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El-Haggar R, Kamikawa K, Machi K, Ye Z, Ishino Y, Tsumuraya T, Fujii I. Molecular design of small organic molecules based on structural information for a conformationally constrained peptide that binds to G-CSF receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1169-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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2
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Wegener KL, Partridge AW, Han J, Pickford AR, Liddington RC, Ginsberg MH, Campbell ID. Structural basis of integrin activation by talin. Cell 2007; 128:171-82. [PMID: 17218263 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of integrin affinity (activation) is essential for metazoan development and for many pathological processes. Binding of the talin phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain to integrin beta subunit cytoplasmic domains (tails) causes activation, whereas numerous other PTB-domain-containing proteins bind integrins without activating them. Here we define the structure of a complex between talin and the membrane-proximal integrin beta3 cytoplasmic domain and identify specific contacts between talin and the integrin tail required for activation. We used structure-based mutagenesis to engineer talin and beta3 variants that interact with comparable affinity to the wild-type proteins but inhibit integrin activation by competing with endogenous talin. These results reveal the structural basis of talin's unique ability to activate integrins, identify an interaction that could aid in the design of therapeutics to block integrin activation, and enable engineering of cells with defects in the activation of multiple classes of integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Wegener
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, England, UK
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3
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Razeghifard MR. On-column refolding of recombinant human interleukin-4 from inclusion bodies. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 37:180-6. [PMID: 15294296 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Revised: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL4) is a multifunctional cytokine which plays a key role in the immune system. Several antagonists/agonists of IL4 are reported through mutagenesis studies, but their solution structural studies using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are hindered as milligram quantities of isotopically labeled protein are required for structural refinements. In this work, a His-tagged recombinant form of human IL4 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli under the control of a T7 promoter. The resulting inclusion bodies were separated from cellular debris by centrifugation and solubilized by 6M guanidine-HCl in the presence of reducing agents. The denatured IL4 was immobilized on Ni2+-fractogel beads and refolded in a single chromatographic step by gradual removal of denaturant. This protocol yielded 15-20 mg of isotope-enriched protein from 1L of culture grown in minimal medium. The refolded protein was highly pure and was correctly folded as judged by its two-dimensional NMR spectrum. To show the successful application of this refolding protocol to IL4 variants, 15N-labeled Y124D-IL4 was also prepared and its first two-dimensional NMR spectrum was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Razeghifard
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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4
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Liu HL, Shu YC, Wu YH. Molecular dynamics simulations to determine the optimal loop length in the helix-loop-helix motif. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2003; 20:741-5. [PMID: 12744703 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2003.10506890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 100 ps molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to determine the optimal length of the Gly loop in the helix-loop-helix motif. The results revealed that the length of the loop significantly affected the stability of the two alpha-helices. In addition, the optimal loop length to maintain the highest helicity of the target peptide was found to be the one corresponding to 7 Gly residues. Longer loop length resulted in structural destabilization due to the entropic effect, while shorter loop length was not suitable to achieve intrachain packing of the two alpha-helices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Liang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1 Sec. 3 Chung-Hsiao E. Rd., Taipei 10643, Taiwan.
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5
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Pickford AR, Smith SP, Staunton D, Boyd J, Campbell ID. The hairpin structure of the (6)F1(1)F2(2)F2 fragment from human fibronectin enhances gelatin binding. EMBO J 2001; 20:1519-29. [PMID: 11285216 PMCID: PMC145459 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.7.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The solution structure of the (6)F1(1)F2(2)F2 fragment from the gelatin-binding region of fibronectin has been determined (Protein Data Bank entry codes 1e88 and 1e8b). The structure reveals an extensive hydrophobic interface between the non-contiguous (6)F1 and (2)F2 modules. The buried surface area between (6)F1 and (2)F2 ( approximately 870 A(2)) is the largest intermodule interface seen in fibronectin to date. The dissection of (6)F1(1)F2(2)F2 into the (6)F1(1)F2 pair and (2)F2 results in near-complete loss of gelatin-binding activity. The hairpin topology of (6)F1(1)F2(2)F2 may facilitate intramolecular contact between the matrix assembly regions flanking the gelatin-binding domain. This is the first high-resolution study to reveal a compact, globular arrangement of modules in fibronectin. This arrangement is not consistent with the view that fibronectin is simply a linear 'string of beads'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Iain D. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
