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Ke Y, Lin L, Zhang G, Hong H, Yan C. Aging behavior and leaching characteristics of microfibers in landfill leachate: Important role of surface mesh structure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134092. [PMID: 38554515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Mesh-structured films formed by the post-processing of microfibers improves their permeability and dexterity, such as disposable masks. However, the aging behavior and potential risks of mesh-structured microfibers (MS-MFs) in landfill leachate remain poorly understood. Herein, the aging behavior and mechanisms of MS-MFs and ordinary polypropylene-films (PP-films) microplastics, as well as their leaching concerning dissolved organic matter (DOM) in landfill leachate were investigated. Results revealed that MS-MFs underwent more significant physicochemical changes than PP-films during the aging process in landfill leachate, due to their rich porous habitats. An important factor in the photoaging of MS-MFs was related to reactive oxygen species produced by DOM, and this process was promoted by photoelectrons under UV irradiation. Compared with PP-films, MS-MFs released more DOM and nano-plastics fragments into landfill leachate, altering the composition and molecular weight of DOM. Aged MS-MFs-DOM generated new components, and humus-like substances produced by photochemistry showed the largest increase. Correlation analysis revealed that leached DOM was positively correlated with oxygen-containing groups accumulated in aged MS-MFs. Overall, MS-MFs will bring higher environmental risks and become a new long-term source of DOM contaminants in landfill leachate. This study provides new insights into the impact of novel microfibers on landfill leachate carbon dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ke
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Lujian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Guanglong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Hualong Hong
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| | - Chongling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
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Wang W, Nie M, Yan C, Yuan Y, Xu A, Ding M, Wang P, Ju M. Effect of pyrolysis temperature and molecular weight on characterization of biochar derived dissolved organic matter from invasive plant and binding behavior with the selected pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123867. [PMID: 38556151 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of biochar released-dissolved organic matter (BDOM) derived from an invasive plant and its impact on the binding behavior of pharmaceuticals is essential for the application of biochar, yet has received less attention. In this study, the binding behavior of BDOM pyrolyzed at 300-700 °C with sulfathiazole, acetaminophen, chloramphenicol (CAP), and carbamazepine (CMZ) was investigated based on a multi-analytical approach. Generally, the pyrolysis temperature exhibited a more significant impact on the spectral properties of BDOM and pharmaceutical binding behavior than those of the molecular weight. With increased pyrolysis temperature, the dissolved organic carbon decreased while the proportion of the protein-like substance increased. The highest binding capacity towards the drugs was observed for the BDOM pyrolyzed at 500 °C with the molecular weight larger than 0.3 kDa. Moreover, the protein-like substance exhibited higher susceptive and released preferentially during the dialysis process and also showed more sensitivity and bound precedingly with the pharmaceuticals. The active binding points were the aliphatic C-OH, amide II N-H, carboxyl CO, and phenolic-OH on the tryptophan-like substance. Furthermore, the binding affinity of the BDOM pyrolyzed at 500 °C was relatively high with the stability constant (logKM) of 4.51 ± 0.52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyu Wang
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Minghua Nie
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Caixia Yan
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Yulong Yuan
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Aoxue Xu
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Mingjun Ding
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Min Ju
- School of Geography and Environment, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, 330022, China
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Korak JA, McKay G. Meta-Analysis of Optical Surrogates for the Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7380-7392. [PMID: 38640357 PMCID: PMC11064222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Optical surrogates, derived from absorbance and fluorescence spectra, are widely used to infer dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition (molecular weight, aromaticity) and genesis (autochthonous vs allochthonous). Despite the broad adoption of optical surrogates, several limitations exist, such as context- and sample-specific factors. These limitations create uncertainty about how compositional interpretations based on optical surrogates are generalized across contexts, specifically if there is duplicative or contradictory information in those interpretations. To explore these limitations, we performed a meta-analysis of optical surrogates for DOM from diverse sources, both from natural systems and after water treatment processes (n = 762). Prior to analysis, data were screened using a newly developed, standardized methodology that applies systematic quality control criteria before reporting surrogates. There was substantial overlap in surrogate values from natural and treated samples, suggesting that the gradients governing the surrogate variability can be generated in both contexts. This overlap provides justification for using optical surrogates originally developed in the context of natural systems to describe DOM changes in engineered systems, although the interpretations may change. Absorbance-based surrogates that describe the amount of spectral tailing (e.g., E2:E3 and S275-295) had a high frequency of strong correlations with one another but not to specific absorbance (SUVA254) or absorbance slope ratio (SR). The fluorescence index (FI) and biological index (β/α) were strongly correlated with one another and to the peak emission wavelength but not to the humification index (HIX). Although SUVA254 and FI have both been correlated to DOM aromaticity in prior research, there was a lack of reciprocity between these optical surrogates across this data set. Additionally, there were patterns of deviations in the wastewater subset, suggesting that effluent organic matter may not follow conventional interpretations, urging caution in the use of optical surrogates to track DOM in water reuse applications. Finally, the meta-analysis highlights that three aspects should be captured when optical spectra are used for DOM interpretation: specific absorbance, absorbance tailing, and the extent of red-shifted fluorescence. We recommend that SUVA254, E2:E3, and FI or β/α be prioritized in future DOM studies to capture these aspects, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Korak
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
- Environmental
Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Garrett McKay
- Zachry
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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4
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Powers LC, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Gonsior M. Evaluating the photochemical reactivity of disinfection byproducts formed during seawater desalination processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169292. [PMID: 38104835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is widely used for seawater desalination but pre-chlorination of intake water produces halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The fate and environmental impacts associated with the discharge of DBP-containing RO brine wastewater are unknown. Therefore, to evaluate if photochemistry plays a role in DBP degradation in seawater, we collected samples at a desalination plant, which were desalted and concentrated using two-inline solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques combining reverse-phase polymeric (PPL) and weak anion exchange (WAX) resins. Both filtered water samples and SPE samples (extracts reconstituted in open ocean seawater) were exposed to simulated sunlight in a custom-built flow-through system. Optical property analysis during irradiation experiments did not provide distinguishing features between intake water and RO reject water (brine). Extractable organic bromine (organoBr) concentrations were low in intake water samples (7.8 μg Br L-1) and did not change significantly due to irradiation. OrganoBr concentrations in laboratory-chlorinated raw water were much higher (135 μg Br L-1) and on average decreased by 42 % after 24 h irradiation. However, while organoBr concentrations were highest in RO reject water (473 μg Br L-1), changes in organoBr concentrations in PPL SPE samples after 24 h irradiation were variable, ranging from a 1-46 % loss. Furthermore, most bromine-containing molecular ions identified by high resolution mass spectrometry that were present in RO reject water before irradiation were also found after both 24 h and 50 h exposures. Although only one RO reject water sample was tested in this study, results highlight that hundreds of yet to be identified brominated DBPs in RO reject water could be resistant to photodegradation or phototransform into existing DBPs in the environment. Future work examining the biolability of DBPs in RO reject water, as well as the interplay between photochemical and biological DBP cycling, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States.
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Munich, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Munich, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University München, Munich, Germany; Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, United States
| | - Michael Gonsior
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, United States
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5
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Zhu X, Weiser MW, Harringmeyer JP, Kaiser K, Walker BD, Bélanger S, Anderson CH, Fichot CG. The apparent quantum yield matrix (AQY-M) of CDOM photobleaching in estuarine, coastal, and oceanic surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168670. [PMID: 37996032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical degradation of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) upon solar exposure, known as photobleaching, can significantly alter the optical properties of the surface ocean. By leading to the breakdown of UV- and visible-radiation-absorbing moieties within dissolved organic matter, photobleaching regulates solar heating, the vertical distribution of photochemical processes, and UV exposure and light availability to the biota in surface waters. Despite its biogeochemical and ecological relevance, this sink of CDOM remains poorly quantified. Efforts to quantify photobleaching globally have long been hampered by the inherent challenge of determining representative apparent quantum yields (AQYs) for this process, and by the resulting lack of understanding of their variability in natural waters. Measuring photobleaching AQY is made challenging by the need to determine AQY matrices (AQY-M) that capture the dual spectral dependency of this process (i.e., magnitude varies with both excitation wavelength and response wavelength). A new experimental approach now greatly facilitates the quantification of AQY-M for natural waters, and can help address this problem. Here, we conducted controlled photochemical experiments and applied this new approach to determine the AQY-M of 27 contrasting water samples collected globally along the land-ocean aquatic continuum (i.e., rivers, estuaries, coastal ocean, and open ocean). The experiments and analyses revealed considerable variability in the magnitude and spectral characteristics of the AQY-M among samples, with strong dependencies on CDOM composition/origin (as indicated by the CDOM 275-295-nm spectral slope coefficient, S275-295), solar exposure duration, and water temperature. The experimental data facilitated the development and validation of a statistical model capable of accurately predicting the AQY-M from three simple predictor variables: 1) S275-295, 2) water temperature, and 3) a standardized measure of solar exposure. The model will help constrain the variability of the AQY-M when modeling photobleaching rates on regional and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Matthew W Weiser
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Karl Kaiser
- Department of Marine and Coastal Environmental Science, Texas A&M University, Galveston Campus, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Brett D Walker
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Bélanger
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, BOREAS, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Chloe H Anderson
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 8, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cédric G Fichot
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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6
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Li W, Lu L, Du H. Deciphering DOM-metal binding using EEM-PARAFAC: Mechanisms, challenges, and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:14388-14405. [PMID: 38289550 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a pivotal component of the biogeochemical cycles and can combine with metal ions through chelation or complexation. Understanding this process is crucial for tracing metal solubility, mobility, and bioavailability. Fluorescence excitation emission matrix (EEM) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) has emerged as a popular tool in deciphering DOM-metal interactions. In this review, we primarily discuss the advantages of EEM-PARAFAC compared with other algorithms and its main limitations in studying DOM-metal binding, including restrictions in spectral considerations, mathematical assumptions, and experimental procedures, as well as how to overcome these constraints and shortcomings. We summarize the principles of EEM to uncover DOM-metal association, including why fluorescence gets quenched and some potential mechanisms that affect the accuracy of fluorescence quenching. Lastly, we review some significant and innovative research, including the application of 2D-COS in DOM-metal binding analysis, hoping to provide a fresh perspective for possible future hotspots of study. We argue the expansion of EEM applications to a broader range of areas related to natural organic matter. This extension would facilitate our exploration of the mobility and fate of metals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Li
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410127, China
- Yuelu Mountain Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural University Area, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Lei Lu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410127, China
- Yuelu Mountain Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural University Area, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Huihui Du
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410127, China.
- Yuelu Mountain Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural University Area, Changsha, 410000, China.
