1
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Marković V, Szczepańska A, Berlicki Ł. Antiviral Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3205-3231. [PMID: 38394369 PMCID: PMC10945500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Continually repeating outbreaks of pathogenic viruses necessitate the construction of effective antiviral strategies. Therefore, the development of new specific antiviral drugs in a well-established and efficient manner is crucial. Taking into account the strong ability of viruses to change, therapies with diversified molecular targets must be sought. In addition to the widely explored viral enzyme inhibitor approach, inhibition of protein-protein interactions is a very valuable strategy. In this Perspective, protein-protein interaction inhibitors targeting HIV, SARS-CoV-2, HCV, Ebola, Dengue, and Chikungunya viruses are reviewed and discussed. Antibodies, peptides/peptidomimetics, and small molecules constitute three classes of compounds that have been explored, and each of them has some advantages and disadvantages for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Marković
- Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- University
of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science,
Department of Chemistry, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Anna Szczepańska
- Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Berlicki
- Wrocław
University of Science and Technology, Department
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Anang S, Zhang S, Fritschi C, Chiu TJ, Yang D, Smith III AB, Madani N, Sodroski J. V3 tip determinants of susceptibility to inhibition by CD4-mimetic compounds in natural clade A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins. J Virol 2023; 97:e0117123. [PMID: 37888980 PMCID: PMC10688366 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01171-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) are small-molecule inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into host cells. CD4mcs target a pocket on the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike that is used for binding to the receptor, CD4, and is highly conserved among HIV-1 strains. Nonetheless, naturally occurring HIV-1 strains exhibit a wide range of sensitivities to CD4mcs. Our study identifies changes distant from the binding pocket that can influence the susceptibility of natural HIV-1 strains to the antiviral effects of multiple CD4mcs. We relate the antiviral potency of the CD4mc against this panel of HIV-1 variants to the ability of the CD4mc to activate entry-related changes in Env conformation prematurely. These findings will guide efforts to improve the potency and breadth of CD4mcs against natural HIV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Fritschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Derek Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B. Smith III
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Dam KMA, Fan C, Yang Z, Bjorkman PJ. Intermediate conformations of CD4-bound HIV-1 Env heterotrimers. Nature 2023; 623:1017-1025. [PMID: 37993719 PMCID: PMC10686819 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope (Env) exhibits distinct conformational changes in response to host receptor (CD4) engagement. Env, a trimer of gp120 and gp41 heterodimers, has been structurally characterized in a closed, prefusion conformation with closely associated gp120s and coreceptor binding sites on gp120 V3 hidden by V1V2 loops1-4 and in fully saturated CD4-bound open Env conformations with changes including outwardly rotated gp120s and displaced V1V2 loops3-9. To investigate changes resulting from substoichiometric CD4 binding, we solved single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of soluble, native-like heterotrimeric Envs bound to one or two CD4 molecules. Most of the Env trimers bound to one CD4 adopted the closed, prefusion Env state, with a minority exhibiting a heterogeneous partially open Env conformation. When bound to two CD4s, the CD4-bound gp120s exhibited an open Env conformation including a four-stranded gp120 bridging sheet and displaced gp120 V1V2 loops that expose the coreceptor sites on V3. The third gp120 adopted an intermediate, occluded-open state10 that showed gp120 outward rotation but maintained the prefusion three-stranded gp120 bridging sheet with only partial V1V2 displacement and V3 exposure. We conclude that most of the engagements with one CD4 molecule were insufficient to stimulate CD4-induced conformational changes, whereas binding two CD4 molecules led to Env opening in CD4-bound protomers only. The substoichiometric CD4-bound soluble Env heterotrimer structures resembled counterparts derived from a cryo-electron tomography study of complexes between virion-bound Envs and membrane-anchored CD4 (ref. 11), validating their physiological relevance. Together, these results illuminate intermediate conformations of HIV-1 Env and illustrate its structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Marie A Dam
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Chengcheng Fan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Zhi Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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4
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Prévost J, Chen Y, Zhou F, Tolbert WD, Gasser R, Medjahed H, Nayrac M, Nguyen DN, Gottumukkala S, Hessell AJ, Rao VB, Pozharski E, Huang RK, Matthies D, Finzi A, Pazgier M. Structure-function analyses reveal key molecular determinants of HIV-1 CRF01_AE resistance to the entry inhibitor temsavir. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6710. [PMID: 37872202 PMCID: PMC10593844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 entry inhibitor temsavir prevents the viral receptor CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) from interacting with the envelope glycoprotein (Env) and blocks its conformational changes. To do this, temsavir relies on the presence of a residue with small side chain at position 375 in Env and is unable to neutralize viral strains like CRF01_AE carrying His375. Here we investigate the mechanism of temsavir resistance and show that residue 375 is not the sole determinant of resistance. At least six additional residues within the gp120 inner domain layers, including five distant from the drug-binding pocket, contribute to resistance. A detailed structure-function analysis using engineered viruses and soluble trimer variants reveals that the molecular basis of resistance is mediated by crosstalk between His375 and the inner domain layers. Furthermore, our data confirm that temsavir can adjust its binding mode to accommodate changes in Env conformation, a property that likely contributes to its broad antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaozong Chen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fei Zhou
- Unit on Structural Biology, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dung N Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suneetha Gottumukkala
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- Department of Biology, the Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Edwin Pozharski
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rick K Huang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Doreen Matthies
- Unit on Structural Biology, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Zhang Z, Wang Q, Nguyen HT, Chen HC, Chiu TJ, Smith Iii AB, Sodroski JG. Alterations in gp120 glycans or the gp41 fusion peptide-proximal region modulate the stability of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein pretriggered conformation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0059223. [PMID: 37696048 PMCID: PMC10537687 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00592-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer mediates entry into host cells by binding receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, and fusing the viral and cell membranes. In infected cells, cleavage of the gp160 Env precursor yields the mature Env trimer, with gp120 exterior and gp41 transmembrane Env subunits. Env cleavage stabilizes the State-1 conformation, which is the major target for broadly neutralizing antibodies, and decreases the spontaneous sampling of more open Env conformations that expose epitopes for poorly neutralizing antibodies. During HIV-1 entry into cells, CD4 binding drives the metastable Env from a pretriggered (State-1) conformation into more "open," lower-energy states. Here, we report that changes in two dissimilar elements of the HIV-1 Env trimer, namely particular gp120 glycans and the gp41 fusion peptide-proximal region (FPPR), can independently modulate the stability of State 1. Individual deletion of several gp120 glycans destabilized State 1, whereas removal of a V1 glycan resulted in phenotypes indicative of a more stable pretriggered Env conformation. Likewise, some alterations of the gp41 FPPR decreased the level of spontaneous shedding of gp120 from the Env trimer and stabilized the pretriggered State-1 Env conformation. State-1-stabilizing changes were additive and could suppress the phenotypes associated with State-1-destabilizing alterations in Env. Our results support a model in which multiple protein and carbohydrate elements of the HIV-1 Env trimer additively contribute to the stability of the pretriggered (State-1) conformation. The Env modifications identified in this study will assist efforts to characterize the structure and immunogenicity of the metastable State-1 conformation. IMPORTANCE The elicitation of antibodies that neutralize multiple strains of HIV-1 is an elusive goal that has frustrated the development of an effective vaccine. The pretriggered shape of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike on the virus surface is the major target for such broadly neutralizing antibodies. The "closed" pretriggered Env shape resists the binding of most antibodies but is unstable and often assumes "open" shapes that elicit ineffective antibodies. We identified particular changes in both the protein and the sugar components of the Env trimer that stabilize the pretriggered shape. Combinations of these changes were even more effective at stabilizing the pretriggered Env than the individual changes. Stabilizing changes in Env could counteract the effect of Env changes that destabilize the pretriggered shape. Locking Env in its pretriggered shape will assist efforts to understand the Env spike on the virus and to incorporate this shape into vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanh T Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B Smith Iii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Ding S, Tolbert WD, Zhu H, Lee D, Marchitto L, Higgins T, Zhao X, Nguyen D, Sherburn R, Richard J, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Mohammadi M, Abrams C, Pazgier M, Smith AB, Finzi A. Piperidine CD4-Mimetic Compounds Expose Vulnerable Env Epitopes Sensitizing HIV-1-Infected Cells to ADCC. Viruses 2023; 15:1185. [PMID: 37243271 PMCID: PMC10220648 DOI: 10.3390/v15051185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the HIV-1 accessory proteins Nef and Vpu to decrease CD4 levels contributes to the protection of infected cells from antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by preventing the exposure of Env vulnerable epitopes. Small-molecule CD4 mimetics (CD4mc) based on the indane and piperidine scaffolds such as (+)-BNM-III-170 and (S)-MCG-IV-210 sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC by exposing CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies that are abundantly present in plasma from people living with HIV. Here, we characterize a new family of CD4mc, (S)-MCG-IV-210 derivatives, based on the piperidine scaffold which engages the gp120 within the Phe43 cavity by targeting the highly conserved Asp368 Env residue. We utilized structure-based approaches and developed a series of piperidine analogs with improved activity to inhibit the infection of difficult-to-neutralize tier-2 viruses and sensitize infected cells to ADCC mediated by HIV+ plasma. Moreover, the new analogs formed an H-bond with the α-carboxylic acid group of Asp368, opening a new avenue to enlarge the breadth of this family of anti-Env small molecules. Overall, the new structural and biological attributes of these molecules make them good candidates for strategies aimed at the elimination of HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA (D.N.)
| | - Huile Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Tyler Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xuchen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA (D.N.)
| | - Rebekah Sherburn
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA (D.N.)
