Fluorescence Probe Based on an Amino-Functionalized Fluorescent Magnetic Nanocomposite for Detection of Folic Acid in Serum

Recent Progress in Folic Acid Detection Based on Fluorescent Carbon Dots as Sensors: A Review

Folic acid (FA) is a water-soluble vitamin found in diverse natural sources and is crucial for preserving human health. The risk of health issues due to FA deficiency underscores the need for a straightforward and sensitive FA detection methodology. Carbon dots (CDs) have gained significant attention owing to their exceptional fluorescence performance, biocompatibility, and easy accessibility. Consequently, numerous research studies have concentrated on developing advanced CD fluorescent probes to enable swift and precise FA detection. Despite these efforts, there is still a requirement for a thorough overview of the efficient synthesis of CDs and their practical applications in FA detection to further promote the widespread use of CDs. This review paper focuses on the practical applications of CD sensors for FA detection. It begins with an in-depth introduction to FA and CDs. Following that, based on various synthetic approaches, the prepared CDs are classified into diverse detection methods, such as single sensing, visual detection, and electrochemical methods. Furthermore, persistent challenges and potential avenues are highlighted for future research to provide valuable insights into crafting effective CDs and detecting FA.

Development of a Modular miRNA-Responsive Biosensor for Organ-Specific Evaluation of Liver Injury

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly being considered essential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for multiple diseases. In recent years, researchers have emphasized the need to develop probes that can harness extracellular miRNAs as input signals for disease diagnostics. In this study, we introduce a novel miRNA-responsive biosensor (miR-RBS) designed to achieve highly sensitive and specific detection of miRNAs, with a particular focus on targeted organ-specific visualization. The miR-RBS employs a Y-structured triple-stranded DNA probe (Y-TSDP) that exhibits a fluorescence-quenched state under normal physiological conditions. The probe switches to an activated state with fluorescence signals in the presence of high miRNA concentrations, enabling rapid and accurate disease reporting. Moreover, the miR-RBS probe had a modular design, with a fluorescence-labeled strand equipped with a functional module that facilitates specific binding to organs that express high levels of the target receptors. This allowed the customization of miRNA detection and cell targeting using aptameric anchors. In a drug-induced liver injury model, the results demonstrate that the miR-RBS probe effectively visualized miR-122 levels, suggesting it has good potential for disease diagnosis and organ-specific imaging. Together, this innovative biosensor provides a versatile tool for the early detection and monitoring of diseases through miRNA-based biomarkers.

Amine-Rich Carbon Dots Synthesized from Kappa-Carrageenan and l-Lysine as a Dual Probe for Detection of Folic Acid and Tumor-Targeted Delivery of Therapeutics

Strategically designed, heteroatom-rich surface functionalized blue fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized for high-throughput detection of folic acid (vitamin B9). The highly stable CDs could particularly detect vitamin B9 in the presence of 35 analytes, even up to 40 nM of the vitamin. The versatile CDs were found to have a high affinity for folic acid in wastewater, folic acid tablets, and food samples enriched with folic acid. The hemocompatibility of the CDs was also studied by using a hemolysis assay, confirming the CDs to be nontoxic to human blood samples up to 400 μg/mL. The CDs were then covalently conjugated to biotin, which possesses receptors that are overexpressed in tumor cells. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye) assay and confocal bioimaging studies proved the biotin-modified CDs (CDBT) were remarkably nontoxic in healthy cell lines (HEK-293) and highly target-specific toward tumor cells (HeLa), including triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). The cytotoxicity assay of 5-fluorouracil encapsulated CDs (CDBTFu) showed the IC50 value to be 81 μM in HeLa cells and 185 μM in MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively, and significantly higher in HEK-293 cells (over 300 μM), owing to high specificity toward tumor cells.

3D printing of electrochemical cell for voltammetric detection and photodegradation monitoring of folic acid in juice samples

In this study, compact 3D-printed carbon black (CB) electrodes were manufactured for using in folic acid (FA) analysis in fruit samples. Before application in FA analysis, the electrode surfaces were characterized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and voltammetry using well-known redox probes. Square wave voltammetric study presented linear responses in the range between 10 and 200 µmol/L (R2 > 0.99), exhibited a suitable detection limit (LOD) of ∼ 5.1 µmol/L and acceptable performance in terms of reproducibility and anti-interference experiments. The analysis of FA in four different food samples using the proposed method agreed statistically with a comparative technique based on spectrophotometric measurements. Moreover, results from photostability experiments indicated that FA can be degraded after 5 and 20 min of UV exposure. These results successfully demonstrated the analytical feasibility of the 3D-printed electrodes as sensing material and for monitoring the photostability of FA in different fruit matrices.