Corresponding author e-mail:
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6
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Thompson GS, Leung YC, Ferguson SJ, Radford SE, Redfield C. The structure and dynamics in solution of Cu(I) pseudoazurin from Paracoccus pantotrophus. Protein Sci 2000; 9:846-58. [PMID: 10850794 PMCID: PMC2144627 DOI: 10.1110/ps.9.5.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The solution structure and backbone dynamics of Cu(I) pseudoazurin, a 123 amino acid electron transfer protein from Paracoccus pantotrophus, have been determined using NMR methods. The structure was calculated to high precision, with a backbone RMS deviation for secondary structure elements of 0.35+/-0.06 A, using 1,498 distance and 55 torsion angle constraints. The protein has a double-wound Greek-key fold with two alpha-helices toward its C-terminus, similar to that of its oxidized counterpart determined by X-ray crystallography. Comparison of the Cu(I) solution structure with the X-ray structure of the Cu(II) protein shows only small differences in the positions of some of the secondary structure elements. Order parameters S2, measured for amide nitrogens, indicate that the backbone of the protein is rigid on the picosecond to nanosecond timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Thompson
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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7
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Wu SJ, Tambyraja R, Zhang W, Zahn S, Godillot AP, Chaiken I. Epitope randomization redefines the functional role of glutamic acid 110 in interleukin-5 receptor activation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:7351-8. [PMID: 10702307 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.10.7351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence randomization through functional phage display of single chain human interleukin (IL)-5 was used to investigate the limits of replaceability of the Glu(110) residues that form a part of the receptor-binding epitope. Mutational analysis revealed unexpected affinity for IL-5 receptor alpha chain with variants containing E110W or E110Y. Escherichia coli-expressed Glu(110) variants containing E110W in the otherwise sequence-intact N-terminal half, including a variant with an E110A replacement in the sequence-disabled C-terminal half, were shown by their CD spectra to be folded into secondary structures similar to that of single chain human IL-5 (scIL-5). Biosensor kinetics analysis revealed that (E110W/A5)scIL-5 and (E110W/A6)scIL-5 had receptor alpha chain binding affinities similar to that of (wt/A5)scIL-5. However, (E110W/A6)scIL-5 had a significantly reduced bioactivity in TF-1 cell proliferation compared with both (wt/A5)scIL-5 and (E110W/A5)scIL-5, and this activity reduction was disproportionately greater than the much smaller effect of Glu(110) mutation on receptor binding affinity. The marked and disproportionate decrease in TF-1 proliferation observed with (E110W/A6)scIL-5 suggests a role for Glu(110) in the biological activity mediated by the signal transducing receptor betac subunit of the IL-5 receptor. This is also consistent with the lack of stimulation of JAK2 phosphorylation by the (E110W/A6)scIL-5 mutant in recombinant 293T cells, as compared with the concentration-dependent stimulation seen for scIL-5. The results reveal the dispensability of charge in the Glu(110) locus of IL-5 for receptor alpha chain binding and, in contrast, its heretofore underappreciated importance for receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 909 Stellar Chance Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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8
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Bocquier AA, Potts JR, Pickford AR, Campbell ID. Solution structure of a pair of modules from the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin. Structure 1999; 7:1451-60. [PMID: 10647176 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(00)88336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibronectin has a role in vital physiological processes such as cell migration during embryogenesis and wound healing. It mediates the attachment of cells to extracellular matrices that contain fibrous collagens. The affinity of fibronectin for native collagen and denatured collagen (gelatin) is located within a 42 kDa domain that contains four type 1 (F1) and two type 2 (F2) modules. A putative ligand-binding site has been located on an isolated F2 module, but the accessibility of this site in the intact domain is unknown. Thus, structural studies of module pairs and larger fragments are required for a better understanding of the interaction between fibronectin and collagen. RESULTS The solution structure of the 101-residue 6F1 1F2 module pair, which has a weak affinity for gelatin, has been determined by multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. The tertiary structures determined for each module conform to the F1 and F2 consensus folds established previously. The experimental data suggest that the two modules interact via a small hydrophobic interface but may not be tightly associated. Near-random-coil 1H NMR chemical shifts and fast dynamics for backbone atoms in the linker indicate that this region is unlikely to be involved in the overall stabilisation of the module pair. CONCLUSIONS The modules in the 6F1 1F2 module pair interact with each other via a flexible linker and a hydrophobic patch, which lies on the opposite side of the 1F2 module to the putative collagen-binding site. The intermodule interaction is relatively weak and transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Bocquier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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9