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | | | - Mohammadjavad Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA (D.N.)
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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7
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Nguyen HT, Wang Q, Anang S, Sodroski JG. Characterization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein Conformational States on Infectious Virus Particles. J Virol 2023; 97:e0185722. [PMID: 36815832 PMCID: PMC10062176 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01857-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into cells involves triggering of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ([gp120/gp41]3) by the primary receptor, CD4, and coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. The pretriggered (State-1) conformation of the mature (cleaved) Env is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), which are inefficiently elicited compared with poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs). Here, we characterize variants of the moderately triggerable HIV-1AD8 Env on virions produced by an infectious molecular proviral clone; such virions contain more cleaved Env than pseudotyped viruses. We identified three types of cleaved wild-type AD8 Env trimers on virions: (i) State-1-like trimers preferentially recognized by bNAbs and exhibiting strong subunit association; (ii) trimers recognized by pNAbs directed against the gp120 coreceptor-binding region and exhibiting weak, detergent-sensitive subunit association; and (iii) a minor gp41-only population. The first Env population was enriched and the other Env populations reduced by introducing State-1-stabilizing changes in the AD8 Env or by treatment of the virions with crosslinker or the State-1-preferring entry inhibitor, BMS-806. These stabilized AD8 Envs were also more resistant to gp120 shedding induced by a CD4-mimetic compound or by incubation on ice. Conversely, a State-1-destabilized, CD4-independent AD8 Env variant exhibited weaker bNAb recognition and stronger pNAb recognition. Similar relationships between Env triggerability and antigenicity/shedding propensity on virions were observed for other HIV-1 strains. State-1 Envs on virions can be significantly enriched by minimizing the adventitious incorporation of uncleaved Env; stabilizing the pretriggered conformation by Env modification, crosslinking or BMS-806 treatment; strengthening Env subunit interactions; and using CD4-negative producer cells. IMPORTANCE Efforts to develop an effective HIV-1 vaccine have been frustrated by the inability to elicit broad neutralizing antibodies that recognize multiple virus strains. Such antibodies can bind a particular shape of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer, as it exists on a viral membrane but before engaging receptors on the host cell. Here, we establish simple yet powerful assays to characterize the envelope glycoproteins in a natural context on virus particles. We find that, depending on the HIV-1 strain, some envelope glycoproteins change shape and fall apart, creating decoys that can potentially divert the host immune response. We identify requirements to keep the relevant envelope glycoprotein target for broad neutralizing antibodies intact on virus-like particles. These studies suggest strategies that should facilitate efforts to produce and use virus-like particles as vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Fritschi CJ, Anang S, Gong Z, Mohammadi M, Richard J, Bourassa C, Severino KT, Richter H, Yang D, Chen HC, Chiu TJ, Seaman MS, Madani N, Abrams C, Finzi A, Hendrickson WA, Sodroski JG, Smith AB. Indoline CD4-mimetic compounds mediate potent and broad HIV-1 inhibition and sensitization to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2222073120. [PMID: 36961924 PMCID: PMC10068826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2222073120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding to the host cell receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers large-scale conformational changes in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer [(gp120/gp41)3] that promote virus entry into the cell. CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) comprise small organic molecules that bind in the highly conserved CD4-binding site of gp120 and prematurely induce inactivating Env conformational changes, including shedding of gp120 from the Env trimer. By inducing more "open," antibody-susceptible Env conformations, CD4mcs also sensitize HIV-1 virions to neutralization by antibodies and infected cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Here, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel CD4mcs based on an indoline scaffold. Compared with our current lead indane scaffold CD4mc, BNM-III-170, several indoline CD4mcs exhibit increased potency and breadth against HIV-1 variants from different geographic clades. Viruses that were selected for resistance to the lead indane CD4mc, BNM-III-170, are susceptible to inhibition by the indoline CD4mcs. The indoline CD4mcs also potently sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by plasma from HIV-1-infected individuals. Crystal structures indicate that the indoline CD4mcs gain potency compared to the indane CD4mcs through more favorable π-π overlap from the indoline pose and by making favorable contacts with the vestibule of the CD4-binding pocket on gp120. The rational design of indoline CD4mcs thus holds promise for further improvements in antiviral activity, potentially contributing to efforts to treat and prevent HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Zhen Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | | | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QCH2X 0A9, Canada
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QCH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Catherine Bourassa
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QCH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Kenny T. Severino
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Hannah Richter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Derek Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QCH2X 0A9, Canada
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QCH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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9
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Ding S, Tolbert WD, Zhu H, Lee D, Higgins T, Zhao X, Nguyen D, Sherburn R, Richard J, Lepage GG, Medjahed H, Mohammadi M, Abrams C, Pazgier M, Smith AB, Finzi A. Piperidine CD4-mimetic compounds expose vulnerable Env epitopes sensitizing HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.23.533923. [PMID: 36993184 PMCID: PMC10055368 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.533923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability of HIV-1 accessory proteins Nef and Vpu to decrease CD4 levels contributes to the protection of infected cells from antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by preventing the exposure of Env vulnerable epitopes. Small-molecule CD4 mimetics (CD4mc) based on the indane and piperidine scaffolds such as (+)-BNM-III-170 and ( S )-MCG-IV-210 sensitize HIV-1 infected cells to ADCC by exposing CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies abundantly present in plasma from people living with HIV. Here, we characterize a new family of CD4mc, ( S )-MCG-IV-210 derivatives, based on the piperidine scaffold which engage the gp120 within the Phe43 cavity by targeting the highly-conserved Asp 368 Env residue. We utilized structure-based approaches and developed a series of piperidine analogs with improved activity to inhibit infection of difficult-to-neutralize tier-2 viruses and sensitize infected cells to ADCC mediated by HIV+ plasma. Moreover, the new analogs formed an H-bond with the α-carboxylic acid group of Asp 368 , opening a new avenue to enlarge the breadth of this family of anti-Env small molecules. Overall, the new structural and biological attributes of these molecules make them good candidates for strategies aimed at the elimination HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Huile Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Tyler Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Xuchen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Rebekah Sherburn
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
- Corresponding authors, Andrés Finzi, ; Amos B. Smith III, ; Marzena Pazgier,
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Corresponding authors, Andrés Finzi, ; Amos B. Smith III, ; Marzena Pazgier,
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Corresponding authors, Andrés Finzi, ; Amos B. Smith III, ; Marzena Pazgier,
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10
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Laumaea A, Marchitto L, Ding S, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Prévost J, Gasser R, Chatterjee D, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Chen HC, Smith AB, Ding H, Kappes JC, Hahn BH, Kirchhoff F, Richard J, Duerr R, Finzi A. Small CD4 mimetics sensitize HIV-1-infected macrophages to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111983. [PMID: 36640355 PMCID: PMC9941794 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope (Env) conformation determines the susceptibility of infected CD4+ T cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Upon interaction with CD4, Env adopts more "open" conformations, exposing ADCC epitopes. HIV-1 limits Env-CD4 interaction and protects infected cells against ADCC by downregulating CD4 via Nef, Vpu, and Env. Limited data exist, however, of the role of these proteins in downmodulating CD4 on infected macrophages and how this impacts Env conformation. While Nef, Vpu, and Env are all required to efficiently downregulate CD4 on infected CD4+ T cells, we show here that any one of these proteins is sufficient to downmodulate most CD4 from the surface of infected macrophages. Consistent with this finding, Nef and Vpu have a lesser impact on Env conformation and ADCC sensitivity in infected macrophages compared with CD4+ T cells. However, treatment of infected macrophages with small CD4 mimetics exposes vulnerable CD4-induced Env epitopes and sensitizes them to ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Haitao Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John C Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
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11
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Characterization of a Novel CD4 Mimetic Compound YIR-821 against HIV-1 Clinical Isolates. J Virol 2023; 97:e0163822. [PMID: 36511698 PMCID: PMC9888228 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01638-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small CD4-mimetic compound (CD4mc), which inhibits the interaction between gp120 with CD4, acts as an entry inhibitor and induces structural changes in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer (Env) through its insertion within the Phe43 cavity of gp120. We recently developed YIR-821, a novel CD4mc, that has potent antiviral activity and lower toxicity than the prototype NBD-556. To assess the possibility of clinical application of YIR-821, we tested its antiviral activity using a panel of HIV-1 pseudoviruses from different subtypes. YIR-821 displayed entry inhibitor activity against 53.5% (21/40) of the pseudoviruses tested and enhanced neutralization mediated by coreceptor binding site (CoRBS) antibodies in 50% (16/32) of these. Furthermore, when we assessed the antiviral effects using a panel of pseudoviruses and autologous plasma IgG, enhancement of antibody-mediated neutralization activity was observed for 48% (15/31) of subtype B strains and 51% (28/55) of non-B strains. The direct antiviral activity of YIR-821 as an entry inhibitor was observed in 53% of both subtype B (27/51) and non-B subtype (40/75) pseudoviruses. Enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was also observed with YIR-821 for all six selected clinical isolates, as well as for the transmitted/founder (T/F) CH58 virus-infected cells. The sequence diversity in the CD4 binding site as well as other regions, such as the gp120 inner domain layers or gp41, may be involved in the multiple mechanisms related to the sensitive/resistant phenotype of the virus to YIR-821. Our findings may facilitate the clinical application of YIR-821. IMPORTANCE Small CD4-mimetic compound (CD4mc) interacts with the Phe43 cavity and triggers conformational changes, enhancing antibody-mediated neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Here, we evaluated the effect of YIR-821, a novel CD4mc, against clinical isolates, including both subtype B and non-B subtype viruses. Our results confirm the desirable properties of YIR-821, which include entry inhibition, enhancement of IgG-neutralization, binding, and ADCC, in addition to low toxicity and long half-life in a rhesus macaque model, that might facilitate the clinical application of this novel CD4mc. Our observation of primary viruses that are resistant to YIR-821 suggests that further development of CD4mcs with different structural properties is required.