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Muller FLL, Tankéré-Muller SPC, Tang CH. Terrigenous humic substances regulate the concentrations of dissolved Fe and Cu (but not Al, Mn, Ni or Zn) in the Gaoping River plume. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167374. [PMID: 37758148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The small mountainous rivers of Oceania discharge a large fraction of their dissolved and particulate load of materials within a very small percentage of the time. As a result, the yearly inputs and physicochemical forms of dissolved metals exported to the ocean by these rivers are poorly quantified. We investigated the wet-season distribution patterns of metals and fluorescent organic substances in the surface waters of the Gaoping River plume, SW Taiwan, under both moderate (Sep 2020) and strong flow conditions (Aug 2021). The mixing behaviour of both soluble (<5 kDa) and colloidal (>5 kDa) metals and fluorescent components was examined over the salinity range 3.0-32.2 in 2020 and 5.8-31.1 in 2021. We detected two humic-like and one protein-like fluorescent components, the same on both surveys. The humic-like components, C1 and C3, originated from the Gaoping River and correlated strongly with Cu and Fe, respectively. Component C3 showed a greater enrichment relative to C1 in the colloidal (C3/C1 > 0.8) than in the soluble phase (C3/C1 = 0.4). The protein-like component, C2, came from both terrestrial and marine sources and displayed a more complex mixing behaviour than the other two. One striking result was that the effective zero-salinity concentrations of Fe (∼300 nM) and Cu (∼23 nM) did not change significantly in response to a 10-fold increase in river discharge between Sep 2020 and Aug 2021. Similarly to Fe and Cu, the distribution patterns of Components C1 and C3 did not change significantly between the moderate and the strong plume, and C3 and C1 correlated strongly with Fe and Cu, respectively. We conclude that subtropical mountainous rivers can provide soil-derived humic substances which facilitate and regulate the delivery of Fe and Cu to the ocean, provided mountain forests are preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- François L L Muller
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70 Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | | | - Chuan-Ho Tang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan
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8
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Zeeshan M, Ali O, Tabraiz S, Ruhl AS. Seasonal variations in dissolved organic matter concentration and composition in an outdoor system for bank filtration simulation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:252-261. [PMID: 37778800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters can vary markedly in character depending on seasonal variations such as rainfall intensity, UV radiations and temperature. Changes in DOM as well as temperature and rainfall intensity over the year can affect the biochemical processes occurring in bank filtration (BF). Identification and characterization of DOM in the surface water could help to optimize the water treatment and provide stable and safe drinking water. This study investigated year-long variations of DOM concentrations and compositions in a surface water of a circulated outdoor pond (research facility) connected to a BF passage. DOM was dominated by humic substances and a changing pattern of DOM in surface water was observed throughout the year. A significant increase of DOM (∼ 38%) in surface water was noted in August compared to November. The fluorescent DOM showed that DOM in summer was enriched with the degradable fraction whilst non-degradable fraction was dominated in winter. A constant (1.7 ± 0.1 mg/L) effluent DOM was recirculated in the system throughout the year. DOM removal through BF varied between 4% to 39% and was achieved within a few meters after infiltration and significantly correlated with influent DOM concentration (R2 = 0.82, p < 0.05). However, no significant (p > 0.05) change in the removal of DOM was observed in two subsurface layers (upper and lower). This study highlights the presence of a constant non-degradable DOM in the bank filtrate, which was not affected by temperature, redox conditions and UV radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zeeshan
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Water Treatment, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Omamah Ali
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Water Treatment, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shamas Tabraiz
- Natural and Applied Sciences Section, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK
| | - Aki Sebastian Ruhl
- German Environment Agency, Section II 3.3, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Water Treatment, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Lin H, Bartlett SL, Guo L. Distinct variations in fluorescent DOM components along a trophic gradient in the lower Fox River-Green Bay as characterized using one-sample PARAFAC approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:165891. [PMID: 37544441 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Variations in molecular weight distributions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and PARAFAC-derived fluorescent components were investigated along a transect in the seasonally hypereutrophic lower Fox River-Green Bay using the one-sample PARAFAC approach coupling flow field-flow fractionation for size-separation with fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) and PARAFAC analysis. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen, chromophoric-DOM, specific UV absorbance at 254 nm, and humification index all decreased monotonically from river to open bay, showing a strong river-dominated DOM source and a dynamic change in DOM quality along the river-lake transect. The relative abundance of colloidal DOM (>1 kDa) derived from ultrafiltration exhibited minimal variation, averaging 71 ± 4 % of the bulk DOM, across the entire estuarine transect although the colloidal concentration decreased in general. Using the one-sample EEM-PARAFAC approach, the identified major fluorescent components were distinct between stations along the river-estuary-open bay continuum, with four components in river/upper-estuary but three components in open bay waters. Among the four common fluorescent components (C475, C410, C320 and C290), the most abundant and refractory humic-like component, C475, behaved conservatively and its relative abundance (%ΣFmax) remained fairly constant (50 ± 4 %) along the transect, while the semi-labile humic-like component, C410, consistently decreased from river to estuary and eventually vanished in open Green Bay. In contrast, the two autochthonous protein-like components (C320 and C290) increased from river to open bay along the trophic gradient. The new results presented here provide an improved understanding of the diverse and fluctuating characteristics in DOM composition, lability, and estuarine mixing behavior across the river-lake interface and demonstrate the efficacy of the one-sample PARAFAC approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA; Polar Research Institute of China, 1000 Xuelong Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Sarah L Bartlett
- NEW Water/Green Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District, 2231 N. Quincy Street, Green Bay, WI 54302, USA
| | - Laodong Guo
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA.
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10
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An S, Mao Z, Chen M, Huang X, Shi L, Xing P, Kong L, Zhou Y, Du Y, Zhang Y. Sunlight irradiation promotes both the chemodiversity of terrestrial DOM and the biodiversity of bacterial community in a subalpine lake. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 227:115823. [PMID: 37004851 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Alpine lake habitats are evolving into subalpine lakes under the scenario of climate change, where the vegetation are promoted due to increasing temperature and precipitation. The abundant terrestrial dissolved organic matter (TDOM) leached from watershed soil into subalpine lakes would undergo strong photochemical reaction due to the high altitude, with the potential to alter DOM composition and affect the bacterial communities. To reveal the transformation of TDOM by both photochemical and microbial processes in a typical subalpine lake, Lake Tiancai (located 200 m below the tree line) was chosen. TDOM was extracted from the surrounding soil of Lake Tiancai and then subjected to the photo/micro-processing for 107 days. The transformation of TDOM was analyzed by Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and fluorescence spectroscopy, and the shift of bacterial communities was analyzed using 16s rRNA gene sequencing technology. Dissolved organic carbon and light-absorbing components (a350) decay accounted for approximately 40% and 80% of the original, respectively, in the sunlight process, but both less than 20% in the microbial process for 107 days. The photochemical process promoted the chemodiversity as there were ∼7000 molecules after sunlight irradiation, compared to ∼3000 molecules in the original TDOM. Light promoted the production of highly unsaturated molecules and aliphatics, which were significantly associated with Bacteroidota, suggesting that light may influence bacterial communities by regulating the DOM molecules. Carboxylic-rich alicyclic molecules were generated in both photochemical and biological processes, suggesting TDOM was converted to a stable pool over time. Our finding on the transformation of terrestrial DOM and the alternation of bacterial community under the simultaneously photochemical and microbial processes will help to reveal the response of the carbon cycle and lake system structure to climate change for high-altitude lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiLin An
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - ZhenDu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meilian Chen
- Department of Geosciences & Natural Resources, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, United States
| | - XiuLin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, 404020, China
| | - LiMei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - LingYang Kong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Changes, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - YongQiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - YingXun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - YunLin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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11
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Pan B, Liu S, Wang Y, Li D, Li M. FT-ICR-MS combined with fluorescent spectroscopy reveals the driving mechanism of the spatial variation in molecular composition of DOM in 22 plateau lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023:116272. [PMID: 37276978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the largest carbon pool and directly affects the biogeochemistry in lakes. In the current study, fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) combined with fluorescent spectroscopy was used to assess the molecular composition and driving mechanism of DOM in 22 plateau lakes in Mongolia Plateau Lakes Region (MLR), Qinghai Plateau Lakes Region (QLR) and Tibet Plateau Lakes Region (TLR) of China. The limnic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content ranged from 3.93 to 280.8 mg L-1 and the values in MLR and TLR were significantly higher than that in QLR. The content of lignin was the highest in each lake and showed a gradually decreasing trend from MLR to TLR. Random forest model and structural equation model implied that altitude played an important role in lignin degradation while the contents of total nitrogen (TN) and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) have a great influence on the increase of DOM Shannon index. Our results also suggested that the inspissation of DOC and the promoted endogenous DOM production caused by the inspissation of nutrient resulted in a positive relationship between limnic DOC content and limnic factors such as salinity, alkalinity and nutrient concentration. From MLR to QLR and TLR, the molecular weight and the number of double bonds gradually decreased but the humification index (HIX) also decreased. In addition, from the MLR to the TLR, the proportion of lignin gradually decreased, while the proportion of lipid gradually increased. Both above results suggested that photodegradation was dominated in lakes of TLR, while microbial degradation was dominated in lakes of MLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Siwan Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yeyong Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Dianbao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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12
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He J, Jiao L, Zhi G, Wu X, Yang Y, Ding S, Zheng J, Shao Z, Xia R. Heterogeneity of molecular-level and photochemical of dissolved organic matter derived from decomposing submerged macrophyte and algae. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 334:117420. [PMID: 36801677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic macrophytes and algae are the most important sources of autochthonous dissolved organic matter (DOM), and their transformation and reuse significantly affect aquatic ecosystem health. In this study, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) was used to identify the molecular features between submerged macrophyte-derived DOM (SMDOM) and algae-derived DOM (ADOM). The photochemical heterogeneity between SMDOM and ADOM by UV254-irradiation and their molecular mechanism were also discussed. The results showed that the molecular abundance of SMDOM was dominated by lignin/CRAM-like structures, tannins, and concentrated aromatic structures (sum of 91.79%), while that of ADOM was dominated by lipids, proteins, and unsaturated hydrocarbons (sum of 60.30%). UV254-radiation resulted in a net reduction of tyrosine-like, tryptophan-like and terrestrial humic-like, and conversely a net production of marine humic-like. The light decay rate constants obtained by the multiple exponential function model fitting revealed that both tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like components of SMDOM could be rapidly and directly photodegraded, while the photodegradation of tryptophan-like in ADOM depended on the production of photosensitizers. The photo-refractory fractions of both SMDOM and ADOM were as follows: humic-like > tyrosine-like > tryptophan-like. Our results provide new insights into the fate of autochthonous DOM in aquatic ecosystems where "grass-algae" coexist or evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Kunming Institute of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Lixin Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Water Environment Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhi
- Kunming Institute of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Kunming Institute of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Kunming Institute of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Shuai Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Water Environment Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jinlong Zheng
