1
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Wang Q, Wang T, Wu WW, Lin CY, Yang S, Yang G, Jankowska E, Hu Y, Shen RF, Betenbaugh MJ, Cipollo JF. Comprehensive N- and O-Glycoproteomic Analysis of Multiple Chinese Hamster Ovary Host Cell Lines. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2341-2355. [PMID: 36129246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteomic analysis of three Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) suspension host cell lines (CHO-K1, CHO-S, and CHO-Pro5) commonly utilized in biopharmaceutical settings for recombinant protein production is reported. Intracellular and secreted glycoproteins were examined. We utilized an immobilization and chemoenzymatic strategy in our analysis. Glycoproteins or glycopeptides were first immobilized through reductive amination, and the sialyl moieties were amidated for protection. The desired N- or O-glycans and glycopeptides were released from the immobilization resin by enzymatic or chemical digestion. Glycopeptides were studied by Orbitrap Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and the released glycans were analyzed by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). Differences were detected in the relative abundances of N- and O-glycopeptide types, their resident and released glycans, and their glycoprotein complexity. Ontogeny analysis revealed key differences in features, such as general metabolic and biosynthetic pathways, including glycosylation systems, as well as distributions in cellular compartments. Host cell lines and subfraction differences were observed in both N- and O-glycan and glycoprotein pools. Differences were observed in sialyl and fucosyl glycan distributions. Key differences were also observed among glycoproteins that are problematic contaminants in recombinant antibody production. The differences revealed in this study should inform the choice of cell lines best suited for a particular bioproduction application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - Tiexin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - Wells W Wu
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Chang-Yi Lin
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Shuang Yang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States.,Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Ganglong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States.,Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ewa Jankowska
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Yifeng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - Rong-Fong Shen
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, United States
| | - John F Cipollo
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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2
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Chu KB, Lee SH, Kim MJ, Kim AR, Moon EK, Quan FS. Virus-like particles coexpressing the PreF and Gt antigens of respiratory syncytial virus confer protection in mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1159-1171. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of this study was to assess the protective efficacy of virus-like particles (VLPs) co-expressing the pre-fusogenic (PreF) and G protein with tandem repeats (Gt) antigens of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in mice. Materials & methods: VLP constructs expressing PreF, Gt or both were used to immunize mice, and the protective efficacies were evaluated using antibody responses, neutralizing antibody titers, T-cell responses, histopathological assessment and plaque assay. Results: PreF+Gt VLP immunization elicited strong RSV-specific antibody responses and pulmonary T-cell responses that contributed to lessening virus titer and inflammation. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that coexpressing PreF and Gt antigens elicits better protection than either one alone. This combinatorial approach could assist in future RSV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Back Chu
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species & Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Moon
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species & Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kazeto Y, Suzuki H, Ozaki Y, Gen K. C-terminal peptide (hCTP) of human chorionic gonadotropin enhances in vivo biological activity of recombinant Japanese eel follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone produced in FreeStyle 293-F cell lines. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 306:113731. [PMID: 33539901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropins (Gths), follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh), and luteinizing hormone (Lh) play central roles in the reproductive biology of vertebrates. In this study, recombinant single-chain Japanese eel Gths (rGth: rFsh and rLh), and recombinant chimeric Gths (rGth-hCTPs: rFsh-hCTP and rLh-hCTP; rGth-eCTPs: rFsh-eCTP and rLh-eCTP) with an extra O-glycosylation site (either a C-terminal peptide of human (hCTP) or equine (eCTP) chorionic gonadotropin), which are known to prolong the half-life of glycoprotein were produced in HEK293 cells and highly purified. Lectin blot analyses demonstrated that all these recombinant Gths contained N-glycans of the high mannose and complex types. In contrast, only rGth-hCTPs and rGth-eCTPs possessed highly sialylated O-linked oligosaccharides. Further analyses of glycans by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry suggested that the species, amount, and degree of sialylation of N-glycans were comparable among recombinant Fshs and recombinant Lhs, while the amount of O-glycans with sialic acids in rGth-hCTPs was higher than that in the corresponding rGth-eCTPs. The serum levels of recombinant Gths in male eels significantly increased 12-24 h after a single injection of the Gths. The levels of rGth-hCTPs tended to be higher than those of the corresponding rGths and rGth-eCTPs throughout the experimental period, coinciding with the serum fluctuations of 11-ketotestosterone (11KT). The long-term treatment of male eels with these recombinant Gths also revealed the superiority of rGth-hCTPs in assisted reproduction; thus, the serum levels of 11KT and gonadosomatic indices in eels treated with rGth-hCTPs were higher than those in eels treated with the corresponding rGths and rGth-eCTPs. The induction of the entire process of spermatogenesis was only histologically observed in rGth-hCTPs-treated eels. These findings strongly suggest that hCTP enhances the in vivo biological activity of recombinant Japanese eel Gths due to the high abundance of O-linked glycans with sialylated antennae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Kazeto
- Tamaki Field Station, Physiological Function Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Tamaki Field Station, Physiological Function Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan; Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Ozaki
- Tamaki Field Station, Physiological Function Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 224-1 Hiruda, Tamaki, Watarai, Mie 519-0423, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Gen
- Tuna Aquaculture Division, Aquaculture Research Department, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 1551-8 Taira-machi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan.
