: 34383496 PMCID: PMC8404193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The rate of formation
of dichloride anions (Cl2•–) in
dilute aqueous solutions of HCl (2–100
mmol·kg–1) was measured by the technique of
pulse radiolysis over the temperature range of 288–373 K. The
obtained Arrhenius dependence shows a concentration averaged activation
energy of 7.3 ± 1.8 kJ·mol–1, being half
of that expected from the mechanism assuming the •OHCl– intermediate and supporting the ionic equilibrium-based
mechanism, i.e., the formation of Cl2•– in the reaction of •OH with a hydronium–chloride
(Cl–·H3O+) contact ion
pair. Assuming diffusion-controlled encounter of the hydronium and
chloride ions and including the effect of the ionic atmosphere, we
showed that the reciprocal of τ, the lifetime of (Cl–·H3O+), follows an Arrhenius dependence
with an activation energy of 23 ± 4 kJ·mol–1, independent of the acid concentration. This result indicates that
the contact pair is stabilized by hydrogen bonding interaction of
the solvent molecules. We also found that at a fixed temperature,
τ is noticeably increased in less-concentrated solutions (mHCl < 0.01 m). Since this concentration effect
is particularly pronounced at near ambient temperatures, the increasing
pair lifetime may result from the solvent cage effect enhanced by
the presence of large supramolecular structures (patches) formed by
continuously connected four-bonded water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kazmierczak
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, Lodz 90-924, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Janik
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Marian Wolszczak
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, Lodz 93-590, Poland
| | - Dorota Swiatla-Wojcik
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, Lodz 90-924, Poland
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Chen B, Jiang J, Yang X, Zhang X, Westerhoff P. Roles and Knowledge Gaps of Point-of-Use Technologies for Mitigating Health Risks from Disinfection Byproducts in Tap Water: A Critical Review. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117265. [PMID: 34091221 PMCID: PMC8634687 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to rising concerns about water pollution and affordability, there is a rapidly-growing public acceptance and global market for a variety of point-of-use (POU) devices for domestic uses. However, the efficiencies and mechanisms of POU technologies for removing regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are still not systematically known. To facilitate the development of this field, we summarized performance trends of four common technologies (i.e., boiling, adsorption, membrane filtration, and advanced oxidation) on mitigating preformed DBPs and identified knowledge gaps. The following highest priority knowledge gaps include: 1) data on DBP levels at the tap or cup in domestic applications; 2) certainty regarding the controls of DBPs by heating processes as DBPs may form and transform simultaneously; 3) standards to evaluate the performance of carbon-based materials on varying types of DBPs; 4) long-term information on the membrane performance in removing DBPs; 5) knowledge of DBPs' susceptibility toward advanced redox processes; 6) tools to monitor/predict the toxicity and diversity of DBPs formed in waters with varying precursors and when implementing different treatment technologies; and 7) social acceptance and regulatory frameworks of incorporating POU as a potential supplement to current centralized-treatment focused DBP control strategies. We conclude by identifying research needs necessary to assure POU systems protect the public against regulated and emerging DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China.
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, United States.