Sensitive detections for three kinds of vitamin B in aqueous solution and on test paper by fluorescent dual-emission carbon dots

Although a few of fluorescent probes based on carbon dots (CDs) for vitamin B (VB) determination have been emerged, none of them can realize the detection of different kinds of VB. In this paper, nitrogen, chlorine co-doped dual-emission CDs (N, Cl-CDs) with emissions at 404 nm and 595 nm have been easily synthesized. VB2, VB9 and VB12 can all induce obvious fluorescence turn-off response toward the N, Cl-CDs. Based on that, three types of VBs are quantitatively and sensitively evaluated in aqueous solution with wide concentration ranges of 14.9-135.0 μM, 34.7-89.8 μM and 29.8-79.8 μM, respectively. Importantly, visual semiquantitative detection of VBs on a test strip are also proposed. Moreover, the current N, Cl-CDs have been successfully applied to the detection of VBs in real samples. The N, Cl-CDs are sensitively multifunctional sensors for three kinds of VBs in aqueous solution and the visual semiquantitative detection by test paper assay is simple, portable and inexpensive.

Fluorescent ovalbumin-functionalized gold nanocluster as a highly sensitive and selective sensor for relay detection of salicylaldehyde, Hg(II) and folic acid

A sensitive and selective relay-based scheme for the detection of salicylaldehyde, Hg2+, and folic acid (FA) has been demonstrated using fluorescent ovalbumin functionalized gold nanoclusters (OVA-AuNCs, λem = 655 nm) in this article. The OVA-AuNCs were conjugated to salicylaldehyde via an imine linkage to form Salic_OVA-AuNCs conjugate. The molecular docking study reveals that multiple functional groups and amino acid residues are involved in the interaction between salicylaldehyde and the OVA-AuNCs. The coupling of salicylaldehyde with OVA-AuNCs results in fluorescence quenching at 655 nm and concomitant formation of an emission band at 500 nm, which have leveraged to detect salicylaldehyde down to 2.02 µM. Following that, the Salic_OVA-AuNCs has been used for the detection of Hg2+ and FA. Several processes, such as internal charge transfer (ICT), photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and metallophilic interactions, are involved between the Salic_OVA-AuNCs nanoprobe and the analytes, which allowed to detect Hg2+ and FA down to 0.13 nM and 0.11 nM, respectively. The Salic_OVA-AuNCs nanoprobe has an additional naked-eye utility when applied to paper-strip sensing strategy for Hg2+ and FA detection.

Deep-Learning-Assisted Discriminative Detection of Vitamin B12 and Vitamin B9 by Fluorescent MoSe2 Quantum Dots

A facile and environmentally mindful approach for the synthesis of MoSe2 QDs was developed via the hydrothermal method from bulk MoSe2. In this, the exfoliation of MoSe2 was enhanced with the aid of an intercalation agent (KOH), which could reduce the exfoliation time and increase the exfoliation efficiency to form MoSe2 QDs. We found that MoSe2 QDs display blue emission that is suitable for different applications. This fluorescence property of MoSe2 QDs was harnessed to fabricate a dual-modal sensor for the detection of both vitamin B12 (VB12) and vitamin B9 (VB9), employing fluorescence quenching. We performed a detailed study on the fluorescence quenching mechanism of both analytes. The predominant quenching mechanism for VB12 is via Förster resonance energy transfer. In contrast, the recognition of VB9 primarily relies on the inner filter effect. We applied an emerging and captivating approach to pattern recognition, the deep-learning method, which enables machines to "learn" patterns through training, eliminating the need for explicit programming of recognition methods. This attribute endows deep-learning with immense potential in the realm of sensing data analysis. Here, analyzing the array-based sensing data, the deep-learning technique, "convolution neural networks", has achieved 93% accuracy in determining the contribution of VB12 and VB9.