- Kunming Institute of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Zhi Shao
- Kunming Institute of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Rui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Institute of Water Environment Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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13
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Liu Y, Liu X, Long Y, Wen Y, Ma C, Sun J. Variations in dissolved organic matter chemistry on a vertical scale in the eastern Indian Ocean. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119674. [PMID: 36738557 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oceans cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface area, which is why some people refer to the Earth as a large water sphere. Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) constitutes the main carbon pool for biogeochemical cycles and plays an important role in global carbon dynamics. Here, the molecular composition and component characteristics of surface (5 m), deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), and deep (2000 m) layer DOM in the eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) were investigated using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. Thousands of individual DOM formulas (approximately 3716-6986 formulas) were detected at 100-700 Da, showing a Gaussian distribution. The elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) were detected and constituted four formula classes in solid-phase extracted marine DOM samples. Furthermore, the order of the percent intensity of the formulas was CHO > CHNO > CHOS > CHNOS. Carboxylic-rich alicyclic molecule (CRAM) compounds, as part of recalcitrant DOM (RDOM), were detected at 61.32%-78.77% (by intensity). In addition, the concept of islands of stability (IOS, approximately 3.99%-11.22%) has been proposed in this study, representing the most stable components in the marine environment. Such molecular formulas as described above probably contribute to increased RDOM content in the EIO and potentially reflect enhanced accumulation or sequestration of RDOM in the deep layer. The variation in the spectroscopic indices (FI, β/α, BIX, and HIX) and fluorescent components (C1 to C4) with depth indicates a shift from protein-like to humic-like components, leading to gradual aging of the water column. In brief, this study relies on data from marine DOM in the EIO to provide a molecular and chemical background for global models of marine DOM production, transformation and sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute for Advance Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou 511462, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Institute for Advance Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou 511462, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Long
- Institute for Advance Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou 511462, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yujian Wen
- Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute for Advance Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou 511462, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Research Centre for Indian Ocean Ecosystem, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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14
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Li H, McKay G. Fluorescence Quenching of Humic Substances and Natural Organic Matter by Nitroxide Free Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:719-729. [PMID: 36547376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy is one of the most frequently used techniques for studying dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural and engineered systems. However, the spatial distribution and fluorophores, including local and interacting states, within DOM's larger structure remains poorly understood. In this study, we used two nitroxide fluorescence quenchers to evaluate the chemical and spatial heterogeneity of DOM fluorophores. Several results from quenching experiments with cationic 4-amino-TEMPO (tempamine), including downward-curving Stern-Volmer plots and spectral dependent quenching, show that multiple emitting species contribute to the observed emission even at a single excitation wavelength. Furthermore, for DOM isolates of diverse geographic origins (soil vs aquatic) and isolation procedures (reverse osmosis vs humic substances), the maximum extent of quenching occurs on the red edge of the emission spectra. For soil humic substance isolates, the spectral dependent quenching was significant enough to affect a blue shift in the average emission wavelength. The same soil humic substance isolates whose emission spectra were blue shifted by tempamine quenching were also blue shifted by decreasing solution pH and decreasing solvent polarity, which suggests a role for anionic fluorophores (e.g., hydroxybenzoic acids) in long wavelength fluorescence. Finally, curvature in Stern-Volmer plots indicate that between 10 and 50% of emitting species detected by steady-state fluorescence are inaccessible to quenching by tempamine, suggesting that this fraction of fluorophores may be inaccessible to water solvent. Results from this study provide an assessment of the spatial distribution of fluorophores within DOM and help to reconcile prior studies on the role of solvent polarity and pH on DOM fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Zachry Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77845, United States
| | - Garrett McKay
- Zachry Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77845, United States
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15
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You Exude What You Eat: How Carbon-, Nitrogen-, and Sulfur-Rich Organic Substrates Shape Microbial Community Composition and the Dissolved Organic Matter Pool. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0155822. [PMID: 36383003 PMCID: PMC9746321 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01558-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton is the major source of labile organic matter in the sunlit ocean, and they are therefore key players in most biogeochemical cycles. However, studies examining the heterotrophic bacterial cycling of specific phytoplankton-derived nitrogen (N)- and sulfur (S)-containing organic compounds are currently lacking at the molecular level. Therefore, the present study investigated how the addition of N-containing (glycine betaine [GBT]) and S-containing (dimethylsulfoniopropionate [DMSP]) organic compounds, as well as glucose, influenced the microbial production of new organic molecules and the microbial community composition. The chemical composition of microbial-produced dissolved organic matter (DOM) was analyzed by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) demonstrating that CHO-, CHON-, and CHOS-containing molecules were enriched in the glucose, GBT, and DMSP experiments, respectively. High-throughput sequencing showed that Alteromonadales was the dominant group in the glucose, while Rhodobacterales was the most abundant group in both the GBT and DMSP experiments. Cooccurrence network analysis furthermore indicated more complex linkages between the microbial community and organic molecules in the GBT compared with the other two experiments. Our results shed light on how different microbial communities respond to distinct organic compounds and mediate the cycling of ecologically relevant compounds. IMPORTANCE Nitrogen (N)- and sulfur (S)-containing compounds are normally considered part of the labile organic matter pool that fuels heterotrophic bacterial activity in the ocean. Both glycine betaine (GBT) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) are representative N- and S-containing organic compounds, respectively, that are important phytoplankton cellular compounds. The present study therefore examined how the microbial community and the organic matter they produce are influenced by the addition of carbohydrate-containing (glucose), N-containing (GBT), and S-containing (DMSP) organic compounds. The results demonstrate that when these carbon-, N-, and S-rich compounds are added separately, the organic molecules produced by the bacteria growing on them are enriched in the same elements. Similarly, the microbial community composition was also distinct when different compounds were added as the substrate. Overall, this study demonstrates how the microbial communities metabolize and transform different substrates thereby, expanding our understanding of the complexity of links between microbes and substrates in the ocean.
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16
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Abstract
Paleoproteomics, the study of ancient proteins, is a rapidly growing field at the intersection of molecular biology, paleontology, archaeology, paleoecology, and history. Paleoproteomics research leverages the longevity and diversity of proteins to explore fundamental questions about the past. While its origins predate the characterization of DNA, it was only with the advent of soft ionization mass spectrometry that the study of ancient proteins became truly feasible. Technological gains over the past 20 years have allowed increasing opportunities to better understand preservation, degradation, and recovery of the rich bioarchive of ancient proteins found in the archaeological and paleontological records. Growing from a handful of studies in the 1990s on individual highly abundant ancient proteins, paleoproteomics today is an expanding field with diverse applications ranging from the taxonomic identification of highly fragmented bones and shells and the phylogenetic resolution of extinct species to the exploration of past cuisines from dental calculus and pottery food crusts and the characterization of past diseases. More broadly, these studies have opened new doors in understanding past human-animal interactions, the reconstruction of past environments and environmental changes, the expansion of the hominin fossil record through large scale screening of nondiagnostic bone fragments, and the phylogenetic resolution of the vertebrate fossil record. Even with these advances, much of the ancient proteomic record still remains unexplored. Here we provide an overview of the history of the field, a summary of the major methods and applications currently in use, and a critical evaluation of current challenges. We conclude by looking to the future, for which innovative solutions and emerging technology will play an important role in enabling us to access the still unexplored "dark" proteome, allowing for a fuller understanding of the role ancient proteins can play in the interpretation of the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Warinner
- Department
of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Kristine Korzow Richter
- Department
of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Matthew J. Collins
- Department
of Archaeology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, United Kingdom
- Section
for Evolutionary Genomics, Globe Institute,
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
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17
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Simon C, Dührkop K, Petras D, Roth VN, Böcker S, Dorrestein PC, Gleixner G. Mass Difference Matching Unfolds Hidden Molecular Structures of Dissolved Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11027-11040. [PMID: 35834352 PMCID: PMC9352317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) has revealed unprecedented details of natural complex mixtures such as dissolved organic matter (DOM) on a molecular formula level, but we lack approaches to access the underlying structural complexity. We here explore the hypothesis that every DOM precursor ion is potentially linked with all emerging product ions in FTMS2 experiments. The resulting mass difference (Δm) matrix is deconvoluted to isolate individual precursor ion Δm profiles and matched with structural information, which was derived from 42 Δm features from 14 in-house reference compounds and a global set of 11 477 Δm features with assigned structure specificities, using a dataset of ∼18 000 unique structures. We show that Δm matching is highly sensitive in predicting potential precursor ion identities in terms of molecular and structural composition. Additionally, the approach identified unresolved precursor ions and missing elements in molecular formula annotation (P, Cl, F). Our study provides first results on how Δm matching refines structural annotations in van Krevelen space but simultaneously demonstrates the wide overlap between potential structural classes. We show that this effect is likely driven by chemodiversity and offers an explanation for the observed ubiquitous presence of molecules in the center of the van Krevelen space. Our promising first results suggest that Δm matching can both unfold the structural information encrypted in DOM and assess the quality of FTMS-derived molecular formulas of complex mixtures in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Simon
- Molecular
Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kai Dührkop
- Chair
for Bioinformatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Petras
- Collaborative
Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, California 92093-0657, United States of America
- CMFI
Cluster of Excellence, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and
Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 24, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vanessa-Nina Roth
- Molecular
Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Böcker
- Chair
for Bioinformatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Collaborative
Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California
San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, California 92093-0657, United States of America
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Molecular
Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
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18
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Philibert M, Luo S, Moussanas L, Yuan Q, Filloux E, Zraick F, Murphy KR. Drinking water aromaticity and treatability is predicted by dissolved organic matter fluorescence. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118592. [PMID: 35613481 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Samples from fifty-five surface water resources and twenty-five drinking water treatment plants in Europe, Africa, Asia, and USA were used to analyse the fluorescence composition of global surface waters and predict aromaticity and treatability from fluorescence excitation emission matrices. Nine underlying fluorescence components were identified in the dataset using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and differences in aromaticity and treatability could be predicted from ratios between components Hii (λex/λem= 395/521), Hiii (λex/λem= 330/404), Pi, (λex/λem=290/365) and Pii (λex/λem= 275/302). Component Hii tracked humic acids of primarily plant origin, Hiii tracked weathered/oxidised humics and the "building block" fraction measured by LC-OCD, while Pi and Pii tracked amino acids in the "low molecular weight neutrals" LC-OCD fraction. Ratios between PARAFAC components predicted DOC removal at lab scale for French rivers in standardized tests involving coagulation, powdered activated carbon (PAC), chlorination, ion exchange (IEX), and ozonation, alone and in combination. The ratio Hii/Hiii, for convenience named "PARIX" standing for "PARAFAC index", predicted SUVA according to a simple relationship: SUVA = 4.0 x PARIX (RMSEp=0.55) Lmg-1m-1. These results expand the utility of fluorescence spectroscopy in water treatment applications, by demonstrating the existence of previously unknown relationships between fluorescence composition, aromaticity and treatability that appear to hold across diverse surface waters at various stages of drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Philibert