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12
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Dam KMA, Fan C, Yang Z, Bjorkman PJ. Structural characterization of HIV-1 Env heterotrimers bound to one or two CD4 receptors reveals intermediate Env conformations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.27.525985. [PMID: 36747804 PMCID: PMC9900888 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope (Env) exhibits distinct conformational changes in response to host receptor (CD4) engagement. Env, a trimer of gp120/gp41 heterodimers, has been structurally characterized in a closed, prefusion conformation with closely associated gp120s and coreceptor binding sites on gp120 V3 hidden by V1V2 loops, and in fully-saturated CD4-bound open Env conformations with changes including outwardly rotated gp120s and displaced V1V2 loops. To investigate changes resulting from sub-stoichiometric CD4 binding, we solved 3.4Å and 3.9Å single-particle cryo-EM structures of soluble, native-like Envs bound to one or two CD4 molecules. Env trimer bound to one CD4 adopted the closed, prefusion Env state. When bound to two CD4s, the CD4-bound gp120s exhibited an open Env conformation including a four-stranded gp120 bridging sheet and displaced gp120 V1V2 loops that expose the coreceptor sites on V3. The third gp120 adopted an intermediate, occluded-open state that included gp120 outward rotation but maintained the prefusion, three-stranded gp120 bridging sheet and showed only partial V1V2 displacement and V3 exposure. We conclude that engagement of one CD4 molecule was insufficient to stimulate CD4-induced conformational changes, while binding two CD4 molecules led to Env opening in CD4-bound protomers only. Together, these results illuminate HIV-1 Env intermediate conformations and illustrate the structural plasticity of HIV-1 Env.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Marie A Dam
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Chengcheng Fan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Zhi Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Present address: Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 13 Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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13
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Chaplain C, Fritschi CJ, Anang S, Gong Z, Richard J, Bourassa C, Liang S, Mohammadi M, Park J, Finzi A, Madani N, Sodroski JG, Abrams CF, Hendrickson WA, Smith AB. Structural and Functional Characterization of Indane-Core CD4-Mimetic Compounds Substituted with Heterocyclic Amines. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:51-58. [PMID: 36655122 PMCID: PMC9841591 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer on the virion surface interacts with the host receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, to mediate virus entry into the target cell. CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) bind the gp120 Env, block CD4 binding, and inactivate Env. Previous studies suggested that a C(5)-methylamino methyl moiety on a lead CD4mc, BNM-III-170, contributed to its antiviral potency. By replacing the C(5) chain with differentially substituted pyrrolidine, piperidine, and piperazine ring systems, guided by structural and computational analyses, we found that the 5-position of BNM-III-170 is remarkably tolerant of a variety of ring sizes and substitutions, both in regard to antiviral activity and sensitization to humoral responses. Crystallographic analyses of representative analogues from the pyrrolidine series revealed the potential for 5-substituents to hydrogen bond with gp120 Env residue Thr 283. Further optimization of these interactions holds promise for the development of CD4mcs with greater potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne Chaplain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher J. Fritschi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber
Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Zhen Gong
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre
de
Recherche du CHUM, Montreal H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département
de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Catherine Bourassa
- Centre
de
Recherche du CHUM, Montreal H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département
de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Shuaiyi Liang
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Mohammadjavad Mohammadi
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jun Park
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre
de
Recherche du CHUM, Montreal H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département
de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber
Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber
Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Cameron F. Abrams
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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14
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Wang R, Tsuji K, Kobayakawa T, Liu Y, Yoshimura K, Matsushita S, Harada S, Tamamura H. Hybrids of small CD4 mimics and gp41-related peptides as dual-target HIV entry inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 76:117083. [PMID: 36403413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid molecules containing small CD4 mimics and gp41-C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR)-related peptides have been developed. A YIR-821 derivative was adopted as a CD4 mimic, which inhibits the interaction of gp120 with CD4. SC-peptides, SC34 and SC22EK, were also used as CHR-related peptides, which inhibit the interaction between the N-terminal heptad repeat (NHR) and CHR and thereby membrane fusion. Therefore, these hybrid molecules have dual-targets of gp120 and gp41. In the synthesis of the hybrid molecules of CD4 mimic-SC-peptides with different lengths of linkers, two conjugating methods, Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition and direct cysteine alkylation, were performed. The latter reaction caused simpler operation procedures and higher synthetic yields than the former. The synthesized hybrid molecules of CD4 mimic-SC22EK have significantly higher anti-HIV activity than each sole agent. The present data should be useful in the future design of anti-HIV agents as dual-target entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyi Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yishan Liu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- Institute of Public Health, Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- The Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Harada
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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15
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Prévost J, Anand SP, Rajashekar JK, Zhu L, Richard J, Goyette G, Medjahed H, Gendron-Lepage G, Chen HC, Chen Y, Horwitz JA, Grunst MW, Zolla-Pazner S, Haynes BF, Burton DR, Flavell RA, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Smith AB, Pazgier M, Nussenzweig MC, Kumar P, Finzi A. HIV-1 Vpu restricts Fc-mediated effector functions in vivo. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111624. [PMID: 36351384 PMCID: PMC9703018 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) can eliminate HIV-1-infected cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and were identified as a correlate of protection in the RV144 vaccine trial. Fc-mediated effector functions of nnAbs were recently shown to alter the course of HIV-1 infection in vivo using a vpu-defective virus. Since Vpu is known to downregulate cell-surface CD4, which triggers conformational changes in the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), we ask whether the lack of Vpu expression was linked to the observed nnAbs activity. We find that restoring Vpu expression greatly reduces nnAb recognition of infected cells, rendering them resistant to ADCC. Moreover, administration of nnAbs in humanized mice reduces viral loads only in animals infected with a vpu-defective but not with a wild-type virus. CD4-mimetics administration, known to "open" Env and expose nnAb epitopes, renders wild-type viruses sensitive to nnAbs Fc-effector functions. This work highlights the importance of Vpu-mediated evasion of humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jyothi Krishnaswamy Rajashekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Yaozong Chen
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Joshua A Horwitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael W Grunst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Priti Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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16
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Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein Variants Selected for Resistance to a CD4-Mimetic Compound. J Virol 2022; 96:e0063622. [PMID: 35980207 PMCID: PMC9472635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00636-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to the host cell receptors CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4 triggers conformational changes in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer that promote virus entry. CD4 binding allows the gp120 exterior Env to bind CCR5/CXCR4 and induces a short-lived prehairpin intermediate conformation in the gp41 transmembrane Env. Small-molecule CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) bind within the conserved Phe-43 cavity of gp120, near the binding site for CD4. CD4mcs like BNM-III-170 inhibit HIV-1 infection by competing with CD4 and by prematurely activating Env, leading to irreversible inactivation. In cell culture, we selected and analyzed variants of the primary HIV-1AD8 strain resistant to BNM-III-170. Two changes (S375N and I424T) in gp120 residues that flank the Phe-43 cavity each conferred an ~5-fold resistance to BNM-III-170 with minimal fitness cost. A third change (E64G) in layer 1 of the gp120 inner domain resulted in ~100-fold resistance to BNM-III-170, ~2- to 3-fold resistance to soluble CD4-Ig, and a moderate decrease in viral fitness. The gp120 changes additively or synergistically contributed to BNM-III-170 resistance. The sensitivity of the Env variants to BNM-III-170 inhibition of virus entry correlated with their sensitivity to BNM-III-170-induced Env activation and shedding of gp120. Together, the S375N and I424T changes, but not the E64G change, conferred >100-fold and 33-fold resistance to BMS-806 and BMS-529 (temsavir), respectively, potent HIV-1 entry inhibitors that block Env conformational transitions. These studies identify pathways whereby HIV-1 can develop resistance to CD4mcs and conformational blockers, two classes of entry inhibitors that target the conserved gp120 Phe-43 cavity. IMPORTANCE CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) and conformational blockers like BMS-806 and BMS-529 (temsavir) are small-molecule inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into host cells. Although CD4mcs and conformational blockers inhibit HIV-1 entry by different mechanisms, they both target a pocket on the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike that is used for binding to the receptor CD4 and is highly conserved among HIV-1 strains. Our study identifies changes near this pocket that can confer various levels of resistance to the antiviral effects of a CD4mc and conformational blockers. We relate the antiviral potency of a CD4mc against this panel of HIV-1 variants to the ability of the CD4mc to activate changes in Env conformation and to induce the shedding of the gp120 exterior Env from the spike. These findings will guide efforts to improve the potency and breadth of small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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Kirschman J, Marin M, Chen YC, Chen J, Herschhorn A, Smith AB, Melikyan GB. SERINC5 Restricts HIV-1 Infectivity by Promoting Conformational Changes and Accelerating Functional Inactivation of Env. Viruses 2022; 14:1388. [PMID: 35891369 PMCID: PMC9323560 DOI: 10.3390/v14071388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SERINC5 incorporates into HIV-1 particles and inhibits the ability of Env glycoprotein to mediate virus-cell fusion. SERINC5-resistance maps to Env, with primary isolates generally showing greater resistance than laboratory-adapted strains. Here, we examined a relationship between the inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity and the rate of Env inactivation using a panel of SERINC5-resistant and -sensitive HIV-1 Envs. SERINC5 incorporation into pseudoviruses resulted in a faster inactivation of sensitive compared to resistant Env strains. A correlation between fold reduction in infectivity and the rate of inactivation was also observed for multiple Env mutants known to stabilize and destabilize the closed Env structure. Unexpectedly, most mutations disfavoring the closed Env conformation rendered HIV-1 less sensitive to SERINC5. In contrast, functional inactivation of SERINC5-containing viruses was significantly accelerated in the presence of a CD4-mimetic compound, suggesting that CD4 binding sensitizes Env to SERINC5. Using a small molecule inhibitor that selectively targets the closed Env structure, we found that, surprisingly, SERINC5 increases the potency of this compound against a laboratory-adapted Env which prefers a partially open conformation, indicating that SERINC5 may stabilize the closed trimeric Env structure. Our results reveal a complex effect of SERINC5 on Env conformational dynamics that promotes Env inactivation and is likely responsible for the observed restriction phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghwa Kirschman
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (J.K.); (M.M.); (Y.-C.C.)