A simple synthesis method of microsphere immunochromatographic test strip for time-resolved luminescence detection of folic acid

Folic acid (FA) is an ingredient that must be added to infant milk powder to avoid potential defects. Rapid, sensitive and reliable detection methods are needed to determined FA addition levels. Thus, this study established a microsphere immunochromatographic test strip for time-resolved luminescence detection (TRLM-ICTS) based on carboxyl-functionalized time-resolved luminescent microspheres (Eu-TRLMs) prepared by a one-step method as fluorescent markers for the immediate quantitative detection of FA in milk powder. Eu-TRLMs prepared by the one-step method showed good dispersion, high stability and strong fluorescence intensity, which is improving the sensitivity of TRLM-ICTS. In the performance evaluation of TRLM-ICTS, the detection limit was 0.487 ng mL^-1, the recovery rate was 97.3-105 %, and the actual sample detection results were in line with those of UPLC-MS/MS. TRLM-ICTS has the advantages of rapid, high sensitivity and strong specificity and could as a practical quantitative detection method for the detection of FA in milk powder.

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots as a fluorescent probe for folic acid detection and live cell imaging

The folic acid (FA) level in human body can be used as an indicator for body's normal physiological activities and offer insight into the growth and reproduction of the body's cells. But the abnormal level of FA can cause some diseases. Herein, we designed a simple and convenient approach to prepare fluorescent N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) for the FA detection. These N-CDs have excellent hydrophilicity, high photostability, and outstanding biocompatibility, as well as excitation-independent emission behavior with typical excitation/emission peaks at 295 nm/412 nm. Upon the existence of FA, the fluorescence emission spectrum of N-CDs was significantly quenched through the synergy of static quenching mechanism and internal filtering effect (IFE). Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection was 28.0 nM (S/N = 3) within the FA concentration range of 0-200.0 μM. In addition, N-CDs were successfully employed to detect FA in real samples such as urine and fetal bovine serum (FBS), with a recovery rate of 99.6%-100.7% for quantitative addition. Furthermore, cell experiments confirmed the low toxicity and the cell imaging performance of these N-CDs, indicating that the obtained N-CDs could be served as a credible quantitative probe for FA analysis in the field of biosensing.

Simultaneous and selective electrochemical sensing of methotrexate and folic acid in biological fluids and pharmaceutical samples using Fe3O4/ppy/Pd nanocomposite modified screen printed graphite electrode

The purpose of this study was to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for the detection of methotrexate and folic acid based on a screen-printed graphite electrode (SPGE) modified with prepared iron oxide (Fe₃O₄)/polypyrrole (ppy)/Palladium (Pd) nanocomposite. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques were employed to characterize the Fe₃O₄/ppy/Pd nanocomposite. The produced modifier was used to induce a remarkable electrocatalytic impact relative to the oxidation of methotrexate, which caused the potential peak shift to a less positive amount (from 800 mV to about 500 mV) and improved the peak current (from 5.3 μA to about 16 μA). Methotrexate peak current was linearly dependent on its concentration from 0.03100.0 μM and the limit of detection (LOD) was estimated at 7.0 nM. The methotrexate and folic acid were co-detected by the proposed sensor. The experimental results indicated that the oxidation peaks of methotrexate and folic acid were separated about 200 mV in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7.0. Fe₃O₄/ppy/Pd/SPGE was successfully able to detect methotrexate and folic acid in pharmaceutical and biological samples with excellent recovery.

A red luminescent europium metal organic framework (Eu-MOF) integrated with a paper strip using smartphone visual detection for determination of folic acid in pharmaceutical formulations

Integration of smartphone with visual-based paper strip as a low-cost, fast, and reliable probe for semi-quantitative analysis of folic acid.

Advances and Challenges of Fluorescent Nanomaterials for Synthesis and Biomedical Applications

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, new types of fluorescent nanomaterials (FNMs) have been springing up in the past two decades. The nanometer scale endows FNMs with unique optical properties which play a critical role in their applications in bioimaging and fluorescence-dependent detections. However, since low selectivity as well as low photoluminescence efficiency of fluorescent nanomaterials hinders their applications in imaging and detection to some extent, scientists are still in search of synthesizing new FNMs with better properties. In this review, a variety of fluorescent nanoparticles are summarized including semiconductor quantum dots, carbon dots, carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene-based nanomaterials, noble metal nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, phosphors and organic frameworks. We highlight the recent advances of the latest developments in the synthesis of FNMs and their applications in the biomedical field in recent years. Furthermore, the main theories, methods, and limitations of the synthesis and applications of FNMs have been reviewed and discussed. In addition, challenges in synthesis and biomedical applications are systematically summarized as well. The future directions and perspectives of FNMs in clinical applications are also presented.

