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Gu L, Kong X, Li M, Chen R, Xu K, Li G, Qin Y, Wu L. Molecule engineering strategy of toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists designed for potentiating immune stimuli activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5474-5485. [PMID: 38712400 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00792a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR-7/8) agonists serve as a promising class of pattern recognition receptors that effectively evoke the innate immune response, making them promising immunomodulatory agents for tumor immunotherapy. However, the uncontrollable administration of TLR-7/8 agonists frequently leads to the occurrence of severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Thus, it is imperative to strategically design tumor-microenvironment-associated biomarkers or exogenous stimuli responsive TLR-7/8 agonists in order to accurately evaluate and activate innate immune responses. No comprehensive elucidation has been documented thus far regarding TLR-7/8 immune agonists that are specifically engineered to enhance immune activation. In this feature article, we provide an overview of the advancements in TLR-7/8 agonists, aiming to enhance the comprehension of their mechanisms and promote the clinical progression through nanomedicine strategies. The current challenges and future directions of cancer immunotherapy are also discussed, with the hope that this work will inspire researchers to explore innovative applications for triggering immune responses through TLR-7/8 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Gu
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaojie Kong
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Mengyan Li
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Chen
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Ke Xu
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Guo Li
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Yulin Qin
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Li Wu
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, No. 9, Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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Chen YH, Wu KH, Wu HP. Unraveling the Complexities of Toll-like Receptors: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5037. [PMID: 38732254 PMCID: PMC11084218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital components of the innate immune system, serving as the first line of defense against pathogens by recognizing a wide array of molecular patterns. This review summarizes the critical roles of TLRs in immune surveillance and disease pathogenesis, focusing on their structure, signaling pathways, and implications in various disorders. We discuss the molecular intricacies of TLRs, including their ligand specificity, signaling cascades, and the functional consequences of their activation. The involvement of TLRs in infectious diseases, autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, and cancer is explored, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. We also examine recent advancements in TLR research, such as the development of specific agonists and antagonists, and their application in immunotherapy and vaccine development. Furthermore, we address the challenges and controversies surrounding TLR research and outline future directions, including the integration of computational modeling and personalized medicine approaches. In conclusion, TLRs represent a promising frontier in medical research, with the potential to significantly impact the development of novel therapeutic strategies for a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung 427, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hsi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ping Wu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan
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3
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Saleki K, Alijanizadeh P, Javanmehr N, Rezaei N. The role of Toll-like receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders: Immunopathology, treatment, and management. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1267-1325. [PMID: 38226452 DOI: 10.1002/med.22012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders denote a broad range of illnesses involving neurology and psychiatry. These disorders include depressive disorders, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, headaches, and epilepsy. In addition to their main neuropathology that lies in the central nervous system (CNS), lately, studies have highlighted the role of immunity and neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate receptors that act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems via adaptor proteins (e.g., MYD88) and downstream elements; TLRs are classified into 13 families that are involved in normal function and illnesses of the CNS. TLRs expression affects the course of neuropsychiatric disorders, and is influenced during their pharmacotherapy; For example, the expression of multiple TLRs is normalized during the major depressive disorder pharmacotherapy. Here, the role of TLRs in neuroimmunology, treatment, and management of neuropsychiatric disorders is discussed. We recommend longitudinal studies to comparatively assess the cell-type-specific expression of TLRs during treatment, illness progression, and remission. Also, further research should explore molecular insights into TLRs regulation and related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Saleki
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of e-Learning, Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parsa Alijanizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Nima Javanmehr
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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4
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Bai YC, Perng WT, Huang JY, Liao PL, Wei JCC. Risk of uveitis in autoimmune diseases patients treated with hydroxychloroquine: A population-based retrospective cohort study. Int J Rheum Dis 2024; 27:e15099. [PMID: 38450965 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.15099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uveitis is a common manifestation of various autoimmune diseases and can lead to severe visual impairment. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial drug that is also used to treat autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between HCQ use and the incidence of uveitis in patients with autoimmune diseases, as well as to identify potential risk factors for the development of uveitis in this study. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study using a nationwide database to investigate the incidence of uveitis in patients with autoimmune diseases who received HCQ treatment. We selected non-HCQ comparison cohort at a 1:1 ratio by propensity score matching on age, sex, index date, urbanization, income, comorbidities, and medications. The data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, and propensity score matching (PSM) was used to reduce selection bias. RESULTS Our study included 15 822 patients with autoimmune diseases. After 1:1 PSM, there were 4555 individuals in both the HCQ group (n = 4555) and the non-HCQ group (n = 4555). The multiple Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used for the estimation of adjusted hazard ratios on uveitis. After PSM, the adjusted hazard ratio for the HCQ group was 0.74 (95% CI = 0.58-0.95). These findings suggest that HCQ may play a protective role in reducing the risk of uveitis in patients with autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus groups. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves also showed a significantly lower incidence of uveitis in the HCQ group (log-rank = 0.0229) after PSM. CONCLUSION HCQ use is associated with a lower incidence of uveitis in patients with autoimmune diseases. Further studies are needed to confirm this association and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chiao Bai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wuu-Tsun Perng
- Department of Recreational Sport & Health Promotion, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yang Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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D'Oro U, O'Hagan DT. The scientific journey of a novel adjuvant (AS37) from bench to bedside. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:26. [PMID: 38332005 PMCID: PMC10853242 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A decade ago, we described a new approach to discover next generation adjuvants, identifying small-molecule immune potentiators (SMIPs) as Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 agonists. We also optimally formulated these drugs through adsorption to aluminum salts (alum), allowing them to be evaluated with a range of established and early-stage vaccines. Early proof-of-concept studies showed that a TLR7 agonist (TLR7a)-based SMIP, when adsorbed to alum, could perform as an effective adjuvant for a variety of different antigens, in both small and large animals. Studies in rodents demonstrated that the adjuvant enhanced immunogenicity of a recombinant protein-based vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus, and also showed potential to improve existing vaccines against pertussis or meningococcal infection. Extensive evaluations showed that the adjuvant was effective in non-human primates (NHPs), exploiting a mechanism of action that was consistent across the different animal models. The adjuvant formulation (named AS37) has now been advanced into clinical evaluation. A systems biology-based evaluation of the phase I clinical data with a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine showed that the AS37-adjuvanted formulation had an acceptable safety profile, was potent, and activated the expected immune pathways in humans, which was consistent with observations from the NHP studies. In the intervening decade, several alternative TLR7 agonists have also emerged and advanced into clinical development, such as the alum adsorbed TLR7/8 SMIP present in a widely distributed COVID-19 vaccine. This review summarizes the research and early development of the new adjuvant AS37, with an emphasis on the steps taken to allow its progression into clinical evaluations.