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (J.K.); (M.M.); (Y.-C.C.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yen-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (J.K.); (M.M.); (Y.-C.C.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Junhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.C.); (A.B.S.III)
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (J.C.); (A.B.S.III)
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (J.K.); (M.M.); (Y.-C.C.)
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Functional and Highly Cross-Linkable HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins Enriched in a Pretriggered Conformation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0166821. [PMID: 35343783 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01668-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to the receptor, CD4, drives the pretriggered, "closed" (state-1) conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer into more "open" conformations (states 2 and 3). Broadly neutralizing antibodies, which are elicited inefficiently, mostly recognize the state-1 Env conformation, whereas the more commonly elicited poorly neutralizing antibodies recognize states 2/3. HIV-1 Env metastability has created challenges for defining the state-1 structure and developing immunogens mimicking this labile conformation. The availability of functional state-1 Envs that can be efficiently cross-linked at lysine and/or acidic amino acid residues might assist these endeavors. To that end, we modified HIV-1AD8 Env, which exhibits an intermediate level of triggerability by CD4. We introduced lysine/acidic residues at positions that exhibit such polymorphisms in natural HIV-1 strains. Env changes that were tolerated with respect to gp120-gp41 processing, subunit association, and virus entry were further combined. Two common polymorphisms, Q114E and Q567K, as well as a known variant, A582T, additively rendered pseudoviruses resistant to cold, soluble CD4, and a CD4-mimetic compound, phenotypes indicative of stabilization of the pretriggered state-1 Env conformation. Combining these changes resulted in two lysine-rich HIV-1AD8 Env variants (E.2 and AE.2) with neutralization- and cold-resistant phenotypes comparable to those of natural, less triggerable tier 2/3 HIV-1 isolates. Compared with these and the parental Envs, the E.2 and AE.2 Envs were cleaved more efficiently and exhibited stronger gp120-trimer association in detergent lysates. These highly cross-linkable Envs enriched in a pretriggered conformation should assist characterization of the structure and immunogenicity of this labile state. IMPORTANCE The development of an efficient vaccine is critical for combating HIV-1 infection worldwide. However, the instability of the pretriggered shape (state 1) of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) makes it difficult to raise neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1. Here, by introducing multiple changes in Env, we derived two HIV-1 Env variants that are enriched in state 1 and can be efficiently cross-linked to maintain this shape. These Env complexes are more stable in detergent, assisting their purification. Thus, our study provides a path to a better characterization of the native pretriggered Env, which should assist vaccine development.
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Global Increases in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Neutralization Sensitivity Due to Alterations in the Membrane-Proximal External Region of the Envelope Glycoprotein Can Be Minimized by Distant State 1-Stabilizing Changes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0187821. [PMID: 35289647 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01878-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to the receptor, CD4, drives the pretriggered, "closed" (State-1) conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ([gp120/gp41]3) into more "open" conformations. HIV-1 Env on the viral membrane is maintained in a State-1 conformation that resists binding and neutralization by commonly elicited antibodies. Premature triggering of Env before the virus engages a target cell typically leads to increased susceptibility to spontaneous inactivation or ligand-induced neutralization. Here, we showed that single amino acid substitutions in the gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of a primary HIV-1 strain resulted in viral phenotypes indicative of premature triggering of Env to downstream conformations. Specifically, the MPER changes reduced viral infectivity and globally increased virus sensitivity to poorly neutralizing antibodies, soluble CD4, a CD4-mimetic compound, and exposure to cold. In contrast, the MPER mutants exhibited decreased sensitivity to the State 1-preferring inhibitor, BMS-806, and to the PGT151 broadly neutralizing antibody. Depletion of cholesterol from virus particles did not produce the same State 1-destabilizing phenotypes as MPER alterations. Notably, State 1-stabilizing changes in Env distant from the MPER could minimize the phenotypic effects of MPER alteration but did not affect virus sensitivity to cholesterol depletion. Thus, membrane-proximal gp41 elements contribute to the maintenance of the pretriggered Env conformation. The conformationally disruptive effects of MPER changes can be minimized by distant State 1-stabilizing Env modifications, a strategy that may be useful in preserving the native pretriggered state of Env. IMPORTANCE The pretriggered shape of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) is a major target for antibodies that can neutralize many strains of the virus. An effective HIV-1 vaccine may need to raise these types of antibodies, but this goal has proven difficult. One reason is that the pretriggered shape of Env is unstable and dependent on interactions near the viral membrane. Here, we showed that the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of Env plays an important role in maintaining Env in a pretriggered shape. Alterations in the MPER resulted in global changes in Env conformation that disrupted its pretriggered shape. We also found that these disruptive effects of MPER changes could be minimized by distant Env modifications that stabilized the pretriggered shape. These modifications may be useful for preserving the native shape of Env for structural and vaccine studies.
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Tsuji K, Kobayakawa T, Konno K, Masuda A, Takahashi K, Ohashi N, Yoshimura K, Kuwata T, Matsushita S, Harada S, Tamamura H. Exploratory studies on soluble small molecule CD4 mimics as HIV entry inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 56:116616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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21
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Recent research results have converted gp120 binders to a therapeutic option for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. A medicinal chemistry point of view. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:114078. [PMID: 34992041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic armamentarium for treatment of HIV-1 infection is based on the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy that, unfortunately, does not act as a curative remedy. Moreover, duration of the therapy often results in lack of compliance with the consequent emergence of multidrug resistance. Finally, drug toxicity issues also arise during treatments. In the attempt to achieve a curative effect, in addition to invest substantial resources in finding new anti-HIV-1 agents and in optimizing antiviral lead compounds and drugs currently available, additional efforts should be done to deplete viral reservoir located within host CD4+ T cells. Gp120 binders represent a class of compounds able to affect the interactions between viral envelope proteins and host CD4, thus avoiding virus-to-cell attachment and fusion, and the consequent viral entry into host cells. This review summarizes the efforts done in the last five years to design new gp120 binders, that finally culminated in the approval of fostemsavir as an anti-HIV-1 drug.
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Fritschi C, Liang S, Mohammadi M, Anang S, Moraca F, Chen J, Madani N, Sodroski JG, Abrams CF, Hendrickson WA, Smith AB. Identification of gp120 Residue His105 as a Novel Target for HIV-1 Neutralization by Small-Molecule CD4-Mimics. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1824-1831. [PMID: 34795873 PMCID: PMC8591726 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of butyl chain derivatives at the indane ring 3-position of our lead CD4-mimetic compound BNM-III-170 that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection are reported. Optimization efforts were guided by crystallographic and computational analysis of the small-molecule ligands of the Phe43 cavity of the envelope glycoprotein gp120. Biological evaluation of 11-21 revealed that members of this series of CD4-mimetic compounds are able to inhibit HIV-1 viral entry into target cells more potently and with greater breadth compared to BNM-III-170. Crystallographic analysis of the binding pocket of 14, 16, and 17 revealed a novel hydrogen bonding interaction between His105 and a primary hydroxyl group on the butyl side chain. Further optimization of this interaction with the His105 residue holds the promise of more potent CD4-mimetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
J. Fritschi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shuaiyi Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology
and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Mohammadjavad Mohammadi
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Francesca Moraca
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Junhua Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer
Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Cameron F. Abrams
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Department of Physiology
and Cellular
Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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23
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Anand SP, Prévost J, Descôteaux-Dinelle J, Richard J, Nguyen DN, Medjahed H, Chen HC, Smith AB, Pazgier M, Finzi A. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Cell Surface Localization Is Associated with Antibody-Induced Internalization. Viruses 2021; 13:1953. [PMID: 34696383 PMCID: PMC8539245 DOI: 10.3390/v13101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To minimize immune responses against infected cells, HIV-1 has evolved different mechanisms to limit the surface expression of its envelope glycoproteins (Env). Recent observations suggest that the binding of certain broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the 'closed' conformation of Env induces its internalization. On the other hand, non-neutralizing antibodies (nNAbs) that preferentially target Env in its 'open' conformation, remain bound to Env on the cell surface for longer periods of time. In this study, we attempt to better understand the underlying mechanisms behind the differential rates of antibody-mediated Env internalization. We demonstrate that 'forcing' open Env using CD4 mimetics allows for nNAb binding and results in similar rates of Env internalization as those observed upon the bNAb binding. Moreover, we can identify distinct populations of Env that are differentially targeted by Abs that mediate faster rates of internalization, suggesting that the mechanism of antibody-induced Env internalization partially depends on the localization of Env on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (S.P.A.); (J.P.); (J.D.-D.); (J.R.); (H.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (S.P.A.); (J.P.); (J.D.-D.); (J.R.); (H.M.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jade Descôteaux-Dinelle
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (S.P.A.); (J.P.); (J.D.-D.); (J.R.); (H.M.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (S.P.A.); (J.P.); (J.D.-D.); (J.R.); (H.M.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Dung N. Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA; (D.N.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Halima Medjahed
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (S.P.A.); (J.P.); (J.D.-D.); (J.R.); (H.M.)