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Suzuki N, Fujii I. Optimazation of the loop length for folding of a helix-loop-helix peptide. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Inoue Y, Itou T, Sakai T, Oike T. Cloning and sequencing of a bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) interleukin-4-encoding cDNA. J Vet Med Sci 1999; 61:693-6. [PMID: 10423694 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.61.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) interleukin-4 (IL4) cDNA was cloned and sequenced. IL4 specific primers were based on the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the human and murine IL4 gene. The dolphin IL4 cDNA is 528 base pairs in length and contains an open reading frame of 402 nucleotides coding an IL4 precursor of 133 amino acids, with the putative signal peptide of 24 amino acids. Analysis of the mature amino acid sequence shows three potential N-linked glycosylation sites and three disulfide bonds. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence shows that dolphin IL4 shares 77, 74, 58 and 41% identity with the bovine, ovine, human and mouse IL4s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inoue
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Duhé RJ, Evans GA, Erwin RA, Kirken RA, Cox GW, Farrar WL. Nitric oxide and thiol redox regulation of Janus kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:126-31. [PMID: 9419340 PMCID: PMC18148 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of Janus kinases (JAKs) is crucial for propagation of the proliferative response initiated by many cytokines. The proliferation of various cell lines, particularly those of hematopoietic origin, is also modulated by mediators of oxidative stress such as nitric oxide and thiol redox reagents. Herein we demonstrate that nitric oxide and other thiol oxidants can inhibit the autokinase activity of rat JAK2 in vitro, presumably through oxidation of crucial dithiols to disulfides within JAK2. The reduced form of JAK2 is the most active form, and the oxidized JAK2 form is inactive. Nitric oxide pretreatment of quiescent Ba/F3 cells also inhibits the interleukin 3-triggered in vivo activation of JAK2, a phenomenon that correlates with inhibited proliferation. Furthermore, we observed that the autokinase activity of JAK3 responds in a similar fashion to thiol redox reagents in vitro and to nitric oxide donors in vivo. We suggest that the thiol redox regulation of JAKs may partially explain the generally immunosuppressive effects of nitric oxide and of other thiol oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Duhé
- Intramural Research Support Program, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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12
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Tuyt LM, Dokter WH, Vellenga E. Gene expression, biological effects and clinical aspects of lymphokines. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1997; 26:175-213. [PMID: 9481523 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(97)10006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L M Tuyt
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands
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13
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Penkett CJ, Redfield C, Dodd I, Hubbard J, McBay DL, Mossakowska DE, Smith RA, Dobson CM, Smith LJ. NMR analysis of main-chain conformational preferences in an unfolded fibronectin-binding protein. J Mol Biol 1997; 274:152-9. [PMID: 9398523 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A 130-residue fragment of the Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin-binding protein has been found to exist in a highly unfolded conformation at neutral pH. Measurement of experimental NMR 3JHNalpha coupling constants provides evidence for individual residues having distinct main-chain conformational preferences that are dependent both on the amino acid concerned and on neighbouring residues in the sequence. Analysis shows that these variations in the populations of individual residues can be explained in detail in terms of statistical distributions of conformational states derived from the protein data base. In particular, when the preceding residue has a beta-branched or aromatic side-chain, a significant increase occurs in the population of the less sterically restricted b region of phi,psi space. The results indicate that the local structure of the fibronectin binding protein in solution, under conditions where it displays full activity, approximates very closely to a statistical random coil structure. This may be an important feature in the biological role of this and other polypeptides involved in protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Penkett
- Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences and New Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
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14
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Lee BL, Ciardelli TL. Structural modifications of interleukin-2 at positions 47 and 65. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 233:309-15. [PMID: 9144530 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine essential for the growth and proliferation of T-cells. The purpose of this research was to study the effects of altering the "kink" caused by Pro in an alpha-helix of the protein. The Pro-47 residue was chosen because it was originally, but mistakenly, traced to the kink of an alpha-helix [1]. Pro-65 is now recognized to be situated in the middle of helix B [2]. To study the significance of this Pro for the bioactivity and overall conformation of IL-2 it was mutated to Gly and Ala. We successfully obtained 17 different mutants at position 47 and two mutants at position 65. Certain amino acid substitutions representing different categories of amino acids, namely, acidic, neutral and helix stabilizing, were chosen for more thorough investigation. The results showed that Asn-47 and