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Strašek Benedik N, Dolšak A, Švajger U, Sosič I, Gobec S, Sova M. Structural Optimization and Biological Evaluation of Isoxazolo[5,4 -d]pyrimidines as Selective Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonists. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:2362-2382. [PMID: 38250345 PMCID: PMC10795023 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of innate immunity that play a crucial role in several diseases, including chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. In particular, TLR7 has been identified as a key player in the innate immune response against viral infections and small-molecule TLR7 agonists have shown potential for vaccine therapy, for treatment of asthma and allergies, and as anticancer drugs. Inspired by our previous discovery of selective TLR7 agonists, our goal was to develop and introduce a new chemotype of TLR7 agonists by replacing the quinazoline ring with a new heterocycle isoxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine. Here, we report design, optimized synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of a novel class of TLR7 agonists based on the 6-(trifluoromethyl)isoxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-4-amine scaffold that demonstrate high selectivity and low micromolar potencies. The best-in-class agonist 21a, with an EC50 value of 7.8 μM, also proved to be noncytotoxic and induced secretion of cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-12p70, IL-8, and TNF-α, indicating its potential to modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Strašek Benedik
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Dolšak
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Urban Švajger
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Blood
Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Matej Sova
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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7
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Chen X, Li J, Xiang A, Guan H, Su P, Zhang L, Zhang D, Yu Q. BMP and activin receptor membrane bound inhibitor: BAMBI has multiple roles in gene expression and diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:28. [PMID: 38125356 PMCID: PMC10728939 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, known as a pseudo-receptor for TGFβ, as, while its extracellular domain is similar to that of type I TGFβ receptors, its intracellular structure is shorter and lacks a serine/threonine phosphokinase signaling motif. BAMBI can regulate numerous biological phenomena, including glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, abnormal expression of BAMBI at the mRNA and protein levels contributes to various human pathologies, including obesity and cancer. In the present review, the structure of BAMBI is briefly introduced and its associated signaling pathways and physiological functions are described. Understanding of BAMBI structure and function may contribute to knowledge regarding the occurrence of diseases, including obesity and diabetes, among others. The present review provides a theoretical foundation for the development of BAMBI as a potential biomarker or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochang Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Jue Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Aoqi Xiang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Hua Guan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Peihong Su
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Lusha Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Dian Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
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Savchenko IV, Zlotnikov ID, Kudryashova EV. Biomimetic Systems Involving Macrophages and Their Potential for Targeted Drug Delivery. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:543. [PMID: 37999184 PMCID: PMC10669405 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of targeted drug delivery can be described in terms of the drug systems' ability to mimic the biological objects' property to localize to target cells or tissues. For example, drug delivery systems based on red blood cells or mimicking some of their useful features, such as long circulation in stealth mode, have been known for decades. On the contrary, therapeutic strategies based on macrophages have gained very limited attention until recently. Here, we review two biomimetic strategies associated with macrophages that can be used to develop new therapeutic modalities: first, the mimicry of certain types of macrophages (i.e., the use of macrophages, including tumor-associated or macrophage-derived particles as a carrier for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents); second, the mimicry of ligands, naturally absorbed by macrophages (i.e., the use of therapeutic agents specifically targeted at macrophages). We discuss the potential applications of biomimetic systems involving macrophages for new advancements in the treatment of infections, inflammatory diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena V. Kudryashova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia (I.D.Z.)
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Perkins RK, Miranda ER, Varshney P, Farabi SS, Quinn LT, Haus JM. Effects of acute aerobic exercise on circulating sTLR and sRAGE profiles in normal- and abnormal-glucose-tolerant individuals. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15859. [PMID: 37985201 PMCID: PMC10659941 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BMI-matched normal- (NGT, n = 10, 41 ± 4y, 35.6 ± 3.0 kg/m2 ) and abnormal-glucose-tolerant (AGT, n = 16, 51 ± 3y, 34.3 ± 1.5 kg/m2 ) participants were evaluated for body composition, metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]), and VO2 max. Participants also completed a treadmill walking test at 65% VO2 max for 30 min. Total sRAGE, esRAGE, sTLR2, and sTLR4 were assessed via ELISA, and cRAGE was calculated. AGT exhibited greater (p < 0.05) body fat % (+24%), fasting plasma glucose (+37%), OGTT AUC (+59%), and HOMA-IR (+55%) and lower (p < 0.05) VO2 max (-24%). sTLR2 was 33% lower in AGT than NGT (main effect, p = 0.034). However, sTLR2 did not change (p > 0.05) following AE. sTLR4 tended to be 36% lower in AGT than NGT (main effect, p = 0.096) and did not change following AE (p > 0.05). Total sRAGE and isoforms were similar (p > 0.05) between groups and did not change following AE (p > 0.05). sTLR2 was correlated with (p < 0.05) basal BG (r = -0.505) and OGTT AUC (r = -0.687). sTLR4 was correlated with basal BG (p < 0.10, r = -0.374) and OGTT AUC (p < 0.05, r = -0.402). Linear regressions were predictive of sTLRs in the basal state (sTLR2: R2 = 0.641, p = 0.01; sTLR4: R2 = 0.566, p = 0.037) and after acute exercise state (sTLR2: R2 = 0.681, p = 0.004, sTLR4: R2 = 0.568, p = 0.036).These findings show circulating sTLR profiles are disrupted in AGT and acute AE minimally modulates their levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K. Perkins
- Department of KinesiologyCalifornia State University, ChicoChicoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Sarah S. Farabi
- Center for Human NutritionWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Goldfarb School of Nursing at Barnes‐Jewish CollegeSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Lauretta T. Quinn
- Department of Behavioral Health SciencesUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jacob M. Haus
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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10
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Khalaf JK, Bess LS, Walsh LM, Ward JM, Johnson CL, Livesay MT, Jackson KJ, Evans JT, Ryter KT, Bazin-Lee HG. Diamino Allose Phosphates: Novel, Potent, and Highly Stable Toll-like Receptor 4 Agonists. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13900-13917. [PMID: 37847244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Most known synthetic toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists are carbohydrate-based lipid-A mimetics containing several fatty acyl chains, including a labile 3-O-acyl chain linked to the C-3 position of the non-reducing sugar known to undergo cleavage impacting stability and resulting in loss of activity. To overcome this inherent instability, we rationally designed a new class of chemically more stable synthetic TLR4 ligands that elicit robust innate and adaptive immune responses. This new class utilized a diamino allose phosphate (DAP) scaffold containing a nonhydrolyzable 3-amide bond instead of the classical 3-ester. Accordingly, the DAPs have significantly improved thermostability in aqueous formulations and potency relative to other known natural and synthetic TLR4 ligands. Furthermore, the DAP analogues function as potent vaccine adjuvants to enhance influenza-specific antibodies in mice and provide protection against lethal influenza virus challenges. This novel set of TLR4 ligands show promise as next-generation vaccine adjuvants and stand-alone immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhienah K Khalaf
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Laura S Bess
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Lois M Walsh
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Janine M Ward
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Craig L Johnson
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Mark T Livesay
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Konner J Jackson
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Jay T Evans
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Kendal T Ryter
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Hélène G Bazin-Lee
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
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11
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Stickdorn J, Czysch C, Medina-Montano C, Stein L, Xu L, Scherger M, Schild H, Grabbe S, Nuhn L. Peptide-Decorated Degradable Polycarbonate Nanogels for Eliciting Antigen-Specific Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15417. [PMID: 37895096 PMCID: PMC10607756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For successful therapeutic interventions in cancer immunotherapy, strong antigen-specific immune responses are required. To this end, immunostimulating cues must be combined with antigens to simultaneously arrive at antigen-presenting cells and initiate cellular immune responses. Recently, imidazoquinolines have shown their vast potential as small molecular Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonists for immunostimulation when delivered by nanocarriers. At the same time, peptide antigens are promising antigen candidates but require combination with immune-stimulating adjuvants to boost their immunogenicity and exploit their full potential. Consequently, we herein present biodegradable polycarbonate nanogels as versatile delivery system for adjuvants within the particles' core as well as for peptide antigens by surface decoration. For that purpose, orthogonally addressable multifunctional polycarbonate block copolymers were synthesized, enabling adjuvant conjugation through reactive ester chemistry and peptide decoration by strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC). In preparation for SPAAC, CD4+-specific peptide sequences of the model protein antigen ovalbumin were equipped with DBCO-moieties by site-selective modification at their N-terminal cysteine. With their azide groups exposed on their surface, the adjuvant-loaded nanogels were then efficiently decorated with DBCO-functional CD4+-peptides by SPAAC. In vitro evaluation of the adjuvant-loaded peptide-decorated gels then confirmed their strong immunostimulating properties as well as their high biocompatibility. Despite their covalent conjugation, the CD4+-peptide-decorated nanogels led to maturation of primary antigen-presenting cells and the downstream priming of CD4+-T cells. Subsequently, the peptide-decorated nanogels loaded with TLR7/8 agonist were successfully processed by antigen-presenting cells, enabling potent immune responses for future application in antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina Medina-Montano
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lara Stein
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lujuan Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | | | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Salunke DB, Lindsley CW. Call for Papers: Medicinal Chemistry of Next Generation Vaccine Adjuvants. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10119-10121. [PMID: 37490392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials (NICOVIA), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology Program in Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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13