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Qiao Q, Singh S, Lo SL, Jin J, Yu YC, Wang L. Effect of current density and pH on the electrochemically generated active chloro species for the rapid mineralization of p-substituted phenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:129848. [PMID: 33662719 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of present study is increasing the degradation and mineralization of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) during electrochemical oxidation with Ti/RuO2 anodes. Innovatively, the evolution of chlorine-related species and the formations of various inorganic ions were investigated by electrolytic analysis in order to set up whether the formation and consumption of these byproducts associated with either chemical or electrochemical reactions. The effect of operating parameters such as current density, solution pH, treatment time, and electrolyte concentration has been studied. The formation of Cl2, chlorite (ClO2-), and chlorate (ClO3-) were detected by adding the known concentration of Cl- ions at different pH and current densities. Concentration trends of active chloro-species indicate that the degradation of 4-CP and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was formed maximum at pH 6 and j of 225.2 Am-2 in presence of 0.0085 M NaCl. Thus, the 4-CP degradation mainly depends on the radicals and active chlorine formation and a mineralization mechanism was proposed based on intermediates byproducts formation such as catechol, hydroquinone, 1, 4-benzoquinone, and organic acids identify by using the GC-MS and HPLC analysis at the optimum treatment condition. Total organic carbon (TOC) at different pH and current density, mass balance analysis of carbon and inorganic species formation were determined at the optimum treatment conditions of 4-CP. The degradation kinetic of 4-CP was followed the pseudo-first order kinetic model during the each parameters optimization. Specific energy consumption and current efficiency were also used to identify the technical feasibility of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Qiao
- School of Environment and Biological Engineering, Nantong College of Science and Technology, Nantong City, Jiangsu, 226007, PR China
| | - Seema Singh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Omvati Devi Degree College Bhalaswagaj, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Water Innovation, Low Carbon and Environmental Sustainability Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Jierong Jin
- School of Environment and Biological Engineering, Nantong College of Science and Technology, Nantong City, Jiangsu, 226007, PR China
| | - Yong Chang Yu
- School of Environment and Biological Engineering, Nantong College of Science and Technology, Nantong City, Jiangsu, 226007, PR China
| | - Lizhang Wang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou City, Jiangsu, 221116, PR China
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Barrios B, Mohrhardt B, Doskey PV, Minakata D. Mechanistic Insight into the Reactivities of Aqueous-Phase Singlet Oxygen with Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8054-8067. [PMID: 34096699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a selective reactive oxygen species that plays a key role for the fate of various organic compounds in the aquatic environment under sunlight irradiation, engineered water oxidation systems, atmospheric water droplets, and biomedical systems. While the initial rate-determining charge-transfer reaction mechanisms and kinetics of 1O2 have been studied extensively, no comprehensive studies have been performed to elucidate the reaction mechanisms with organic compounds that have various functional groups. In this study, we use density functional theory calculations to determine elementary reaction mechanisms with a wide variety of organic compounds. The theoretically calculated aqueous-phase free energies of activation of single electron transfer and 1O2 addition reactions are compared to the experimentally determined rate constants in the literature to determine linear free-energy relationships. The theoretically calculated free energies of activation for the groups of phenolates and phenols show excellent correlations with the Hammett constants that accept electron densities by through-resonance. The dominant elementary reaction mechanism is discussed for each group of compounds. As a practical implication, we demonstrate the fate of environmentally relevant organic compounds induced by photochemically produced intermediate species at different pH and evaluate the impact of predicting rate constants to the half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Barrios
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Benjamin Mohrhardt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Paul V Doskey
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Daisuke Minakata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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Wünsch R, Mayer C, Plattner J, Eugster F, Wülser R, Gebhardt J, Hübner U, Canonica S, Wintgens T, von Gunten U. Micropollutants as internal probe compounds to assess UV fluence and hydroxyl radical exposure in UV/H 2O 2 treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 195:116940. [PMID: 33735627 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants (MPs) are increasingly detected in water resources, which can be a concern for human health and the aquatic environment. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation based advanced oxidation processes (AOP) such as low-pressure mercury vapor arc lamp UV/H2O2 can be applied to abate these MPs. During UV/H2O2 treatment, MPs are abated primarily by photolysis and reactions with hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which are produced in situ from H2O2 photolysis. Here, a model is presented that calculates the applied UV fluence (Hcalc) and the •OH exposure (CT•OH,calc) from the abatement of two selected MPs, which act as internal probe compounds. Quantification of the UV fluence and hydroxyl radical exposure was generally accurate when a UV susceptible and a UV resistant probe compound were selected, and both were abated at least by 50 %, e.g., iopamidol and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole. Based on these key parameters a model was developed to predict the abatement of other MPs. The prediction of abatement was verified in various waters (sand filtrates of rivers Rhine and Wiese, and a tertiary wastewater effluent) and at different scales (laboratory experiments, pilot plant). The accuracy to predict the abatement of other MPs was typically within ±20 % of the respective measured abatement. The model was further assessed for its ability to estimate unknown rate constants for direct photolysis (kUV,MP) and reactions with •OH (k•OH,MP). In most cases, the estimated rate constants agreed well with published values, considering the uncertainty of kinetic data determined in laboratory experiments. A sensitivity analysis revealed that in typical water treatment applications, the precision of kinetic parameters (kUV,MP for UV susceptible and k•OH,MP for UV resistant probe compounds) have the strongest impact on the model's accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wünsch
- FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship, Hofackerstr. 30, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carina Mayer
- FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship, Hofackerstr. 30, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland; RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstrasse 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Plattner
- IWB (Industrielle Werke Basel), Margarethenstrasse 40, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Eugster
- IWB (Industrielle Werke Basel), Margarethenstrasse 40, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Wülser
- IWB (Industrielle Werke Basel), Margarethenstrasse 40, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Gebhardt
- Xylem Services GmbH, Boschstraße 4, 32051, Herford, Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wintgens
- FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship, Hofackerstr. 30, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Wang P, Bu L, Wu Y, Deng J, Zhou S. Mechanistic insights into paracetamol transformation in UV/NH 2Cl process: Experimental and theoretical study. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 194:116938. [PMID: 33636666 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The UV/monochloramine (NH2Cl) process is an advanced oxidation process that can effectively remove emerging contaminants (ECs). However, the degradation mechanisms of reactive radicals with ECs are not clear. In this work, we combined theoretical calculations with experimental studies to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of radical-mediated degradation of paracetamol (AAP) in UV/NH2Cl process. The degradation of AAP in UV/NH2Cl process accords with the pseudo first-order kinetics. Impact factors including NH2Cl dose, pH, natural organic matter, HCO3-, and NO3- were evaluated. The reaction mechanisms of AAP with hydroxyl radical (HO·), reactive chlorine species (RCS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) were discussed in detail. Specifically, HO· attacked AAP mainly through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and radical adduct formation (RAF), while Cl2·- play a certain role through single electron transfer (SET). ·NH2 and Cl· destructed AAP mainly through HAT. Based on the mechanism analysis, the second-order rate constants of AAP reacts with HO·, Cl·, ·NH2, ClO·, Cl2·- and ·NO2 were calculated through transition state theory as 2.66×109 M-1 s-1, 2.61×109 M-1 s-1, 1.02×107 M-1 s-1, 7.74×106 M-1 s-1, 1.32×106 M-1 s-1, 1.48×103 M-1 s-1 respectively. The second-order rate constants were then used to distinguish the contribution of radicals to the degradation of AAP. Thirteen transformation products were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Combined active sites with potential energy surface, the detailed reaction pathways were proposed. Overall, this study provides deep insights into the mechanism of radical-mediated degradation of AAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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Ruan X, Xiang Y, Shang C, Cheng S, Liu J, Hao Z, Yang X. Molecular characterization of transformation and halogenation of natural organic matter during the UV/chlorine AOP using FT-ICR mass spectrometry. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 102:24-36. [PMID: 33637249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UV/chlorine process, as an emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP), was effective for removing micro-pollutants via various reactive radicals, but it also led to the changes of natural organic matter (NOM) and formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). By using negative ion electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS), the transformation of Suwannee River NOM (SRNOM) and the formation of chlorinated DBPs (Cl-DBPs) in the UV/chlorine AOP and subsequent post-chlorination were tracked and compared with dark chlorination. In comparison to dark chlorination, the involvement of ClO•, Cl•, and HO• in the UV/chlorine AOP promoted the transformation of NOM by removing the compounds owning higher aromaticity (AImod) value and DBE (double-bond equivalence)/C ratio and causing the decrease in the proportion of aromatic compounds. Meanwhile, more compounds which contained only C, H, O, N atoms (CHON) were observed after the UV/chlorine AOP compared with dark chlorination via photolysis of organic chloramines