Asp-47 decreased the bioactivity of these mutants by 50- and 700-fold respectively, while the Kd to its high affinity receptors was increased 180- and 90-fold respectively, compared to IL-2. The intermediate binding affinity of Asn-47 and Asp-47 was decreased 8- and 37-fold, respectively. On the other hand, Gly-47, Gly-65 and Ala-65 showed less dramatic decreases in bioactivity and high affinity binding. The intermediate binding affinity of these mutants decreased from 5- to 3-fold and low affinity binding decreased approximately 4-fold suggesting some structural and conformational changes. From these observations, we conclude that Asn-47 or Asp-47 disrupt the hydrophobic packing of the core and thus changed the overall conformation of the protein, thereby giving rise to partial agonists. Although Pro-65 lies within the helix, it may be near the surface of the protein but may not be the actual binding site and thus any conservative mutation can be better tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Interferons alpha/beta (IFNs-alpha/beta) are the first cytokines to be produced by recombinant DNA technology. They regulate growth and differentiation, affecting cellular communication, signal transduction pathways and immunological control. This review focuses on the relationships between the structure and biological activities of IFNs-alpha/beta induced as a result of specific interactions with different types of polypeptide receptors as well as on the role of glycolipids in the modulation of these activities. The discovery of the primary structure homology of HuIFNs-alpha and thymus hormone-thymosin alpha 1 (TM alpha 1), the experimental finding of the competition between IFN-alpha and TM alpha 1 for common receptors and the reproduction by reHuIFN-alpha 2 of TM alpha 1 immunomodulating activities create the basis of reHuIFN-alpha therapeutics instead of TM alpha 1, and potentiation of vaccines by reHuIFN-alpha. The first successful attempt at grafting of the HuIFN-alpha 2s TM alpha 1-like immunomodulating site to the designed de novo protein albeferon is described. This article also aims at reviewing recent data concerning the structure of other cytokines and their receptors. Their reciprocal structure-function taxonomy is proposed. The place of IFNs-alpha/beta and their receptors in the hierarchy of cytokines is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Zav'Yalov
- Institute of Immunological Engineering, Lyubuchany, Russia
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Molecular Immunology, SmithKline Beecham, King of Prussia PA 19406, USA
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17
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Morton T, Li J, Cook R, Chaiken I. Mutagenesis in the C-terminal region of human interleukin 5 reveals a central patch for receptor alpha chain recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:10879-83. [PMID: 7479902 PMCID: PMC40534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.24.10879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassette mutagenesis was used to identify side chains in human interleukin 5 (hIL-5) that mediate binding to hIL-5 receptor alpha chain (hIL-5R alpha). A series of single alanine substitutions was introduced into a stretch of residues in the C-terminal region, including helix D, which previously had been implicated in receptor alpha chain recognition and which is aligned on the IL-5 surface so as to allow the topography of receptor binding residues to be examined. hIL-5 and single site mutants were expressed in COS cells, their interactions with hIL-5R alpha were measured by a sandwich surface plasmon resonance biosensor method, and their biological activities were measured by an IL-5-dependent cell proliferation assay. A pattern of mutagenesis effects was observed, with greatest impact near the interface between the two four-helix bundles of IL-5, in particular at residues Glu-110 and Trp-111, and least at the distal ends of the D helices. This pattern suggests the possibility that residues near the interface of the two four-helix bundles in hIL-5 comprise a central patch or hot spot, which constitutes an energetically important alpha chain recognition site. This hypothesis suggests a structural explanation for the 1:1 stoichiometry observed for the complex of hIL-5 with hIL-5R alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Morton
- Department of Molecular Immunology, SmithKline Beecham, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
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18
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Buitkamp J, Schwaiger FW, Solinas-Toldo S, Fries R, Epplen JT. The bovine interleukin-4 gene: genomic organization, localization, and evolution. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:350-6. [PMID: 7626886 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL4) is involved in the immune response to certain parasites and possibly in the development of some atopic diseases since it triggers the T helper 2 lymphocyte response. Therefore, IL4 is a candidate gene, for example, for disease association studies and gene mapping. We isolated bovine IL4 cosmids and determined the genomic organization. Fragments carrying the exons as well as 725 base pairs (bp) from the 5' flanking and 190 bp from the 3' flanking region were cloned and sequenced. The first 481 base pairs of the 5' flanking region, including the putative promoter sequences, are surprisingly similar (92%) between cattle and human. In addition, we cloned and sequenced a mixed [(t/g)a]m(ca)n repeat located approximately 35 kilobases upstream from the IL4 gene. It showed seven repeat length alleles in a limited number of animals. The IL4 gene has been assigned to 7q15-q21 by fluorescence in situ hybridization in cattle. Evolutionary aspects are discussed on the basis of sequence data as well as interspecies chromosomal homologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Buitkamp