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4
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Lou Y, Ji G, Liu Q, Wang P, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Liu X. Secretory expression and scale-up production of recombinant human thyroid peroxidase via baculovirus/insect cell system in a wave-type bioreactor. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 149:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Kato T, Kikuta K, Kanematsu A, Kondo S, Yagi H, Kato K, Park EY. Alteration of a recombinant protein N-glycan structure in silkworms by partial suppression of N-acetylglucosaminidase gene expression. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1299-1308. [PMID: 28547344 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize complex type N-glycans in silkworms, shRNAs against the fused lobe from Bombyx mori (BmFDL), which codes N-acetylglucosaminidase (GlcNAcase) in the Golgi, was expressed by recombinant B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) in silkworm larvae. RESULTS Expression was under the control of the actin promoter of B. mori or the U6-2 and i.e.-2 promoters from Orgyia pseudotsugata multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpMNPV). The reduction of specific GlcNAcase activity was observed in Bm5 cells and silkworm larvae using the U6-2 promoter. In silkworm larvae, the partial suppression of BmFDL gene expression was observed. When shRNA against BmFDL was expressed under the control of U6-2 promoter, the Man3GlcNAc(Fuc)GlcNAc structure appeared in a main N-glycans of recombinant human IgG. These results suggested that the control of BmFDL expression by its shRNA in silkworms caused the modification of its N-glycan synthetic pathway, which may lead to the alteration of N-glycans in the expressed recombinant proteins. CONCLUSIONS Suppression of BmFDL gene expression by shRNA is not sufficient to synthesize complex N-glycans in silkworm larvae but can modify the N-glycan synthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kikuta
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kanematsu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.,Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 4-5-3 Sakae, Naka-Ku, Nagoya, 460-0008, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.,Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 4-5-3 Sakae, Naka-Ku, Nagoya, 460-0008, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan. .,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-Ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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6
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Harrison RL, Jarvis DL. Transforming Lepidopteran Insect Cells for Improved Protein Processing and Expression. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1350:359-79. [PMID: 26820868 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3043-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lepidopteran insect cells used with the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) are capable of synthesizing and accurately processing foreign proteins. However, proteins expressed in baculovirus-infected cells often fail to be completely processed, or are not processed in a manner that meets a researcher's needs. This chapter discusses a metabolic engineering approach that addresses this problem. Basically, this approach involves the addition of new or enhancement of existing protein processing functions in established lepidopteran insect cell lines. In addition to improvements in protein processing, this approach has also been used to improve protein expression levels obtained with the BEVS. Methods for engineering cell lines and assessing their properties as improved hosts for the BEVS are detailed. Examples of lepidopteran insect cell lines engineered for improved protein N-glycosylation, folding/trafficking, and expression are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Harrison
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol & Behavior Laboratory, USDA, ARS, BARC, Building 007, Room 301, BARC-W, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Donald L Jarvis
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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7
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Klaus T, Kulesza M, Bzowska M, Wyroba B, Kilarski WW, Bereta J. Overcoming inefficient secretion of recombinant VEGF-C in baculovirus expression vector system by simple purification of the protein from cell lysate. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 110:151-8. [PMID: 25758709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The first reports about successfully expressed recombinant proteins with the use of a baculovirus vector were published over 30years ago. Despite the long time of refining this expression system, early problems with the production of baculovirus-derived secretory proteins are still not satisfactorily solved. The high expression level driven by baculoviral promoters often does not result in the desired yield of secreted recombinant proteins, which frequently accumulate inside insect cells and are only partially processed. During our attempts to produce vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) with the use of a baculovirus vector we also faced an inefficient secretion of the recombinant protein to culture medium. We were not able to improve the outcome and obtain an acceptable concentration of VEGF-C in the medium by changing the culture conditions or utilizing different signal peptides. However, as a significant amount of native VEGF-C was detected inside the baculovirus-infected cells, we developed a simple method to purify recombinant, glycosylated VEGF-C from a lysate of the cells. The presented results indicate that the lack of a secretory protein in the insect cell culture medium after baculovirus infection does not necessarily signify failure in the production of the protein. As demonstrated by us and contrary to generally accepted views, the lysate of baculovirus-infected cells may constitute a valuable source of the biologically active, secretory protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Klaus
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kulesza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Monika Bzowska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Barbara Wyroba
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Witold W Kilarski
- Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, SV-IBI-LLCB, Station 15, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Joanna Bereta
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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8
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Dragosits M, Yan S, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Wilson IBH, Rendic D. Enzymatic properties and subtle differences in the substrate specificity of phylogenetically distinct invertebrate N-glycan processing hexosaminidases. Glycobiology 2014; 25:448-64. [PMID: 25488985 PMCID: PMC4339880 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fused lobes (FDL) hexosaminidases are the most recently genetically defined glycosidases involved in the biosynthesis of N-glycans in invertebrates, and their narrow specificity is essential for the generation of paucimannosidic N-glycans in insects. In this study, we explored the potential of FDL hexosaminidases in the utilization of different artificial and natural substrates, both as purified, native compounds or generated in vitro using various relevant glycosyltransferases. In addition to the already-known FDL enzyme from Drosophila melanogaster, we now have identified and characterized the Apis mellifera FDL homolog. The enzymatic properties of the soluble forms of the affinity-purified insect FDL enzymes, expressed in both yeast and insect cells, were compared with those of the phylogenetically distinct recombinant Caenorhabditis elegans FDL-like enzymes and the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-specific Caenorhabditis hexosaminidase HEX-4. In tests with a range of substrates, including natural N-glycans, we show that the invertebrate FDL(-like) enzymes are highly specific for N-acetylglucosamine attached to the α1,3-mannose, but under extreme conditions also remove other terminal GalNAc and N-acetylglucosamine residues. Recombinant FDL also proved useful in the analysis of complex mixtures of N-glycans originating from wild-type and mutant Caenorhabditis strains, thereby aiding isomeric definition of paucimannosidic and hybrid N-glycans in this organism. Furthermore, differences in activity and specificity were shown for two site-directed mutants of Drosophila FDL, compatible with the high structural similarity of chitinolytic and N-glycan degrading exohexosaminidases in insects. Our studies are another indication for the variety of structural and function aspects in the GH20 hexosaminidase family important for both catabolism and biosynthesis of glycoconjugates in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dragosits
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
| | | | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
| | - Dubravko Rendic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
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9
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Liu F, Wu X, Zhao Y, Li L, Wang Z. Budding of peste des petits ruminants virus-like particles from insect cell membrane based on intracellular co-expression of peste des petits ruminants virus M, H and N proteins by recombinant baculoviruses. J Virol Methods 2014; 207:78-85. [PMID: 24992672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), an etiological agent of peste des petits ruminants (PPR), is classified into the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxovirida. In this study, two full-length open reading frames (ORF) corresponding to the PPRV matrix (M) and haemagglutinin (H) genes underwent a codon-optimization based on insect cells, respectively. Two codon-optimized ORFs along with one native nucleocapsid (N) ORF were used to construct recombinant baculoviruses co-expressing the PPRV M, H and N proteins in insect cells. Analysis of Western blot, immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry demonstrated co-expression of the three proteins but at different levels in insect cells, and PPR virus-like particles (VLPs) budded further from cell membrane based on self-assembly of the three proteins by viewing of ultrathin section with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Subsequently, a small number of VLPs were purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation for TEM viewing. The PPR VLPs, either purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation or budding from insect cell membrane on ultrathin section, morphologically resembled authentic PPRVs but were smaller in diameter by the TEM examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiao Liu
- National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, Shandong, China
| | - Yonggang Zhao
- National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, Shandong, China.