- SUEZ - CIRSEE, 38, rue du Président-Wilson, 78230, Le Pecq, France
| | - Simin Luo
- SUEZ - CIRSEE, 38, rue du Président-Wilson, 78230, Le Pecq, France
| | - Lavel Moussanas
- SUEZ - CIRSEE, 38, rue du Président-Wilson, 78230, Le Pecq, France
| | - Qingqing Yuan
- SUEZ - CIRSEE, 38, rue du Président-Wilson, 78230, Le Pecq, France
| | | | - Flavia Zraick
- SUEZ - CIRSEE, 38, rue du Président-Wilson, 78230, Le Pecq, France
| | - Kathleen R Murphy
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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19
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Du Y, An S, He H, Wen S, Xing P, Duan H. Production and transformation of organic matter driven by algal blooms in a shallow lake: Role of sediments. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118560. [PMID: 35576761 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The generation of organic matter (OM) occurs synchronously with phytoplankton growth. Characterization of the generated particulate and dissolved OM during algal blooms in eutrophic lakes is crucial for better understanding the carbon cycle but remains limited. We speculate that sediments play a critical role in the biogeochemical transformation of OM derived from algal blooms in shallow lakes. In this study, changes in OM quantity and quality and the concentrations of biogenic elements (nutrients and metals) during algal blooms, were studied in situ in a shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Chaohu, China). Two enclosure treatments in the presence and absence of sediments were compared, and the cause-effect relationships among sediment, nutrients, metals, phytoplankton, particulate OM (POM), and dissolved OM (DOM) were revealed by a partial least square-path model (PLS-PM). The results showed that the changes in nutrients and metals concentrations over time were consistent with that of chlorophyll a (Chl a), and at the end of the treatment, the concentrations of Chl a, nutrients, and metals in Treatment S (with sediments) were approximately 3-5 times of those in Treatment N (without sediments). The high concentration of Chl a in Treatment S resulted in a high quantity of POM, which showed low molecular weight, low humification, and was enriched in protein-like components (∼ 70%). For DOM, the quantity increased after the decrease in POM, and DOM quality showed a significantly higher abundance of humic-like components and a higher molecular weight than POM did. The PLS-PM results showed that the significant positive effects of sediment on nutrients, metals, phytoplankton, POM, and DOM were 0.28, 0.37, 0.28, 0.25, and 0.25, respectively, suggesting that sediment had an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of these substances. The significant negative relationship between POM and DOM (-0.62) and the distinct difference in POM and DOM quality implied the efficient transformation of the freshly generated OM to those with a higher molecular weight, higher humification, and potentially refractory. Our results depicted the quick biogeochemical transformation of nutrients, metals, and the potential formation of refractory organic carbon in water column, as driven by the couple of the algae pump with the microbial carbon pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- YingXun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - ShiLin An
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hu He
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - ShuaiLong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - HongTao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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20
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Berggren M, Guillemette F, Bieroza M, Buffam I, Deininger A, Hawkes JA, Kothawala DN, LaBrie R, Lapierre JF, Murphy KR, Al-Kharusi ES, Rulli MPD, Hensgens G, Younes H, Wünsch UJ. Unified understanding of intrinsic and extrinsic controls of dissolved organic carbon reactivity in aquatic ecosystems. Ecology 2022; 103:e3763. [PMID: 35612376 PMCID: PMC9540823 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite our growing understanding of the global carbon cycle, scientific consensus on the drivers and mechanisms that control dissolved organic carbon (DOC) turnover in aquatic systems is lacking, hampered by the mismatch between research that approaches DOC reactivity from either intrinsic (inherent chemical properties) or extrinsic (environmental context) perspectives. Here we propose a conceptual view of DOC reactivity in which the combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors controls turnover rates and determines which reactions will occur. We review three major types of reactions (biological, photochemical, and flocculation) from an intrinsic chemical perspective and further define the environmental features that modulate the expression of chemically inherent reactivity potential. Finally, we propose hypotheses of how extrinsic and intrinsic factors together shape patterns in DOC turnover across the land‐to‐ocean continuum, underscoring that there is no intrinsic DOC reactivity without environmental context. By acknowledging the intrinsic–extrinsic control duality, our framework intends to foster improved modeling of DOC reactivity and its impact on ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berggren
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - François Guillemette
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada.,Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie (GRIL), Montréal, Canada
| | - Magdalena Bieroza
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ishi Buffam
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Anne Deininger
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Coastal Research (CCR), University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Jeffrey A Hawkes
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dolly N Kothawala
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard LaBrie
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie (GRIL), Montréal, Canada.,Département des Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lapierre
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie (GRIL), Montréal, Canada.,Département des Sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kathleen R Murphy
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Enass S Al-Kharusi
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mayra P D Rulli
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Geert Hensgens
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hani Younes
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Urban J Wünsch
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Wells MJM, Hooper J, Mullins GA, Bell KY. Development of a fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC model for potable water reuse monitoring: Implications for inter-component protein-fulvic-humic interactions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153070. [PMID: 35063528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the surrogate parameters total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon (TOC/DOC) is not adequate, alone, to reveal nuances in organic character for optimizing treatment in potable water reuse. Alternatively, analyzing each organic compound contributing to the surrogate measurement is not possible. As an additional analytical tool applied between these extremes, the use of excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy with PARAllel FACtor (EEM-PARAFAC) analysis was investigated in this research to track categories (components) or families of organic compounds during treatment in recycled water schemes. Although not all organic molecules fluoresce, many do, and fluorescence helps track their fate through water treatment processes. The sites investigated in this research were Lake Lanier, in Gwinnett County, Georgia, USA; the F. Wayne Hill Water Resources Center (FWH WRC) advanced wastewater treatment facility; and two pilot facilities operated in parallel representing the current indirect potable reuse (IPR) scheme as well as a pilot that evaluated direct potable reuse (DPR). A four-component nonnegativity PARAFAC model-elucidating protein-like (including tyrosine- and tryptophan-like fluorescence in a single component), soluble microbial product (SMP)-like, fulvic-like, and humic-like components-was fitted to the data. Each of the four components was spectrally and mathematically separated, implying that the fluorescing SMP-like component was not comprised of protein-, fulvic-, or humic-like components. PARAFAC excitation loadings with dual (double) pairs of fluorescing regions centered at the same emission wavelengths but different excitation wavelengths oriented parallel to the excitation axis and perpendicular to the emission axis were attributed to individual PARAFAC components. Significantly, the observation of PARAFAC emission loadings with multiple peaks-where the protein-like component exhibited fluorescence in both protein and fulvic/humic regions-is proposed to signify an intermolecular energy transfer (< 10 nm). Correct identification of EEM-PARAFAC components is fundamental to understanding water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gene A Mullins
- Chemistry Department, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, United States.
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22
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Xiao K, Horn H, Abbt-Braun G. "Humic substances" measurement in sludge dissolved organic matter: A critical assessment of current methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133608. [PMID: 35033510 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of humic substances (HS) during sludge treatment has been the focus in recent years. Quantification of HS in sludge dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the chemical and structural characterization of HS data are the prerequisite for understanding their role during different sludge treatment processes. Currently, a number of published articles inadequately acknowledge fundamental principles of analysis methods both in terms of experimental approach and data analysis. Therefore, a more comprehensive and detailed description of the experimental methods and the data analysis are needed. In this study, the current used methods for HS quantification in DOM of sludge had been tested for different calibration and sludge DOM samples. The results indicated that the current methods showed overestimated and contradictory results for HS quantification in sludge DOM. To be specific, using the modified Lowry method, different values were obtained depending on the humic acids used for calibration, and false negative results were observed for some sludge samples. By using the relative amount of HS (based on dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) to total sludge DOM (based on DOC), variations among the results of different analysis methods for the same sample were high. According to the calculated Bray-Curtis dissimilarity indexes, the results for HS quantification obtained by three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (3D-EEM), either with spectra analysis methods by peak picking, fluorescence region integration (both region volume and area integration), or PARAllel FACtor analysis showed higher degrees of dissimilarity to those quantified by size exclusion liquid chromatography or XAD-8 method. The selection of fluorescence regions for HS seemed to be the determining factor for overestimation obtained by the 3D-EEM technique. In future work, strategies, like a consistent terminology of HS, the use of an internal standard sample, and the related standardized operation for HS quantification in sludge DOM need to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Xiao
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany; School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Harald Horn
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany; DVGW Research Center, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gudrun Abbt-Braun
- Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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23
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Gong C, Jiao R, Yan W, Yu Q, Li Q, Zhang P, Li Y, Wang D. Enhanced chemodiversity, distinctive molecular signature and diurnal dynamics of dissolved organic matter in streams of two headwater catchments, Southeastern China. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 211:118052. [PMID: 35065339 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complicated assembly of organic molecules, including thousands of molecules with various structures and properties. However, how the stream DOM sources respond to carbon compositions and the transformation processes remains unclear. In this study, the chemical characteristics and spectral and mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) of DOM were analyzed. Six sampling points of headwater stream (HWSs) were sampled, and an effluent polluted stream (WSR) and a main stream of the Changjiang River (DT) were also sampled for comparison. In situ degradation experiments and FT-ICR MS analysis were also performed to observe the dynamic processes of DOM in HWS. The results showed that the anthropogenic markers of sewage (i.e. sulfur (S) compounds and marker from antibiotics and estrogen) in HWS were higher than those in DT. The molecular weight decreased while the degradation products (S-containing compounds and unsaturated compounds (HU)) increased after in situ degradation due to the influence of both the photodegradation and biodegradation process. In addition, the KMD plots showed that the DOM homologue intensities in range 400-600 Da changed significantly after demethylation by biodegradation. The components of highly refractory substances and the degradation degree of DOM in DT was higher than that in HWS. We extracted the refractory DOM pool in HWS, which was mainly small molecular with molecular weights < 600 Da. These molecular will be difficult to remove in traditional drinking water treatment processes and easily produced disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This study emphasized the necessity of identifying the sources and transformation processes of DOM in HWS and clarified the types and characteristics of DOM that should be considered in future drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gong
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu city, Zhejiang Province, 322000, China
| | - Weijin Yan
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Qibiao Yu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qingqian Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanqiang Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu city, Zhejiang Province, 322000, China.