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Liberti A, Pollastro C, Pinto G, Illiano A, Marino R, Amoresano A, Spagnuolo A, Sordino P. Transcriptional and proteomic analysis of the innate immune response to microbial stimuli in a model invertebrate chordate. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1217077. [PMID: 37600818 PMCID: PMC10433773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1217077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory response triggered by innate immunity can act to protect against microorganisms that behave as pathogens, with the aim to restore the homeostatic state between host and beneficial microbes. As a filter-feeder organism, the ascidian Ciona robusta is continuously exposed to external microbes that may be harmful under some conditions. In this work, we used transcriptional and proteomic approaches to investigate the inflammatory response induced by stimuli of bacterial (lipopolysaccharide -LPS- and diacylated lipopeptide - Pam2CSK4) and fungal (zymosan) origin, in Ciona juveniles at stage 4 of metamorphosis. We focused on receptors, co-interactors, transcription factors and cytokines belonging to the TLR and Dectin-1 pathways and on immune factors identified by homology approach (i.e. immunoglobulin (Ig) or C-type lectin domain containing molecules). While LPS did not induce a significant response in juvenile ascidians, Pam2CSK4 and zymosan exposure triggered the activation of specific inflammatory mechanisms. In particular, Pam2CSK4-induced inflammation was characterized by modulation of TLR and Dectin-1 pathway molecules, including receptors, transcription factors, and cytokines, while immune response to zymosan primarily involved C-type lectin receptors, co-interactors, Ig-containing molecules, and cytokines. A targeted proteomic analysis enabled to confirm transcriptional data, also highlighting a temporal delay between transcriptional induction and protein level changes. Finally, a protein-protein interaction network of Ciona immune molecules was rendered to provide a wide visualization and analysis platform of innate immunity. The in vivo inflammatory model described here reveals interconnections of innate immune pathways in specific responses to selected microbial stimuli. It also represents the starting point for studying ontogeny and regulation of inflammatory disorders in different physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Liberti
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Pollastro
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pinto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi-Consorzio Interuniversitario, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Illiano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi-Consorzio Interuniversitario, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Marino
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi-Consorzio Interuniversitario, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Sordino
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Sicily Marine Centre, Messina, Italy
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14
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Exposito F, Redrado M, Houry M, Hastings K, Molero-Abraham M, Lozano T, Solorzano JL, Sanz-Ortega J, Adradas V, Amat R, Redin E, Leon S, Legarra N, Garcia J, Serrano D, Valencia K, Robles-Oteiza C, Foggetti G, Otegui N, Felip E, Lasarte JJ, Paz-Ares L, Zugazagoitia J, Politi K, Montuenga L, Calvo A. PTEN Loss Confers Resistance to Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Increasing Tumor Infiltration of Regulatory T Cells. Cancer Res 2023; 83:2513-2526. [PMID: 37311042 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may be mediated by an immunosuppressive microenvironment, which can be shaped by the mutational landscape of the tumor. Here, we observed genetic alterations in the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and/or loss of PTEN expression in >25% of patients with NSCLC, with higher frequency in lung squamous carcinomas (LUSC). Patients with PTEN-low tumors had higher levels of PD-L1 and PD-L2 and showed worse progression-free survival when treated with immunotherapy. Development of a Pten-null LUSC mouse model revealed that tumors with PTEN loss were refractory to antiprogrammed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1), highly metastatic and fibrotic, and secreted TGFβ/CXCL10 to promote conversion of CD4+ lymphocytes into regulatory T cells (Treg). Human and mouse PTEN-low tumors were enriched in Tregs and expressed higher levels of immunosuppressive genes. Importantly, treatment of mice bearing Pten-null tumors with TLR agonists and anti-TGFβ antibody aimed to alter this immunosuppressive microenvironment and led to tumor rejection and immunologic memory in 100% of mice. These results demonstrate that lack of PTEN causes immunotherapy resistance in LUSCs by establishing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that can be reversed therapeutically. SIGNIFICANCE PTEN loss leads to the development of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in lung cancer that confers resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy, which can be overcome by targeting PTEN loss-mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Exposito
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Redrado
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maeva Houry
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Katherine Hastings
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Magdalena Molero-Abraham
- Department of Medical Oncology and Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Research Group, 12 de Octubre Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Solorzano
- Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Sanz-Ortega
- Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vera Adradas
- Department of Medical Oncology and Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Research Group, 12 de Octubre Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Amat
- Thoracic Cancers Translational Genomics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Redin
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio Leon
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Naroa Legarra
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Serrano
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karmele Valencia
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Giorgia Foggetti
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nerea Otegui
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Felip
- Thoracic Cancers Translational Genomics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Lasarte
- IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology and Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Research Group, 12 de Octubre Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jon Zugazagoitia
- CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Oncology and Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Research Group, 12 de Octubre Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katerina Politi
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Luis Montuenga
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calvo
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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15
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Wang J, Zhang J, Wang J, Hu X, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Small-Molecule Modulators Targeting Toll-like Receptors for Potential Anticancer Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6437-6462. [PMID: 37163340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system and serve as a crucial link between innate and acquired immunity. In addition to immune function, TLRs are involved in other important pathological processes, including tumorigenesis. TLRs have dual regulatory effects on tumor immunity by activating nuclear factor κ-B signaling pathways, which induce tumor immune evasion or enhance the antitumor immune response. Therefore, TLRs have become a popular target for cancer prevention and treatment, and TLR agonists and antagonists offer considerable potential for drug development. The TLR7 agonist imiquimod (1) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for malignant skin cancer. Herein, the structure, signaling pathways, and function of the TLR family are summarized, and the structure-activity relationships associated with TLR selective and multitarget modulators and their potential application in tumor therapy are systematically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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16
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González-Cuesta M, Lai ACY, Chi PY, Hsu IL, Liu NT, Wu KC, García Fernández JM, Chang YJ, Ortiz Mellet C. Serine-/Cysteine-Based sp 2-Iminoglycolipids as Novel TLR4 Agonists: Evaluation of Their Adjuvancy and Immunotherapeutic Properties in a Murine Model of Asthma. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4768-4783. [PMID: 36958376 PMCID: PMC10108363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Glycolipids with TLR4 agonistic properties can serve either as therapeutic agents or as vaccine adjuvants by stimulating the development of proinflammatory responses. Translating them to the clinical setting is hampered by synthetic difficulties, the lack of stability in biological media, and/or a suboptimal profile of balanced immune mediator secretion. Here, we show that replacement of the sugar fragment by an sp2-iminosugar moiety in a prototypic TLR4 agonist, CCL-34, yields iminoglycolipid analogues that retain or improve their biological activity in vitro and in vivo and can be accessed through scalable protocols with total stereoselectivity. Their adjuvant potential is manifested in their ability to induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, prime the maturation of dendritic cells, and promote the proliferation of CD8+ T cells, pertaining to a Th1-biased profile. Additionally, their therapeutic potential for the treatment of asthma, a Th2-dominated inflammatory pathology, has been confirmed in an ovalbumin-induced airway hyperreactivity mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González-Cuesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville E-41012, Spain
| | - Alan Chuan-Ying Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Chi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Tzu Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chien Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - José M García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla E-41092, Spain
| | - Ya-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville E-41012, Spain
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17
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Zhang J, Zao X, Zhang J, Guo Z, Jin Q, Chen G, Gan D, Du H, Ye Y. Is it possible to intervene early cirrhosis by targeting toll-like receptors to rebalance the intestinal microbiome? Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109627. [PMID: 36577151 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver disease caused by one or more causes and characterized by diffuse fibrosis, pseudolobules, and regenerated nodules. Once progression to hepatic decompensation, the function of the liver and other organs is impaired and almost impossible to reverse and recover, which often results in hospitalization, impaired quality of life, and high mortality. However, in the early stage of cirrhosis, there seems to be a possibility of cirrhosis reversal. The development of cirrhosis is related to the intestinal microbiota and activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) pathways, which could regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, expression of the hepatomitogen epiregulin, and liver inflammation. Targeting regulation of intestinal microbiota and TLRs pathways could affect the occurrence and development of cirrhosis and its complications. In this paper, we first reviewed the dynamic change of intestinal microbiota and TLRs during cirrhosis progression. And further discussed the interaction between them and potential therapeutic targets to reverse early staged cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Zao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Guo
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jin
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Da'nan Gan
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Du
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong'an Ye
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China; Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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18
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Su S, Chen L, Yang M, Liang D, Ke B, Liu Z, Ke C, Liao G, Liu L, Luo X. Design, synthesis and immunological evaluation of monophosphoryl lipid A derivatives as adjuvants for a RBD-hFc based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:47-55. [PMID: 36760743 PMCID: PMC9890559 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a reliable target for the development of vaccine adjuvants. To identify novel TLR4 ligands with improved immunological properties for use as adjuvants for a RBD-hFc based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, herein, natural E. coli monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and nine of its derivatives were designed and synthesized. Immunological evaluation showed that compounds 1, 3, 5 and 7 exhibited comparative or better adjuvant activity than clinically used Al adjuvants, and are expected to be a promising platform for the development of new adjuvants used for a RBD-hFc based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis of the MPLA derivatives showed that the replacement of the functional groups at the C-1, C-4' or C-6' position of E. coli MPLA has an effect on its biological activity. In addition, we found that the combination of MPLA and Al was feasible for immunotherapy and could further enhance immune responses, providing a new direction toward the immunological enhancement of RBD-hFc based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Su
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Liqing Chen
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Menglan Yang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Dan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Guangzhou China
| | - Bixia Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Guangzhou China
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention Guangzhou China
| | - Guochao Liao