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10
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Rosenbaum EE, Vasiljevic E, Brehm KS, Colley NJ. Mutations in four glycosyl hydrolases reveal a highly coordinated pathway for rhodopsin biosynthesis and N-glycan trimming in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004349. [PMID: 24785692 PMCID: PMC4006722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As newly synthesized glycoproteins move through the secretory pathway, the asparagine-linked glycan (N-glycan) undergoes extensive modifications involving the sequential removal and addition of sugar residues. These modifications are critical for the proper assembly, quality control and transport of glycoproteins during biosynthesis. The importance of N-glycosylation is illustrated by a growing list of diseases that result from defects in the biosynthesis and processing of N-linked glycans. The major rhodopsin in Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptors, Rh1, is highly unique among glycoproteins, as the N-glycan appears to be completely removed during Rh1 biosynthesis and maturation. However, much of the deglycosylation pathway for Rh1 remains unknown. To elucidate the key steps in Rh1 deglycosylation in vivo, we characterized mutant alleles of four Drosophila glycosyl hydrolases, namely α-mannosidase-II (α-Man-II), α-mannosidase-IIb (α-Man-IIb), a β-N-acetylglucosaminidase called fused lobes (Fdl), and hexosaminidase 1 (Hexo1). We have demonstrated that these four enzymes play essential and unique roles in a highly coordinated pathway for oligosaccharide trimming during Rh1 biosynthesis. Our results reveal that α-Man-II and α-Man-IIb are not isozymes like their mammalian counterparts, but rather function at distinct stages in Rh1 maturation. Also of significance, our results indicate that Hexo1 has a biosynthetic role in N-glycan processing during Rh1 maturation. This is unexpected given that in humans, the hexosaminidases are typically lysosomal enzymes involved in N-glycan catabolism with no known roles in protein biosynthesis. Here, we present a genetic dissection of glycoprotein processing in Drosophila and unveil key steps in N-glycan trimming during Rh1 biosynthesis. Taken together, our results provide fundamental advances towards understanding the complex and highly regulated pathway of N-glycosylation in vivo and reveal novel insights into the functions of glycosyl hydrolases in the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica E. Rosenbaum
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eva Vasiljevic
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kimberley S. Brehm
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nansi Jo Colley
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Liu F, Wu X, Li L, Liu Z, Wang Z. Formation of peste des petits ruminants spikeless virus-like particles by co-expression of M and N proteins in insect cells. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:213-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Frenzel A, Hust M, Schirrmann T. Expression of recombinant antibodies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:217. [PMID: 23908655 PMCID: PMC3725456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are highly specific detection probes in research, diagnostics, and have emerged over the last two decades as the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. Antibody generation has been dramatically accelerated by in vitro selection systems, particularly phage display. An increasing variety of recombinant production systems have been developed, ranging from Gram-negative and positive bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, insect cell lines, mammalian cells to transgenic plants and animals. Currently, almost all therapeutic antibodies are still produced in mammalian cell lines in order to reduce the risk of immunogenicity due to altered, non-human glycosylation patterns. However, recent developments of glycosylation-engineered yeast, insect cell lines, and transgenic plants are promising to obtain antibodies with "human-like" post-translational modifications. Furthermore, smaller antibody fragments including bispecific antibodies without any glycosylation are successfully produced in bacteria and have advanced to clinical testing. The first therapeutic antibody products from a non-mammalian source can be expected in coming next years. In this review, we focus on current antibody production systems including their usability for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Computational analysis of anti-HIV-1 antibody neutralization panel data to identify potential functional epitope residues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10598-603. [PMID: 23754383 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309215110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in single-cell antibody cloning methods have led to the identification of a variety of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies. We developed a computational tool (Antibody Database) to help identify critical residues on the HIV-1 envelope protein whose natural variation affects antibody activity. Our simplifying assumption was that, for a given antibody, a significant portion of the dispersion of neutralization activity across a panel of HIV-1 strains is due to the amino acid identity or glycosylation state at a small number of specific sites, each acting independently. A model of an antibody's neutralization IC50 was developed in which each site contributes a term to the logarithm of the modeled IC50. The analysis program attempts to determine the set of rules that minimizes the sum of the residuals between observed and modeled IC50 values. The predictive quality of the identified rules may be assessed in part by whether there is support for rules within individual viral clades. As a test case, we analyzed antibody 8ANC195, an anti-glycoprotein gp120 antibody of unknown specificity. The model for this antibody indicated that several glycosylation sites were critical for neutralization. We evaluated this prediction by measuring neutralization potencies of 8ANC195 against HIV-1 in vitro and in an antibody therapy experiment in humanized mice. These experiments confirmed that 8ANC195 represents a distinct class of glycan-dependent anti-HIV-1 antibody and validated the utility of computational analysis of neutralization panel data.
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Liu F, Wu X, Li L, Liu Z, Wang Z. Use of baculovirus expression system for generation of virus-like particles: successes and challenges. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 90:104-16. [PMID: 23742819 PMCID: PMC7128112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A brief overview of principles and applications of BES. Generation of VLPs using BES. Major properties of BES: promoting generation of VLPs. Bioprocess considerations for generation of VLPs.
The baculovirus expression system (BES) has been one of the versatile platforms for the production of recombinant proteins requiring multiple post-translational modifications, such as folding, oligomerization, phosphorylation, glycosylation, acylation, disulfide bond formation and proteolytic cleavage. Advances in recombinant DNA technology have facilitated application of the BES, and made it possible to express multiple proteins simultaneously in a single infection and to produce multimeric proteins sharing functional similarity with their natural analogs. Therefore, the BES has been used for the production of recombinant proteins and the construction of virus-like particles (VLPs), as well as for the development of subunit vaccines, including VLP-based vaccines. The VLP, which consists of one or more structural proteins but no viral genome, resembles the authentic virion but cannot replicate in cells. The high-quality recombinant protein expression and post-translational modifications obtained with the BES, along with its capacity to produce multiple proteins, imply that it is ideally suited to VLP production. In this article, we critically review the pros and cons of using the BES as a platform to produce both enveloped and non-enveloped VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiao Liu
- National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
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15
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Drugmand JC, Schneider YJ, Agathos SN. Insect cells as factories for biomanufacturing. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1140-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Li SF, Wang HL, Hu ZH, Deng F. Genetic modification of baculovirus expression vectors. Virol Sin 2012; 27:71-82. [PMID: 22491998 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a protein expression vector, the baculovirus demonstrates many advantages over other vectors. With the development of biotechnology, baculoviral vectors have been genetically modified to facilitate high level expression of heterologous proteins in both insect and mammalian cells. These modifications include utilization of different promoters and signal peptides, deletion or replacement of viral genes for increasing protein secretion, integration of polycistronic expression cassette for producing protein complexes, and baculovirus pseudotyping, promoter accommodation or surface display for enhancing mammalian cell targeting gene delivery. This review summarizes the development and the current state of art of the baculovirus expression system. Further development of baculovirus expression systems will make them even more feasible and accessible for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-fen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Joint-Lab of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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Sokolenko S, George S, Wagner A, Tuladhar A, Andrich JMS, Aucoin MG. Co-expression vs. co-infection using baculovirus expression vectors in insect cell culture: Benefits and drawbacks. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:766-81. [PMID: 22297133 PMCID: PMC7132753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is a versatile and powerful platform for protein expression in insect cells. With the ability to approach similar post-translational modifications as in mammalian cells, the BEVS offers a number of advantages including high levels of expression as well as an inherent safety during manufacture and of the final product. Many BEVS products include proteins and protein complexes that require expression from more than one gene. This review examines the expression strategies that have been used to this end and focuses on the distinguishing features between those that make use of single polycistronic baculovirus (co-expression) and those that use multiple monocistronic baculoviruses (co-infection). Three major areas in which researchers have been able to take advantage of co-expression/co-infection are addressed, including compound structure-function studies, insect cell functionality augmentation, and VLP production. The core of the review discusses the parameters of interest for co-infection and co-expression with time of infection (TOI) and multiplicity of infection (MOI) highlighted for the former and the choice of promoter for the latter. In addition, an overview of modeling approaches is presented, with a suggested trajectory for future exploration. The review concludes with an examination of the gaps that still remain in co-expression/co-infection knowledge and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Sokolenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Hitchman RB, Locanto E, Possee RD, King LA. Optimizing the baculovirus expression vector system. Methods 2011; 55:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Improved expression of secreted and membrane-targeted proteins in insect cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2010; 56:85-93. [PMID: 20441568 DOI: 10.1042/ba20090130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Secretory and membrane-bound proteins are generally produced in lower amounts in insect cells compared with cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins. There may be many reasons for this, including degradation of recombinant proteins by proteases, competition for cellular resources between native and recombinant proteins, and physical blockage of the secretory pathways. In the present study, we describe the construction of a baculovirus in which chiA (chitinase) and cath (cathepsin) genes have been deleted and show improved recombinant protein expression using this vector. We confirmed the complete removal of both genes by PCR, restriction enzyme analysis and enzyme assays, and the modified virus DNA was shown to be stable in bacterial cells over multiple passages. A selection of recombinant genes were inserted into the double-deletion virus and their expression levels compared with recombinant viruses that had single or no gene deletions. In all instances, the double-deletion viruses showed greatly enhanced levels of protein production for both secreted and nuclear/cytoplasmic proteins. In summary, we have conclusively demonstrated the importance of this deletion vector for the high-level production of recombinant proteins.
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Okada T, Ihara H, Ito R, Nakano M, Matsumoto K, Yamaguchi Y, Taniguchi N, Ikeda Y. N-Glycosylation engineering of lepidopteran insect cells by the introduction of the 1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III gene. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1147-59. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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21
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Nomura T, Ikeda M, Ishiyama S, Mita K, Tamura T, Okada T, Fujiyama K, Usami A. Cloning and characterization of a β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (BmFDL) from silkworm Bombyx mori. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:386-91. [PMID: 20547376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In insects, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (GlcNAcase) participates in critical physiological processes such as fertilization, metamorphosis, and glycoconjugate degradation. Insects produce glycoproteins carrying paucimannosidic-type N-glycans, the terminal GlcNAc residue of which is cleaved by a GlcNAc-linkage specific GlcNAcase, also known as the fused lobes (FDL) protein. To obtain information on the structure of GlcNAcases and insight into their contribution to physiological processes, we cloned Bombyx mori FDL (BmFDL) from silkworm larvae. The full-length cDNA (1.9 kb) encoded a protein of 633 amino acids with 42% amino acid sequence identity to Drosophila melanogaster FDL (DmFDL). Recombinant BmFDL cleaved only β-1,2-linked GlcNAc residues from the α-1,3 branch of biantennary N-glycan. This substrate specificity was similar to that of DmFDL. Microsomal FDL activity was inhibited by anti-BmFDL antibodies. Taken together, our results suggest that BmFDL is a N-glycan-processing GlcNAcase in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nomura
- Research Institute of Biological Science, Katakura industries CO., LTD., 1548 Simo-okutomi, Sayama, Saitama 350-1332, Japan.
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22
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He Y, Jensen GJ, Bjorkman PJ. Cryo-electron tomography of homophilic adhesion mediated by the neural cell adhesion molecule L1. Structure 2009; 17:460-71. [PMID: 19278660 PMCID: PMC2744468 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 participates in homophilic interactions important for axon guidance and neuronal development. The structural details of homophilic adhesion mediated by L1 and other immunoglobulin superfamily members containing an N-terminal horseshoe arrangement of four immunoglobulin-like domains are unknown. Here we used cryo-electron tomography to study liposomes to which intact or truncated forms of the L1 ectodomain were attached. Tomographic reconstructions revealed an adhesion interface with a regular and repeating pattern consistent with interactions between paired horseshoes contributed by L1 proteins from neighboring liposomes. The characteristics of the pattern changed when N-linked carbohydrates were altered by removing sialic acids or converting from complex to high mannose or oligomannose glycans, suggesting a regulatory role for carbohydrates in L1-mediated homophilic adhesion. Using the results from tomograms and crystal structures of L1-related molecules, we present a structural model for L1-mediated homophilic adhesion that depends on protein-protein, protein-carbohydrate, and carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongning He
- Division of Biology 114-96, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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23
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Weber W, Fussenegger M. Engineering of Synthetic Mammalian Gene Networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:287-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Possee RD, Hitchman RB, Richards KS, Mann SG, Siaterli E, Nixon CP, Irving H, Assenberg R, Alderton D, Owens RJ, King LA. Generation of baculovirus vectors for the high-throughput production of proteins in insect cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:1115-22. [PMID: 18781697 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The baculovirus expression system is one of the most popular methods used for the production of recombinant proteins but has several complex steps which have proved inherently difficult to adapt to a multi-parallel process. We have developed a bacmid vector that does not require any form of selection pressure to separate recombinant virus from non-recombinant parental virus. The method relies on homologous recombination in insect cells between a transfer vector containing a gene to be expressed and a replication-deficient bacmid. The target gene replaces a bacterial replicon at the polyhedrin loci, simultaneously restoring a virus gene essential for replication. Therefore, only recombinant virus can replicate facilitating the rapid production of multiple recombinant viruses on automated platforms in a one-step procedure. Using this vector allowed us to automate the generation of multiple recombinant viruses with a robotic liquid handler and then rapidly screen infected insect cell supernatant for the presence of secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Possee
- National Environmental Research Council, Centre for Hydrology & Ecology, Oxford, UK
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26
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Kazeto Y, Kohara M, Miura T, Miura C, Yamaguchi S, Trant JM, Adachi S, Yamauchi K. Japanese eel follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) and luteinizing hormone (Lh): production of biologically active recombinant Fsh and Lh by Drosophila S2 cells and their differential actions on the reproductive biology. Biol Reprod 2008; 79:938-46. [PMID: 18685126 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.070052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Two gonadotropins (Gths), follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) and luteinizing hormone (Lh), control gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis in vertebrates, including teleost fish. Here, we report on the production of biologically active recombinant Fsh (rec-Fsh) and Lh (rec-Lh) in Japanese eel using Drosophila S2 cells. The three subunits composing Gths, i.e., glycoprotein hormone, alpha polypeptide (Cga), follicle-stimulating hormone, beta polypeptide (Fshb), and luteinizing hormone, beta polypeptide (Lhb), were at first independently produced and were proven to be glycosylated and secreted as the mature peptides. Each beta subunit, along with its Cga, was simultaneously coexpressed to produce heterodimeric rec-Fsh and rec-Lh that were subsequently highly purified. The biological activity of rec-Gths was demonstrated in various in vitro assays. The rec-Gths differentially activated their receptors, which resulted in an increase in 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) secretion, a differential alteration of gene expression of steroidogenic enzymes in immature testis, and the induction of the complete process of spermatogenesis in vitro. The data strongly suggest that Fsh and Lh differentially play important roles in the reproductive physiology of the Japanese eel. By contrast, these rec-Gths exhibited little activity in the gonad when administered in vivo. This difference between in vitro and in vivo bioactivity is probably due to the qualitative nature of glycosylation in S2 cells, which resulted in degradation of the recombinant protein in vivo. These differences in the carbohydrate moieties need to be elucidated and ameliorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Kazeto
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minami-ise 516-0193, Japan.