Silver-enhanced fluorescence of bimetallic Au/Ag nanoclusters as ultrasensitive sensing probe for the detection of folic acid

Folic acid (FA) is the natural form of water-soluble vitamins widely found in most plants and animal products and its deficiency leads to several human body abnormalities. The advancements of metal nanoclusters are highly increasing due to their molecule-like optical properties and attractive applications. Because of increasingly demand of noble metal nanoclusters as sensing templates, different synthesis methods have been developed for facile synthesis of noble metal nanoclusters. Herein, red-emitting fluorescent bovine serum albumin (BSA)-capped Au-Ag bimetallic NCs are facilely synthesized through green one-pot synthetic approach. The effect of silver on the fluorescence properties of Au NCs was investigated and it was found that introduction of silver can enhance the fluorescence intensity. The fluorescence intensity of the as-prepared Au-Ag nanoclusters gets quenched in the presence of folic acid in an aqueous medium and it was used as ultrasensitive sensing probe for FA detection. The developed Au-Ag NCs-based sensing probe shows linear response in the wide range of 0-100 μM and the detection limit is as low as 0.47 nM. Its applicability has also been confirmed successfully in real human serum, urine and FA tablet samples. Due to the high stability, sensitivity and selectivity, the developed bimetallic cluster sensing system is highly promising to be applied in the pharmaceutical and clinical laboratories.

Design and synthesis of highly fluorescent and stable fullerene nanoparticles as probes for folic acid detection and targeted cancer cell imaging

Rational design and construction of fullerene derivatives play significant roles in the development of applications for sensing, marking and imaging in biomedical fields. In the present work, a novel type of C₆₀ fluorescent nanoparticle (C₆₀ FNP) was synthesized by a combination of thiol-ene chemistry and modification with folic acid (FA). The as-prepared C₆₀ FNPs exhibited intense blue luminescence with a relatively high quantum yield of 26%, which is higher than that of any other reported fluorescent fullerene-based nanomaterial. Moreover, they revealed superior photobleaching resistance under constant UV lamp illumination for 5 h and excellent photostablity after 9 months of storage in water. Due to the mutual hydrogen bond interaction, the obtained C₆₀ FNPs were capable of acting as a sensitive and specific probe for FA detection and quantification, with a liner range of 0 to 80 μM and a detection limit of 0.24 μM. Satisfactory recoveries (95.4%-105.2%) were obtained from a series of actual samples, further confirming the feasibility of this nanoprobe. Additionally, taking advantage of the FA moiety, the C₆₀ FNPs had easy access to penetrate into cancer cells with higher expression levels of folate receptors, thereby achieving the function of targeted cellular imaging.

Targeted Bioimaging of Cancer Cells Using Free Folic Acid-Sensitive Molybdenum Disulfide Quantum Dots through Fluorescence "Turn-Off"

In the present study, a proficient way for targeted bioimaging of folate receptor (FR)-positive cancer cells using free folic acid (FA)- and MoS₂ QD-based nanoprobes is discussed along with its advantages over the preparation of orthodox direct FA-nanoprobe bioconjugates for the imaging. The water-soluble MoS₂ QDs of size 4-5 nm with cysteine functionalization are synthesized by a simplistic bottom-up hydrothermal method. The as-prepared MoS₂ QDs exhibit the blue emission with the highest emission intensity at 444 nm upon excitation of 370 nm. The MoS₂ QDs are too sensitive toward FA to produce an effective and stable nanofiber structure through supramolecular interaction, which demonstrates ∼97% quenching of fluorescence. Moreover, the high selectivity and sensitivity of MoS₂ QDs toward FA make the MoS₂ QD-based nanoprobe an appropriate candidate for FA-targeted "turn-off" imaging probes for in vivo study of FA-pretreated FR-overexpressed cancer cells. It is obvious from the confocal microscopy images that the FA-pretreated B16F10 cancer cells show higher population of dimmed fluorescence compared to untreated cancer cells and HEK-293 normal cells. The flow cytometry study quantitatively reveals the significant difference of the geometric mean of fluorescence between FA-pretreated and untreated B16F10 cancer cells. Hence, these MoS₂ QD-based nanoprobes can be applied as potential nanoprobes for the prediagnosis of cancer through targeted bioimaging.