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.-C.C.); (A.B.S.III)
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (H.-C.C.); (A.B.S.III)
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA; (D.N.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (S.P.A.); (J.P.); (J.D.-D.); (J.R.); (H.M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
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24
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Rajashekar JK, Richard J, Beloor J, Prévost J, Anand SP, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Shan L, Herndler-Brandstetter D, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Bourassa C, Gaudette F, Ullah I, Symmes K, Peric A, Lindemuth E, Bibollet-Ruche F, Park J, Chen HC, Kaufmann DE, Hahn BH, Sodroski J, Pazgier M, Flavell RA, Smith AB, Finzi A, Kumar P. Modulating HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein conformation to decrease the HIV-1 reservoir. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:904-916.e6. [PMID: 34019804 PMCID: PMC8214472 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by facilitating antibody recognition of epitopes that are otherwise occluded on the unliganded viral envelope (Env). Combining CD4mc with two families of CD4-induced (CD4i) antibodies, which are frequently found in plasma of HIV-1-infected individuals, stabilizes Env in a conformation that is vulnerable to ADCC. We employed new-generation SRG-15 humanized mice, supporting natural killer (NK) cell and Fc-effector functions to demonstrate that brief treatment with CD4mc and CD4i-Abs significantly decreases HIV-1 replication, the virus reservoir and viral rebound after ART interruption. These effects required Fc-effector functions and NK cells, highlighting the importance of ADCC. Viral rebound was also suppressed in HIV-1+-donor cell-derived humanized mice supplemented with autologous HIV-1+-donor-derived plasma and CD4mc. These results indicate that CD4mc could have therapeutic utility in infected individuals for decreasing the size of the HIV-1 reservoir and/or achieving a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi K Rajashekar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jagadish Beloor
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Liang Shan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Irfan Ullah
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly Symmes
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Peric
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily Lindemuth
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederic Bibollet-Ruche
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jun Park
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Priti Kumar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Unleashing natural antibodies against HIV-1. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:849-851. [PMID: 34111390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One barrier to HIV-1 eradication is the viral Env protein that is invisible to most antibodies. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Rajashekar et al. (2021) remove the "invisibility cloak" from Env, make it accessible to antibodies, and demonstrate NK-mediated in vivo killing of infected cells by human plasma antibodies.
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26
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Chandra I, Prabhu SV, Nayak C, Singh SK. E-pharmacophore based screening to identify potential HIV-1 gp120 and CD4 interaction blockers for wild and mutant types. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:353-377. [PMID: 33832362 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1901310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 gp120 provides a multistage viral entry process through the conserved CD4 binding site. Hunting of potential blockers can diminish the interaction of gp120 with the CD4 host receptor leading to the suppression of HIV-1 infection. Structure-based pharmacophore virtual screening followed by binding free energy calculation, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and density functional theory (DFT) calculation is applied to discriminate the potential blockers from six small molecule databases. Five compounds from six databases exhibited vital interactions with key residues ASP368, GLU370, ASN425, MET426, TRP427 and GLY473 of gp120, involved in the binding with CD4, host receptor. Most importantly, compound NCI-254200 displayed strong communication with key residues of wild type and drug resistance single mutant gp120 (M426L and W427V) even in the dynamic condition, evidenced from MD simulation. This investigation provided a potential compound NCI-254200 which may show inhibitory activity against HIV-1 gp120 variant interactions with CD4 host cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chandra
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - S V Prabhu
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - C Nayak
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - S K Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
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27
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Jette CA, Barnes CO, Kirk SM, Melillo B, Smith AB, Bjorkman PJ. Cryo-EM structures of HIV-1 trimer bound to CD4-mimetics BNM-III-170 and M48U1 adopt a CD4-bound open conformation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1950. [PMID: 33782388 PMCID: PMC8007822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS, impacts millions of people. Entry into target cells is mediated by the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein interacting with host receptor CD4, which triggers conformational changes allowing binding to a coreceptor and subsequent membrane fusion. Small molecule or peptide CD4-mimetic drugs mimic CD4's Phe43 interaction with Env by inserting into the conserved Phe43 pocket on Env subunit gp120. Here, we present single-particle cryo-EM structures of CD4-mimetics BNM-III-170 and M48U1 bound to a BG505 native-like Env trimer plus the CD4-induced antibody 17b at 3.7 Å and 3.9 Å resolution, respectively. CD4-mimetic-bound BG505 exhibits canonical CD4-induced conformational changes including trimer opening, formation of the 4-stranded gp120 bridging sheet, displacement of the V1V2 loop, and formation of a compact and elongated gp41 HR1C helical bundle. We conclude that CD4-induced structural changes on both gp120 and gp41 Env subunits are induced by binding to the gp120 Phe43 pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A. Jette
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Christopher O. Barnes
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Sharon M. Kirk
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Amos B. Smith
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
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Gaffney A, Nangarlia A, Ang CG, Gossert S, Rashad Ahmed AA, Hossain MA, Abrams CF, Smith AB, Chaiken I. HIV-1 Env-Dependent Cell Killing by Bifunctional Small-Molecule/Peptide Conjugates. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:440-442. [PMID: 33535751 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Althea Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aakansha Nangarlia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Charles G. Ang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Steven Gossert
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Adel Ahmed Rashad Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Md Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Cameron F. Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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29
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Curreli F, Ahmed S, Benedict Victor SM, Iusupov IR, Spiridonov EA, Belov DS, Altieri A, Kurkin AV, Debnath AK. Design, synthesis, and antiviral activity of a series of CD4-mimetic small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 32:116000. [PMID: 33461144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We presented our continuing stride to optimize the second-generation NBD entry antagonist targeted to the Phe43 cavity of HIV-1 gp120. We have synthesized thirty-eight new and novel analogs of NBD-14136, earlier designed based on a CH2OH "positional switch" hypothesis, and derived a comprehensive SAR. The antiviral data confirmed that the linear alcohol towards the "N" (C4) of the thiazole ring yielded more active inhibitors than those towards the "S" (C5) of the thiazole ring. The best inhibitor, NBD-14273 (compound 13), showed both improved antiviral activity and selectivity index (SI) against HIV-1HXB2 compared to NBD-14136. We also tested NBD-14273 against a large panel of 50 HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped viruses representing clinical isolates of diverse subtypes. The overall mean data indicate that antiviral potency against these isolates improved by ~3-fold, and SI also improved ~3-fold compared to NBD-14136. This new and novel inhibitor is expected to pave the way for further optimization to a more potent and clinically relevant inhibitor against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Curreli
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shahad Ahmed
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sofia M Benedict Victor
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ildar R Iusupov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Spiridonov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Belov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrea Altieri
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kurkin
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Asim K Debnath
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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30
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Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer [(gp120/gp41)3] is a metastable complex expressed at the surface of viral particles and infected cells that samples different conformations. Before engaging CD4, Env adopts an antibody-resistant "closed" conformation (State 1). CD4 binding triggers an intermediate conformation (State 2) and then a more "open" conformation (State 3) that can be recognized by non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) such as those that recognize the coreceptor binding site (CoRBS). Binding of antibodies to the CoRBS permits another family of nnAbs, the anti-cluster A family of Abs which target the gp120 inner domain, to bind and stabilize an asymmetric conformation (State 2A). Cells expressing Env in this conformation are susceptible to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This conformation can be stabilized by small-molecule CD4 mimetics (CD4mc) or soluble CD4 (sCD4) in combination with anti-CoRBS Ab and anti-cluster A antibodies. The precise stoichiometry of each component that permits this sequential opening of Env remains unknown. Here, we used a cell-based ELISA (CBE) assay to evaluate each component individually. In this assay we used a "trimer mixing" approach by combining wild-type (wt) subunits with subunits impaired for CD4 or CoRBS Ab binding. This enabled us to show that State 2A requires all three gp120 subunits to be bound by sCD4/CD4mc and anti-CoRBS Abs. Two of these subunits can then bind anti-cluster A Abs. Altogether, our data suggests how this antibody vulnerable Env conformation is stabilized.Importance Stabilization of HIV-1 Env State 2A has been shown to sensitize infected cells to ADCC. State 2A can be stabilized by a "cocktail" composed of CD4mc, anti-CoRBS and anti-cluster A Abs. We present evidence that optimal State 2A stabilization requires all three gp120 subunits to be bound by both CD4mc and anti-CoRBS Abs. Our study provides valuable information on how to stabilize this ADCC-vulnerable conformation. Strategies aimed at stabilizing State 2A might have therapeutic utility.