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24
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Silva L, Calleja ML, Huete-Stauffer TM, Ivetic S, Ansari MI, Viegas M, Morán XAG. Heterotrophic Bacterioplankton Growth and Physiological Properties in Red Sea Tropical Shallow Ecosystems With Different Dissolved Organic Matter Sources. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:784325. [PMID: 35046913 PMCID: PMC8762102 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.784325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the key role of heterotrophic bacterioplankton in the biogeochemistry of tropical coastal waters, their dynamics have been poorly investigated in relation to the different dissolved organic matter (DOM) pools usually available. In this study we conducted four seasonal incubations of unfiltered and predator-free seawater (Community and Filtered treatment, respectively) at three Red Sea coastal sites characterized by different dominant DOM sources: Seagrass, Mangrove, and Phytoplankton. Bacterial abundance, growth and physiological status were assessed by flow cytometry and community composition by 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The Seagrass site showed the highest initial abundances (6.93 ± 0.30 × 105 cells mL-1), coincident with maximum DOC concentrations (>100 μmol C L-1), while growth rates peaked at the Mangrove site (1.11 ± 0.09 d-1) and were consistently higher in the Filtered treatment. The ratio between the Filtered and Community maximum bacterial abundance (a proxy for top-down control by protistan grazers) showed minimum values at the Seagrass site (1.05 ± 0.05) and maximum at the Phytoplankton site (1.24 ± 0.30), suggesting protistan grazing was higher in open waters, especially in the first half of the year. Since the Mangrove and Seagrass sites shared a similar bacterial diversity, the unexpected lack of bacterial response to predators removal at the latter site should be explained by differences in DOM characteristics. Nitrogen-rich DOM and fluorescent protein-like components were significantly associated with enhanced specific growth rates along the inshore-offshore gradient. Our study confirms the hypotheses that top-down factors control bacterial standing stocks while specific growth rates are bottom-up controlled in representative Red Sea shallow, oligotrophic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Silva
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Ll. Calleja
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Climate Geochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tamara M. Huete-Stauffer
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Snjezana Ivetic
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd I. Ansari
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Miguel Viegas
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xosé Anxelu G. Morán
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón/Xixón (IEO, CSIC), Gijón, Spain
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25
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Kong X, Jendrossek T, Ludwichowski KU, Marx U, Koch BP. Solid-Phase Extraction of Aquatic Organic Matter: Loading-Dependent Chemical Fractionation and Self-Assembly. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15495-15504. [PMID: 34735124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component in marine and freshwater environments and plays a fundamental role in global biogeochemical cycles. In the past, optical and molecular-level analytical techniques evolved and improved our mechanistic understanding about DOM fluxes. For most molecular chemical techniques, sample desalting and enrichment is a prerequisite. Solid-phase extraction has been widely applied for concentrating and desalting DOM. The major aim of this study was to constrain the influence of sorbent loading on the composition of DOM extracts. Here, we show that increased loading resulted in reduced extraction efficiencies of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), fluorescence and absorbance, and polar organic substances. Loading-dependent optical and chemical fractionation induced by the altered adsorption characteristics of the sorbent surface (styrene divinylbenzene polymer) and increased multilayer adsorption (DOM self-assembly) can fundamentally affect biogeochemical interpretations, such as the source of organic matter. Online fluorescence monitoring of the permeate flow allowed to empirically model the extraction process and to assess the degree of variability introduced by changing the sorbent loading in the extraction procedure. Our study emphasizes that it is crucial for sample comparison to keep the relative DOC loading (DOCload [wt %]) on the sorbent always similar to avoid chemical fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Kong
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Thomas Jendrossek
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Ludwichowski
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ute Marx
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Boris P Koch
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
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26
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Mangalgiri K, Cheng Z, Cervantes S, Spencer S, Liu H. UV-based advanced oxidation of dissolved organic matter in reverse osmosis concentrate from a potable water reuse facility: A Parallel-Factor (PARAFAC) analysis approach. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117585. [PMID: 34478993 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disposal of reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from advanced water purification facilities is a challenge associated with the implementation of reverse osmosis-based treatment of municipal wastewater effluent for potable reuse. In particular, the dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in ROC diminishes the quality of the receiving water upon environmental disposal and affects the toxicity, fate, and transport of organic contaminants. This study investigates UV-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) for treating DOM in ROC using a Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) approach. DOM composition and degradation were tested in UV-only and three UV-AOPs using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), free chlorine (Cl2), and persulfate (S2O82-). The four-component PARAFAC model consisted of two terrestrial humic-like components (CUVH and CVisH), a wastewater/nutrient tracer component (CNuTr), and a protein-like (tyrosine-like) component (CPrTy). Based on the observed loss in the maximum fluorescence intensity of the components, DOM degradation was determined to be dependent on UV fluence, oxidant dose, and dilution factor of the ROC (i.e., bulk DOM concentration). CVisH was most the photolabile component in the UV-only system, followed by CNuTr, CPrTy, and CUVH, respectively. Furthermore, UV-H2O2 and UV-S2O82- displayed faster overall reaction kinetics compared to UV-Cl2. The degradation trends suggested that CNuTr and CPrTy consisted of chemical moieties that were susceptible to reactive oxygen species (HO•) but not reactive chlorine species; whereas, CVisH was sensitive to all reactive species generated in the three UV-AOPs. Compared to other components, CPrTy was recalcitrant in all treatment scenarios tested. Calculations using chemical probe-based analysis also confirmed these trends in the reactivity of DOM components. The outcomes of this study form a foundation for characterizing ROC reactivity in UV-AOP treatment technologies, to ultimately improve the sustainability of water reuse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiranmayi Mangalgiri
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Zhiwen Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Sheila Cervantes
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Samantha Spencer
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Program of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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27
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Agostino A, Rao NRH, Paul S, Zhang Z, Leslie G, Le-Clech P, Henderson R. Polymer leachates emulate naturally derived fluorescent dissolved organic matter: Understanding and managing sample container interferences. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117614. [PMID: 34492363 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy has become a fundamental tool for the qualitative and quantitative fingerprinting of dissolved organic matter. Due to the inherent sensitivity of the technique, a strict sampling protocol should be followed to ensure sample integrity. A literature survey conducted as part of this research determined that 27% of fluorescence sampling has been conducted in polymeric containers, while 52% did not report. Given the potential for fluorescence leachates to arise from plastics commonly used in sampling bottles, a systematic laboratory investigation was undertaken to assess the likelihood of leachate contamination and consequent interferences. It was observed that characteristic fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) leachates from standard polypropylene sampling containers were produced at environmentally relevant peaks, Peak T (λEx/λEm: 250/349 nm) and B (λEx/λEm: 250/306 nm), commonly attributed to tryptophan-like and tyrosine-like molecular origins. Leachate fluorescence and concentration generally increased with elevated storage temperatures (>4 °C), sample acidification, container steam sterilisation and in new containers, with variability across different manufactured batches. For example, at ambient storage temperatures, the highest observed leachate intensity could contribute an error equivalent to as much as 98% (Peak T) and 2062% (Peak B) for highly treated water or 28% (Peak T) and 398% (Peak B) for surface water. For leachates formed under typical conditions, i.e., 3-day fridge storage, this reduced to 9% (Peak T) and 15% (Peak B) or 3% (Peak T/B) for the same water samples. In addition, PP was found to be typically unsuitable for DOC measurements, except under strict conditions (well-aged containers in short term cold storage). Consequently, we demonstrate the need for container material reporting, refrigerated storage, steam sterilisation avoidance, and the importance of glass usage for low FDOM samples. Future research should investigate the potential for polymer-based pollution as a potential origin of environmentally sampled FDOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Agostino
- Algae & Organic Matter Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Narasinga Rao Hanumanth Rao
- Algae & Organic Matter Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Sean Paul
- Algae & Organic Matter Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Zijun Zhang
- Algae & Organic Matter Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Greg Leslie
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science & Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Pierre Le-Clech
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science & Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Rita Henderson
- Algae & Organic Matter Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
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28
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Amaral V, Ortega T, Romera-Castillo C, Forja J. Linkages between greenhouse gases (CO 2, CH 4, and N 2O) and dissolved organic matter composition in a shallow estuary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147863. [PMID: 34134393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine systems receive large amounts of organic matter that enhance the production of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Despite considerable research on GHGs and dissolved organic matter (DOM) distribution in estuaries, little is known about the linkage between these gases and DOM composition. Here we evaluated the relationship between three GHGs (CO2, CH4, and N2O) and DOM composition, determined through optical properties, in Guadalete estuary (Bay of Cadiz, Spain). The partial pressure of CO2, and CH4 and N2O concentrations ranged between 332.8 and 6807.1 μatm, 19.9-6440.1 nM, and 6.8-283.9 nM, respectively. Thus, the Guadalete estuary was a source of CO2, CH4 and N2O to the atmosphere. We validated three PARAFAC components related to humic-like fluorescence from terrestrial, microbial and effluent sources, and one with protein-like material. Humic-like components accounted for 86% ± 6% of the total FDOM pool, indicating a predominantly allochthonous DOM origin. The three GHGs were significantly linked to DOC concentration and DOM composition, exhibiting different patterns in these linkages. Terrestrial and microbial humic-like substances with increasing aromaticity might enhance pCO2 in Guadalete estuary. Dissolved CH4 concentrations showed the strongest relationship with DOM composition, indicating that humic and protein-like material are linked with their distribution. In contrast, dissolved N2O was only related with the protein-like fraction and with humic-like material derived from anthropogenic activities (sewage and agriculture). Our results further indicate that a possible coupling between benthic fluxes of GHGs and DOM might be occurring in this shallow estuary. We conclude that it is important to account for DOM composition when studying GHGs distribution in estuarine systems to understand their roles and potential responses associated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Amaral
- Departamento de Química-Física, INMAR, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Acuáticos, Centro Universitario Regional Este, Universidad de la República, Rocha, Uruguay.
| | - T Ortega
- Departamento de Química-Física, INMAR, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - J Forja
- Departamento de Química-Física, INMAR, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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29
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Pitta E, Zeri C. The impact of combining data sets of fluorescence excitation - emission matrices of dissolved organic matter from various aquatic sources on the information retrieved by PARAFAC modeling. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 258:119800. [PMID: 33892306 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite that fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) has been widely used in the investigation of Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter (FDOM) in aquatic systems, the proper performance of PARAFAC analysis on datasets originating from various sources is not to be taken for granted. In this study, we examine the impact of the co-analysis of datasets from various natural water systems located in the same geographical region in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. For this purpose three datasets were formed representative of open sea waters (SW), rivers and streams (RV) and lagoons (LG). The Excitation Emission Matrices (EEMs) derived from fluorescence analysis were subjected to individual PARAFAC analysis per dataset as well as combined analyses i.e.: SWRV, SWLG, RVLG, ALL (SW-RV-LG). We evaluated the reliability of the components that were validated in the combined models through the investigation of model's residuals and components correlation. We also assessed the similarity of the common identified components among models in regards of: (a) spectral position, by calculating the Tucker congruence coefficient (TCC) of the excitation and emission loadings of the PARAFAC components, and (b) fluorescence intensity, through regression analysis of Fmax, among models. Our analysis showed that for natural waters of various sources within the same geographical region, combined PARAFAC modeling can have both negative as well as positive impact. In the case of the combined SWLG and RVLG models, the PARAFAC analysis was able to resolve the fulvic component that was initially observed only in the LG dataset and thus a new component for SW and RV datasets was resolved. The fulvic-like component was actually identified for the first time in the open sea using the combined datasets. Moreover in the combined SWRV analysis tyrosine-like component was resolved which was found initially only in the RV dataset. Contrary, tyrosine-like component was lost in the combined RVLG dataset. We also show that the resolution of extra components in a combined analysis is not always a good fit for the dataset and the model should be assessed in terms of residuals prior acceptance. Finally, our study proposes that the similarity of the common components between combined and individual models is largely dependent on the similarity between the components of the individual models and that the estimation of the Fmax of a component is probably less affected by data diversity compared to the estimation of its spectral position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Pitta
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavyssos 19013, Greece.
| | - Christina Zeri
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavyssos 19013, Greece
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30
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Cheng H, Ji R, Yao S, Song Y, Sun Q, Bian Y, Wang Z, Zhang L, Jiang X, Han J. Potential release of dissolved organic matter from agricultural residue-derived hydrochar: Insight from excitation emission matrix and parallel factor analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146712. [PMID: 33812102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potential release quantity and quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from hydrochar (HDOM) in various environmental conditions were investigated. Corn cobs were utilized as model agricultural residue to prepare the hydrochar. Four extracts, ultra-pure water, acid solution, alkali solution and salt solution, and two temperatures, 20 °C and 60 °C, were adopted to imitate various environmental conditions. Excitation-emission spectrophotometry with parallel factor analysis was used to evaluate the chemical properties of HDOM. The results showed that the dissolved organic carbon in the HDOM was high, ranging from 46 to 268 mg g-1. Four components were confirmed in the HDOM: mixed substances of humic-like and protein-like components, marine humic-like substances, terrestrial humic-like substances and tyrosine-like substances. Alkalinity and high temperature conditions could enhance the leaching amount of HDOM, particularly humic-like substances, and change the relative proportion of components and the chemical quality. In addition, values of the fluorescence indexes indicated that the HDOM was high microbial availability. Released HDOM may result in significant impacts in ecosystem functionality. These findings reveal the potential release characteristics of HDOM in the environment, opening new doors to understanding the environmental impacts of hydrochar and guiding its rational application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Cheng
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Huaian, Jiangsu 223100, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing Construction Engineering Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Rongting Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, PR China.