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27
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Structure of UL18, a peptide-binding viral MHC mimic, bound to a host inhibitory receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:10095-100. [PMID: 18632577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804551105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UL18 is a human cytomegalovirus class I MHC (MHCI) homolog that binds the host inhibitory receptor LIR-1 and the only known viral MHC homolog that presents peptides. The 2.2-A structure of a LIR-1/UL18/peptide complex reveals increased contacts and optimal surface complementarity in the LIR-1/UL18 interface compared with LIR/MHCI interfaces, resulting in a >1,000-fold higher affinity. Despite sharing only approximately 25% sequence identity, UL18's structure and peptide binding are surprisingly similar to host MHCI. The crystal structure suggests that most of the UL18 surface, except where LIR-1 and the host-derived light chain bind, is covered by carbohydrates attached to 13 potential N-glycosylation sites, thereby preventing access to bound peptide and association with most MHCI-binding proteins. The LIR-1/UL18 structure demonstrates how a viral protein evolves from its host ancestor to impede unwanted interactions while preserving and improving its receptor-binding site.
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Abstract
One of the major advantages of the baculovirus-insect cell system is that it is a eukaryotic system that can provide posttranslational modifications, such as protein N-glycosylation. However, this is a vastly oversimplified view, which reflects a poor understanding of insect glycobiology. In general, insect protein glycosylation pathways are far simpler than the corresponding pathways of higher eukaryotes. Paradoxically, it is increasingly clear that various insects encode and can express more elaborate protein glycosylation functions in restricted fashion. Thus, the information gathered in a wide variety of studies on insect protein N-glycosylation during the past 25 years has provided what now appears to be a reasonably detailed, comprehensive, and accurate understanding of the protein N-glycosylation capabilities of the baculovirus-insect cell system. In this chapter, we discuss the models of insect protein N-glycosylation that have emerged from these studies and how this impacts the use of baculovirus-insect cell systems for recombinant glycoprotein production. We also discuss the use of these models as baselines for metabolic engineering efforts leading to the development of new baculovirus-insect cell systems with humanized protein N-glycosylation pathways, which can be used to produce more authentic recombinant N-glycoproteins for drug development and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzong Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071
- Chesapeake-PERL, Inc. 8510A Corridor Rd, Savage, MD 20763, USA
| | - Donald L. Jarvis
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071
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Pierro DJ, Powers EL, Olson KE. Genetic determinants of Sindbis virus strain TR339 affecting midgut infection in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1545-1554. [PMID: 17412985 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito midgut epithelial cells (MEC) play a major role in determining whether an arbovirus can successfully infect and be transmitted by mosquitoes. The Sindbis virus (SINV) strain TR339 efficiently infects Aedes aegypti MEC but the SINV strain TE/5'2J poorly infects MEC. SINV determinants for MEC infection have been localized to the E2 glycoprotein. The E2 amino acid sequences of TR339 and TE/5'2J differ at two sites, E2-55 and E2-70. We have altered the TE/5'2J virus genome by site-directed mutagenesis to contain two TR339 residues, E2-55 H-->Q (histidine to glutamine) and E2-70 K-->E (lysine to glutamic acid). We have characterized the growth patterns of derived viruses in cell culture and determined the midgut infection rate (MIR) in A. aegypti mosquitoes. Our results clearly show that the E2-55 H-->Q and the E2-70 K-->E mutations in the TE/5'2J virus increase MIR both independently and in combination. TE/5'2J virus containing both TR339 E2 residues had MIRs similar to the parental TR339 virus. In addition, SINV propagated in a mammalian cell line had a significantly lower A. aegypti midgut 50 % infectious dose than virus propagated in a mosquito cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Pierro
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Erik L Powers
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ken E Olson
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Levine MZ, Lewis MM, Rodriquez S, Jimenez JA, Khan A, Lin S, Garcia HH, Gonzales AE, Gilman RH, Tsang VCW. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOELECTROTRANSFER BLOT (EITB) ASSAY USING TWO BACULOVIRUS EXPRESSED RECOMBINANT ANTIGENS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF TAENIA SOLIUM TAENIASIS. J Parasitol 2007; 93:409-17. [PMID: 17539427 DOI: 10.1645/ge-938r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Taeniasis diagnosis is an important step in the control and elimination of both cysticercosis and taeniasis. We report the development of 2 serological taeniasis diagnostic tests using recombinant antigens rES33 and rES38 expressed by baculovirus in insect cells in an EITB format. In laboratory testing with defined sera from nonendemic areas, rES33 has a sensitivity of 98% (n = 167) and a specificity of 99% (n = 310) (J index: 0.97); rES38 has a sensitivity of 99% (n = 146) and a specificity of 97% (n = 275) (J index: 0.96). Independent field testing in Peru showed 97% (n = 203) of the taeniasis sera were positive with rES33, and 100% of the nontaeniasis sera (n = 272) were negative with rES33; 98% (n = 198) of taeniasis sera were positive with rES38, and 91% (n = 274) of the nontaeniasis sera were negative with rES38. Among the Peruvian sera tested, 17 of 26 Peruvian Taenia saginata sera were false positive with rES38 test. Both tests were also examined with cysticercosis sera, with a positive rate ranging from 21% to 46%. rES33 and rES38 tests offer sensitive and specific diagnosis of taeniasis and easy sample collection through finger sticks that can be used in large-scale studies. They are currently being used in cysticercosis elimination programs in Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Z Levine
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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Abstract
The lepidopteran insect cells used with the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) are capable of synthesizing and accurately processing foreign proteins. However, proteins expressed in baculovirus-infected cells often fail to be completely processed, or are not processed in a manner that meets a researcher's needs. This chapter discusses a metabolic engineering approach that addresses this problem. Basically, this approach involves the addition of new or enhancement of existing protein processing functions in established lepidopteran insect cell lines. Methods for engineering these cell lines and assessing their properties as improved hosts for the BEVS are detailed. Examples of lepidopteran insect cell lines engineered for improved protein N-glycosylation and trafficking are described.
