1
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Gomez Sanchez O, Peng GH, Li WH, Shih CH, Chien CH, Cheng SJ. Enhanced Photo-excitation and Angular-Momentum Imprint of Gray Excitons in WSe 2 Monolayers by Spin-Orbit-Coupled Vector Vortex Beams. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11425-11437. [PMID: 38637308 PMCID: PMC11064230 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
A light beam can be spatially structured in the complex amplitude to possess orbital angular momentum (OAM), which introduces an extra degree of freedom alongside the intrinsic spin angular momentum (SAM) associated with circular polarization. Furthermore, superimposing two such twisted light (TL) beams with distinct SAM and OAM produces a vector vortex beam (VVB) in nonseparable states where not only complex amplitude but also polarization is spatially structured and entangled with each other. In addition to the nonseparability, the SAM and OAM in a VVB are intrinsically coupled by the optical spin-orbit interaction and constitute the profound spin-orbit physics in photonics. In this work, we present a comprehensive theoretical investigation, implemented on the first-principles base, of the intriguing light-matter interaction between VVBs and WSe2 monolayers (WSe2-MLs), one of the best-known and promising two-dimensional (2D) materials in optoelectronics dictated by excitons, encompassing bright exciton (BX) as well as various dark excitons (DXs). One of the key findings of our study is that a substantial enhancement of the photoexcitation of gray excitons (GXs), a type of spin-forbidden DX, in a WSe2-ML can be achieved through the utilization of a 3D-structured TL with the optical spin-orbit interaction. Moreover, we show that a spin-orbit-coupled VVB surprisingly allows for the imprinting of the carried optical information onto GXs in 2D materials, which is robust against the decoherence mechanisms in the materials. This suggests a promising method for deciphering the transferred angular momentum from structured light to excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guan-Hao Peng
- Department
of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hua Li
- Department
of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Shih
- Institute
of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsin Chien
- Institute
of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Jen Cheng
- Department
of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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2
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Yanev ES, Darlington TP, Ladyzhets SA, Strasbourg MC, Trovatello C, Liu S, Rhodes DA, Hall K, Sinha A, Borys NJ, Hone JC, Schuck PJ. Programmable nanowrinkle-induced room-temperature exciton localization in monolayer WSe 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1543. [PMID: 38378789 PMCID: PMC10879107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45936-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Localized states in two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been the subject of intense study, driven by potential applications in quantum information science. Despite the rapidly growing knowledge surrounding these emitters, their microscopic nature is still not fully understood, limiting their production and application. Motivated by this challenge, and by recent theoretical and experimental evidence showing that nanowrinkles generate strain-localized room-temperature emitters, we demonstrate a method to intentionally induce wrinkles with collections of stressors, showing that long-range wrinkle direction and position are controllable with patterned array design. Nano-photoluminescence (nano-PL) imaging combined with detailed strain modeling based on measured wrinkle topography establishes a correlation between wrinkle properties, particularly shear strain, and localized exciton emission. Beyond the array-induced wrinkles, nano-PL spatial maps further reveal that the strain environment around individual stressors is heterogeneous due to the presence of fine wrinkles that are less deterministic. At cryogenic temperatures, antibunched emission is observed, confirming that the nanocone-induced strain is sufficiently large for the formation of quantum emitters. At 300 K, detailed nanoscale hyperspectral images uncover a wide range of low-energy emission peaks originating from the fine wrinkles, and show that the states can be tightly confined to regions <10 nm, even in ambient conditions. These results establish a promising potential route towards realizing room temperature quantum emission in 2D TMDC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuil S Yanev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas P Darlington
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophia A Ladyzhets
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Chiara Trovatello
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A Rhodes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kobi Hall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aditya Sinha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Borys
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
