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Kumar A, Maurya P, Hayes JJ. Post-Translation Modifications and Mutations of Human Linker Histone Subtypes: Their Manifestation in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021463. [PMID: 36674981 PMCID: PMC9860689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Linker histones (LH) are a critical component of chromatin in addition to the canonical histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). In humans, 11 subtypes (7 somatic and 4 germinal) of linker histones have been identified, and their diverse cellular functions in chromatin structure, DNA replication, DNA repair, transcription, and apoptosis have been explored, especially for the somatic subtypes. Delineating the unique role of human linker histone (hLH) and their subtypes is highly tedious given their high homology and overlapping expression patterns. However, recent advancements in mass spectrometry combined with HPLC have helped in identifying the post-translational modifications (PTMs) found on the different LH subtypes. However, while a number of PTMs have been identified and their potential nuclear and non-nuclear functions explored in cellular processes, there are very few studies delineating the direct relevance of these PTMs in diseases. In addition, recent whole-genome sequencing of clinical samples from cancer patients and individuals afflicted with Rahman syndrome have identified high-frequency mutations and therefore broadened the perspective of the linker histone mutations in diseases. In this review, we compile the identified PTMs of hLH subtypes, current knowledge of the relevance of hLH PTMs in human diseases, and the correlation of PTMs coinciding with mutations mapped in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Preeti Maurya
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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2
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Chhetri KB, Jang YH, Lansac Y, Maiti PK. Effect of phosphorylation of protamine-like cationic peptide on the binding affinity to DNA. Biophys J 2022; 121:4830-4839. [PMID: 36168289 PMCID: PMC9808561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protamines are more arginine-rich and more basic than histones and are responsible for providing a highly compacted shape to the sperm heads in the testis. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are two events that occur in the late phase of spermatogenesis before the maturation of sperms. In this work, we have studied the effect of phosphorylation of protamine-like cationic peptides using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Through thermodynamic analyses, we found that phosphorylation reduces the binding efficiency of such cationic peptides on DNA duplexes. Peptide phosphorylation leads to a less efficient DNA condensation, due to a competition between DNA-peptide and peptide-peptide interactions. We hypothesize that the decrease of peptide bonds between DNA together with peptide self-assembly might allow an optimal re-organization of chromatin and an efficient condensation through subsequent peptide dephosphorylation. Based on the globular and compact conformations of phosphorylated peptides mediated by arginine-phosphoserine H-bonding, we furthermore postulate that phosphorylated protamines could more easily intrude into chromatin and participate to histone release through disruption of histone-histone and histone-DNA binding during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadka B Chhetri
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Department of Physics, Prithvinarayan Campus, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea; GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Yves Lansac
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France; Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France.
| | - Prabal K Maiti
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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3
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Histone H1 Post-Translational Modifications: Update and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165941. [PMID: 32824860 PMCID: PMC7460583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone H1 is the most variable histone and its role at the epigenetic level is less characterized than that of core histones. In vertebrates, H1 is a multigene family, which can encode up to 11 subtypes. The H1 subtype composition is different among cell types during the cell cycle and differentiation. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has added a new layer of complexity with the identification of a large number of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in H1. In this review, we summarize histone H1 PTMs from lower eukaryotes to humans, with a particular focus on mammalian PTMs. Special emphasis is made on PTMs, whose molecular function has been described. Post-translational modifications in H1 have been associated with the regulation of chromatin structure during the cell cycle as well as transcriptional activation, DNA damage response, and cellular differentiation. Additionally, PTMs in histone H1 that have been linked to diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and viral infection are examined. Future perspectives and challenges in the profiling of histone H1 PTMs are also discussed.