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Related effects of cell adaptation to serum-free conditions on murine EPO production and glycosylation by CHO cells. Cytotechnology 2006; 52:39-53. [PMID: 19002864 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-006-9039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The necessity to perform serum-free cultures to produce recombinant glycoproteins generally requires an adaptation procedure of the cell line to new environmental conditions, which may therefore induce quantitative and qualitative effects on the product, particularly on its glycosylation. In previous studies, desialylation of EPO produced by CHO cells was shown to be dependent on the presence of serum in the medium. In this paper, to discriminate between the effects of the adaptation procedure to serum-free medium and the effects of the absence of serum on EPO production and glycosylation, adapted and non-adapted CHO cells were grown in serum-free and serum-containing media. The main kinetics of CHO cells were determined over batch processes as well as the glycosylation patterns of produced EPO by HPCE-LIF. A reversible decrease in EPO production was observed when cells were adapted to SFX-CHO(TM) medium, as the same cells partially recovered their production capacity when cultivated in serum-containing medium or in the enriched SFM(TM) serum-free medium. More interestingly, EPO desialylation that was not observed in both serum-free media was restored if the serum-independent cells were recultured in presence of serum. In the same way, while the serum-independent cells did not release a sialidase activity in both serum-free media, a significant activity was recovered when serum was added. In fact, the cell adaptation process to serum-free conditions did not specifically affect the sialidase release and the cellular mechanism of protein desialylation, which appeared to be mainly related to the presence of serum for both adapted and non-adapted cells.
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Harrison RL, Jarvis DL. Protein N-glycosylation in the baculovirus-insect cell expression system and engineering of insect cells to produce "mammalianized" recombinant glycoproteins. Adv Virus Res 2006; 68:159-91. [PMID: 16997012 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(06)68005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus expression vectors are frequently used to express glycoproteins, a subclass of proteins that includes many products with therapeutic value. The insect cells that serve as hosts for baculovirus vector infection are capable of transferring oligosaccharide side chains (glycans) to the same sites in recombinant proteins as those that are used for native protein N-glycosylation in mammalian cells. However, while mammalian cells produce compositionally more complex N-glycans containing terminal sialic acids, insect cells mostly produce simpler N-glycans with terminal mannose residues. This structural difference between insect and mammalian N-glycans compromises the in vivo bioactivity of glycoproteins and can potentially induce allergenic reactions in humans. These features obviously compromise the biomedical value of recombinant glycoproteins produced in the baculovirus expression vector system. Thus, much effort has been expended to characterize the potential and limits of N-glycosylation in insect cell systems. Discoveries from this research have led to the engineering of insect N-glycosylation pathways for assembly of mammalian-style glycans on baculovirus-expressed glycoproteins. This chapter summarizes our knowledge of insect N-glycosylation pathways and describes efforts to engineer baculovirus vectors and insect cell lines to overcome the limits of insect cell glycosylation. In addition, we consider other possible strategies for improving glycosylation in insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Harrison
- Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Plant Sciences Institute, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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Long G, Westenberg M, Wang H, Vlak JM, Hu Z. Function, oligomerization and N-linked glycosylation of the Helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus envelope fusion protein. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:839-846. [PMID: 16528033 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the family Baculoviridae, two distinct envelope fusion proteins are identified in budded virions (BVs). GP64 is the major envelope fusion protein of group I nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) BVs. An unrelated type of envelope fusion protein, named F, is encoded by group II NPVs. The genome of Helicoverpa armigera (Hear) NPV, a group II NPV of the single nucleocapsid or S type, also encodes an F-like protein: open reading frame 133 (Ha133). It was demonstrated by N-terminal sequencing of the major 59 kDa protein present in HearNPV BV that this protein is one of the two F subunits: F1 (transmembrane subunit of 59 kDa) and F2 (surface subunit of 20 kDa), both the result of cleavage by a proprotein convertase and disulfide-linked. The HearNPV F protein proved to be a functional analogue of GP64, as the infectivity of an AcMNPV gp64-deletion mutant was rescued by the introduction of the HearNPV F gene. It was also demonstrated by chemical cross-linking that HearNPV F is present in BVs as an oligomer whereby, unlike GP64, disulfide bonds are not involved. Deglycosylation assays indicated that both F1 and F2 possess N-linked glycans. However, when F was made in Hz2E5 cells, these glycans did not have an alpha-1-3 core fucose modification that usually occurs in insect cells. As alpha-1-3 core fucose is a major inducer of an allergic response in humans, the present observation makes the HearNPV-Hz2E5 system an attractive alternative for the production of recombinant glycoproteins for therapeutic use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Long
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Marcel Westenberg
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Joint Laboratory of Invertebrate Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
This review describes the recent advances in the field of glycopeptide and small glycoprotein synthesis. The strategies covered include chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis, native chemical ligation (NCL), and expressed chemical ligation. The importance of glycopeptide synthesis is exemplified by giving the reader an overview of how versatile and important these well-defined glycopeptides are as tools in glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Buskas
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, USA
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Léonard R, Rendic D, Rabouille C, Wilson IBH, Préat T, Altmann F. The Drosophila fused lobes Gene Encodes an N-Acetylglucosaminidase Involved in N-Glycan Processing. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:4867-75. [PMID: 16339150 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511023200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most processed, e.g. fucosylated, N-glycans on insect glycoproteins terminate in mannose, yet the relevant modifying enzymes require the prior action of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I. This led to the hypothesis that a hexosaminidase acts during the course of N-glycan maturation. To determine whether the Drosophila melanogaster genome indeed encodes such an enzyme, a cDNA corresponding to fused lobes (fdl), a putative beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase with a potential transmembrane domain, was cloned. When expressed in Pichia pastoris, the enzyme exhibited a substrate specificity similar to that previously described for a hexosaminidase activity from Sf-9 cells, i.e. it hydrolyzed exclusively the GlcNAc residue attached to the alpha1,3-linked mannose of the core pentasaccharide of N-glycans. It also hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminide, but not chitooligosaccharides; in contrast, Drosophila HEXO1 and HEXO2 expressed in Pichia cleaved both these substrates but not N-glycans. The localization of recombinant FDL tagged with green fluorescent protein in Drosophila S2 cells by immunoelectron microscopy showed that this enzyme transits through the Golgi, is present on the plasma membrane and in multivesicular bodies, and is secreted. Finally, the N-glycans of two lines of fdl mutant flies were analyzed by mass spectrometry and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The ratio of structures with terminal GlcNAc over those without (i.e. paucimannosidic N-glycans) was drastically increased in the fdl-deficient flies. Therefore, we conclude that the fdl gene encodes a novel hexosaminidase responsible for the occurrence of paucimannosidic N-glycans in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Léonard