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Hengda Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd. Guangzhou China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Hengda Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd. Guangzhou China
- Guangzhou Laboratory Guangzhou China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
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19
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Deng Y, Ren M, He P, Liu F, Wang X, Zhou C, Li Y, Yang S. Genetically engineered cell membrane-coated nanoparticles for antibacterial and immunoregulatory dual-function treatment of ligature-induced periodontitis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1113367. [PMID: 36761293 PMCID: PMC9905692 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1113367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: In order to overcome the problem that conventional pharmacological treatments of periodontitis cannot effectively synergizing antimicrobial and immunomodulation, inspired by the critical role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in bacterial recognition and immune activation, we demonstrated a combined antibacterial-immunoregulatory strategy based on biomimetic nanoparticles. Methods: Functioned cell membranes and silk fibroin nanoparticles (SNs) loaded with minocycline hydrochloride (Mino) were used to prepare a biomimetic nanoparticle (MSNCs). SNs and MSNCs were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope, size, zeta potential, dispersion index. At the same time, SNs were characterized by cell counting kit-8 and real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). TLR4-expressing cell membranes were characterized by RT-PCR and western blot (WB). Cell membrane coating was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), the Bradford staining and WB. Then, Laser confocal, flow cytometry and agar plate coating were evaluated in vitro with antibacterial effects, RT-PCR was simultaneously evaluated with immunoregulatory effects. Finally, Anti-inflammatory treatment of MSNCs was evaluated in a ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP) mouse model. Results: Successfully prepared cell membranes overexpressing TLR4 and constructed MSNCs. In vitro studies had shown that MSNCs effectively targeted bacteria via TLR4 and acted as molecular decoys to competitively neutralize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the microenvironment as well as inhibit inflammatory activation of macrophages. In vivo, MSNCs effectively attenuated periodontal tissue inflammation and alveolar bone loss in a LIP mouse model. Conclusion: MSNCs have good targeted antibacterial and immunoregulatory effects, and provide a new and effective strategy for the treatment of periodontitis and have good potential for application in various types of pathogenic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjia Deng
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingxing Ren
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping He
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengyi Liu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongjing Zhou
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhou Li
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Sheng Yang,
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20
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Vaez H, Soraya H, Garjani A, Gholikhani T. Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and AMPK Relevance in Cardiovascular Disease. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:36-47. [PMID: 36721803 PMCID: PMC9871286 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential receptors of the innate immune system, playing a significant role in cardiovascular diseases. TLR4, with the highest expression among TLRs in the heart, has been investigated extensively for its critical role in different myocardial inflammatory conditions. Studies suggest that inhibition of TLR4 signaling pathways reduces inflammatory responses and even prevents additional injuries to the already damaged myocardium. Recent research results have led to a hypothesis that there may be a relation between TLR4 expression and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in various inflammatory conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. AMPK, as a cellular energy sensor, has been reported to show anti-inflammatory effects in various models of inflammatory diseases. AMPK, in addition to its physiological acts in the heart, plays an essential role in myocardial ischemia and hypoxia by activating various energy production pathways. Herein we will discuss the role of TLR4 and AMPK in cardiovascular diseases and a possible relation between TLRs and AMPK as a novel therapeutic target. In our opinion, AMPK-related TLR modulators will find application in treating different immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, especially inflammatory cardiac diseases, and present an option that will be widely used in clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Vaez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Haleh Vaez, Tel:+984133344798, Fax:+984133344798,
| | - Hamid Soraya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Garjani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tooba Gholikhani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Nanora Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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The impact of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) extract on activation of endosomal toll like receptors and their downstream signaling pathways. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:366. [PMID: 36503515 PMCID: PMC9742021 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES From the ancient, medicinal benefits of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) have been implicated for respiratory and digestive diseases despite the effects of Hyssop on viral infections have not been mechanistically investigated. In this study, we examined whether the Hyssop extract activated anti-viral innate immunity, as a sentinel for immune system, through activation of endosomal TLRs recognizing nucleic acids and their downstream signaling. The Hyssop herb extracts was prepared and co-cultured with healthy individual's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). After viability assay, gene expression levels of TLR3,7,8,9, as well as MyD88 and NF-κB, were evaluated in treated PBMCs using Real-time PCR. Next, the secretion level of immune related cytokines was quantified via ELISA. RESULTS Post 24 h, 40 µg/ml of the extract significantly inhibited the viability of less than 50% of cells compared to the control and had a maximum effect on cellular function. The Hyssop-treated PBMCs demonstrated an elevated expression of endosomal TLRs genes, as well as MyD88 and NF-κB. Moreover, the release of INF-α and β notably enhanced in cell culture supernatant, while the content of inflammatory cytokines remarkably diminished (P < 0.05). The Hyssop extract was capable of inducing antiviral innate immune responses so can be promising in antiviral drug strategies.
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22
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Elegbeleye JA, Krishnamoorthy S, Bamidele OP, Adeyanju AA, Adebowale OJ, Agbemavor WSK. Health-promoting foods and food crops of West-Africa origin: The bioactive compounds and immunomodulating potential. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14331. [PMID: 36448596 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The rural communities of the sub-Sahara regions in Africa are rich in diverse indigenous culinary knowledge and foods, food crops, and condiments such as roots/tubers, cereal, legumes/pulses, locust beans, and green leafy vegetables. These food crops are rich in micronutrients and phytochemicals, which have the potentials to address hidden hunger as well as promote health when consumed. Some examples of these are fermented foods such as ogi and plants such as Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf), Zingiber officinales (garlic), Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle), and condiments. Food crops from West Africa contain numerous bioactive substances such as saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, and monoterpenoid chemicals among others. These bioresources have proven biological and pharmacological activities due to diverse mechanisms of action such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant activities which made them suitable as candidates for nutraceuticals and pharma foods. This review seeks to explore the different processes such as fermentation applied during food preparation and food crops of West-African origin with health-promoting benefits. The different bioactive compounds present in such food or food crops are discussed extensively as well as the diverse application, especially regarding respiratory diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The plants and herbs summarized here are more easily accessible and affordable by therapists and others having a passion for promising medicinal properties of African-origin plants.The mechanisms and unique metabolic potentials of African food crops discussed in this article will promote their applicability as a template molecule for novel drug discoveries in treatment strategies for emerging diseases. This compilation of antiviral plants will help clinicians and researchers bring new preventive strategies in combating COVID-19 like viral diseases, ultimately saving millions of affected people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Srinivasan Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Technology Dissemination, National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur (NIFTEM-T), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Adeyemi A Adeyanju
- Department of Food Science and Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | | | - Wisdom Selorm Kofi Agbemavor
- Radiation Technology Centre, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon Accra, Ghana
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23
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Zhao L, Hou C, Yan N. Neuroinflammation in retinitis pigmentosa: Therapies targeting the innate immune system. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059947. [PMID: 36389729 PMCID: PMC9647059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an important cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and lacks effective treatment strategies. Although mutations are the primary cause of RP, research over the past decades has shown that neuroinflammation is an important cause of RP progression. Due to the abnormal activation of immunity, continuous sterile inflammation results in neuron loss and structural destruction. Therapies targeting inflammation have shown their potential to attenuate photoreceptor degeneration in preclinical models. Regardless of variations in genetic background, inflammatory modulation is emerging as an important role in the treatment of RP. We summarize the evidence for the role of inflammation in RP and mention therapeutic strategies where available, focusing on the modulation of innate immune signals, including TNFα signaling, TLR signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, chemokine signaling and JAK/STAT signaling. In addition, we describe epigenetic regulation, the gut microbiome and herbal agents as prospective treatment strategies for RP in recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Hou
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Naihong Yan
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Naihong Yan,
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24
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Identification and immunological evaluation of novel TLR2 agonists through structural optimization of Diprovocim. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114771. [PMID: 36174413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As an important family member of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), TLR2 can recognize various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as bacteria and viral components. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that TLR2 agonists play a critical role in cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases. Diprovocim is the most potent small molecule TLR2 agonist known, showing remarkably immune adjuvant activity in mice. However, the further clinical research and development of Diprovocim was hampered because of its structural complexity as well as high molecular weight. Here, we designed and synthesized 21 structurally simplified derivatives of Diprovocim, performed their TLR2 agonistic activities by HEK-Blue hTLR2 SEAP assay, and evaluated the toxicity in two human normal cell lines. Compounds B3-B4 and B9-B12 with excellent TLR2 agonistic activity were found through the structure-activity relationship study. Among them, diastereomer B10 and B12 substituted (S)-2-phenylcyclopropylamide side chain of Diprovocim with simple (R)- and (S)-n-butyl groups exhibited comparable TLR2 agonistic activities with EC50 values of 35 nM and 39 nM, respectively. ELISA and western blot experiments on THP-1 cells showed that B10 and B12 displayed remarkable immunostimulatory activity in the release of various inflammatory cytokines through activating MyD88-dependent NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Importantly, B10 and B12 have less structural complexity and better safety compared to Diprovocim, and the chiral center of right pyrrolidine ring has negligible influence on TLR2 activition. Our study provides simplified Diprovocim derivatives with high agonistic activity, providing a clue to further optimize Diprovocim.