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31
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Kobayakawa T, Tsuji K, Konno K, Himeno A, Masuda A, Yang T, Takahashi K, Ishida Y, Ohashi N, Kuwata T, Matsumoto K, Yoshimura K, Sakawaki H, Miura T, Harada S, Matsushita S, Tamamura H. Hybrids of Small-Molecule CD4 Mimics with Polyethylene Glycol Units as HIV Entry Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1481-1496. [PMID: 33497209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD4 mimics are small molecules that inhibit the interaction of gp120 with CD4. We have developed several CD4 mimics. Herein, hybrid molecules consisting of CD4 mimics with a long alkyl chain or a PEG unit attached through a self-cleavable linker were synthesized. In anti-HIV activity, modification with a PEG unit appeared to be more suitable than modification with a long alkyl chain. Thus, hybrid molecules of CD4 mimics, with PEG units attached through an uncleavable linker, were developed and showed high anti-HIV activity and low cytotoxicity. In investigation of pharmacokinetics in a rhesus macaque, a hybrid compound had a more effective PK profile than that of the parent compound, and intramuscular injection was a more useful administration route to maintain the high blood concentration of the CD4 mimic than intravenous injection. The presented hybrid molecules of CD4 mimics with a PEG unit would be practically useful when combined with a neutralizing antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kiju Konno
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Ai Himeno
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ami Masuda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kohei Takahashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishida
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nami Ohashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takeo Kuwata
- The Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kaho Matsumoto
- The Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- Institute of Public Health, Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakawaki
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Harada
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- The Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Gaffney A, Nangarlia A, Ang CG, Gossert S, Rashad Ahmed AA, Hossain MA, Abrams CF, Smith AB, Chaiken I. HIV-1 Env-Dependent Cell Killing by Bifunctional Small-Molecule/Peptide Conjugates. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:193-204. [PMID: 33410670 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A strategy has been established for the synthesis of a family of bifunctional HIV-1 inhibitor covalent conjugates with the potential to bind simultaneously to both the gp120 and gp41 subunits of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimeric complex (Env). One component of the conjugates is derived from BNM-III-170, a small-molecule CD4 mimic that binds to gp120. The second component, comprised of the peptide DKWASLWNW ("Trp3"), was derived from the N-terminus of the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal External Region (MPER) and found previously to bind to the gp41 subunit of Env. The resulting bifunctional conjugates were shown to inhibit virus cell infection with low micromolar potency and to induce lysis of the HIV-1 virion. Crucially, virolysis was found to be dependent on the covalent linkage of the BNM-III-170 and Trp3 domains, as coadministration of a mixture of the un-cross-linked components proved to be nonlytic. However, a significant magnitude of lytic activity was observed in Env-negative and other control pseudoviruses, suggesting parallel mechanisms of action of the conjugates involving Env interaction and direct membrane disruption. Computational modeling suggested strong membrane-binding activity of BNM-III-170, which may underly the nonspecific virolytic effects of the conjugates. To investigate the scope of the membrane effect, cell-based cytotoxicity and membrane permeability assays were performed employing flow cytometry. Here, we observed a dose-dependent and specific cytotoxic effect on HIV-1 Env-expressing cells by the small-molecule bifunctional inhibitor. Most importantly, Env-negative cells were not susceptible to the cytotoxic effect upon exposure to this construct at concentrations where cell-killing effects were observed for Env-positive cells. Computational structural modeling supports a mechanism in which the bifunctional inhibitors bind to the gp120 and gp41 subunits in tandem in open-state Env trimers and induce relative motion of the gp120 subunits consistent with models of Env inactivation. This observation supports the idea that the cell-killing effect of the small-molecule bifunctional inhibitor is due to specific Env conformational triggering. This work lays important groundwork to advance a small-molecule bifunctional inhibitor approach for eliminating Env-expressing infected cells and the eradication of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Althea Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aakansha Nangarlia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Charles G. Ang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Steven Gossert
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Adel Ahmed Rashad Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Md Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Cameron F. Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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33
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Mei H, Han J, White S, Graham DJ, Izawa K, Sato T, Fustero S, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Tailor-Made Amino Acids and Fluorinated Motifs as Prominent Traits in Modern Pharmaceuticals. Chemistry 2020; 26:11349-11390. [PMID: 32359086 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structural analysis of modern pharmaceutical practices allows for the identification of two rapidly growing trends: the introduction of tailor-made amino acids and the exploitation of fluorinated motifs. Curiously, the former represents one of the most ubiquitous classes of naturally occurring compounds, whereas the latter is the most xenobiotic and comprised virtually entirely of man-made derivatives. Herein, 39 selected compounds, featuring both of these traits in the same molecule, are profiled. The total synthesis, source of the corresponding amino acids and fluorinated residues, and medicinal chemistry aspects and biological properties of the molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Sarah White
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Daniel J Graham
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, USA
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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34
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Prévost J, Tolbert WD, Medjahed H, Sherburn RT, Madani N, Zoubchenok D, Gendron-Lepage G, Gaffney AE, Grenier MC, Kirk S, Vergara N, Han C, Mann BT, Chénine AL, Ahmed A, Chaiken I, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Haim H, Abrams CF, Smith AB, Sodroski J, Pazgier M, Finzi A. The HIV-1 Env gp120 Inner Domain Shapes the Phe43 Cavity and the CD4 Binding Site. mBio 2020; 11:e00280-20. [PMID: 32457241 PMCID: PMC7251204 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00280-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) undergo conformational changes upon interaction of the gp120 exterior glycoprotein with the CD4 receptor. The gp120 inner domain topological layers facilitate the transition of Env to the CD4-bound conformation. CD4 engages gp120 by introducing its phenylalanine 43 (Phe43) in a cavity ("the Phe43 cavity") located at the interface between the inner and outer gp120 domains. Small CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) can bind within the Phe43 cavity and trigger conformational changes similar to those induced by CD4. Crystal structures of CD4mc in complex with a modified CRF01_AE gp120 core revealed the importance of these gp120 inner domain layers in stabilizing the Phe43 cavity and shaping the CD4 binding site. Our studies reveal a complex interplay between the gp120 inner domain and the Phe43 cavity and generate useful information for the development of more-potent CD4mc.IMPORTANCE The Phe43 cavity of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) is an attractive druggable target. New promising compounds, including small CD4 mimetics (CD4mc), were shown to insert deeply into this cavity. Here, we identify a new network of residues that helps to shape this highly conserved CD4 binding pocket and characterize the structural determinants responsible for Env sensitivity to small CD4 mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Rebekah T Sherburn
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daria Zoubchenok
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Althea E Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melissa C Grenier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharon Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Natasha Vergara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Changze Han
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brendan T Mann
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of the Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Agnès L Chénine
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of the Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adel Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hillel Haim
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Cameron F Abrams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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35
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The Conformational States of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:655-667. [PMID: 32418859 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During HIV-1 entry into target cells, binding of the virus to host receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers serial conformational changes in the envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer that result in the fusion of the viral and cell membranes. Recent discoveries have refined our knowledge of Env conformational states, allowing characterization of the targets of small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies, and identifying a novel off-pathway conformation (State 2A). Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of these conformational states, focusing on (i) the events during HIV-1 entry; (ii) conformational preferences of HIV-1 Env ligands; (iii) evasion of the host antibody response; and (iv) potential implications for therapy and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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36
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Beaudoin-Bussières G, Prévost J, Gendron-Lepage G, Melillo B, Chen J, Smith Iii AB, Pazgier M, Finzi A. Elicitation of Cluster A and Co-Receptor Binding Site Antibodies are Required to Eliminate HIV-1 Infected Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E710. [PMID: 32403312 PMCID: PMC7285120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected individuals raise a polyclonal antibody response targeting multiple envelope glycoprotein (Env) epitopes. Interestingly, two classes of non-neutralizing CD4-induced (CD4i) antibodies, present in the majority of HIV-1-infected individuals have been described to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the presence of small CD4 mimetic compounds (CD4mc). These antibodies recognize the coreceptor binding site (CoRBS) and the constant region one and two (C1C2 or inner domain cluster A) of the gp120. In combination with CD4mc they have been shown to stabilize an antibody-vulnerable Env conformation, known as State 2A. Here we evaluated the importance of these two families of Abs in ADCC responses by immunizing guinea pigs with gp120 immunogens that have been modified to elicit or not these types of antibodies. Underlying the importance of anti-CoRBS and anti-cluster A Abs in stabilizing State 2A, ADCC responses were only observed in the presence of these two types of CD4i antibodies. Altogether, our results suggest that these two families of CD4i antibodies must be taken into account when considering future strategies relying on the use of CD4mc to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Junhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Amos B Smith Iii
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Long-Acting BMS-378806 Analogues Stabilize the State-1 Conformation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00148-20. [PMID: 32161177 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00148-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into cells, the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer [(gp120/gp41)3] binds the receptors CD4 and CCR5 and fuses the viral and cell membranes. CD4 binding changes Env from a pretriggered (state-1) conformation to more open downstream conformations. BMS-378806 (here called BMS-806) blocks CD4-induced conformational changes in Env important for entry and is hypothesized to stabilize a state-1-like Env conformation, a key vaccine target. Here, we evaluated the effects of BMS-806 on the conformation of Env on the surface of cells and virus-like particles. BMS-806 strengthened the labile, noncovalent interaction of gp120 with the Env trimer, enhanced or maintained the binding of most broadly neutralizing antibodies, and decreased the binding of poorly neutralizing antibodies. Thus, in the presence of BMS-806, the cleaved Env on the surface of cells and virus-like particles exhibits an antigenic profile consistent with a state-1 conformation. We designed novel BMS-806 analogues that stabilized the Env conformation for several weeks after a single application. These long-acting BMS-806 analogues may facilitate enrichment of the metastable state-1 Env conformation for structural characterization and presentation to the immune system.IMPORTANCE The envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike on the surface of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mediates the entry of the virus into host cells and is also the target for antibodies. During virus entry, Env needs to change shape. Env flexibility also contributes to the ability of HIV-1 to evade the host immune response; many shapes of Env raise antibodies that cannot recognize the functional Env and therefore do not block virus infection. We found that an HIV-1 entry inhibitor, BMS-806, stabilizes the functional shape of Env. We developed new variants of BMS-806 that stabilize Env in its natural state for long periods of time. The availability of such long-acting stabilizers of Env shape will allow the natural Env conformation to be characterized and tested for efficacy as a vaccine.