| | - James C Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Wang R, Liu Q, Dai S, Liu CM, Liu Y, Sun ZY, Li H, Zhang CJ, Wang H, Xu CY, Shao WZ, Meixner AJ, Zhang D, Li Y, Zhen L. Defect Emission and Its Dipole Orientation in Layered Ternary Znln 2 S 4 Semiconductor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305658. [PMID: 37798674 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Defect engineering is promising to tailor the physical properties of 2D semiconductors for function-oriented electronics and optoelectronics. Compared with the extensively studied 2D binary materials, the origin of defects and their influence on physical properties of 2D ternary semiconductors are not clarified. Here, the effect of defects on the electronic structure and optical properties of few-layer hexagonal Znln2 S4 is thoroughly studied via versatile spectroscopic tools in combination with theoretical calculations. It is demonstrated that the Zn-In antistructural defects induce the formation of a series of donor and acceptor energy levels and sulfur vacancies induce donor energy levels, leading to rich recombination paths for defect emission and extrinsic absorption. Impressively, the emission of donor-acceptor pair in Znln2 S4 can be significantly tailored by electrostatic gating due to efficient tunability of Fermi level (Ef ). Furthermore, the layer-dependent dipole orientation of defect emission in Znln2 S4 is directly revealed by back focal plane imagining, where it presents obviously in-plane dipole orientation within a dozen-layer thickness of Znln2 S4 . These unique features of defects in Znln2 S4 including extrinsic absorption, rich recombination paths, gate tunability, and in-plane dipole orientation are definitely a benefit to the advanced orientation-functional optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sheng Dai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chao-Ming Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhao-Yuan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chang-Jin Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, High Magnetic Field Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Cheng-Yan Xu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Shao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Liang Zhen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
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4
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Aftab S, Hussain S, Al-Kahtani AA. Latest Innovations in 2D Flexible Nanoelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301280. [PMID: 37104492 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
2D materials with dangling-bond-free surfaces and atomically thin layers have been shown to be capable of being incorporated into flexible electronic devices. The electronic and optical properties of 2D materials can be tuned or controlled in other ways by using the intriguing strain engineering method. The latest and encouraging techniques in regard to creating flexible 2D nanoelectronics are condensed in this review. These techniques have the potential to be used in a wider range of applications in the near and long term. It is possible to use ultrathin 2D materials (graphene, BP, WTe2 , VSe2 etc.) and 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) in order to enable the electrical behavior of the devices to be studied. A category of materials is produced on smaller scales by exfoliating bulk materials, whereas chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and epitaxial growth are employed on larger scales. This overview highlights two distinct requirements, which include from a single semiconductor or with van der Waals heterostructures of various nanomaterials. They include where strain must be avoided and where it is required, such as solutions to produce strain-insensitive devices, and such as pressure-sensitive outcomes, respectively. Finally, points-of-view about the current difficulties and possibilities in regard to using 2D materials in flexible electronics are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Aftab
- Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Abdullah A Al-Kahtani
- Chemistry Department, Collage of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Abramov AN, Chestnov IY, Alimova ES, Ivanova T, Mukhin IS, Krizhanovskii DN, Shelykh IA, Iorsh IV, Kravtsov V. Photoluminescence imaging of single photon emitters within nanoscale strain profiles in monolayer WSe 2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5737. [PMID: 37714836 PMCID: PMC10504242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Local deformation of atomically thin van der Waals materials provides a powerful approach to create site-controlled chip-compatible single-photon emitters (SPEs). However, the microscopic mechanisms underlying the formation of such strain-induced SPEs are still not fully clear, which hinders further efforts in their deterministic integration with nanophotonic structures for developing practical on-chip sources of quantum light. Here we investigate SPEs with single-photon purity up to 98% created in monolayer WSe2 via nanoindentation. Using photoluminescence imaging in combination with atomic force microscopy, we locate single-photon emitting sites on a deep sub-wavelength spatial scale and reconstruct the details of the surrounding local strain potential. The obtained results suggest that the origin of the observed single-photon emission is likely related to strain-induced spectral shift of dark excitonic states and their hybridization with localized states of individual defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem N Abramov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Igor Y Chestnov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Alimova
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, 195251, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ivanova
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Ivan S Mukhin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- St. Petersburg Academic University, Saint Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | | | - Ivan A Shelykh
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Abrikosov Center for Theoretical Physics, MIPT, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, 143025, Russia
| | - Ivan V Iorsh
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Abrikosov Center for Theoretical Physics, MIPT, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, 143025, Russia
| | - Vasily Kravtsov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia.