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25
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Manan A, Pirzada RH, Haseeb M, Choi S. Toll-like Receptor Mediation in SARS-CoV-2: A Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810716. [PMID: 36142620 PMCID: PMC9502216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system facilitates defense mechanisms against pathogen invasion and cell damage. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) assist in the activation of the innate immune system by binding to pathogenic ligands. This leads to the generation of intracellular signaling cascades including the biosynthesis of molecular mediators. TLRs on cell membranes are adept at recognizing viral components. Viruses can modulate the innate immune response with the help of proteins and RNAs that downregulate or upregulate the expression of various TLRs. In the case of COVID-19, molecular modulators such as type 1 interferons interfere with signaling pathways in the host cells, leading to an inflammatory response. Coronaviruses are responsible for an enhanced immune signature of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. TLRs have been employed as therapeutic agents in viral infections as numerous antiviral Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs are TLR agonists. This review highlights the therapeutic approaches associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the TLRs involved in COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Manan
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Muhammad Haseeb
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
- Correspondence:
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26
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George PJ, Marches R, Nehar-Belaid D, Banchereau J, Lustigman S. The Th1/Tfh-like biased responses elicited by the rASP-1 innate adjuvant are dependent on TRIF and Type I IFN receptor pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961094. [PMID: 36119026 PMCID: PMC9478378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ov-ASP-1 (rASP-1), a parasite-derived protein secreted by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus, is an adjuvant which enhances the potency of the influenza trivalent vaccine (IIV3), even when used with 40-fold less IIV3. This study is aimed to provide a deeper insight into the molecular networks that underline the adjuvanticity of rASP-1. Here we show that rASP-1 stimulates mouse CD11c+ bone marrow-derived dendritic (BMDCs) to secrete elevated levels of IL-12p40, TNF-α, IP-10 and IFN-β in a TRIF-dependent but MyD88-independent manner. rASP-1-activated BMDCs promoted the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th1 cells (IFN-γ+) that was TRIF- and type I interferon receptor (IFNAR)-dependent, and into Tfh-like cells (IL21+) and Tfh1 (IFN-γ+ IL21+) that were TRIF-, MyD88- and IFNAR-dependent. rASP-1-activated BMDCs promoted the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th17 (IL-17+) cells only when the MyD88 pathway was inhibited. Importantly, rASP-1-activated human blood cDCs expressed upregulated genes that are associated with DC maturation, type I IFN and type II IFN signaling, as well as TLR4-TRIF dependent signaling. These activated cDCs promoted the differentiation of naïve human CD4+ T cells into Th1, Tfh-like and Th17 cells. Our data thus confirms that the rASP-1 is a potent innate adjuvant that polarizes the adaptive T cell responses to Th1/Tfh1 in both mouse and human DCs. Notably, the rASP-1-adjuvanted IIV3 vaccine elicited protection of mice from a lethal H1N1 infection that is also dependent on the TLR4-TRIF axis and IFNAR signaling pathway, as well as on its ability to induce anti-IIV3 antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parakkal Jovvian George
- Laboratory Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Radu Marches
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | | | - Jacques Banchereau
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
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27
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Therapeutic applications of toll-like receptors (TLRs) agonists in AML. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2022; 24:2319-2329. [PMID: 35962918 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive type of blood cancer affecting bone marrow (BM). In AML, hematopoietic precursors are arrested in the early stages of development and are defined as the presence of ≥ 20% blasts (leukemia cells) in the BM. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are major groups of pattern recognition receptors expressed by almost all innate immune cells that enable them to detect a wide range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns to prime immune responses toward adaptive immunity. Because TLRs are commonly expressed on transformed immune system cells (ranging from blasts to memory cells), they can be a potential option for developing efficient clinical alternatives in hematologic tumors. This is because several in vitro and in vivo investigations have demonstrated that TLR signaling increased the immunogenicity of AML cells, making them more vulnerable to T cell-mediated invasion. This study aimed to review the current knowledge in this field and provide some insight into the therapeutic potentials of TLRs in AML.
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28
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Das N, Bandopadhyay P, Roy S, Sinha BP, Dastidar UG, Rahaman O, Pal S, Ganguly D, Talukdar A. Development, Optimization, and In Vivo Validation of New Imidazopyridine Chemotypes as Dual TLR7/TLR9 Antagonists through Activity-Directed Sequential Incorporation of Relevant Structural Subunits. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11607-11632. [PMID: 35959635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Undesirable activation of endosomal toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR9 present in specific immune cells in response to host-derived ligands is implicated in several autoimmune diseases and other contexts of autoreactive inflammation, making them important therapeutic targets. We report a drug development strategy identifying a new chemotype for incorporating relevant structural subunits into the basic imidazopyridine core deemed necessary for potent TLR7 and TLR9 dual antagonism. We established minimal pharmacophoric features in the core followed by hit-to-lead optimization, guided by in vitro and in vivo biological assays and ADME. A ligand-receptor binding hypothesis was proposed, and selectivity studies against TLR8 were performed. Oral absorption and efficacy of lead candidate 42 were established through favorable in vitro pharmacokinetics and in vivo pharmacodynamic studies, with IC50 values of 0.04 and 0.47 μM against TLR9 and TLR7, respectively. The study establishes imidazopyridine as a viable chemotype to therapeutically target TLR9 and TLR7 in relevant clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Das
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Purbita Bandopadhyay
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Swarnali Roy
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Sinha
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Uddipta Ghosh Dastidar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Oindrila Rahaman
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Pal
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
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29
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TLR2 agonistic lipopeptide enriched PLGA nanoparticles as combinatorial drug delivery vehicle. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Yang MH, Russell JL, Mifune Y, Wang Y, Shi H, Moresco EMY, Siegwart DJ, Beutler B, Boger DL. Next-Generation Diprovocims with Potent Human and Murine TLR1/TLR2 Agonist Activity That Activate the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9230-9252. [PMID: 35767437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diprovocims, a new class of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, bear no similarity to prior TLR agonists, act through a well-defined mechanism (TLR1/TLR2 agonist), exhibit exquisite structure-activity relationships, and display in vivo adjuvant activity. They possess potent and efficacious agonist activity toward human TLR1/TLR2 but modest agonism toward the murine receptor. A manner by which diprovocims can be functionalized without impacting hTLR1/TLR2 activity is detailed, permitting future linkage to antigenic, targeting, or delivery moieties. Improvements in both potency and its low efficacy in the murine system were also achieved, permitting more effective use in animal models while maintaining the hTLR1/TLR2 activity. The prototypical member diprovocim-X exhibits the excellent potency/efficacy of diprovocim-1 in human cells, displays substantially improved potency/efficacy in mouse macrophages, and serves as an adjuvant in mice when coadministered with a nonimmunogenic antigen, indicating stimulation of the adaptive as well as innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsiu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jamie L Russell
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Yuto Mifune
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Hexin Shi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Eva Marie Y Moresco
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Daniel J Siegwart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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31
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The effect of BK polyomavirus large T antigen on CD4 and CD8 T cells in kidney transplant recipients. Transpl Immunol 2022; 74:101655. [PMID: 35777612 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) can affect the machinery of the host cell to induce optimal viral replication or transform them into tumor cells. Reactivation of BKPyV happens due to immunosuppression therapies following renal transplantation which might result in BK polyomavirus nephropathy (BKPyVAN) and allograft loss. The first protein that expresses after entering into host cells and has an important role in pathogenicity is the Large T antigen (LT-Ag). In this review tries to study the molecular and cellular inter-regulatory counteractions especially between CD4 and CD8 T cells, and BKPyV LT-Ag may have role in nephropathy after renal transplantation.