or radical reactions. A total of 833 compounds contained C, H, O, Cl atoms (CHOCl) were observed after the UV/chlorine AOP, higher than 789 CHOCl compounds in dark chlorination, and one-chlorine-containing components were the dominant species. The different products from chlorine substitution reactions (SR) and addition reactions (AR) suggested that SR often occurred in the precursors owning higher H/C ratio and AR often occurred in the precursors owning higher aromaticity. Post-chlorination further caused the cleavages of NOM structures into small molecular weight compounds, removed CHON compounds and enhanced the formation of Cl-DBPs. The results provide information about NOM transformation and Cl-DBPs formation at molecular levels in the UV/chlorine AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuangshuang Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhineng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Wang J, Liu H, Ma D, Wang Y, Yao G, Yue Q, Gao B, Wang S, Xu X. Degradation of organic pollutants by ultraviolet/ozone in high salinity condition: Non-radical pathway dominated by singlet oxygen. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128796. [PMID: 33158505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the combined ultraviolet ozone process (UV/O3) was applied for organic contaminant (Reactive Blue K-GL, RB) degradation in high salinity. The degradation rates of RB in both O3 and UV/O3 systems were enhanced by NaCl (the k increased from 0.080 to 0.116 to 0.132 and 0.267 min-1 respectively), while mineralization rate varied at different salt conditions. In addition, UV irradiation promoted the degradation efficiency of RB with the presence of salt. Singlet oxygen (1O2) was the primary active species in the UV/O3 system. The quenching experiments and signal intensity of 1O2 corresponded well to the mineralization of RB. Under conditions of high salinity and high pH, O3 has high mass transfer coefficient (kLa, 3.303 min-1) and self-decomposition (kd, 0.600 min-1), which further promoted the formation of 1O2 for mineralization of RB. Furthermore, UV/O3 system was efficient in real textile wastewater treatment (CODCr removal rate 91.7% and decolorization rate 98.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Haibao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Defang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Guangping Yao
- Shandong Shanda WIT Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250061, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
| | - Shue Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
| | - Xing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
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Ma J, Minakata D, O'Shea K, Bai L, Dionysiou DD, Spinney R, Xiao R, Wei Z. Determination and Environmental Implications of Aqueous-Phase Rate Constants in Radical Reactions. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116746. [PMID: 33360617 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Interests in the kinetics of radical-induced reactions in aqueous solution have grown remarkably due to their water engineering significance (e.g., advanced oxidation processes). Although compilations of the rate constants (k) for various radicals have been documented, surprisingly a systematic review has yet to be reported on the development of reliable methods for determining k values. A knowledge gap exists to critically evaluate and screen the various methods to measure them. In this review, we summarize the direct and indirect methods under steady-state and non-steady-state conditions, followed by critical evaluations on their advantages and disadvantages. The radicals of ·OH, [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] , and Cl· were chosen based on their significant aquatic environmental relevance. MS excel spreadsheets that demonstrate the determination processes were provided allowing one to reproduce the data and/or to analyze the unprocessed raw data as a "template". We formulated a standard operation procedure for the k determination, although there is simply no "versatile" method fitting for all radical reactions. Finally, existing challenges and future research focus are discussed. This is the first review covering methodological approaches and considerations, aiming to provide a holistic and fundamental basis to choose an appropriate method for determining the k values for bimolecular reactions between target compounds and radicals in the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junye Ma
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China; Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Daisuke Minakata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 49931, U.S.A
| | - Kevin O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, U.S.A
| | - Lu Bai
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China; Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, U.S.A
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China; Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Centre for Water Technology (WATEC) & Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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45