- Department of Molecular Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
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19
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Johanson K, Appelbaum E, Doyle M, Hensley P, Zhao B, Abdel-Meguid SS, Young P, Cook R, Carr S, Matico R. Binding interactions of human interleukin 5 with its receptor alpha subunit. Large scale production, structural, and functional studies of Drosophila-expressed recombinant proteins. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:9459-71. [PMID: 7721873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.16.9459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human interleukin 5 (hIL5) and soluble forms of its receptor alpha subunit were expressed in Drosophila cells and purified to homogeneity, allowing a detailed structural and functional analysis. B cell proliferation confirmed that the hIL5 was biologically active. Deglycosylated hIL5 remained active, while similarly deglycosylated receptor alpha subunit lost activity. The crystal structure of the deglycosylated hIL5 was determined to 2.6-A resolution and found to be similar to that of the protein produced in Escherichia coli. Human IL5 was shown by analytical ultracentrifugation to form a 1:1 complex with the soluble domain of the hIL5 receptor alpha subunit (shIL5R alpha). Additionally, the relative abundance of ligand and receptor in the hIL5.shIL5R alpha complex was determined to be 1:1 by both titration calorimetry and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of dissolved cocrystals of the complex. Titration microcalorimetry yielded equilibrium dissociation constants of 3.1 and 2.0 nM, respectively, for the binding of hIL5 to shIL5R alpha and to a chimeric form of the receptor containing shIL5R alpha fused to the immunoglobulin Fc domain (shIL5R alpha-Fc). Analysis of the binding thermodynamics of IL5 and its soluble receptor indicates that conformational changes are coupled to the binding reaction. Kinetic analysis using surface plasmon resonance yielded data consistent with the Kd values from calorimetry and also with the possibility of conformational isomerization in the interaction of hIL5 with the receptor alpha subunit. Using a radioligand binding assay, the affinity of hIL5 with full-length hIL5R alpha in Drosophila membranes was found to be 6 nM, in accord with the affinities measured for the soluble receptor forms. Hence, most of the binding energy of the alpha receptor is supplied by the soluble domain. Taken with other aspects of hIL5 structure and biological activity, the data obtained allow a prediction for how 1:1 stoichiometry and conformational change can lead to the formation of hIL5.receptor alpha beta complex and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Johanson
- Department of Protein Biochemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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20
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Seto MH, Harkins RN, Adler M, Whitlow M, Church WB, Croze E. Homology model of human interferon-alpha 8 and its receptor complex. Protein Sci 1995; 4:655-70. [PMID: 7613464 PMCID: PMC2143099 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human interferon-alpha 8 (HuIFN alpha 8), a type I interferon (IFN), is a cytokine belonging to the hematopoietic super-family that includes human growth hormone (HGH). Recent data identified two human type I IFN receptor components. One component (p40) was purified from human urine by its ability to bind to immobilized type I IFN. A second receptor component (IFNAR), consisting of two cytokine receptor-like domains (D200 and D200'), was identified by expression cloning. Murine cells transfected with a gene encoding this protein were able to produce an antiviral response to human IFN alpha 8. Both of these receptor proteins have been identified as members of the immunoglobulin superfamily of which HGH receptor is a member. The cytokine receptor-like structural motifs present in p40 and IFNAR were modeled based on the HGH receptor X-ray structure. Models of the complexes of HuIFN alpha 8 with the receptor subunits were built by superpositioning the conserved C alpha backbone of the HuIFN alpha 8 and receptor subunit models with HGH and its receptor complex. The HuIFN alpha 8 model was constructed from the C alpha coordinates of murine interferon-beta crystal structure. Electrostatic potentials and hydrophobic interactions appear to favor the model of HuIFN alpha 8 interacting with p40 at site 1 and the D200' domain of IFNAR at site 2 because there are regions of complementary electrostatic potential and hydrophobic interactions at both of the proposed binding interfaces. Some of the predicted receptor binding residues within HuIFN alpha 8 correspond to functionally important residues determined previously for human IFN alpha 1, IFN alpha 2, and IFN alpha 4 subtypes by site-directed mutagenesis studies. The models predict regions of interaction between HuIFN alpha 8 and each of the receptor proteins, and provide insights into interactions between other type I IFNs (IFN-alpha subtypes and IFN-beta) and their respective receptor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Seto
- Biosym Technologies, Inc., San Jose, California 95129, USA
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21
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Vander Velde DG, Matsuura J, Manning MC. Two-, three-, and four-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of protein pharmaceuticals. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1995; 7:179-218. [PMID: 8564018 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1079-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Advances in NMR spectroscopy and related computational methods continue at a rapid pace. In the past three years, the capability to make complete assignments of protein spectra has expanded from a limit of approximately 100 residues to a limit of possibly 400 residues via isotope-edited three- and four-dimensional methods.