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32
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Integration of Ligand-Based and Structure-Based Methods for the Design of Small-Molecule TLR7 Antagonists. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134026. [PMID: 35807273 PMCID: PMC9268101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is activated in response to the binding of single-stranded RNA. Its over-activation has been implicated in several autoimmune disorders, and thus, it is an established therapeutic target in such circumstances. TLR7 small-molecule antagonists are not yet available for therapeutic use. We conducted a ligand-based drug design of new TLR7 antagonists through a concerted effort encompassing 2D-QSAR, 3D-QSAR, and pharmacophore modelling of 54 reported TLR7 antagonists. The developed 2D-QSAR model depicted an excellent correlation coefficient (R2training: 0.86 and R2test: 0.78) between the experimental and estimated activities. The ligand-based drug design approach utilizing the 3D-QSAR model (R2training: 0.95 and R2test: 0.84) demonstrated a significant contribution of electrostatic potential and steric fields towards the TLR7 antagonism. This consolidated approach, along with a pharmacophore model with high correlation (Rtraining: 0.94 and Rtest: 0.92), was used to design quinazoline-core-based hTLR7 antagonists. Subsequently, the newly designed molecules were subjected to molecular docking onto the previously proposed binding model and a molecular dynamics study for a better understanding of their binding pattern. The toxicity profiles and drug-likeness characteristics of the designed compounds were evaluated with in silico ADMET predictions. This ligand-based study contributes towards a better understanding of lead optimization and the future development of potent TLR7 antagonists.
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33
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Huang L, Ge X, Liu Y, Li H, Zhang Z. The Role of Toll-like Receptor Agonists and Their Nanomedicines for Tumor Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061228. [PMID: 35745800 PMCID: PMC9230510 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that play a critical role in innate and adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa) as vaccine adjuvant candidates have become one of the recent research hotspots in the cancer immunomodulatory field. Nevertheless, numerous current systemic deliveries of TLRa are inappropriate for clinical adoption due to their low efficiency and systemic adverse reactions. TLRa-loaded nanoparticles are capable of ameliorating the risk of immune-related toxicity and of strengthening tumor suppression and eradication. Herein, we first briefly depict the patterns of TLRa, followed by the mechanism of agonists at those targets. Second, we summarize the emerging applications of TLRa-loaded nanomedicines as state-of-the-art strategies to advance cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, we outline perspectives related to the development of nanomedicine-based TLRa combined with other therapeutic modalities for malignancies immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui Li
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (Z.Z.)
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34
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Cen X, Wang B, Liang Y, Chen Y, Xiao Y, Du S, Nandakumar KS, Yin H, Liu S, Cheng K. Small molecule SMU-CX24 targeting Toll-like receptor 3 counteracts inflammation: A novel approach to atherosclerosis therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3667-3681. [PMID: 36176917 PMCID: PMC9513496 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), as an important pattern recognition receptor (PRR), dominates the innate and adaptive immunity regulating many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Atherosclerosis is proved as an inflammatory disease, and inflammatory events involved in the entire process of initiation and deterioration. However, the contribution of TLR3 to atherosclerosis remains unclear. Herein, we identified the clinical relevance of TLR3 upregulation and disease processes in human atherosclerosis. Besides, activation of TLR3 also directly led to significant expression of atherogenic chemokines and adhesion molecules. Conversely, silencing TLR3 inhibited the uptake of oxLDL by macrophages and significantly reduced foam cell formation. Given the aberrance in TLR3 functions on atherosclerosis progression, we hypothesized that TLR3 could serve as novel target for clinical atherosclerosis therapy. Therefore, we developed the novel ellipticine derivative SMU-CX24, which specifically inhibited TLR3 (IC50 = 18.87 ± 2.21 nmol/L). In vivo, atherosclerotic burden was alleviated in Western diet fed ApoE−/− mice in response to SMU-CX24 treatment, accompanying notable reductions in TLR3 expression and inflammation infiltration within atherosclerotic lesion. Thus, for the first time, we revealed that pharmacological downregulation of TLR3 with specific inhibitor regenerated inflammatory environment to counteract atherosclerosis progression, thereby proposing a new strategy and probe for atherosclerosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Baoqu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuqing Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaohua Du
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Kui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Liu J, Zhang H, Su Y, Zhang B. Application and prospect of targeting innate immune sensors in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:68. [PMID: 35619184 PMCID: PMC9134593 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of auto-reactive T cells and autoantibody-producing B cells and excessive inflammation are responsible for the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. The suppression of autoreactive T cell activation and autoantibody production, as well as inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production have been utilized to ameliorate autoimmune disease symptoms. However, the existing treatment strategies are not sufficient to cure autoimmune diseases since patients can quickly suffer a relapse following the end of treatments. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I like receptors (RLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) and various nucleic acid sensors, are expressed in both innate and adaptive immune cells and are involved in the development of autoimmune diseases. Here, we have summarized advances of PRRs signaling pathways, association between PRRs and autoimmune diseases, application of inhibitors targeting PRRs and the corresponding signaling molecules relevant to strategies targeting autoimmune diseases. This review emphasizes the roles of different PRRs in activating both innate and adaptive immunity, which can coordinate to trigger autoimmune responses. The review may also prompt the formulation of novel ideas for developing therapeutic strategies against autoimmune diseases by targeting PRRs-related signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. .,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China. .,Basic and Translational Research Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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36
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Li XW, Wu P, Yao J, Zhang K, Jin GY. Genistein Protects against Spinal Cord Injury in Mice by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation via TLR4-Mediated Microglial Polarization. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:4790344. [PMID: 35498148 PMCID: PMC9054478 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4790344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study was designed to study the effect of genistein on spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice and to explore its underlying mechanisms. Methods We established SCI mouse model, and genistein was administered for treatment. We used the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) exercise rating scale to evaluate exercise recovery, and the detection of spinal cord edema was done using the wet/dry weight method. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining, and inflammation was evaluated by measuring inflammatory factors by an ELISA kit. The expression of M1 and M2 macrophage markers was determined using flow cytometry, and the expression of proteins was detected using immunoblotting. Results Genistein treatment not only improved the BBB score but also reduced spinal cord edema in SCI mice. Genistein treatment reduced apoptosis by increasing Bcl2 protein expression and decreasing Bax and caspase 3 protein expression. It also reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) in the SCI area of SCI mice. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that genistein treatment significantly decreased the ratio of M1 macrophages (CD45+/Gr-1-/CD11b+/iNOS+) and increased the ratio of M2 macrophages (CD45+/Gr-1-/CD11b+/Arginase 1+) in the SCI area of SCI mice on the 28th day after being treated with genistein. We also found that genistein treatment significantly decreased the expression of TLR4, MyD88, and TRAF6 protein in the SCI area of SCI mice on 28th day after being treated with genistein. Conclusion Our findings suggested that genistein exerted neuroprotective action by inhibiting neuroinflammation by promoting the activation of M2 macrophages, and its underlying mechanisms might be related to the inhibition of the TLR4-mediated MyD88-dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200011 Shanghai, China
| | - Gen-Yang Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, 214000 Wuxi, China
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Molecular mechanism underlying the TLR4 antagonistic and antiseptic activities of papiliocin, an insect innate immune response molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115669119. [PMID: 35238667 PMCID: PMC8915966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115669119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to mammalian TLR4/MD-2, the Toll9/MD-2–like protein complex in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, acts as an innate pattern-recognition receptor that recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and induces LPS-stimulated expression of antimicrobial peptides such as cecropins. Here, we report that papiliocin, a cecropin-like insect antimicrobial peptide from the swallowtail butterfly, competitively inhibits the LPS-TLR4/MD-2 interaction by directly binding to human TLR4/MD-2. Structural elements in papiliocin, which are important in inhibiting TLR4 signaling via direct binding, are highly conserved among insect cecropins, indicating that its TLR4-antagonistic activity may be related to insect Toll9-mediated immune response against microbial infection. This study highlights the potential of papiliocin as a potent TLR4 antagonist and safe peptide antibiotic for treating gram-negative sepsis. Antimicrobial peptides are innate immune molecules playing essential roles in insects, which lack the adaptive immune system. Insects possess Toll9, the innate pattern-recognition receptor highly similar to the mammalian Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is involved in recognizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TLR4 is an important therapeutic target, as it causes uncontrolled immune response in sepsis; therefore, identification of TLR4-targeting molecules is imperative. Papiliocin, an insect cecropin derived from the larvae of the swallowtail butterfly, possesses potent antibacterial activities against gram-negative bacteria. We investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the TLR4-antagonistic and antiseptic activities of papiliocin. Binding analysis, docking simulation, and flow cytometry showed that papiliocin inhibited LPS-induced TLR4 signaling by directly binding to TLR4/MD-2 and causing rapid dissociation of LPS from the TLR4/MD-2 complex. R13 and R16 in the N-terminal helix, conserved in insect cecropins, were the key binding sites at the TLR4/MD-2 interface, along with the flexible hinge region, which promoted the interaction of the hydrophobic carboxyl-terminal helix with the MD-2 pocket to competitively inhibit the LPS–TLR4/MD-2 interaction. Papiliocin, an antiendotoxin molecule and TLR4 inhibitor, rescued the pathology of Escherichia coli–induced sepsis in mice more effectively and with lower nephrotoxicity compared to polymyxin B. Our results provide insight into the key structural components and mechanism underlying the TLR4-antagonistic activities of papiliocin, which is essential for the innate immune response of the insect against microbial infection. Papiliocin may be useful for developing a multifunctional alternative to polymyxin B for treating gram-negative sepsis.