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Grenier M, Ding S, Vézina D, Chapleau JP, Tolbert WD, Sherburn R, Schön A, Somisetti S, Abrams CF, Pazgier M, Finzi A, Smith AB. Optimization of Small Molecules That Sensitize HIV-1 Infected Cells to Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:371-378. [PMID: 32184972 PMCID: PMC7074219 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With approximately 37 million people living with HIV worldwide and an estimated 2 million new infections reported each year, the need to derive novel strategies aimed at eradicating HIV-1 infection remains a critical worldwide challenge. One potential strategy would involve eliminating infected cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to conceal epitopes located in its envelope glycoprotein (Env) that are recognized by ADCC-mediating antibodies present in sera from HIV-1 infected individuals. Our aim is to circumvent this evasion via the development of small molecules that expose relevant anti-Env epitopes and sensitize HIV-1 infected cells to ADCC. Rapid elaboration of an initial screening hit using parallel synthesis and structure-based optimization has led to the development of potent small molecules that elicit this humoral response. Efforts to increase the ADCC activity of this class of small molecules with the aim of increasing their therapeutic potential was based on our recent cocrystal structures with gp120 core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa
C. Grenier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et
Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dani Vézina
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et
Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chapleau
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et
Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D. Tolbert
- Infections Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Rebekah Sherburn
- Infections Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sambasivarao Somisetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Cameron F. Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infections Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et
Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Curreli F, Ahmed S, Benedict Victor SM, Iusupov IR, Belov DS, Markov PO, Kurkin AV, Altieri A, Debnath AK. Preclinical Optimization of gp120 Entry Antagonists as anti-HIV-1 Agents with Improved Cytotoxicity and ADME Properties through Rational Design, Synthesis, and Antiviral Evaluation. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1724-1749. [PMID: 32031803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a milestone in the optimization of NBD-11021, an HIV-1 gp120 antagonist, by developing a new and novel analogue, NBD-14189 (Ref1), which showed antiviral activity against HIV-1HXB2, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 89 nM. However, cytotoxicity remained high, and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) data showed relatively poor aqueous solubility. To optimize these properties, we replaced the phenyl ring in the compound with a pyridine ring and synthesized a set of 48 novel compounds. One of the new analogues, NBD-14270 (8), showed a marked improvement in cytotoxicity, with 3-fold and 58-fold improvements in selectivity index value compared with that of Ref1 and NBD-11021, respectively. Furthermore, the in vitro ADME data clearly showed improvements in aqueous solubility and other properties compared with those for Ref1. The data for 8 indicated that the pyridine scaffold is a good bioisostere for phenyl, allowing the further optimization of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Curreli
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York Blood Center , 310 E 67th Street , New York 10065 , New York , United States
| | - Shahad Ahmed
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York Blood Center , 310 E 67th Street , New York 10065 , New York , United States
| | - Sofia M Benedict Victor
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York Blood Center , 310 E 67th Street , New York 10065 , New York , United States
| | - Ildar R Iusupov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Dmitry S Belov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Pavel O Markov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Alexander V Kurkin
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Andrea Altieri
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Asim K Debnath
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York Blood Center , 310 E 67th Street , New York 10065 , New York , United States
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Ding S, Grenier MC, Tolbert WD, Vézina D, Sherburn R, Richard J, Prévost J, Chapleau JP, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Abrams C, Sodroski J, Pazgier M, Smith AB, Finzi A. A New Family of Small-Molecule CD4-Mimetic Compounds Contacts Highly Conserved Aspartic Acid 368 of HIV-1 gp120 and Mediates Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. J Virol 2019; 93:e01325-19. [PMID: 31554684 PMCID: PMC6880173 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01325-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer mediates virus entry into cells. The "closed" conformation of Env is resistant to nonneutralizing antibodies (nnAbs). These antibodies mostly recognize occluded epitopes that can be exposed upon binding of CD4 or small-molecule CD4 mimetics (CD4mc). Here, we describe a new family of small molecules that expose Env to nnAbs and sensitize infected cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). These compounds have a limited capacity to inhibit virus infection directly but are able to sensitize viral particles to neutralization by otherwise nonneutralizing antibodies. Structural analysis shows that some analogs of this family of CD4mc engage the gp120 Phe43 cavity by contacting the highly conserved D368 residue, making them attractive scaffolds for drug development.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 has evolved multiple strategies to avoid humoral responses. One efficient mechanism is to keep its envelope glycoprotein (Env) in its "closed" conformation. Here, we report on a new family of small molecules that are able to "open up" Env, thus exposing vulnerable epitopes. This new family of molecules binds in the Phe43 cavity and contacts the highly conserved D368 residue. The structural and biological attributes of molecules of this family make them good candidates for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melissa C Grenier
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dani Vézina
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rebekah Sherburn
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Chapleau
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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41
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Alsahafi N, Bakouche N, Kazemi M, Richard J, Ding S, Bhattacharyya S, Das D, Anand SP, Prévost J, Tolbert WD, Lu H, Medjahed H, Gendron-Lepage G, Ortega Delgado GG, Kirk S, Melillo B, Mothes W, Sodroski J, Smith AB, Kaufmann DE, Wu X, Pazgier M, Rouiller I, Finzi A, Munro JB. An Asymmetric Opening of HIV-1 Envelope Mediates Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:578-587.e5. [PMID: 30974085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) (gp120-gp41)3 is the target for neutralizing antibodies and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 Env is flexible, sampling different conformational states. Before engaging CD4, Env adopts a closed conformation (State 1) that is largely antibody resistant. CD4 binding induces an intermediate state (State 2), followed by an open conformation (State 3) that is susceptible to engagement by antibodies that recognize otherwise occluded epitopes. We investigate conformational changes in Env that induce ADCC in the presence of a small-molecule CD4-mimetic compound (CD4mc). We uncover an asymmetric Env conformation (State 2A) recognized by antibodies targeting the conserved gp120 inner domain and mediating ADCC. Sera from HIV+ individuals contain these antibodies, which can stabilize Env State 2A in combination with CD4mc. Additionally, triggering State 2A on HIV-infected primary CD4+ T cells exposes epitopes that induce ADCC. Strategies that induce this Env conformation may represent approaches to fight HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmin Alsahafi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nordine Bakouche
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohsen Kazemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sudipta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Durba Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hong Lu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sharon Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueling Wu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isabelle Rouiller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - James B Munro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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42
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Chen J, Park J, Kirk SM, Chen HC, Li X, Lippincott DJ, Melillo B, Smith AB. Development of an Effective Scalable Enantioselective Synthesis of the HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor BNM-III-170 as the Bis-Trifluoroacetate Salt. Org Process Res Dev 2019; 23:2464-2469. [PMID: 33013157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report here the development and optimization of a process synthesis for the HIV-1 entry inhibitor BNM-III-170 bis-TFA salt (1). The synthesis features a dynamic-kinetic resolution (DKR) to establish the initial stereogenicity. By taking advantage of significant sequence modifications of our first generation synthesis, inconjunction with the low solubility of late-stage intermediates, the overall efficiency of the synthesis has been significantly improved, now to proceed in an overall yield of 9.64% for the 16-steps, requiring only a single chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sharon M Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xiangqin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Daniel J Lippincott
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Motati DR, Uredi D, Watkins EB. The Discovery and Development of Oxalamide and Pyrrole Small Molecule Inhibitors of gp120 and HIV Entry - A Review. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1650-1675. [PMID: 31424369 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190717163959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. More than 60 million infections and 25 million deaths have occurred since AIDS was first identified in the early 1980s. Advances in available therapeutics, in particular combination antiretroviral therapy, have significantly improved the treatment of HIV infection and have facilitated the shift from high mortality and morbidity to that of a manageable chronic disease. Unfortunately, none of the currently available drugs are curative of HIV. To deal with the rapid emergence of drug resistance, off-target effects, and the overall difficulty of eradicating the virus, an urgent need exists to develop new drugs, especially against targets critically important for the HIV-1 life cycle. Viral entry, which involves the interaction of the surface envelope glycoprotein, gp120, with the cellular receptor, CD4, is the first step of HIV-1 infection. Gp120 has been validated as an attractive target for anti-HIV-1 drug design or novel HIV detection tools. Several small molecule gp120 antagonists are currently under investigation as potential entry inhibitors. Pyrrole, piperazine, triazole, pyrazolinone, oxalamide, and piperidine derivatives, among others, have been investigated as gp120 antagonist candidates. Herein, we discuss the current state of research with respect to the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of oxalamide derivatives and five-membered heterocycles, namely, the pyrrole-containing small molecule as inhibitors of gp120 and HIV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damoder Reddy Motati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacometrics and Molecular Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Union University, Jackson, Tennessee 38305, United States
| | - Dilipkumar Uredi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacometrics and Molecular Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Union University, Jackson, Tennessee 38305, United States
| | - E Blake Watkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacometrics and Molecular Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Union University, Jackson, Tennessee 38305, United States
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44