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6
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Ripin A, Peng R, Zhang X, Chakravarthi S, He M, Xu X, Fu KM, Cao T, Li M. Tunable phononic coupling in excitonic quantum emitters. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1020-1026. [PMID: 37264087 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the coupling between fundamental quantum excitations is at the heart of quantum science and technologies. An outstanding case is the creation of quantum light sources in which coupling between single photons and phonons can be controlled and harnessed to enable quantum information transduction. Here we report the deterministic creation of quantum emitters featuring highly tunable coupling between excitons and phonons. The quantum emitters are formed in strain-induced quantum dots created in homobilayer WSe2. The colocalization of quantum-confined interlayer excitons and terahertz interlayer breathing-mode phonons, which directly modulates the exciton energy, leads to a uniquely strong phonon coupling to single-photon emission, with a Huang-Rhys factor reaching up to 6.3. The single-photon spectrum of interlayer exciton emission features a single-photon purity >83% and multiple phonon replicas, each heralding the creation of a phonon Fock state in the quantum emitter. Due to the vertical dipole moment of the interlayer exciton, the phonon-photon interaction is electrically tunable to be higher than the exciton and phonon decoherence rate, and hence promises to reach the strong-coupling regime. Our result demonstrates a solid-state quantum excitonic-optomechanical system at the atomic interface of the WSe2 bilayer that emits flying photonic qubits coupled with stationary phonons, which could be exploited for quantum transduction and interconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Ripin
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ruoming Peng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Minhao He
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kai-Mei Fu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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7
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Xu DD, Vong AF, Lebedev D, Ananth R, Wong AM, Brown PT, Hersam MC, Mirkin CA, Weiss EA. Conversion of Classical Light Emission from a Nanoparticle-Strained WSe 2 Monolayer into Quantum Light Emission via Electron Beam Irradiation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208066. [PMID: 36373540 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state single photon emitters (SPEs) within atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have recently attracted interest as scalable quantum light sources for quantum photonic technologies. Among TMDs, WSe2 monolayers (MLs) are promising for the deterministic fabrication and engineering of SPEs using local strain fields. The ability to reliably produce isolatable SPEs in WSe2 is currently impeded by the presence of numerous spectrally overlapping states that occur at strained locations. Here nanoparticle (NP) arrays with precisely defined positions and sizes are employed to deterministically create strain fields in WSe2 MLs, thus enabling the systematic investigation and control of SPE formation. Using this platform, electron beam irradiation at NP-strained locations transforms spectrally overlapped sub-bandgap emission states into isolatable, anti-bunched quantum emitters. The dependence of the emission spectra of WSe2 MLs as a function of strain magnitude and exposure time to electron beam irradiation is quantified and provides insight into the mechanism for SPE production. Excitons selectively funnel through strongly coupled sub-bandgap states introduced by electron beam irradiation, which suppresses spectrally overlapping emission pathways and leads to measurable anti-bunched behavior. The findings provide a strategy to generate isolatable SPEs in 2D materials with a well-defined energy range.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Albert F Vong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Dmitry Lebedev
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Riddhi Ananth
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Alexa M Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Paul T Brown
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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8
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Shabani S, Darlington TP, Gordon C, Wu W, Yanev E, Hone J, Zhu X, Dreyer CE, Schuck PJ, Pasupathy AN. Ultralocalized Optoelectronic Properties of Nanobubbles in 2D Semiconductors. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7401-7407. [PMID: 36122409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of transition-metal dichalcogenides have previously been modified at the nanoscale by using mechanical and electrical nanostructuring. However, a clear experimental picture relating the local electronic structure with emission properties in such structures has so far been lacking. Here, we use a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and near-field photoluminescence (nano-PL) to probe the electronic and optical properties of single nanobubbles in bilayer heterostructures of WSe2 on MoSe2. We show from tunneling spectroscopy that there are electronic states deeply localized in the gap at the edge of such bubbles, which are independent of the presence of chemical defects in the layers. We also show a significant change in the local band gap on the bubble, with a continuous evolution to the edge of the bubble over a length scale of ∼20 nm. Nano-PL measurements observe a continuous redshift of the interlayer exciton on entering the bubble, in agreement with the band-to-band transitions measured by STM. We use self-consistent Schrödinger-Poisson simulations to capture the essence of the experimental results and find that strong doping in the bubble region is a key ingredient to achieving the observed localized states, together with mechanical strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shabani
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States
| | - Thomas P Darlington
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States
| | - Colin Gordon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook 11790, New York, United States
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States
| | - Emanuil Yanev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States
| | - Cyrus E Dreyer