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Mendes LFS, Costa-Filho AJ. A gold revision of the Golgi Dynamics (GOLD) domain structure and associated cell functionalities. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:973-990. [PMID: 35099811 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The classical secretory pathway is the key membrane-based delivery system in eukaryotic cells. Several families of proteins involved in the secretory pathway, with functionalities going from cargo sorting receptors to the maintenance and dynamics of secretory organelles, share soluble globular domains predicted to mediate protein-protein interactions. One of them is "Golgi Dynamics" (GOLD) domain, named after its strong association with the Golgi apparatus. There are many GOLD-containing protein families, such as the Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing proteins (TMED/p24 family), animal SEC14-like proteins, Human Golgi resident protein ACBD3, a splice variant of TICAM2 called TRAM with GOLD domain and FYCO1. Here, we critically review the state-of-the-art knowledge of the structures and functions of the main representatives of GOLD-containing proteins in vertebrates. We provide the first unified description of the GOLD domain structure across different families since the first high-resolution structure was determined. With a brand-new update on the definition of the GOLD domain, we also discuss how its tertiary structure fits the β-sandwich-like fold map and give exciting new directions for forthcoming studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe S Mendes
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Antonio J Costa-Filho
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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39
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Chen ZP, Huang HP, He XY, Wu BZ, Liu Y. Early continuous blood purification affects TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in patients with severe acute pancreatitis via inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathway. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2022; 38:479-485. [PMID: 35049137 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To exploit whether early continuous blood purification (CBP) inhibits the Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in the peripheral blood of patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and whether it affects the abundance of inflammatory factors; 130 SAP patients were randomly selected and divided into Groups B and C. Both groups received conventional treatment. Among them, Group C was given early CBP treatment. Another 60 healthy cases in physical examination at the same time were selected as Group A. The abundances of TLR4 and inflammatory factors were detected before and after treatment. Compared with Group B, (1) the symptoms in Group C improved more markedly; (2) protein contents of TLR4 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in Group C diminished more signally; (3) the abundances of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) in Group C decreased (p < 0.05); and (4) the abundance of TLR4 in Group C was positively correlated with those of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 after treatment (all p < 0.001). Early CBP inhibits TLR4 signaling pathway in SAP patients and attenuates the abundance of inflammatory factors to a certain extent, which may provide a new clinical treatment strategy for SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Chen
- Department of Surgical ICU, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ping Huang
- Department of Surgical ICU, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- Department of Cardiothoracic surgery, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Zhen Wu
- Department of Surgical ICU, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Surgical ICU, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
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40
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Innate Immunity Response to BK Virus Infection in Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy in Kidney Transplant Recipients. TRANSPLANTOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/transplantology3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) mainly causes infection in uroepithelial and renal tubular epithelial cells of either immunocompetent or immunocompromised hosts. Despite asymptomatic or mild clinical features in immunocompetent hosts with BK infection, serious complications are frequently found in immunocompromised patients, especially patients with kidney transplantation. Accordingly, BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVN) demonstrates a wide range of clinical manifestations, including ureteric stenosis and hemorrhagic cystitis. In addition, BKV re-infection in post-kidney transplantation is also a main cause of kidney allograft dysfunction and graft loss. Since the direct anti-BKV is unavailable, immune response against BKV infection is the main mechanism for organism control and might be a novel strategy to treat or suppress BKV. As such, the innate immunity, consisting of immune cells and soluble molecules, does not only suppress BKV but also enhances the subsequent adaptive immunity to eradicate the virus. Furthermore, the re-activation of BKV in BKVN of kidney-transplanted recipients seems to be related to the status of innate immunity. Therefore, this review aims to collate the most recent knowledge of innate immune response against BKV and the association between the innate immunity status of kidney-transplanted recipients and BKV re-activation.
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41
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Kaur A, Piplani S, Kaushik D, Fung J, Sakala IG, Honda-Okubo Y, Mehta SK, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. Stereoisomeric Pam2CS Based TLR2 Agonists: Synthesis, Structural Modelling and Activity as Vaccine Adjuvants. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:622-637. [PMID: 35694694 PMCID: PMC9132229 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00372k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopeptides including diacylated Pam2CSK4 as well as triacylated Pam3CSK4 act as ligands of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, a promising target for the development of vaccine adjuvants. The highly investigated Pam2CSK4 and...