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22
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Layton M, Owczarek C, Metcalf D, Clark R, Smith D, Treutlein H, Nicola N. Conversion of the biological specificity of murine to human leukemia inhibitory factor by replacing 6 amino acid residues. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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23
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Wen D, Boissel J, Showers M, Ruch B, Bunn H. Erythropoietin structure-function relationships. Identification of functionally important domains. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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24
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Smith LJ, Redfield C, Smith RA, Dobson CM, Clore GM, Gronenborn AM, Walter MR, Naganbushan TL, Wlodawer A. Comparison of four independently determined structures of human recombinant interleukin-4. NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 1994; 1:301-10. [PMID: 7664036 DOI: 10.1038/nsb0594-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Four independent structures of human interleukin-4, two determined by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques and two by X-ray diffraction, have been compared in detail. The core of this four helix bundle protein is very similar in all the structures but there are some differences in loop regions that are known to be mobile in solution. Careful comparison of the experimental data sets and the methods of analysis of the different laboratories has provided clues to the sources of most of the differences, and also answered some general questions about the accuracy of protein structure determination by these two techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Smith
- Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
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25
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Boissel JP, Wen D, Bunn HF. Erythropoietin: mammalian sequences and scanning deletions support a four alpha-helical bundle structural model. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 718:203-12. [PMID: 8185228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb55719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Boissel
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Paul
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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27
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Redfield C, Smith RA, Dobson CM. Structural characterization of a highly-ordered 'molten globule' at low pH. NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 1994; 1:23-9. [PMID: 7656002 DOI: 10.1038/nsb0194-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of unfolded and partly folded states of proteins is central to understanding protein stability and folding, as well as providing a basis for protein design. The four helix bundle-protein interleukin-4 undergoes an unfolding transition at low pH. Using heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance methods we show that following this transition the protein retains a highly ordered hydrophobic core in which most, but not all, of the secondary structure is preserved. Extensive disorder exists, however, in regions of polypeptide chain linking the structural elements which make up this core. We suggest that this 'highly ordered molten globule' could be indicative of the type of structures occurring late in protein folding processes, in contrast to more disordered 'molten globules' which relate to early folding intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Redfield
- Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
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28
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29
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Boulay JL, Paul WE. Hematopoietin sub-family classification based on size, gene organization and sequence homology. Curr Biol 1993; 3:573-81. [PMID: 15335670 DOI: 10.1016/0960-9822(93)90002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/1993] [Revised: 08/11/1993] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietins constitute a family of structurally related proteins that includes many cytokines, growth factors and hormones. We propose a classification for hematopoietins based on their size, gene organization and sequences; in addition, we further suggest that three cytokines, IL-11, IL-12 alpha chain and IL-13, are hematopoietins, and we place them in specific subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Boulay
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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30
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Boissel J, Lee W, Presnell S, Cohen F, Bunn H. Erythropoietin structure-function relationships. Mutant proteins that test a model of tertiary structure. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)82348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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31
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Abstract
We have cloned a cDNA containing the complete coding sequence of ovine(ov) interleukin 4 (IL4) by the polymerase chain reaction using primers based on the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the human IL4 gene. RNA was isolated from phorbol myristate acetate- and calcium ionphore A23187-stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells. The ovIL4 cDNA is 535 bp in length and contains an open reading frame of 408 nucleotides (nt) coding for a 15.1-kDa IL4 precursor of 135 amino acids (aa). Cleavage of the putative signal peptide of 22 aa yields the mature form of 13.2 kDa. Analysis of the mature aa sequence shows two potential N-linked glycosylation sites and six Cys residues. Ovine and bovine IL4 are shorter than human, mouse and rat IL4, because of a 51-nt deletion in the coding region. Comparison of the predicted aa sequence shows that ovIL4 shares 92, 57, 37 and 42% identity with the bovine, human, mouse and rat IL4s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Seow
- CSIRO Division of Animal Health, Animal Health Research Laboratory, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Bailey M, Perry AC, Bland PW, Stokes CR, Hall L. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of porcine interleukin 4 cDNA derived from lamina propria lymphocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1171:328-30. [PMID: 8424960 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90077-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Total RNA was isolated from in vitro activated lamina propria lymphocytes and used to direct the synthesis of cDNA. Interleukin 4 transcripts were then specifically amplified by PCR. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence with its human homologue demonstrates deletion within the coding region of pig interleukin 4 centred around amino acid residue 70 in the mature human protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bailey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
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33