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York 10010, New York, United States
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States
| | - Abhay N Pasupathy
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York 10027, New York, United States
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9
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Ghosh Dastidar M, Thekkooden I, Nayak PK, Praveen Bhallamudi V. Quantum emitters and detectors based on 2D van der Waals materials. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5289-5313. [PMID: 35322836 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08193d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light plays an essential role in our world, with several technologies relying on it. Photons will also play an important role in the emerging quantum technologies, which are primed to have a transformative effect on our society. The development of single-photon sources and ultra-sensitive photon detectors is crucial. Solid-state emitters are being heavily pursued for developing truly single-photon sources for scalable technology. On the detectors' side, the main challenge lies in inventing sensitive detectors operating at sub-optical frequencies. This review highlights the promising research being conducted for the development of quantum emitters and detectors based on two-dimensional van der Waals (2D-vdW) materials. Several 2D-vdW materials, from canonical graphene to transition metal dichalcogenides and their heterostructures, have generated a lot of excitement due to their tunable emission and detection properties. The recent developments in the creation, fabrication and control of quantum emitters hosted by 2D-vdW materials and their potential applications in integrated photonic devices are discussed. Furthermore, the progress in enhancing the photon-counting potential of 2D material-based detectors, viz. 2D photodetectors, bolometers and superconducting single-photon detectors functioning at various wavelengths is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Ghosh Dastidar
- 2D Materials Research and Innovation Group, Micro Nano and Bio-Fluidics Group, Quantum Centers in Diamond and Emerging Materials (QuCenDiEM) Group, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Immanuel Thekkooden
- Quantum Centers in Diamond and Emerging Materials (QuCenDiEM) Group, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Pramoda K Nayak
- 2D Materials Research and Innovation Group, Micro Nano and Bio-Fluidics Group, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Vidya Praveen Bhallamudi
- Quantum Centers in Diamond and Emerging Materials (QuCenDiEM) Group, Departments of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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10
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Wang Q, Maisch J, Tang F, Zhao D, Yang S, Joos R, Portalupi SL, Michler P, Smet JH. Highly Polarized Single Photons from Strain-Induced Quasi-1D Localized Excitons in WSe 2. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7175-7182. [PMID: 34424710 PMCID: PMC8431731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Single photon emission from localized excitons in two-dimensional (2D) materials has been extensively investigated because of its relevance for quantum information applications. Prerequisites are the availability of photons with high purity polarization and controllable polarization orientation that can be integrated with optical cavities. Here, deformation strain along edges of prepatterned square-shaped substrate protrusions is exploited to induce quasi-one-dimensional (1D) localized excitons in WSe2 monolayers as an elegant way to get photons that fulfill these requirements. At zero magnetic field, the emission is linearly polarized with 95% purity because exciton states are valley hybridized with equal shares of both valleys and predominant emission from excitons with a dipole moment along the elongated direction. In a strong field, one valley is favored and the linear polarization is converted to high-purity circular polarization. This deterministic control over polarization purity and orientation is a valuable asset in the context of integrated quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixing Wang
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Julian Maisch
- Institut
für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center
for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Fangdong Tang
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Dong Zhao
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Sheng Yang
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Raphael Joos
- Institut
für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center
for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Simone Luca Portalupi
- Institut
für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center
for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut
für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Center
for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Jurgen H. Smet
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
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Anantharaman SB, Jo K, Jariwala D. Exciton-Photonics: From Fundamental Science to Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12628-12654. [PMID: 34310122 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductors in all dimensionalities ranging from 0D quantum dots and molecules to 3D bulk crystals support bound electron-hole pair quasiparticles termed excitons. Over the past two decades, the emergence of a variety of low-dimensional semiconductors that support excitons combined with advances in nano-optics and photonics has burgeoned an advanced area of research that focuses on engineering, imaging, and modulating the coupling between excitons and photons, resulting in the formation of hybrid quasiparticles termed exciton-polaritons. This advanced area has the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in quantum optics, as well as classical optoelectronic devices. Here, we present a review on the coupling of light in excitonic semiconductors and previous investigations of the optical properties of these hybrid quasiparticles via both far-field and near-field imaging and spectroscopy techniques. Special emphasis is given to recent advances with critical evaluation of the bottlenecks that plague various materials toward practical device implementations including quantum light sources. Our review highlights a growing need for excitonic material development together with optical engineering and imaging techniques to harness the utility of excitons and their host materials for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra B Anantharaman