- Glycobiology Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Kim YK, Shin HS, Tomiya N, Lee YC, Betenbaugh MJ, Cha HJ. Production and N-glycan analysis of secreted human erythropoietin glycoprotein in stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 92:452-61. [PMID: 16025538 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Schneider 2 (S2) cells from Drosophila melanogaster have been used as a plasmid-based, non-lytic expression system for foreign proteins. Here, a plasmid encoding the human erythropoietin (hEPO) gene fused with a hexahistidine (His(6)) tag under the control of the Drosophila metallothionein (MT) promoter was stably transfected into Drosophila S2 cells. After copper sulfate induction, transfected S2 cells were found to secrete hEPO with a maximum expression level of 18 mg/L and a secretion efficiency near 98%. The secreted hEPO from Drosophila S2 had an apparent molecular weight of about 23-27 kDa which was significantly lower than a recombinant hEPO expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (about 36 kDa). N-glycosidase F digestion almost completely eliminated the difference and resulted in the same molecular weight ( approximately 20 kDa) of de-N-glycosylated hEPO proteins. These data suggest that recombinant hEPO from S2 cells was modified with smaller N-glycans. Subsequently, the major N-glycans were identified following glycoamidase A digestion, labeling with 2-aminopyridine (PA), and two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis in concert with exoglycosidase digestion. This analysis of N-glycans revealed that hEPO was modified to include paucimannosidic glycans containing two or three mannose residues with or without core fucose. A similar glycosylation pattern was observed on a recombinant human transferrin expressed in S2 cells. These results provide a detailed analysis of multiple N-glycan structures produced in a Drosophila cell line that will be useful in the subsequent application of these cells for the generation of heterologous glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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Baculovirus as versatile vectors for protein expression in insect and mammalian cells. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 23:567-75. [PMID: 15877075 PMCID: PMC3610534 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Today, many thousands of recombinant proteins, ranging from cytosolic enzymes to membrane-bound proteins, have been successfully produced in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Yet, in addition to its value in producing recombinant proteins in insect cells and larvae, this viral vector system continues to evolve in new and unexpected ways. This is exemplified by the development of engineered insect cell lines to mimic mammalian cell glycosylation of expressed proteins, baculovirus display strategies and the application of the virus as a mammalian-cell gene delivery vector. Novel vector design and cell engineering approaches will serve to further enhance the value of baculovirus technology.
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Chang KH, Yang JM, Chun HOK, Chung IS. Enhanced activity of recombinant beta-secretase from Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells transformed with cDNAs encoding human beta1,4-galactosyltransferase and Galbeta1,4-GlcNAc alpha2,6-sialyltransferase. J Biotechnol 2005; 116:359-67. [PMID: 15748762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
beta-Secretase (betaSEC) was expressed in Drososphila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells transformed with cDNAs encoding beta1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalT) and Galbeta1,4-GlcNAc alpha2,6-sialyltransferase (ST). The apparent molecular weight of recombinant beta-secretase was increased from 56kDa to 61kDa. A lectin blot analysis indicated that recombinant beta-secretase from S2betaSEC/GalT-ST cells (S2 cells co-transformed with cDNAs encoding beta-secretase, glycosyltransferases, GalT, and ST) contained the glycan residues of beta1,4-linked galactose and alpha2,6-linked sialic acid. Two dimensional electrophoresis revealed that recombinant beta-secretase from S2betaSEC/GalT-ST cells had a lower isoelectric point compared to beta-secretase from control S2betaSEC cells (S2 cells transformed only with beta-secretase cDNA). Recombinant beta-secretase from transformed S2 cells was also present as heterogeneous forms. The enzyme activity of recombinant beta-secretase from S2betaSEC/GalT-ST cells was enhanced up to 260% compared to control S2betaSEC cells. We have shown that an exogeneous human glycosyltransferases cDNA can be introduced into S2 cells to extend the N-glycan processing capabilities of the insect cell line, and that the extended glycosylation improves the activity of recombinant beta-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwa Chang
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 449-701, Republic of Korea
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40
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Tomiya N, Narang S, Lee YC, Betenbaugh MJ. Comparing N-glycan processing in mammalian cell lines to native and engineered lepidopteran insect cell lines. Glycoconj J 2005; 21:343-60. [PMID: 15514482 DOI: 10.1023/b:glyc.0000046275.28315.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, a large number of studies in mammalian cells have revealed that processing of glycoproteins is compartmentalized into several subcellular organelles that process N-glycans to generate complex-type oligosaccharides with terminal N -acetlyneuraminic acid. Recent studies also suggested that processing of N-glycans in insect cells appear to follow a similar initial pathway but diverge at subsequent processing steps. N-glycans from insect cell lines are not usually processed to terminally sialylated complex-type structures but are instead modified to paucimannosidic or oligomannose structures. These differences in processing between insect cells and mammalian cells are due to insufficient expression of multiple processing enzymes including glycosyltransferases responsible for generating complex-type structures and metabolic enzymes involved in generating appropriate sugar nucleotides. Recent genomics studies suggest that insects themselves may include many of these complex transferases and metabolic enzymes at certain developmental stages but expression is lost or limited in most lines derived for cell culture. In addition, insect cells include an N -acetylglucosaminidase that removes a terminal N -acetylglucosamine from the N-glycan. The innermost N -acetylglucosamine residue attached to asparagine residue is also modified with alpha(1,3)-linked fucose, a potential allergenic epitope, in some insect cells. In spite of these limitations in N-glycosylation, insect cells have been widely used to express various recombinant proteins with the baculovirus expression vector system, taking advantage of their safety, ease of use, and high productivity. Recently, genetic engineering techniques have been applied successfully to insect cells in order to enable them to produce glycoproteins which include complex-type N-glycans. Modifications to insect N-glycan processing include the expression of missing glycosyltransferases and inclusion of the metabolic enzymes responsible for generating the essential donor sugar nucleotide, CMP- N -acetylneuraminic acid, required for sialylation. Inhibition of N -acetylglucosaminidase has also been applied to alter N-glycan processing in insect cells. This review summarizes current knowledge on N-glycan processing in lepidopteran insect cell lines, and recent progress in glycoengineering lepidopteran insect cells to produce glycoproteins containing complex N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Tomiya