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Mitsui Y, Senda T, Shimazu T, Matsuda S, Utsumi J. Structural, functional and evolutionary implications of the three-dimensional crystal structure of murine interferon-beta. Pharmacol Ther 1993; 58:93-132. [PMID: 8415875 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(93)90068-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of recombinant murine interferon-beta as elucidated by Senda et al. (Proc. Jap. Acad. 66B: 77-80 (1990); EMBO J. 11: 3193-3201 (1992)) appears to represent the basic structural framework of all Type I interferons including interferons-beta and all subtypes of interferons-alpha of various mammalian origin. Now the huge accumulated data on the structure-activity relationship of Type I interferons using various chemical and genetic techniques can be systematically evaluated in terms of the three-dimensional structure. Structural comparison with other cytokines, for which three-dimensional structures have been established, including interferon-gamma and considerations on the evolution of cytokines and cytokine receptors are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mitsui
- Department of BioEngineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata, Japan
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34
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Hodgson J. The good, the bad, and the indifferent. A story of protein structure (mis)interpretation that unfolds with every new beta-turn. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1993; 11:36-7. [PMID: 7763481 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0193-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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35
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High affinity ligand binding is not essential for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor activation. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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36
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Chu JW, Sharom FJ. Glycophorin A interacts with interleukin-2 and inhibits interleukin-2-dependent T-lymphocyte proliferation. Cell Immunol 1992; 145:223-39. [PMID: 1451177 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(92)90327-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sialoglycolipids shed by tumor cells have been implicated in tumor-induced inhibition of T-lymphocyte responses to interleukin-2 (IL-2). In the present study, we have used glycophorin A, the major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane, to investigate whether shedding of glycoproteins might also contribute to immunosuppression. Glycophorin A inhibited IL-2-stimulated proliferation of the IL-2-dependent cell lines HT-2 and CTLL-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Time course studies on synchronized cell populations indicated that the glycoprotein acted early in the activation process. On the other hand, glycophorin A had essentially no effect on IL-1-mediated stimulation of the IL-1-sensitive thymocyte cell line EL-4 NOB-1. Gel filtration FPLC demonstrated that IL-2 was able to bind to glycophorin aggregates under physiological conditions. Reconstituted vesicles containing glycophorin were also shown to bind IL-2. In addition, both soluble glycophorin aggregates and lipid vesicles containing glycophorin blocked binding of IL-2 to high-affinity cellular IL-2 receptors. Taken together, these results suggest that shedding of tumor sialoglycoproteins with oligosaccharide chains similar to glycophorin A might contribute to negative modulation of IL-2-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Chu
- Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Neurath AR, Strick N, Li YY. Cells transfected with human interleukin 6 cDNA acquire binding sites for the hepatitis B virus envelope protein. J Exp Med 1992; 176:1561-9. [PMID: 1334115 PMCID: PMC2119458 DOI: 10.1084/jem.176.6.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies revealed that human interleukin 6 (IL-6) contains recognition sites for the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope (env) protein, and that IL-6 and anti-IL-6 antibodies, respectively, inhibited the interaction of cells expressing a receptor for HBV with the preS(21-47) segment of the HBV env protein, encompassing the complementary attachment site for IL-6. This suggested that IL-6 mediates HBV-cell interactions. We report that: (a) Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human IL-6 cDNA and Spodoptera frugiperda ovarian insect cells infected with recombinant baculovirus carrying human IL-6 cDNA expressed receptors for the preS(21-47) region of the HBV env protein, indicating that expression of IL-6 on the surface of cells is sufficient to endow them with receptors for HBV. (b) Among peptides covering the entire sequence of human IL-6 and the corresponding antipeptide antibodies, the peptide IL-6[35-66] and anti-IL-6[35-66] most effectively inhibited the interaction between human hepatoma HepG2 cells and the preS(21-47) ligand, suggesting that this region of the human IL-6 sequence encompasses a binding site for the HBV env protein. (c) Studies with replacement set peptides from the preS(21-47) sequence indicated that residues 21-25, 28, 31, 33-35, 39, and 43-45 can be replaced by alanine (serine) residues, while all the other residues are essential for maintaining the cell receptor/IL-6 binding activity. Further delineation of complementary sites on IL-6 and on the HBV env protein may contribute to the design of compounds inhibiting HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Neurath
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York 10021
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38
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39
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Walter M, Cook W, Zhao B, Cameron R, Ealick S, Walter R, Reichert P, Nagabhushan T, Trotta P, Bugg C. Crystal structure of recombinant human interleukin-4. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)88711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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40
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Wlodawer A, Wlodaver A, Pavlovsky A, Gustchina A. Crystal structure of human recombinant interleukin-4 at 2.25 A resolution. FEBS Lett 1992; 309:59-64. [PMID: 1511746 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of human recombinant interleukin-4 (IL-4) has been solved by multiple isomorphous replacement, and refined to an R factor of 0.218 at 2.25 A resolution. The molecule is a left-handed four-helix bundle with a short stretch of beta sheet. The structure bears close resemblance to other cytokines such as granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Although no sequence similarity of IL-4 to GM-CSF and other related cytokines has been previously postulated, structure-based alignment of IL-4 and GM-CSF revealed that the core of the molecules, including large parts of all four helices and extending over half of the molecule, has 30% sequence identity. This may have identified regions which are not only important to maintain structure, but could also play a role in receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wlodawer
- Macromolucar Structure Laboratory, NCI-Fredrick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702
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41