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kiyoung Jo
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Defect and strain engineering of monolayer WSe 2 enables site-controlled single-photon emission up to 150 K. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3585. [PMID: 34117243 PMCID: PMC8196156 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, quantum-dot-like single-photon emitters in atomically thin van der Waals materials have become a promising platform for future on-chip scalable quantum light sources with unique advantages over existing technologies, notably the potential for site-specific engineering. However, the required cryogenic temperatures for the functionality of these sources has been an inhibitor of their full potential. Existing methods to create emitters in 2D materials face fundamental challenges in extending the working temperature while maintaining the emitter’s fabrication yield and purity. In this work, we demonstrate a method of creating site-controlled single-photon emitters in atomically thin WSe2 with high yield utilizing independent and simultaneous strain engineering via nanoscale stressors and defect engineering via electron-beam irradiation. Many of the emitters exhibit biexciton cascaded emission, single-photon purities above 95%, and working temperatures up to 150 K. This methodology, coupled with possible plasmonic or optical micro-cavity integration, furthers the realization of scalable, room-temperature, and high-quality 2D single- and entangled-photon sources. Quantum defects in 2D semiconductors are promising quantum light sources, but the required cryogenic temperatures limit their applicability. Here, the authors report a method to create single-photon emitters in monolayer WSe2 operating at temperatures up to 150 K without plasmonic or optical cavities.
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Marcellina E, Liu X, Hu Z, Fieramosca A, Huang Y, Du W, Liu S, Zhao J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Xiong Q. Evidence for Moiré Trions in Twisted MoSe 2 Homobilayers. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:4461-4468. [PMID: 33970625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Moiré superlattices of van der Waals structures offer a powerful platform for engineering band structure and quantum states. For instance, Moiré superlattices in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene, ABC trilayer graphene have been shown to harbor correlated insulating and superconducting states, while in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) twisted bilayers, Moiré excitons have been identified. Here we show that the effects of a Moiré superlattice on the band structure are general: In TMD twisted bilayers, excitons and exciton complexes can be trapped in the superlattice in a manner analogous to ultracold bosonic or Fermionic atoms in optical lattices. Using twisted MoSe2 homobilayers as a model system, we present evidence for Moiré trions. Our results thus open possibilities for designer van der Waals structures hosting arrays of Fermionic or bosonic quasiparticles, which can be used to realize tunable many-body states crucial for quantum simulation and quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Marcellina
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Xue Liu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Zehua Hu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Yuqing Huang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Wei Du
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Jiaxin Zhao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Qihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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Liu N, Gallaro CM, Shayan K, Mukherjee A, Kim B, Hone J, Vamivakas N, Strauf S. Antiferromagnetic proximity coupling between semiconductor quantum emitters in WSe 2 and van der Waals ferromagnets. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:832-841. [PMID: 33351877 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06632j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
van der Waals ferromagnets have gained significant interest due to their unique ability to provide magnetic response even at the level of a few monolayers. Particularly in combination with 2D semiconductors, such as the transition metal dichalcogenide WSe2, one can create heterostructures that feature unique magneto-optical response in the exciton emission through the magnetic proximity effect. Here we use 0D quantum emitters in WSe2 to probe for the ferromagnetic response in heterostructures with Fe3GT and Fe5GT ferromagnets through an all-optical read-out technique that does not require electrodes. The spectrally narrow spin-doublet of the WSe2 quantum emitters allowed to fully resolve the hysteretic magneto-response in the exciton emission, revealing the characteristic signature of both ferro- and antiferromagnetic proximity coupling that originates from the interplay among Fe3GT or Fe5GT, a thin surface oxide, and the spin doublets of the quantum emitters. Our work highlights the utility of 0D quantum emitters for probing interface magnetic dipoles in vdW heterostructures with high precision. The observed hysteretic magneto response in the exciton emission of quantum emitters adds further new degrees of freedom for spin and g-factor manipulation of quantum states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA. and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA
| | - Cosmo M Gallaro
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA. and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA
| | - Kamran Shayan
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA and Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Arunabh Mukherjee
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA and Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Bumho Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA
| | - Nick Vamivakas
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA and Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Stefan Strauf
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA. and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA
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