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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41
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Legardinier S, Klett D, Poirier JC, Combarnous Y, Cahoreau C. Mammalian-like nonsialyl complex-type N-glycosylation of equine gonadotropins in Mimic™ insect cells. Glycobiology 2005; 15:776-90. [PMID: 15814822 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwi060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant equine luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (eLH/CG) was expressed in Mimic insect cells, that are commercial stably transformed Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells expressing five mammalian genes encoding glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of complex-type monosialylated N-glycans. We previously showed that it exhibited no in vivo bioactivity although expressing full in vitro bioactivity, and it was suspected that this was because of insufficient sialylation of eLH/CG N-glycans. Lectin binding analyses were performed with recombinant dimeric eLH/CG or its alpha subunit, secreted in the serum-containing supernatant of infected Sf9 and Mimic cells. Two types of specific lectin affinity assays (blot analyses and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were used to compare the ability or inability of natural and recombinant gonadotropins to bind to various lectins. In natural equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), complex-type N-glycans terminating with both Siaalpha2,3Gal (based on Maackia amurensis agglutinin [MAA] binding) and Siaalpha2,6Gal (based on Sambucus nigra agglutinin [SNA] binding) were found, but in the alpha subunit dissociated from natural eCG, we only detected Siaalpha2-6Gal. In eLH/CG and its alpha subunit produced by Sf9 cells, N-glycans were found to be terminated by mannosyl residues (based on Galanthus nivalis agglutinin [GNA] binding), whereas those produced in Mimic cells were terminated by galactoses (based on binding to Ricinus communis agglutinin I [RCA I] , but not to SNA or MAA). This is in agreement with the fact that the nucleotide donor substrate of sialic acid is not naturally synthesized in insect cells. On the basis of binding to Arachis Hypogaea agglutinin [PNA], O-glycans exhibited the Galbeta1-3GalNAc structure in recombinant-free alpha and eLH/CG from both Sf9 and Mimic cell lines. Both N- and O-linked carbohydrate side chains synthesized in Mimic cells should thus be amenable to further acellular sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Legardinier
- Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37 380 Nouzilly, France
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Kaba SA, Salcedo AM, Wafula PO, Vlak JM, van Oers MM. Development of a chitinase and v-cathepsin negative bacmid for improved integrity of secreted recombinant proteins. J Virol Methods 2005; 122:113-8. [PMID: 15488628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of the baculovirus-insect cell expression system for the production of integral membrane and secreted proteins is often more troublesome than for cytoplasmic proteins. One protein expressed at low levels in insect cells is the Theileria parva sporozoite surface protein p67. Theileria parva is a protozoan parasite, which causes the tick-transmitted disease East Coast fever in cattle. Baculovirus vectors were engineered to produce a secreted form of p67 by replacing the signal peptide of p67 with the honeybee mellitin signal sequence and deleting a putative membrane anchor from the C-terminus. Furthermore, the chitinase and v-cathepsin genes were deleted from the baculovirus expression vector in a bacmid setup, allowing broad scale application of this novel vector. Deletion of the chitinase and v-cathepsin gene had a positive effect on the integrity of both the intracellular and secreted recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Kaba
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Mathews WR, Wang F, Eide DJ, Van Doren M. Drosophila fear of intimacy encodes a Zrt/IRT-like protein (ZIP) family zinc transporter functionally related to mammalian ZIP proteins. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:787-95. [PMID: 15509557 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411308200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is essential for many cellular processes, and its concentration in the cell must be tightly controlled. The Zrt/IRT-like protein (ZIP) family of zinc transporters have recently been identified as the main regulators of zinc influx into the cytoplasm; however, little is known about their in vivo roles. Previously, we have shown that fear of intimacy (foi) encodes a putative member of the ZIP family that is essential for development in Drosophila. Here we demonstrate that FOI can act as an ion transporter in both yeast and mammalian cell assays and is specific for zinc. We also provide insight into the mechanism of action of the ZIP family through membrane topology and structure-function analyses of FOI. Our work demonstrates that Drosophila FOI is closely related to mammalian ZIP proteins at the functional level and that Drosophila represents an ideal system for understanding the in vivo roles of this family. In addition, this work indicates that the control of zinc by ZIP transporters may play a critical role in regulating developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy R Mathews
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Vadaie N, Jarvis DL. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a Lepidopteran insect beta4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase with broad substrate specificity, a functional role in glycoprotein biosynthesis, and a potential functional role in glycolipid biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:33501-18. [PMID: 15173167 PMCID: PMC3610539 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404925200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A degenerate PCR approach was used to isolate a lepidopteran insect cDNA encoding a beta4-galactosyl-transferase family member. The isolation and initial identification of this cDNA was based on bioinformatics, but its identification as a beta4-galactosyltransferase family member was experimentally confirmed. The newly identified beta4-galactosyltransferase family member had unusually broad donor and acceptor substrate specificities in vitro, as transferred galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylgalactosamine to carbohydrate, glycoprotein, and glycolipid acceptors. However, the enzyme preferentially utilized N-acetylgalactosamine as the donor for all three acceptors, and its derived amino acid sequence was closely related to a known N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. These data suggested that the newly isolated cDNA encodes a beta4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that functions in insect cell glycoprotein biosynthesis, glycolipid biosynthesis, or both. The remainder of this study focused on the role of this enzyme in N-glycoprotein biosynthesis. The results showed that the purified enzyme transferred N-acetylgalactosamine, but no detectable galactose or N-acetylglucosamine, to a synthetic N-glycan in vitro. The structure of the reaction product was confirmed by chromatographic, mass spectroscopic, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Co-expression of the new cDNA product in insect cells with an N-glycoprotein reporter showed that it transferred N-acetylgalactosamine, but no detectable galactose or N-acetylglucosamine, to this N-glycoprotein in vivo. Confocal microscopy showed that a GFP-tagged version of the enzyme was localized in the insect cell Golgi apparatus. In summary, this study demonstrated that lepidopteran insect cells encode and express a beta4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that functions in N-glycoprotein biosynthesis and perhaps in glycolipid biosynthesis, as well. The isolation and characterization of this gene and its product contribute to our basic understanding of insect protein N-glycosylation pathways and to the growing body of evidence that insects can produce glycoproteins with complex N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald L. Jarvis
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 307-766-4282; Fax: 307-766-5098;
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