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Lei Y, Lei X, Westerhoff P, Zhang X, Yang X. Reactivity of Chlorine Radicals (Cl • and Cl 2•-) with Dissolved Organic Matter and the Formation of Chlorinated Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:689-699. [PMID: 33346661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine radicals, including Cl• and Cl2•-, can be produced in sunlight waters (rivers, oceans, and lakes) or water treatment processes (e.g., electrochemical and advanced oxidation processes). Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a major reactant with, or a scavenger of, Cl• and Cl2•- in water, but limited quantitative information exists regarding the influence of DOM structure on its reactivity with Cl• and Cl2•-. This study aimed at quantifying the reaction rates and the formation of chlorinated organic byproducts produced from Cl• and Cl2•- reactions with DOM. Laser flash photolysis experiments were conducted to quantify the second-order reaction rate constants of 19 DOM isolates with Cl• (kDOM-Cl•) and Cl2•- (kDOM-Cl2•-), and compare those with the hydroxyl radical rate constants (kDOM-•OH). The values for kDOM-Cl• ((3.71 ± 0.34) × 108 to (1.52 ± 1.56) × 109 MC-1 s-1) were orders of magnitude greater than the kDOM-Cl2•- values ((4.60 ± 0.90) × 106 to (3.57 ± 0.53) × 107 MC-1 s-1). kDOM-Cl• negatively correlated with the weight-averaged molecular weight (MW) due to the diffusion-controlled reactions. DOM with high aromaticity and total antioxidant capacity tended to react faster with Cl2•-. During the same experiments, we also monitored the formation of chlorinated byproducts through the evolution of total organic chlorine (TOCl) as a function of chlorine radical oxidant exposure (CT value). Maximum TOCl occurred at a CT of 4-8 × 10-12 M·s for Cl• and 1.1-2.2 × 10-10 M·s for Cl2•-. These results signify the importance of DOM in scavenging chlorine radicals and the potential risks of producing chlorinated byproducts of unknown toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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46
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Yang B, Peng T, Cai WW, Ying GG. Transformation of diazepam in water during UV/chlorine and simulated sunlight/chlorine advanced oxidation processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141332. [PMID: 32758990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Psychoactive drug diazepam is one of benzodiazepines widely used in human medicine. It has been found to be relatively resistant to chlorination and photolysis. Here we investigated the transformation mechanism of diazepam in aqueous solution through UV/chlorine and simulated sunlight/chlorine treatments. The results showed that the UV/chlorine and sunlight/chlorine processes significantly increased the degradation of diazepam in water. These observed degradations can be elucidated by in-situ generation of reactive species including hydroxyl radical (HO), reactive chlorine species (RCS) and ozone (O3) during photolysis of chlorine. In the UV/chlorine treatment, the degradation efficiency of diazepam for HO, chlorine, UV and RCS reaction at 90 min was calculated to be 62.1%, 3.8%, 11.9% and 12.3%, respectively. In the simulated sunlight/chlorine treatment, the calculated degradation of 53.1%, 8.1% and 11.2% was attributed to HO, chlorine and RCS reaction, with negligible loss by O3 reaction and sunlight irradiation. In the UV/chlorine and sunlight/chlorine treatments, a total of 70 transformation products was detected using a high-resolution TripleTOF mass system. Six transformation pathways have been tentatively proposed for the diazepam, which includes hydroxylation, chlorination, hydrolyzation, N-demethylation, loss of phenyl group, benzodiazepine ring rearrangement and contraction. Most of the obtained transformation products were less toxic to aquatic organisms including fish, daphnia and green algae than diazepam itself according to the toxicity prediction tool, and did not cause significant changes in toxicity to luminescent bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wen-Wen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Kim TK, Kim T, Cha Y, Zoh KD. Energy-efficient erythromycin degradation using UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorine process: Radical contribution, transformation products, and toxicity evaluation. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116159. [PMID: 32791458 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the degradation mechanism of erythromycin (ERY) during UV-LED/chlorine treatment using a 275-nm ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED). This wavelength is known to generate fewer disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and to have higher energy and photon yield efficiency compared to low pressure mercury (LP-UV) lamp which emits 254 nm of UV radiation. The degradation of ERY during the UV-LED/chlorine reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. While Cl• and ClO• radicals along with other secondary radicals played key roles in the degradation of ERY at alkaline pH conditions, •OH radical was the main contributor at acidic pH conditions. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS), we tentatively identified six byproducts. Trace amounts of DBPs, such as chloroform (CHCl3) and chlorate (ClO3-) ions, were also detected at less than 0.3 mg/L. There was no residual antibiotic effect at the end of the UV-LED/chlorine reaction due to the complete degradation of important moieties, such as macrolide, in ERY. Toxicity decreased by 20% after 20 min during the UV-LED/chlorine process of ERY (1.0 mg/L) degradation. Finally, we confirmed the inactivation of ARB and ARG during the UV-LED/chlorine process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Taeyeon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Youngho Cha