Eu-MOF and its mixed-matrix membranes as a fluorescent sensor for quantitative ratiometric pH and folic acid detection, and visible fingerprint identifying

The integration of 1 and polymer matrices leads to the fabrication of 1@polymer MMMs, which can be used in the detection of pH and folic acid. Powder samples of 1 also show potential for application in fingerprint identification.

Photoacoustic-Based Miniature Device with Smartphone Readout for Point-of-Care Testing of Uric Acid

Real-time and rapid detection of various biomarkers in body fluids has important significance for early disease diagnosis, efficient monitoring of treatment, and evaluation of prognosis. However, traditional detection methods not only require bulky and costly instruments but also are not suitable for the analysis of heterogeneous samples (e.g., serum and urine), limiting their applications in point-of-care testing (POCT). Herein, an integrated photoacoustic (PA) device with a smartphone as the acoustic signal readout has been constructed, greatly reducing the volume and cost of the instrument, and providing a potential miniature platform for POCT of clinical samples. By exploiting the electron transfer product of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) (i.e., TMB⁺⁺) as the PA probe and hemin-graphene oxide (H-GO) complex as the peroxidase, quantitative analysis of uric acid was successfully performed by using only 30 μL of a sample solution. Due to the favorable stability of artificial enzymes, reaction reagents could be effectively embedded in agar gel to make a portable "test strip". Therefore, operators just need to drop clinical samples on the "test strip" for PA analysis, which is user friendly without requiring complex sample preparation steps. In addition, since the acoustic change mainly comes from the PA effect, it has a lower background signal than UV-vis and fluorescence analysis, greatly improving the analytical performance. The simplicity, low cost, and broad adaptability make this miniature PA device attractive for on-site detection, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Folic Acid by Using a Hollow Carbon Nanospheres@molybdenum Disulfide Modified Electrode

As a nutrient in body functions, folic acid (FA) plays a very important role for human health, and thus developing a highly sensitive method for its determination is of great significance. In the present work, carbon hollow nanospheres decorated with molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (CHN@MoS₂) nanomaterials were produced through a simple method and adopted to modify a glassy carbon electrode for assembling a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor of FA. After characterizing the prepared nanomaterials using scanning-/transmission-electron microscopy and Raman spectra, as well as optimizing various testing conditions, including the pH value of the buffer solution, the accumulation time and amount of nanomaterials on electrode surface, and the electrochemical determination of FA was carried out using a CHN@MoS₂ electrode. Owing to the coordinative advantages from CHN and MoS₂, the results show that CHN@MoS₂ exhibits excellent sensing responses for FA, and it has a wide linear range from 0.08 to 10.0 μM coupled with a low detection limit of 0.02 μM. Finally, the proposed method for FA detection was successfully applied in human urine analysis. The obtained results are satisfactory, revealing that the developed method based on CHN@MoS₂ nanomaterials has important applications for FA determination.

Amino group decorated coordination polymers for enhanced detection of folic acid

A series of fluorescent coordination polymers (CPs) {[Cd₂(CH₃-bpeb)₂(BDC)₂] CP1, (BDC)_0.5/(NH₂-BDC)_0.5-CP1, (BDC)_0.34/(NH₂-BDC)_0.66-CP1, (BDC)_0.25/(NH₂-BDC)_0.75-CP1, (BDC)_0.2/(NH₂-BDC)_0.8-CP1, (NH₂-BDC)-CP1} were prepared from conjugated ligand 4,4'-((2-methyl-1,4-phenylene)bis(ethene-2,1-diyl))bipyridine (CH₃-bpeb), terephthalic acid (BDC), aminoterephthalic acid (NH₂-BDC) and CdSO₄ under solvothermal conditions. The fluorescence of aqueous suspensions of these CPs was quenched by folic acid (FA) in a concentration dependent manner. The efficiency of quenching increasing with an increased proportion of NH₂-BDC ligand in the CP with (NH₂-BDC)-CP1 exhibiting a low detection limit of 1.7 × 10^-7 M.