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd Warradale Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Johnson Fung
- Vaxine Pty Ltd Warradale Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Isaac G Sakala
- Vaxine Pty Ltd Warradale Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd Warradale Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Surinder K Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University Chandigarh India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd Warradale Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University Chandigarh India
- National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University Chandigarh India
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Joshi G, Borah P, Thakur S, Sharma P, Mayank, Poduri R. Exploring the COVID-19 vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants: where do we stand and where do we go? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4714-4740. [PMID: 34856868 PMCID: PMC8726002 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1995283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As of September 2021, 117 COVID-19 vaccines are in clinical development, and 194 are in preclinical development as per the World Health Organization (WHO) published draft landscape. Among the 117 vaccines undergoing clinical trials, the major platforms include protein subunit; RNA; inactivated virus; viral vector, among others. So far, USFDA recognized to approve the Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty) COVID-19 vaccine for its full use in individuals of 16 years of age and older. Though the approved vaccines are being manufactured at a tremendous pace, the wealthiest countries have about 28% of total vaccines despite possessing only 10.8% of the total world population, suggesting an inequity of vaccine distribution. The review comprehensively summarizes the history of vaccines, mainly focusing on vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. The review also connects relevant topics, including measurement of vaccines efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, associated challenges, and limitations, as hurdles in global vaccination are also kept forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Joshi
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Pobitra Borah
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Shweta Thakur
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Mayank
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Ramarao Poduri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Gao Y, Nepal N, Jin SZ. Toll-like receptors and hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:521-529. [PMID: 34419367 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide issue. However, the current treatment for hepatitis C has many shortcomings. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors involved in HCV infection, and an increasing number of studies are focusing on the role of TLRs in the progression of hepatitis C. DATA SOURCES We performed a PubMed search up to January 2021 with the following keywords: hepatitis C, toll-like receptors, interferons, inflammation, and immune evasion. We also used terms such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), susceptibility, fibrosis, cirrhosis, direct-acting antiviral agents, agonists, and antagonists to supplement the query results. We reviewed relevant publications analyzing the correlation between hepatitis C and TLRs and the role of TLRs in HCV infection. RESULTS TLRs 1-4 and 6-9 are involved in the process of HCV infection. When the host is exposed to the HCV, TLRs, as important participants in HCV immune evasion, trigger innate immunity to remove the virus and also promote inflammation and liver fibrosis. TLR gene SNPs affect hepatitis C susceptibility, treatment, and prognosis. The contribution of each TLR to HCV is different. Drugs targeting various TLRs are developed and validated, and TLRs can synergize with classic hepatitis C drugs, including interferon and direct-acting antiviral agents, constituting a new direction for the treatment of hepatitis C. CONCLUSIONS TLRs are important receptors in HCV infection. Different TLRs induce different mechanisms of virus clearance and inflammatory response. Although TLR-related antiviral therapy strategies exist, more studies are needed to explore the clinical application of TLR-related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Narayan Nepal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
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Abstract
Combinatory antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication but is not curative because cART interruption almost invariably leads to a rapid rebound of viremia due to the persistence of stable HIV-1-infected cellular reservoirs. These reservoirs are mainly composed of CD4+ T cells harboring replication-competent latent proviruses. A broadly explored approach to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir size, the shock and kill strategy, consists of reactivating HIV-1 gene expression from the latently infected cellular reservoirs (the shock), followed by killing of the virus-producing infected cells (the kill). Based on improved understanding of the multiple molecular mechanisms controlling HIV-1 latency, distinct classes of latency reversing agents (LRAs) have been studied for their efficiency to reactivate viral gene expression in in vitro and ex vivo cell models. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of these different mechanistic classes of LRAs and discuss optimizations of the shock strategy by combining several LRAs simultaneously or sequentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Rodari
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium;
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Infectious Diseases Department, Liège University Hospital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Carine M Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium;
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Plesa M, Gaudet M, Mogas A, Jalaleddine N, Halayko A, Al Heialy S, Hamid Q. Vitamin D3 Attenuates Viral-Induced Inflammation and Fibrotic Responses in Bronchial Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715848. [PMID: 34512638 PMCID: PMC8427752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation by viral infections plays a key role in promoting inflammatory immune responses that contribute to pulmonary fibrosis in chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases. Vitamin D3 has been shown to be beneficial to patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) through its anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties. Smooth muscle cells are one of the major contributors to airway remodeling in asthma and COPD. We therefore aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D3 treatment on viral-induced TLR3 responses in Bronchial Smooth Muscle Cells (BSMCs) as a mechanism contributing to pulmonary fibrosis in asthma and COPD. Primary BSMCs from patients with asthma (n=4), COPD (n=4), and healthy control subjects (n=6) were treated with polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), TLR3 agonist in the presence or absence of vitamin D3 (1,25D3). Here we report the mRNA expression and protein levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic markers (IL-6, IFN-β1, CCL2/MCP-1, fibronectin 1 and type I collagen) among BSMCs groups: asthma, COPD, and healthy controls. We show that at the baseline, prior to polyI:C stimulation, asthma and COPD BSMCs presented increased pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic state compared to healthy control subjects, as measured by quantitative PCR and immunoassays (ELISA/Flow Cytometry. Ligation of TLR3 by polyI:C in BSMCs was associated with increased TLR3 mRNA expression, and 1,25D3 treatment significantly reduced its expression. In addition, 1,25D3 decreased the expression of IL-6, IFN-β1, CCL2, FN1 and COL1A1 induced by polyI:C in BSMCs. The regulatory effect of 1,25D3 treatment on polyI:C-stimulated BSMCs was further confirmed at protein levels. Our findings suggest that vitamin D3 attenuates TLR3 agonist-induced inflammatory and fibrotic responses in BSMCs and support the clinical relevance of vitamin D3 supplementation in patients with viral infections having chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Plesa
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mellissa Gaudet
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Mogas
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nour Jalaleddine
- Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Andrew Halayko
- Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Saba Al Heialy
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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46
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Sabnis RW. Spiro(isobenzofuranazetidine) Compounds for Treating Autoimmune Diseases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1359-1360. [PMID: 34531942 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ram W. Sabnis
- Smith, Gambrell & Russell LLP, 1230 Peachtree Street NE, Suite 3100, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, United States
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47
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Sarkar A, Galasiti Kankanamalage AC, Zhang Q, Cheng H, Sivaprakasam P, Naglich J, Xie C, Gangwar S, Boger DL. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies and evaluation of a TLR 3/8/9 agonist and its analogues. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:1377-1385. [PMID: 34421287 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive SAR study of a putative TLR 3/8/9 agonist was conducted. Despite the excitement surrounding the potential of the first small molecule TLR3 agonist with a compound that additionally displayed agonist activity for TLR8 and TLR9, compound 1 displayed disappointing activity in our hands, failing to match the potency (EC50) reported and displaying only a low efficacy for the extent of stimulated NF-κB activation and release. The evaluation of >75 analogs of 1, many of which constitute minor modifications in the structure, failed to identify any that displayed significant activity and none that exceeded the modest activity found for 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Anushka C Galasiti Kankanamalage
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | - Heng Cheng
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | - Prasanna Sivaprakasam
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 USA
| | - Joseph Naglich
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 USA
| | - Chunshan Xie
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 USA
| | - Sanjeev Gangwar
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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48
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Kaushik D, Granato JT, Macedo GC, Dib PRB, Piplani S, Fung J, da Silva AD, Coimbra ES, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. Toll-like receptor-7/8 agonist kill Leishmania amazonensis by acting as pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory agent. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1180-1190. [PMID: 33940589 PMCID: PMC8359742 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluation of the anti-Leishmanial activity of imidazoquinoline-based TLR7/8 agonists. METHODS TLR7/8-active imidazoquinolines (2 and 3) were synthesized and assessed for activity against Leishmania amazonensis-intracellular amastigotes using mouse peritoneal macrophages. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines was determined in infected and non-infected macrophages. KEY FINDINGS The imidazoquinolines, 2 and 3, were primarily agonists of TLR7 with compound 3 also showing modest TLR8 activity. Docking studies showed them to occupy the same binding pocket on TLR7 and 8 as the known agonists, imiquimod and resiquimod. Compounds 2 and 3 inhibited the growth of L. amazonensis-intracellular amastigotes with the most potent compound (3, IC50 = 5.93 µM) having an IC50 value close to miltefosine (IC50 = 4.05 µM), a known anti-Leishmanial drug. Compound 3 induced macrophages to produce ROS, NO and inflammatory cytokines that likely explain the anti-Leishmanial effects. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that activating TLR7 using compounds 2 or 3 induces anti-Leishmanial activity associated with induction of free radicals and inflammatory cytokines able to kill the parasites. While 2 and 3 had a very narrow cytotoxicity window for macrophages, this identifies the possibility to further develop this chemical scaffold to less cytotoxic TLR7/8 agonist for potential use as anti-Leishmanial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Juliana T Granato
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gilson C Macedo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula R B Dib
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Warradale, South Australia, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Johnson Fung
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Warradale, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adilson D da Silva
- Departamento de Química, I.C.E., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine S Coimbra
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Warradale, South Australia, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials (NICOVIA), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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49
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Sabnis RW. Novel Carbazoles for Treating Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1208-1209. [PMID: 34413945 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ram W. Sabnis
- Smith, Gambrell & Russell LLP, 1230 Peachtree Street NE, Suite 3100, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, United States
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50
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Banstola A, Poudel K, Kim JO, Jeong JH, Yook S. Recent progress in stimuli-responsive nanosystems for inducing immunogenic cell death. J Control Release 2021; 337:505-520. [PMID: 34314800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Low immunogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments are major hurdles in the application of cancer immunotherapy. To date, several immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers have been reported to boost cancer immunotherapy by triggering ICD. ICD is characterized by the release of proinflammatory cytokines, danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor associated antigens which will generate anticancer immunity by triggering adaptive immune cells. However, application of ICD inducers is limited due to severe toxicity issues and inefficient localization in the tumor microenvironment. To circumvent these challenges, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles have been exploited for improving cancer immunotherapy by limiting its toxicity. The combination of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles with an ICD inducer serves as a promising strategy for increasing the clinical applications of ICD induction in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we outline recent advances in ICD mediated by stimuli-responsive nanoparticles that may be near-infrared (NIR)-responsive, pH-responsive, redox responsive, pH and enzyme responsive, or pH and redox responsive, and evaluate their significant potential for successful clinical translation in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Banstola
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Kishwor Poudel
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Simmyung Yook
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
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