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Lee W, Lee Y, Allard S, Ra J, Han S, Lee Y. Mechanistic and Kinetic Understanding of the UV 254 Photolysis of Chlorine and Bromine Species in Water and Formation of Oxyhalides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11546-11555. [PMID: 32786573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the UV254 photolysis of free available chlorine and bromine species in water. The intrinsic quantum yields for •OH and X• (X = Cl or Br) generation were determined by model fitting of formaldehyde formation using a tert-butanol assay to be 0.61/0.45 for HOCl/OCl- and 0.32/0.43 for HOBr/OBr-. The steady-state •OH concentration in UV/HOX was higher than that in UV/OX- by a factor of 23.3 and 7.8 for Cl and Br, respectively. This was attributed to the different •OH consumption rate by HOCl versus OCl-, while for HOBr/OBr-, both the •OH formation and consumption rates were implied. This was supported by a k of 1.4 × 108 M-1 s-1 for the •OH reaction with HOCl, which was >14 times less than the k for •OH reactions with OCl-, HOBr, and OBr-. Formation of ClO3- and BrO3- was found to be significant with apparent quantum yields of 0.12-0.23. A detailed mechanistic study on the formation of XO3- including a new pathway involving XO• is presented, which has important implications as the level of XO3- can exceed the regulation (BrO3-) or guideline (ClO3-) values during UV/halogen oxidant water treatment. Our new kinetic models well simulate the experimental results for the halogen oxidant decomposition, probe compound degradation, and formation of ClO3- and BrO3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woorim Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebastien Allard
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Jiwoon Ra
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Han
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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49
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Wang L, Zhang Q, Chen B, Bu Y, Chen Y, Ma J, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Zhu R. Some issues limiting photo(cata)lysis application in water pollutant control: A critical review from chemistry perspectives. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 174:115605. [PMID: 32078833 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For decades, photolysis and photocatalysis have been touted as promising environment-benign and robust technologies to degrade refractory pollutants from water. However, extensive, large-scale engineering applications remain limited now. To facilitate the technology transfer process, earlier reviews have advocated to developing more cost-effective and innocuous materials, maximizing efficiency of photon usage, and optimizing photoreactor systems, mostly from material and reactor improvement perspectives. However, there are also some fundamental yet critical chemistry issues in photo(cata)lysis processes demanding more in-depth understanding and more careful consideration. Hence, this review summarizes some of these challenges. Of them, the first and paramount issue is the interference of coexisting compounds, including dissolved organic matter, anions, cations, and spiked additives. Secondly, considerable concerns are pointed to the formation of undesirable reaction by-products, such as halogenated, nitrogenous, and sulfur-containing compounds, which might increase instead of reduce toxicity of water if inadequate fluence and catalyst/additive are supplied due to time and cost constraints. Lastly, a critical issue lies in the uncertainty of current approaches used for identifying and quantifying radicals, especially when multiple radicals coexist together under changing and interconvertible conditions. The review hence highlights the needs to better understand these fundamental chemistry issues and meanwhile calls for more delicate design of experiments in future studies to overcome these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yinan Bu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 428 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, United States
| | - Rongshu Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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50
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Gao L, Mao Q, Luo S, Cao L, Xie X, Yang Y, Deng Y, Wei Z. Experimental and theoretical insights into kinetics and mechanisms of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals-mediated degradation of sulfamethoxazole: Similarities and differences. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113795. [PMID: 31918128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (•OH)- and sulfate radical ()-based advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) have been proven an effective method to remove antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study aims to gain insights into kinetics and mechanisms of neutral sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation, a representative antibiotic, by •OH and using an experimental and theoretical approach. First, the second-order rate constants (k) of SMX with •OH and were determined to be (7.27 ± 0.43) × 109 and (2.98 ± 0.32) × 109 M-1 s-1 in UV/H2O2 and UV/persulfate (UV/PS) systems, respectively. The following theoretical calculations at the M06-2X level of theory revealed that addition of radicals to the benzene ring is the most favorable first-step reaction for both •OH and , but that exhibits higher energy barriers and selectivity than •OH due to steric hindrance. We further analyzed subsequent reactions and, interestingly, our findings closely corroborated HOMO/LUMO distributions of SMX to the oxidation pathways. Finally, the estimation of energy consumption for UV alone, •OH-, and -mediated oxidation processes was compared. These comparative results, for the first time, provide insights into the similarities and differences of degradation of SMX by •OH/ at the molecular level and can help improve antibiotics removal using radical based AOTs in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwei Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qiming Mao
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shuang Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Linying Cao
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiande Xie
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zongsu Wei
- Centre for Water Technology (WATEC), Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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