| | - Shi Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Yang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yongrong Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Ziquan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Longjiang Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Jiangang Han
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Huaian, Jiangsu 223100, PR China
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Kida M, Fujitake N, Kojima T, Tanabe Y, Hayashi K, Kudoh S, Dittmar T. Dissolved Organic Matter Processing in Pristine Antarctic Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10175-10185. [PMID: 34240854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated glacier melt and runoff may lead to inputs of labile dissolved organic matter (DOM) to downstream ecosystems and stimulate the associated biogeochemical processes. However, still little is known about glacial DOM composition and its downstream processing before entering the ocean, although the function of DOM in food webs and ecosystems largely depends on its composition. Here, we employ a set of molecular and optical techniques (UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry) to elucidate the composition of DOM in Antarctic glacial streams and its downstream change. Glacial DOM consisted largely of a mixture of small microbial-derived biomolecules. 1H NMR analysis of bulk water revealed that these small molecules were processed downstream into more complex, structurally unrecognizable molecules. The extent of processing varied between streams. By applying multivariate statistical (compositional data) analysis of the DOM molecular data, we identified molecular compounds that were tightly associated and moved in parallel in the glacial streams. Lakes in the middle of the flow paths enhanced water residence time and allowed for both more DOM processing and production. In conclusion, downstream processing of glacial DOM is substantial in Antarctica and affects the amounts of biologically labile substrates that enter the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morimaru Kida
- Research Group for Marine Geochemistry (ICBM-MPI Bridging Group), Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Street 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Nobuhide Fujitake
- Soil Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Taichi Kojima
- Soil Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tanabe
- National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
- Department of Polar Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hayashi
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Sakae Kudoh
- National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
- Department of Polar Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Thorsten Dittmar
- Research Group for Marine Geochemistry (ICBM-MPI Bridging Group), Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Street 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB) at the University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Street 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
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32
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Krachler R, Krachler RF. Northern High-Latitude Organic Soils As a Vital Source of River-Borne Dissolved Iron to the Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9672-9690. [PMID: 34251212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic soils in the Arctic-boreal region produce small aquatic humic ligands (SAHLs), a category of naturally occurring complexing agents for iron. Every year, large amounts of SAHLs-loaded with iron mobilized in river basins-reach the oceans via river runoff. Recent studies have shown that a fraction of SAHLs belong to the group of strong iron-binding ligands in the ocean. That means, their Fe(III) complexes withstand dissociation even under the conditions of extremely high dilution in the open ocean. Fe(III)-loaded SAHLs are prone to UV-photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge-transfer which leads to disintegration of the complex and, as a consequence, to enhanced concentrations of bioavailable dissolved Fe(II) in sunlit upper water layers. On the other hand, in water depths below the penetration depth of UV, the Fe(III)-loaded SAHLs are fairly resistant to degradation which makes them ideally suited as long-lived molecular transport vehicles for river-derived iron in ocean currents. At locations where SAHLs are present in excess, they can bind to iron originating from various sources. For example, SAHLs were proposed to contribute substantially to the stabilization of hydrothermal iron in deep North Atlantic waters. Recent discoveries have shown that SAHLs, supplied by the Arctic Great Rivers, greatly improve dissolved iron concentrations in the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean. In these regions, SAHLs play a critical role in relieving iron limitation of phytoplankton, thereby supporting the oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. The present Critical Review describes the most recent findings and highlights future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Krachler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; http://anorg-chemie.univie.ac.at
| | - Rudolf F Krachler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; http://anorg-chemie.univie.ac.at
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Park Y, MacIsaac SA, Kaur P, Brophy M, Gagnon GA. Monitoring the influence of wastewater effluent on a small drinking water system using EEM fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with a PARAFAC and PCA statistical approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:880-889. [PMID: 34008658 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of a statistical approach for the investigation of complex dissolved organic matter (DOM) sources in surface water within a recycled water system monitored by excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy is shown. The work in this manuscript utilize information extracted from EEM spectroscopy to characterize DOM in collected surface water samples along with a wastewater treatment plant to drinking water treatment plant, discussing that humic-like and protein-like DOM sources predominate in the investigated water samples. Five different fluorescent components were resolved, describing several different types of DOM with different excitation and emission spectra that were distinct among the watershed sampling sites and indicating the influences of anthropogenic impacts. In addition, these novel fluorescence parameters have potential to improve resolution to direct more targeted water quality monitoring approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Park
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Mikkeli, Finland. and Center of Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sean A MacIsaac
- Center of Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Michael Brophy
- Center of Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Graham A Gagnon
- Center of Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Zhang K, Sun P, Khan A, Zhang Y. Photochemistry of biochar during ageing process: Reactive oxygen species generation and benzoic acid degradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144630. [PMID: 33385810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the photogeneration of OH and 1O2 and the degradation mechanism of organic pollutants in biochar suspension under the simulated solar light irradiations were investigated. Biochar derived from rice husk with 550 °C of charring temperature (R550) was selected to degrade benzoic acid. It was found that 10 g/L of R550 could degrade 78.7% of benzoic acid within 360 min at pH 3, and the degradation efficiency was promoted to 95.2% as ultraviolet (UV) presented. By checking the production of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, UV accelerated the production of OH, which was confirmed by the enhanced degradation efficiency of 59.2% caused by the evaluated OH as UV appeared. The furfuryl alcohol loss in the R550 suspension under light irradiations testified to the production of 1O2, which contributed to 9.3% of benzoic acid degradation. Oxidization treatment using gradient concentrations of H2O2 was employed to enhance the ageing process of biochar. As the ageing processed, the biochar possessed a declined performance towards OH production from O2 activation and the radical degradation of organic pollutants. As a contrast, the evaluated content of 1O2 and enhanced non-radical degradation of organic pollutants was reached as UV presented. The further study indicated that phenolic hydroxyl groups on biochar facilitated the production of OH via the electron transfer, and quinone like structures (C=O) on biochar boosted the generation of 1O2 via the energy transfer. Moreover, upon eliminating the BA degradation, persistent free radicals were formed on biochar, which was enhanced owing to the presence of UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Peng Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Institute of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, PR China
| | - Aimal Khan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Zhou L, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Yao X, Shi K, Jeppesen E, Yu Q, Zhu W. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter in inland waters: Present knowledge and future challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143550. [PMID: 33246724 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle and energy flow of aquatic ecosystems. Thus, systematic and comprehensive understanding of CDOM dynamics is critically important for aquatic ecosystem management. CDOM spans multiple study fields, including analytical chemistry, biogeochemistry, water color remote sensing, and global environmental change. Here, we thoroughly summarize the progresses of recent studies focusing on the characterization, distribution, sources, composition, and fate of CDOM in inland waters. Characterization methods, remote sensing estimation, and biogeochemistry cycle processes were the hotspots of CDOM studies. Specifically, optical, isotope, and mass spectrometric techniques have been widely used to characterize CDOM abundance, composition, and sources. Remote sensing is an effective tool to map CDOM distribution with high temporal and spatial resolutions. CDOM dynamics are mainly determined by watershed-related processes, including rainfall discharge, groundwater, wastewater discharges/effluents, and biogeochemical cycling occurring in soil and water bodies. We highlight the underlying mechanisms of the photochemical degradation and microbial decomposition of CDOM, and emphasize that photochemical and microbial processes of CDOM in inland waters accelerate nutrient cycling and regeneration in the water column and also exacerbate global warming by releasing greenhouse gases. Future study directions to improve the understanding of CDOM dynamics in inland waters are proposed. This review provides an interdisciplinary view and new insights on CDOM dynamics in inland waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlin Zhang
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lei Zhou
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhou
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Liuqing Zhang
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaolong Yao
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Kun Shi
- Taihu Laboratory for Lake Ecosystem Research, State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100190, China; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Geoscience, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Weining Zhu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China.
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Wünsch UJ, Murphy K. A simple method to isolate fluorescence spectra from small dissolved organic matter datasets. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116730. [PMID: 33348069 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complex pool of compounds with a key role in the global carbon cycle. To understand its role in natural and engineered systems, efficient approaches are necessary for tracking DOM quality and quantity. Fluorescence spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) is very widely used to identify and quantify different fractions of DOM as proxies of DOM source, concentration and biogeochemical processing. A major limitation of the PARAFAC approach is the requirement for a large data set containing many variable samples in which the fractions vary independently. This severely curtails the possibilities to study fluorescence composition and behavior in small or unique datasets. Herein, we present a simple and inexpensive experimental procedure that makes it possible to mathematically decompose a small dataset containing only highly-correlated fluorescent fractions. The approach, which uses widely-available commercial extraction sorbents and previously established protocols to expand the original dataset and inject the missing chemical variability, can be widely implemented at low cost. A demonstration of the procedure shows how a robust six-component PARAFAC model can be extracted from even a river-water dataset with only five bulk samples. Widespread adoption of the procedure for analyzing small fluorescence datasets is needed to confirm the suspected ubiquity of certain DOM fluorescence fractions and to create a shared inventory of ubiquitous components. Such an inventory could greatly simplify and improve the use of fluorescence as a tool to investigate biogeochemical processing of DOM in diverse water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban J Wünsch
- Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Chalmers University of Technology, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Sven Hultins Gata 6, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kathleen Murphy
- Chalmers University of Technology, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Sven Hultins Gata 6, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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37
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Amaral V, Romera-Castillo C, Forja J. Submarine mud volcanoes as a source of chromophoric dissolved organic matter to the deep waters of the Gulf of Cádiz. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3200. [PMID: 33547356 PMCID: PMC7865021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Seafloor structures related to the emission of different fluids, such as submarine mud volcanoes (MVs), have been recently reported to largely contribute with dissolved organic matter (DOM) into the oceans. Submarine MVs are common structures in the Gulf of Cádiz. However, little is known about the biogeochemical processes that occur in these peculiar environments, especially those involving DOM. Here, we report DOM characterization in the sediment pore water of three MVs of the Gulf of Cádiz. Estimated benthic fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and chromophoric DOM (CDOM) were higher than in other marine sediments with an average of 0.11 ± 0.04 mmol m-2 d-1 for DOC and ranging between 0.11 and 2.86 m-1 L m-2 d-1, for CDOM. Protein-like components represented ~ 70% of the total fluorescent DOM (FDOM). We found that deep fluids migration from MVs (cold seeps) and anaerobic production via sulfate-reducing bacteria represent a source of DOC and FDOM to the overlying water column. Our results also indicate that fluorescent components can have many diverse sources not captured by common classifications. Overall, MVs act as a source of DOC, CDOM, and FDOM to the deep waters of the Gulf of Cádiz, providing energy to the microbial communities living there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Amaral
- Departamento de Química-Física, INMAR, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, España.
- Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Acuáticos, Centro Universitario Regional Este, Universidad de La República, Rocha, Uruguay.
| | | | - Jesús Forja
- Departamento de Química-Física, INMAR, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, España
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38
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Zhu X, Miller WL, Fichot CG. Simple Method to Determine the Apparent Quantum Yield Matrix of CDOM Photobleaching in Natural Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14096-14106. [PMID: 33095017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is considered an important loss process for CDOM absorption in sunlit natural waters, where it can regulate the biota's exposure to sunlight, surface solar heating, and dissolved organic matter dynamics. Despite its importance, this sink remains poorly quantified, primarily because of the difficulty of determining photobleaching apparent quantum yields (AQYs) that capture the dual spectral dependency of this process and are applicable to polychromatic sunlight. Here, we present a simple method to determine a CDOM photobleaching AQY matrix (AQY-M) for natural water samples that does not require any a priori assumptions about the spectral dependency of photobleaching. It combines controlled irradiation experiments, a partial least-square regression, and an optimization procedure to produce AQY-Ms that are spectrally coherent and optimized for modeling accurate photobleaching rates in natural waters. Water temperature and the solar exposure history of CDOM had a major influence on the magnitude and spectral characteristics of the AQY-M. These factors should be considered when determining the AQY-M of samples and provide constraints when modeling photobleaching rates in natural waters. We expect that this effective method will provide future studies with a robust means to characterize and understand the variability of AQY-M in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - William L Miller
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Cédric G Fichot
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Trubetskaya OE, Richard C, Patsaeva SV, Trubetskoj OA. Evaluation of aliphatic/aromatic compounds and fluorophores in dissolved organic matter of contrasting natural waters by SEC-HPLC with multi-wavelength absorbance and fluorescence detections. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 238:118450. [PMID: 32413721 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The analytical high performance size exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC) with multi-wavelength absorbance and fluorescence detections and fluorescence 3D-excitation/emission matrix (EEM) were used for the analysis of average molecular size (MS), molecular size distribution of aliphatic/aromatic compounds and fluorophores in dissolved organic matter (DOM) from Suwannee River (SRDOM) and two Karelian lakes (Vodoprovodnoe Lake - L1DOM and Onego Lake - L2DOM). The average MS of DOM samples varied in the order SRDOM > L1DOM > L2DOM. The absorbance ratios A250/A365 and A210/A254 have been used for the DOM samples characterization. The absorbance ratio A250/A365 provided significant information about average MS of the bulk aquatic DOMs but was not exactly correlated with the results of SEC-HPLC data. The absorbance ratio A210/A254 in combination with SEC was well correlated with the content of DOM aliphatic/aromatic compounds and could be used as an important water quality index to estimate the level of protein-like material in the aquatic DOM. Regardless of the origin (river or lakes), different geographical locations and different average MS of DOM, several similar types of humic-like SEC-separated fluorophores were found within the samples. In all DOM samples the decrease of the fluorophores emission maxima paralleled the decrease of their relative MS. The combination of SEC-HPLC with multi-wavelength fluorescence and absorbance detection and EEM analyses appears very useful for DOM characterization and for tracking of microbial activity resulting from anthropogenic and/or eutrophic impact in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga E Trubetskaya
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Claire Richard
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Equipe Photochimie, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, F-63171 Aubiere, France
| | - Svetlana V Patsaeva
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Oleg A Trubetskoj
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia.
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Zhou Y, Xiao Q, Zhou L, Jang KS, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Lee X, Qin B, Brookes JD, Davidson TA, Jeppesen E. Are nitrous oxide emissions indirectly fueled by input of terrestrial dissolved organic nitrogen in a large eutrophic Lake Taihu, China? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:138005. [PMID: 32208291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lakes actively transform nitrogen (N) and emit disproportionately large amounts of N2O relative to their surface area. Studies have investigated the relative importance of denitrification or nitrification on N2O emissions; however, the linkage between N2O efflux and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and carbon (DOC) remains largely unknown. Long-term (2012-2017) seasonal field observations and a series of degradation experiments were used to unravel how DON composition impacts N2O emissions from Lake Taihu, China. In the northwestern part of the lake, large riverine inflow and high N2O emissions occur in all seasons (24.6 ± 25.2 μmol m-2 d-1), coincident with high levels of terrestrial DON and DOC here. The degradation of labile DON and DOC likely enhanced ammonification as supported by the correlations between NH4+-N and DON, DOC, a(350), and terrestrial humic-like C3. The area with large riverine inputs in the northwestern part of the lake was characterized by low DO which may enhance incomplete aerobic nitrification and incomplete denitrification, both leading to N2O production. Twenty days laboratory experiments indicated greater N2O production in the northwest inflow samples (N2O on day 20: 120.9 nmol L-1 and 17.3 nmol L-1 for bio- and photo-degradation samples, respectively) compared with the central lake samples (N2O on day 20: 20.3 nmol L-1 and 12.3 nmol L-1 for bio- and photo-degradation samples, respectively), despite both having low Chl-a. Our DON and DOC degradation experiments confirmed the occurrence of ammonification along with consumption of NH4+-N and thereafter NO3--N. Our results collectively suggest that terrestrial DON fueled ammonification, enhanced nitrification and incomplete denitrification, and thereby became an important contributor to the N2O efflux from Lake Taihu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qitao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Biomedical Omics Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, South Korea
| | - Yunlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mi Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xuhui Lee
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Boqiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Justin D Brookes
- Water Research Centre, Environment Institute, School of Biological Science, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Thomas A Davidson
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100190, China
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Qian C, Chen W, Gong B, Yu HQ. Determination of Saccharides in Environments Using a Sulfuric Acid-Fluorescence Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6632-6638. [PMID: 32243759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate, rapid, and reliable quantification of saccharides is essential for understanding their behaviors and roles in environmental processes. However, the conventional colorimetric method for saccharide quantification fails to discriminate between fructose and glucose, resulting in the misestimation of total saccharides. To solve this problem, a fluorescence approach, that is, parallel factor framework-linear regression analysis, was developed in this work to quantify the specific fluorescence signatures of the fluorescent products generated from the reaction between saccharides and sulfuric acid. The fluorescent derivatives of saccharides were recognized and the simultaneous quantification of glucose and fructose was achieved with a detection limit of 2.9 μg/mL and 1.3 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, 200 μg/mL of the treated sorbitol and gluconic acid only, respectively, equaled to 6 μg/mL and 3 μg/mL of the treated glucose, indicating their negligible interference for the saccharide quantification using this method. In addition, the feasibility and robustness of this method in environmental applications were validated with the recovery tests using spiked real water samples. This fluorescence-based approach offers a new tool to monitor saccharides in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Bo Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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42
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El-Nahhal I, Redon R, Raynaud M, El-Nahhal Y, Mounier S. Characterization of the fate and changes of post-irradiance fluorescence signal of filtered anthropogenic effluent dissolved organic matter from wastewater treatment plant in the coastal zone of Gapeau river. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:23141-23158. [PMID: 32333342 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic effluent dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in coastal zone pollution. The objectives of the present study were to characterize the fluorescence signal of anthropogenic effluent DOM from wastewater treatment plant and to evaluate the effect of solar irradiation on the fluorescence signal in the coastal zone. Solar irradiation experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect photochemical degradation using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) method combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Results showed high fluorescence of DOM before irradiation and the intensity tends to decrease after 4th and 15th day of irradiation. Rapid photochemical degradation of humic-like fluorophores and appearance of a post-irradiance dominant anthropogenic effluent DOM fluorophores were also observed after irradiation. Our experiments showed a sharp reduction in fluorescence intensity which occurred after 4th day of solar irradiation and the fluorescence signal did not disappeared after 15th day indicating the formation of a specific signal due to solar irradiation. PARAFAC model divided the bulk EEM spectra into three individual fluorescent components with C1 "terrestrial humic-like" and C2 "humic-like of longer wavelength" and C3 is a noisy component with two emission maxima. Multilinear regression of PARAFAC components contribution with mixing composition was most suitable according to the equation C*i = AWWi,0 + AWWi,1.fSW + AWWi,2.fRW, where C*i is the normalized contribution of PARAFAC component number i in a given irradiation day; AWWi,0, AWWi,1, AWWi,2 are the multilinear regression coefficients and contain implicitly the effect of fWW; and WW, SW, and RW are treated wastewater, sea water, and river water respectively. The values of AWWi,0, AWWi,1, and AWWi,2 fitted second-order kinetics with irradiation process with kinetic constant of 9.68, - 987.35, and - 977.67 respectively for C1 equation and the same trend for C2 and no values for C3 due to its noisy character indicating the rapid degradation with increase of fSW and fRW and the predominance of the residual fluorescence coming from fWW which is the content fraction of anthropogenic effluent DOM because AWWi,0 was 100 times less sensitive to photobleaching. A suitable model for predicting the fluorescence EEMs as a function of mixing composition was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim El-Nahhal
- CNRS, IRD, MIO, Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CS 60584, 83041, Toulon Cedex 9, France.