Optical properties of folic acid in phosphate buffer solutions: the influence of pH and UV irradiation on the UV-VIS absorption spectra and photoluminescence

Using UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE), the photodegradation reactions of folic acid (FA) in phosphate buffer (PB) solutions were studied. Regardless of the PB solution's pH, the UV-VIS spectra showed a gradual decrease in absorbance at 284 nm simultaneous with an increase in the absorbance of another band in the spectral range of 320-380 nm, which was downshifted under UV irradiation. The relative intensity of the FA PL band, situated in the spectral range 375-600 nm, was dependent on the pH of the PB solution. The FA PL intensity increased as increasing UV irradiation time up to 281 min. in PB solutions with pH values of 6.4 and 5.4. Under an emission wavelength of 500 nm, the position of the FA PLE spectrum changed as the PB solution pH varied from 7 to 5.4 and the irradiation time increased to 317 min. These changes were correlated with the formation of two photodegradation products, namely, pterine-6-carboxylic acid and p-amino-benzoyl-L-glutamic acid. According to UV-VIS spectroscopy and PL and PLE studies, the presence of various excipients in commercial pharmaceutical tablets does not affect the photodegradation of FA in PB solutions. Using IR spectroscopy, new evidences for the formation of the two photodegradation products of FA in PB solutions are shown.

Synthesis and characterization of a flexible fluorescent magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2/CdTe-NH2 nanoprobe

In this study, we designed and synthesized two novel fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles. Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-NH-GSH-CdTe (FSGC) (GSH = glutathione) nanoparticles were synthesized using amino-functionalized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ nanoparticles and GSH-stabilized CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QDs), while flexible Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-NH-GSH-CdTe-NH-NH₂ (FSGCN) nanoparticles were synthesized using the FSGC precursor and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine. These two kinds of nanoprobes exhibited excellent magnetic and fluorescent properties. By comparing the fluorescence quenching effect of folic acid (FA) on FSGC and FSGCN, we found that the quenching effect of FA on FSGC was acute and the process was too fast to determine the FA content. However, the quenching effect of FA on flexible FSGCN was mild and hence it could be used as a nanoprobe to determine FA concentration. At physiological pH, the fluorescence quenching effect of FA on the FSGCN nanoprobes was fitted according to the Stern-Volmer equation with a linear response in the concentration range of 0.14 to 4.20 μg mL^-1 with a detection limit of 15.1 × 10^-9 g mL^-1 (S/N = 3) under optimized experimental conditions. The proposed flexible nanoprobe was successfully used to determine the content of FA in folic acid tablets. Recovery was found to be in the range of 92.7%-105.6% with a relative standard deviation of 1.12%-3.84%. Owing to their good stability, environment-friendly characteristics, high selectivity, and good optical properties and biocompatibility, these nanoprobes have potential for usage in practical applications.

Facile one-pot synthesis of multifunctional polyphosphazene nanoparticles as multifunctional platform for tumor imaging

By integrating imaging and drug-delivery in a single system, fluorescent nano-multifunctional imaging platforms can offer simultaneous diagnosis and therapy to diseases like cancer. However, the synthesis of such system involves a tedious, time-consuming, and multi-step process. Herein we report a facile method based on simple ultrasonication to synthesize highly cross-linked, monodispersed fluorescent polyphosphazene nanoparticles from hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and dichlorofluorescein (FD). Various functional groups (folic acid, PEG-NH₂, and methylene blue) can be "fastened" in situ onto the poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-dichlorofluorescein) (PCTPDF) nanoparticles to expand its application as nano-multifunctional platform. All the nanoparticles were characterized spectrophotometrically, and morphology was established by the images obtained from scanning electron microscope (SEM). The synthesized multifunctional nanoparticles exhibited low toxicity and penetrated through the cytomembranes of human colon cancer (HCT 116) cells. When applied to in vivo tumor imaging using biologically engineered mouse model, methylene blue functionalized (PCTPDF@MB) nanoparticles exhibited excellent photodynamic activity and imaging ability. Thus, PCTPDF nanoplatform based on multi-functional fluorescent nanoparticles might offer an efficient solution to new age theranostics. Apart from diagnostics application, PCTPDF, as a nanoplatform, could also be utilized to achieve more comprehensive application in modern analytic chemistry. Graphical Abstract The table of contents.

Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles in Targeted Drug/Gene Delivery Systems

Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs), the most traditional magnetic nanoparticles, have received a great deal of attention in the biomedical field, especially for targeted drug/gene delivery systems, due to their outstanding magnetism, biocompatibility, lower toxicity, biodegradability, and other features. Naked Fe₃O₄ NPs are easy to aggregate and oxidize, and thus are often made with various coatings to realize superior properties for targeted drug/gene delivery. In this review, we first list the three commonly utilized synthesis methods of Fe₃O₄ NPs, and their advantages and disadvantages. In the second part, we describe coating materials that exhibit noticeable features that allow functionalization of Fe₃O₄ NPs and summarize their methods of drug targeting/gene delivery. Then our efforts will be devoted to the research status and progress of several different functionalized Fe₃O₄ NP delivery systems loaded with chemotherapeutic agents, and we present targeted gene transitive carriers in detail. In the following section, we illuminate the most effective treatment systems of the combined drug and gene therapy. Finally, we propose opportunities and challenges of the clinical transformation of Fe₃O₄ NPs targeting drug/gene delivery systems.

Visual detection of melamine by using a ratiometric fluorescent probe consisting of a red emitting CdTe core and a green emitting CdTe shell coated with a molecularly imprinted polymer

A composite ratiometric fluorescent probe is described for visual detection of melamine (MEL) in milk samples. It is based on the use of red emitting and green emitting CdTe quantum dots, and a mesoporous molecularly imprinted polymer. The red emitting QDs are embedded in the silica microsphere to serve as a core, and the green emitting QDs are coated on the surface of the silica microsphere as a shell. A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with specific recognition sites for MEL was placed on the shell. If MEL is bound by the MIP, the green fluorescence is quenched due to hydrogen bond interaction. The red emission, in contrast, remains unchanged. Quenching leads to a change in the color of fluorescence from red-green to purely red. This effect allows for visual and instrumental detection of MEL. The mesoporous structure of the MIP reduces the mass transfer resistance and enhances the accessibility of sites for MEL. Response is linear in the 50-1000 ng mL^-1 MEL concentration range, and the limit of detection is 13 ng mL^-1. The fluorescent probe was successfully applied to the analysis of MEL-spiked milk samples and gave recoveries between 94.1 and 98.7%, with 3.6-5.1% relative standard deviations. Graphical abstract Schematic of the preparation and detection of the composite probe. The probe was applied for the selective recognition and visual detection of melamine (MEL).

Preparation and characterization of universal Fe3O4@SiO2/CdTe nanocomposites for rapid and facile detection and separation of membrane proteins

The separation and enrichment of cell membrane proteins was achieved by the construction of bi-functional magnetic fluorescent nanoprobes.

Nanoprobe Synthesized by Magnetotactic Bacteria, Detecting Fluorescence Variations under Dissociation of Rhodamine B from Magnetosomes following Temperature, pH Changes, or the Application of Radiation

We report a method of fabrication of fluorescent magnetosomes, designated as MCR400, in which 400 μM of rhodamine B are introduced in the growth medium of AMB-1 magnetotactic bacteria and fluorescent magnetosomes are then extracted from these bacteria. These fluorescent magnetosomes behave differently from most fluorescent nanoprobes, which often lead to fluorescence losses over time due to photobleaching. Indeed, when MCR400 are heated to 30-90 °C, brought to an acidic pH, or exposed to radiations, we observed that their fluorescence intensity increased. We attributed this behavior to the dissociation of rhodamine B from the magnetosomes. Interestingly, enhanced fluorescence was also observed in vitro when MCR400 were mixed with either primary macrophages or tumor cells (TC1-GFP or RG2-Cells) or in vivo when MCR400 were introduced in rat glioblastoma. We showed that MCR400 internalize in tumor and immune cells (macrophages) leading to enhanced fluorescence, suggesting that fluorescent magnetosomes could be used during cancer treatments such as magnetic hyperthermia to image cells of interest such as immune or tumor cells.