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Zhao C, Princiotto AM, Nguyen HT, Zou S, Zhao ML, Zhang S, Herschhorn A, Farrell M, Pahil K, Melillo B, Sambasivarao SV, Abrams C, Smith AB, Madani N, Sodroski J. Strain-Dependent Activation and Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Entry by a Specific PF-68742 Stereoisomer. J Virol 2019; 93:e01197-19. [PMID: 31391272 PMCID: PMC6803283 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01197-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into cells is mediated by the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer, which consists of three gp120 exterior glycoproteins and three gp41 transmembrane glycoproteins. When gp120 binds sequentially to the receptors CD4 and CCR5 on the target cell, the metastable Env trimer is triggered to undergo entry-related conformational changes. PF-68742 is a small molecule that inhibits the infection of a subset of HIV-1 strains by interfering with an Env function other than receptor binding. Determinants of HIV-1 resistance to PF-68742 map to the disulfide loop and fusion peptide of gp41. Of the four possible PF-68742 stereoisomers, only one, MF275, inhibited the infection of CD4-positive CCR5-positive cells by some HIV-1 strains. MF275 inhibition of these HIV-1 strains occurred after CD4 binding but before the formation of the gp41 six-helix bundle. Unexpectedly, MF275 activated the infection of CD4-negative CCR5-positive cells by several HIV-1 strains resistant to the inhibitory effects of the compound in CD4-positive target cells. In contrast to CD4 complementation by CD4-mimetic compounds, activation of CD4-independent infection by MF275 did not depend upon the availability of the gp120 Phe 43 cavity. Sensitivity to inhibitors indicates that MF275-activated virus entry requires formation/exposure of the gp41 heptad repeat (HR1) as well as CCR5 binding. MF275 apparently activates a virus entry pathway parallel to that triggered by CD4 and CD4-mimetic compounds. Strain-dependent divergence in Env conformational transitions allows different outcomes, inhibition or activation, in response to MF275. Understanding the mechanisms of MF275 activity should assist efforts to optimize its utility.IMPORTANCE Envelope glycoprotein (Env) spikes on the surface of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) bind target cell receptors, triggering changes in the shape of Env. We studied a small molecule, MF275, that also induced shape changes in Env. The consequences of MF275 interaction with Env depended on the HIV-1 strain, with infection by some viruses inhibited and infection by other viruses enhanced. These studies reveal the strain-dependent diversity of HIV-1 Envs as they undergo shape changes in proceeding down the entry pathway. Appreciation of this diversity will assist attempts to develop broadly active inhibitors of HIV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Zhao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy M Princiotto
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanh T Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shitao Zou
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meiqing Lily Zhao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karanbir Pahil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Somisetti V Sambasivarao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Suttisintong K, Kaewchangwat N, Thanayupong E, Nerungsi C, Srikun O, Pungpo P. Recent Progress in the Development of HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors: From Small Molecules to Potent Anti-HIV Agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1599-1620. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190712204050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Viral entry, the first process in the reproduction of viruses, primarily involves attachment of the viral envelope proteins to membranes of the host cell. The crucial components that play an important role in viral entry include viral surface glycoprotein gp120, viral transmembrane glycoprotein gp41, host cell glycoprotein (CD4), and host cell chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4). Inhibition of the multiple molecular interactions of these components can restrain viruses, such as HIV-1, from fusion with the host cell, blocking them from reproducing. This review article specifically focuses on the recent progress in the development of small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors and incorporates important aspects of their structural modification that lead to the discovery of new molecular scaffolds with more potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khomson Suttisintong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology, Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Narongpol Kaewchangwat
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology, Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Eknarin Thanayupong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology, Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chakkrapan Nerungsi
- The Government Pharmaceutical Organization, 75/1 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Onsiri Srikun
- The Government Pharmaceutical Organization, 75/1 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornpan Pungpo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, 85 Sathonlamark Road, Warinchamrap, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
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Jiang X, Yu J, Zhou Z, Kongsted J, Song Y, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Kang D, Poongavanam V, Liu X, Zhan P. Molecular design opportunities presented by solvent‐exposed regions of target proteins. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2194-2238. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Yu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Yuning Song
- Department of Clinical PharmacyQilu Hospital of Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical ResearchLaboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy Leuven Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical ResearchLaboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy Leuven Belgium
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryKey Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan Shandong People's Republic of China
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47
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New targets for HIV drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1139-1147. [PMID: 30885676 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent estimates suggest close to one million people per year die globally owing to HIV-related illnesses. Therefore, there is still a need to identify new targets to develop future treatments. Many of the more recently identified targets are host-related and these might be more difficult for the virus to develop drug resistance to. In addition, there are virus-related targets (capsid and RNAse H) that have yet to be exploited clinically. Several of the newer targets also address virulence factors, virus latency or target persistence. The targets highlighted in this review could represent the next generation of viable candidates for drug discovery projects as well as continue the search for a cure for this disease.
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48
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Anand SP, Prévost J, Baril S, Richard J, Medjahed H, Chapleau JP, Tolbert WD, Kirk S, Smith AB, Wines BD, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM, Parsons MS, Pazgier M, Finzi A. Two Families of Env Antibodies Efficiently Engage Fc-Gamma Receptors and Eliminate HIV-1-Infected Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:e01823-18. [PMID: 30429344 PMCID: PMC6340017 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01823-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 conceals epitopes of its envelope glycoproteins (Env) recognized by antibody (Ab)-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies. These Abs, including anti-coreceptor binding site (CoRBS) and anti-cluster A antibodies, preferentially recognize Env in its "open" conformation. The binding of anti-CoRBS Abs has been shown to induce conformational changes that further open Env, allowing interaction of anti-cluster A antibodies. We explored the possibility that CoRBS Abs synergize with anti-cluster A Abs to engage Fc-gamma receptors to mediate ADCC. We found that binding of anti-CoRBS and anti-cluster A Abs to the same gp120 is required for interaction with soluble dimeric FcγRIIIa in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). We also found that Fc regions of both Abs are required to optimally engage FcγRIIIa and mediate robust ADCC. Taken together, our results indicate that these two families of Abs act together in a sequential and synergistic fashion to promote FcγRIIIa engagement and ADCC.IMPORTANCE The "open" CD4-bound conformation of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins is the primary target of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies present in HIV-positive (HIV+) sera, such as anti-coreceptor binding site and anti-cluster A antibodies. Here we report that the binding of these two families of antibodies is required to engage FcγRIIIa and mediate ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Baril
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Chapleau
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies Group Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies Group Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew S Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Kobayakawa T, Konno K, Ohashi N, Takahashi K, Masuda A, Yoshimura K, Harada S, Tamamura H. Soluble-type small-molecule CD4 mimics as HIV entry inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:719-723. [PMID: 30665681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several small molecule CD4 mimics have been reported previously as HIV-1 entry inhibitors, which block the interaction between the Phe43 cavity of HIV-1 gp120 and the host CD4. Known CD4 mimics such as NBD-556 possess significant anti-HIV activity but are less soluble in water, perhaps due to their hydrophobic aromatic ring-containing structures. Compounds with a pyridinyl group in place of the phenyl group in these molecules have been designed and synthesized in an attempt to increase the hydrophilicity. Some of these new CD4 mimics, containing a tetramethylpiperidine ring show significantly higher water solubility than NBD-556 and have high anti-HIV activity and synergistic anti-HIV activity with a neutralizing antibody. The CD4 mimic that has a cyclohexylpiperidine ring and a 6-fluoropyridin-3-yl ring has high anti-HIV activity and no significant cytotoxicity. The present results will be useful in the future design and development of novel soluble-type molecule CD4 mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kiju Konno
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nami Ohashi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kohei Takahashi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Ami Masuda
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Harada
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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50
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Zhang C, Zhang H, Huang LS, Zhu S, Xu Y, Zhang XQ, Schooley RT, Yang X, Huang Z, An J. Virtual Screening, Biological Evaluation, and 3D-QSAR Studies of New HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors That Function via the CD4 Primary Receptor. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23113036. [PMID: 30463393 PMCID: PMC6278378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23113036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is responsible for the majority of HIV infections worldwide, and we still lack a cure for this infection. Blocking the interaction of HIV-1 and its primary receptor CD4 is one strategy for identifying new anti-HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Here we report the discovery of a novel ligand that can inhibit HIV-1 entry and infection via CD4. Biological and computational analyses of this inhibitor and its analogs, using bioactivity evaluation, Rule of Five (RO5), comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA)/comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) models, and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR), singled out compound 3 as a promising lead molecule for the further development of therapeutics targeting HIV-1 entry. Our study demonstrates an effective approach for employing structure-based, rational drug design techniques to identify novel antiviral compounds with interesting biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozai Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lina S Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Nobel Institute of Biomedicine, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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