| | - Roland Redon
- CNRS, IRD, MIO, Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CS 60584, 83041, Toulon Cedex 9, France
| | - Michel Raynaud
- CNRS, IRD, MIO, Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CS 60584, 83041, Toulon Cedex 9, France
| | - Yasser El-Nahhal
- Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Islamic University-Gaza, P.O Box 108, 00970, Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
| | - Stéphane Mounier
- CNRS, IRD, MIO, Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CS 60584, 83041, Toulon Cedex 9, France
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Granados V, Gutiérrez-Cánovas C, Arias-Real R, Obrador B, Harjung A, Butturini A. The interruption of longitudinal hydrological connectivity causes delayed responses in dissolved organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136619. [PMID: 31958729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrology is the main driver of dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams. However, it is still unclear how the timing and the spatial variation in flow connectivity affect the dynamics of DOM and inorganic solutes. This study focuses on the impact of flow cessation on the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of DOM quantity and quality along an intermittent stream. We monitored a headwater intermittent stream at high spatial and temporal frequencies during a summer drying episode and analysed dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and its spectroscopic properties, inorganic solutes and dissolved CO2. The drying period determined the disruption of the fluvial continuum with a recession of stream continuum at a rate of ~60 m/d and the gradual formation of a patched system of isolated pools of different sizes. Our results showed that the period of time that had elapsed since isolated pool formation (CI-days) was an essential factor for understanding how drying shaped the biogeochemistry of the fluvial system. Overall, drying caused a high DOC concentration and an increase in the humic-like fluorescence signal. Additionally, solutes showed contrasting responses to hydrological disconnection. Electrical conductivity, for instance, is a clear "sentinel" of the fragmentation process because it starts to increase before the hydrological disruption occurs. In contrast, DOC, most spectroscopic DOM descriptors and CO2 showed delayed responses of approximately 5-21 days after the formation of isolated pools. Furthermore, the spatial location and volume of each isolated pool seemed to exert a significant impact on most variables. In contrast, the temperature did not follow a clear pattern. These findings indicate that the fragmentation of longitudinal hydrological connectivity does not induce a single biogeochemical response but rather stimulates a set of solute-specific responses that generates a complex biogeochemical mosaic in a single fluvial unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Granados
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cayetano Gutiérrez-Cánovas
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rebeca Arias-Real
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Biel Obrador
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Astrid Harjung
- Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Butturini
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Ndiweni SN, Chys M, Chaukura N, Van Hulle SWH, Nkambule TTI. PARAFAC model as an innovative tool for monitoring natural organic matter removal in water treatment plants. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 81:1786-1796. [PMID: 32644971 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increase of fluorescent natural organic matter (fNOM) fractions during drinking water treatment might lead to an increased coagulant dose and filter clogging, and can be a precursor for disinfection by-products. Consequently, efficient fNOM removal is essential, for which characterisation of fNOM fractions is crucial. This study aims to develop a robust monitoring tool for assessing fNOM fractions across water treatment processes. To achieve this, water samples were collected from six South African water treatment plants (WTPs) during winter and summer, and two plants in Belgium during spring. The removal of fNOM was monitored by assessing fluorescence excitation-emission matrices datasets using parallel factor analysis. The removal of fNOM during summer for South African WTPs was in the range 69-85%, and decreased to 42-64% in winter. In Belgian WTPs, fNOM removal was in the range 74-78%. Principal component analysis revealed a positive correlation between total fluorescence and total organic carbon (TOC). However, TOC had an insignificant contribution to the factors affecting fNOM removal. Overall, the study demonstrated the appearance of fNOM in the final chlorinated water, indicating that fNOM requires a customised monitoring technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikelelwa N Ndiweni
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Michael Chys
- LIWET, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; † Present address: VEG-i-TEC, Ghent University, Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Stijn W H Van Hulle
- LIWET, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Thabo T I Nkambule
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, 1709, Johannesburg, South Africa E-mail:
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45
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Ghigo G, Vione D, Berto S. Experimental and theoretical study of the fluorescence emission of ferulic acid: Possible insights into the fluorescence properties of humic substances. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 228:117587. [PMID: 31707022 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ferulic acid ((E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)prop-2-enoic acid, hereinafter FA) is a building block of plant cell walls that is commonly found in lignocellulose. As such, it is a potential component of humic substances produced by microbial degradation of plant spoils. The fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectra of FA have an interesting humic-like shape, with bands that can be assimilated to the A and C regions of humic substances. Therefore, the study of FA photoluminescence might provide interesting insight into the still unknown processes that lay behind the fluorescence properties of humic compounds. FA is a weak diprotic acid that occurs in three different forms in aqueous solution (neutral H2FA, singly deprotonated HFA- and doubly deprotonated FA2-), which have slightly different absorption and emission properties. The "A-like" fluorescence emission of the FA species is accounted for by excitation from the ground singlet state S0 to singlet excited states higher than the first (S4 for H2FA, S5 for HFA-, and a state higher than S2 for FA2-), followed by radiationless deactivation to the first excited singlet state (S1), and by fluorescence emission according to the S1 → S0 transition. In contrast, the "C-like" emission is mainly caused by S0 → S1 excitation combined with S1 → S0 emission, but there is also a minor contribution from the S0 → S2 excitation that becomes significant for HFA-. The uneven variations with pH of the wavelengths of the maximum FA radiation absorption and fluorescence emission can be rationalised in the framework of the energy levels of the frontier (HOMO and LUMO) molecular orbitals of the different FA species. These levels are affected by charge interaction between the relevant electrons and the neutral (protonated) or negative (deprotonated) groups of each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ghigo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5,7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5,7, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Berto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5,7, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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46
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Ulliman SL, Korak JA, Linden KG, Rosario-Ortiz FL. Methodology for selection of optical parameters as wastewater effluent organic matter surrogates. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115321. [PMID: 31877555 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Absorbance- and fluorescence-based optical parameters are commonly used as surrogates in engineered systems, but there is no systematic approach for selecting robust parameters. This study develops a methodology that is applied to a case study of differentiating wastewater effluent organic matter from naturally-derived organic matter. The methodology defines criteria to identify optical parameters that could detect statistically significant compositional differences in organic matter, independent of organic matter concentration, and measure fluorescence-based parameters with low susceptibility to inner filter effects. The criteria were applied to 26 parameters that were measured for 11 pairs of source water and conventionally-treated wastewater samples collected from sites with varied spatial and temporal conditions. Only two parameters, apparent fluorescence quantum yield measured at excitation 370 nm and fluorescence peak ratio A:T, met the criteria across all sites. These results demonstrate and encourage an objective and robust process for selecting optical surrogates for organic matter characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney L Ulliman
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States
| | - Julie A Korak
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States.
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado, 80309, United States.
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47
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Lin H, Guo L. Variations in Colloidal DOM Composition with Molecular Weight within Individual Water Samples as Characterized by Flow Field-Flow Fractionation and EEM-PARAFAC Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1657-1667. [PMID: 31894973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence excitation emission matrices (EEM) and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis have been widely used in the characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the aquatic continuum. However, large sample sets are typically needed for establishing a meaningful EEM-PARAFAC model. Applications of the EEM-PARAFAC technique to individual samples require new approaches. Here, flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF) combined with offline EEM measurements and PARAFAC analysis was used to elucidate the dynamic changes in DOM composition/optical properties with molecular weight within individual samples. FlFFF-derived size spectra of ultrafiltration-isolated colloidal DOM show that peak-C related fluorophores (Ex/Em= 350/450 nm) are present mostly in the 1-3 kDa size range, while peak-T associated fluorophores (Ex/Em = 275/340 nm) have a bimodal distribution with peaks in both the 1-3 kDa and the >100 kDa size fractions. The integrated EEM spectra from FlFFF size-fractionated subsamples closely resembled the bulk EEM spectra, attesting to the convincing comparability between bulk and FlFFF size-fractionated EEMs. The PARAFAC-derived DOM components are distinctive among individual samples with the predominant components being humic-like in river water, but protein-like in a highly eutrophic lagoon sample. This compelling new approach combining FlFFF and EEM-PARAFAC can be used to decipher the dynamic changes in size spectra and composition of individual DOM samples from sources to sinks or across the redox/hydrological/trophic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- School of Freshwater Sciences , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 600 E Greenfield Ave. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53204 , United States
| | - Laodong Guo
- School of Freshwater Sciences , University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 600 E Greenfield Ave. , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53204 , United States
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48
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Li S, Hou X, Shi Y, Huang T, Yang H, Huang C. Rapid photodegradation of terrestrial soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) with abundant humic-like substances under simulated ultraviolet radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:103. [PMID: 31915995 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation exhibits a significant degradation for dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural water ecosystems. However, research on photodegradation process of terrestrial components (e.g., humic-like substances) of DOM are limited due to drastic water dilution and rapid degradation. Here, photochemical degradation of terrestrial soil DOM with abundant humic-like substances from different land use were investigated by utilizing spectral technologies. Simulated UV radiation caused obvious losses on concentration, component structures, and fluorescence characteristic of soil DOM samples. The correlations between absorption specific parameters (a280, SUVA254, and SR) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were especially pronounced (p < 0.05), which could be used as valid indicators to determine changes in DOM composition and molecular size during photobleaching process. The decreases of DOM fluorescence intensity were corresponded to first-order kinetic and half-life reactions. The greatest reduction on fluorescence intensity (31.56-81.97%) belonged to peak C (i.e., humic-like substances). Overall, DOM from forest and grass soil ecosystems was more easily photochemical degraded than anthropogenic soil DOM. Enhancive contribution of fresh DOM formed by photodegradation increased autochthonous characteristic and bioavailable nutrition by increasing biological index (BIX) values and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentration. The slight microbial decomposition effects on DOM happened in unsterilized dark condition. Our findings provided insights for understanding the rapid photodegradation processes of composition and structure of terrestrial DOM. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaidong Li
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Hou
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shi
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchun Huang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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49
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Marumo K, Matsumoto A, Nakano S, Shibukawa M, Saito T, Haraga T, Saito S. Advanced Gel Electrophoresis Techniques Reveal Heterogeneity of Humic Acids Based on Molecular Weight Distributions of Kinetically Inert Cu 2+-Humate Complexes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14507-14515. [PMID: 31709790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Humic acids (HAs) play important roles for the fate of metal ions in the environment. Most chemical speciation models involving HAs assume heterogeneous metal ion binding. However, these models also assume that the binding affinities of metal ions with HAs are the same regardless of the molecular weight (MW) ranges of the HAs involved. Here, we develop new polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) techniques to investigate the MW distributions of HAs with strongly complexed Cu2+ ions. By combining contaminant metal-free and high-resolution PAGE for HAs, this work was able to provide accurate MW distributions for the complexed metal ions. The MW distribution of Cu2+ binding ability per quantity of HA indicates that strong metal-binding moieties in HAs are heterogeneous in terms of MW. Coupling of the PAGE techniques with UV-vis and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectrometry-parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) methods revealed new insights into kinetically inert interactions between HAs and Cu2+ ions. By this method, we found that the protein-like fluorescence components in the high- and low-MW regions cooperatively responded through Cu2+ binding. Thus, the advanced gel electrophoresis techniques developed herein are able to shed new light on the heterogeneity of metal binding affinities of HAs in terms of MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Marumo
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , 255 Shimo-Okubo , Sakura-ku , Saitama 338-8570 , Japan
| | - Atsumasa Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , 255 Shimo-Okubo , Sakura-ku , Saitama 338-8570 , Japan
| | - Sumika Nakano
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , 255 Shimo-Okubo , Sakura-ku , Saitama 338-8570 , Japan
| | - Masami Shibukawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , 255 Shimo-Okubo , Sakura-ku , Saitama 338-8570 , Japan
| | - Takumi Saito
- Nuclear Professional School, Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 2-21 Shirakata-Shirane , Tokai-mura , Ibaraki 319-1188 , Japan
| | - Tomoko Haraga
- Department of Decommissioning and Waste Management , Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 2-4 Shirakata , Tokai-mura , Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
| | - Shingo Saito
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama University , 255 Shimo-Okubo , Sakura-ku , Saitama 338-8570 , Japan
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50
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staRdom: Versatile Software for Analyzing Spectroscopic Data of Dissolved Organic Matter in R. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11112366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The roles of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in microbial processes and nutrient cycles depend on its composition, which requires detailed measurements and analyses. We introduce a package for R, called staRdom (“spectroscopic analysis of DOM in R”), to analyze DOM spectroscopic data (absorbance and fluorescence), which is key to deliver fast insight into DOM composition of many samples. staRdom provides functions that standardize data preparation and analysis of spectroscopic data and are inspired by practical work. The user can perform blank subtraction, dilution correction, Raman normalization, scatter removal and interpolation, and fluorescence normalization. The software performs parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of excitation–emission matrices (EEMs), including peak picking of EEMs, and calculates fluorescence indices, absorbance indices, and absorbance slope indices from EEMs and absorbance spectra. A comparison between PARAFAC solutions by staRdom in R compared with drEEM in MATLAB showed nearly identical solutions for most datasets, although different convergence criteria are needed to obtain similar results and interpolation of missing data is important when working with staRdom. In conclusion, staRdom offers the opportunity for standardized multivariate decomposition of spectroscopic data without requiring software licensing fees and presuming only basic R knowledge.
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