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Mott HR, Driscoll PC, Boyd J, Cooke RM, Weir MP, Campbell ID. Secondary structure of human interleukin 2 from 3D heteronuclear NMR experiments. Biochemistry 1992; 31:7741-4. [PMID: 1510960 DOI: 10.1021/bi00148a040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant 15N-labeled human interleukin 2 (IL-2) has been studied by 2D and 3D NMR using uniformly 15N-labeled protein. Assignment of the backbone resonances has enabled the secondary structure of the protein to be defined. The secondary structure was found to consist of four alpha-helical regions and a short section of antiparallel beta-sheet. This structure is more similar to recent published structures of interleukin 4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor than to a structure of IL-2 previously obtained from low-resolution X-ray diffraction data.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, U.K
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42
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Zhang JG, Moritz RL, Reid GE, Ward LD, Simpson RJ. Purification and characterization of a recombinant murine interleukin-6. Isolation of N- and C-terminally truncated forms. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 207:903-13. [PMID: 1499565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Murine interleukin-6 (IL-6), when expressed in Escherichia coli using the pUC9 vector, accumulated as insoluble aggregates or 'inclusion bodies'. After selective urea washing of the inclusion bodies, to remove extraneous proteins, murine IL-6 was solubilized with 8 M guanidine hydrochloride and then rapidly purified to homogeneity by gel-permeation chromatography followed by reversed-phase HPLC. It was demonstrated that complete disulfide bond formation in murine IL-6 occurred during the early urea washing/guanidine hydrochloride extraction steps, so no refolding step was required. When fully reduced murine IL-6 was dissolved in 8 M guanidine hydrochloride and allowed to air-oxidize, complete disulfide bond formation, monitored by analytical reversed-phase HPLC, was shown to occur within 13 h at 6 degrees C. About 25 mg pure protein was obtained from 37 g wet cells. This recombinant murine IL-6 had a specific activity in the hybridoma growth factor assay of 2 x 10(8) U/mg, which is equivalent to that of native murine IL-6. During the purification procedure, a number of variant forms of murine IL-6 were isolated and partially characterized. Two of these forms, T1 and T3, were C-terminal deletants of murine IL-6 lacking about 60 and 20 amino acids from the C-terminus, respectively, while the other form, T2, was an N-terminal deletant lacking 37 amino acids from the N-terminus. None of these variant forms of murine IL-6 bound to the murine IL-6 receptor and, consequently, all were inactive in the hybridoma growth factor assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Zhang
- Joint Protein Structure Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (Melbourne Branch), Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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43
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Abstract
Technological advances in the isolation and characterization of novel receptors have led to a significant increase in our understanding of protein-ligand binding to receptors and the means by which responses are triggered. Hormones and their receptors are composed of structurally conserved domains, and several ligands appear to use similar surface regions for receptor binding. A key event in signal transduction is the aggregation by the ligand of one or more receptor subunits, and this can include the sharing of subunits between different ligands. These findings have allowed the design of ligands with receptor-antagonist properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Young
- Department of Molecular Genetics/L-48, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939
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44
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45
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46
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Boyd J, Soffe N, John B, Plant D, Hurd R. The generation of phase-sensitive 2D 15N1H spectra using gradient pulses for coherence-transfer-pathway selection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2364(92)90021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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48
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Powers R, Garrett DS, March CJ, Frieden EA, Gronenborn AM, Clore GM. Three-dimensional solution structure of human interleukin-4 by multidimensional heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Science 1992; 256:1673-7. [PMID: 1609277 DOI: 10.1126/science.256.5064.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional solution structure of recombinant human interleukin-4, a protein of 133 residues and 15.4 kilodaltons that plays a key role in the immune and inflammatory systems, has been solved by multidimensional heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The structure is dominated by a left-handed four-helix bundle with an unusual topology comprising two overhand connections. The linker elements between the helices are formed by either long loops, small helical turns, or short strands. The overall topology is remarkably similar to that of growth hormone and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, despite the absence of any sequence homology, and substantial differences in the relative lengths of the helices, the length and nature of the various connecting elements, and the pattern of disulfide bridges. These three proteins, however, bind to cell surface receptors belonging to the same hematopoietic superfamily, which suggests that interleukin-4 may interact with its receptor in an analogous manner to that observed in the crystal structure of the growth hormone-extracellular receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Powers
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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49
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Morrison B, Leder P. A receptor binding domain of mouse interleukin-4 defined by a solid-phase binding assay and in vitro mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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50
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Smith LJ, Redfield C, Boyd J, Lawrence GM, Edwards RG, Smith RA, Dobson CM. Human interleukin 4. The solution structure of a four-helix bundle protein. J Mol Biol 1992; 224:899-904. [PMID: 1569578 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(92)90457-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heteronuclear 13C and 15N three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) techniques have been used to determine the solution structure of human interleukin 4, a four-helix bundle protein. A dynamical simulated annealing protocol was used to calculate an ensemble of structures from an n.m.r. data set of 1735 distance restraints, 101 phi angle restraints and 27 pairs of hydrogen bond restraints. The protein structure has a left-handed up-up-down-down topology for the four helices with the two long overhand loops in the structure being connected by a short section of irregular antiparallel beta-sheet. Analysis of the side-chains in the protein shows a clustering of hydrophobic residues, particularly leucines, in the core of the bundle with the side-chains of charged residues being located on the protein surface. The solution structure has been compared with a recent structure prediction for human interleukin 4 and with crystal structures of other helix bundle proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Smith
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, England
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