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Stott K, Watson M, Bostock MJ, Mortensen SA, Travers A, Grasser KD, Thomas JO. Structural insights into the mechanism of negative regulation of single-box high mobility group proteins by the acidic tail domain. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29817-26. [PMID: 25190813 PMCID: PMC4207994 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila and plant (maize) functional counterparts of the abundant vertebrate chromosomal protein HMGB1 (HMG-D and ZmHMGB1, respectively) differ from HMGB1 in having a single HMG box, as well as basic and acidic flanking regions that vary greatly in length and charge. We show that despite these variations, HMG-D and ZmHMGB1 exist in dynamic assemblies in which the basic HMG boxes and linkers associate with their intrinsically disordered, predominantly acidic, tails in a manner analogous to that observed previously for HMGB1. The DNA-binding surfaces of the boxes and linkers are occluded in “auto-inhibited” forms of the protein, which are in equilibrium with transient, more open structures that are “binding-competent.” This strongly suggests that the mechanism of auto-inhibition may be a general one. HMG-D and ZmHMGB1 differ from HMGB1 in having phosphorylation sites in their tail and linker regions. In both cases, in vitro phosphorylation of serine residues within the acidic tail stabilizes the assembled form, suggesting another level of regulation for interaction with DNA, chromatin, and other proteins that is not possible for the uniformly acidic (hence unphosphorylatable) tail of HMGB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Stott
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom and
| | - Matthew Watson
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom and
| | - Mark J Bostock
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom and
| | - Simon A Mortensen
- the Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Travers
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom and
| | - Klaus D Grasser
- the Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jean O Thomas
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom and
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Kostova NN, Srebreva L, Markov DV, Sarg B, Lindner HH, Rundquist I. Histone H5-chromatin interactions in situ are strongly modulated by H5 C-terminal phosphorylation. Cytometry A 2012; 83:273-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Giri S, Prasanth SG. Replicating and transcribing on twisted roads of chromatin. Brief Funct Genomics 2012; 11:188-204. [PMID: 22267489 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elr047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin, a complex of DNA and proteins in the eukaryotic cell nucleus governs various cellular processes including DNA replication, DNA repair and transcription. Chromatin architecture and dynamics dictates the timing of cellular events by regulating proteins' accessibility to DNA as well as by acting as a scaffold for protein-protein interactions. Nucleosome, the basic unit of chromatin consists of a histone octamer comprised of (H3-H4)2 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers on which 146 bp of DNA is wrapped around ~1.6 times. Chromatin changes brought about by histone modifications, histone-modifying enzymes, chromatin remodeling factors, histone chaperones, histone variants and chromatin dynamics influence the regulation and timing of gene expression. Similarly, the timing of DNA replication is dependent on the chromatin context that in turn dictates origin selection. Further, during the process of DNA replication, not only does an organism's DNA have to be accurately replicated but also the chromatin structure and the epigenetic marks have to be faithfully transmitted to the daughter cells. Active transcription has been shown to repress replication while at the same time it has been shown that when origins are located at promoters, because of enhanced chromatin accessibility, they fire efficiently. In this review, we focus on how chromatin modulates two fundamental processes, DNA replication and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanprava Giri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Hamilton C, Hayward RL, Gilbert N. Global chromatin fibre compaction in response to DNA damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:820-5. [PMID: 22020103 PMCID: PMC3459090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA is protected by packaging it into higher order chromatin fibres, but this can impede nuclear processes like DNA repair. Despite considerable research into the factors required for signalling and repairing DNA damage, it is unclear if there are concomitant changes in global chromatin fibre structure. In human cells DNA double strand break (DSB) formation triggers a signalling cascade resulting in H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX), the rapid recruitment of chromatin associated proteins and the subsequent repair of damaged sites. KAP1 is a transcriptional corepressor and in HCT116 cells we found that after DSB formation by chemicals or ionising radiation there was a wave of, predominantly ATM dependent, KAP1 phosphorylation. Both KAP1 and phosphorylated KAP1 were readily extracted from cells indicating they do not have a structural role and γH2AX was extracted in soluble chromatin indicating that sites of damage are not attached to an underlying structural matrix. After DSB formation we did not find a concomitant change in the sensitivity of chromatin fibres to micrococcal nuclease digestion. Therefore to directly investigate higher order chromatin fibre structures we used a biophysical sedimentation technique based on sucrose gradient centrifugation to compare the conformation of chromatin fibres isolated from cells before and after DNA DSB formation. After damage we found global chromatin fibre compaction, accompanied by rapid linker histone dephosphorylation, consistent with fibres being more regularly folded or fibre deformation being stabilized by linker histones. We suggest that following DSB formation, although there is localised chromatin unfolding to facilitate repair, the bulk genome becomes rapidly compacted protecting cells from further damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hamilton
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Richard L. Hayward
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
- Breakthrough Research Unit, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Nick Gilbert
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
- Breakthrough Research Unit, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
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Kowalski A, Pałyga J. Chromatin compaction in terminally differentiated avian blood cells: the role of linker histone H5 and non-histone protein MENT. Chromosome Res 2011; 19:579-90. [PMID: 21656257 PMCID: PMC3139888 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-011-9218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin has a tendency to shift from a relatively decondensed (active) to condensed (inactive) state during cell differentiation due to interactions of specific architectural and/or regulatory proteins with DNA. A promotion of chromatin folding in terminally differentiated avian blood cells requires the presence of either histone H5 in erythrocytes or non-histone protein, myeloid and erythroid nuclear termination stage-specific protein (MENT), in white blood cells (lymphocytes and granulocytes). These highly abundant proteins assist in folding of nucleosome arrays and self-association of chromatin fibers into compacted chromatin structures. Here, we briefly review structural aspects and molecular mode of action by which these unrelated proteins can spread condensed chromatin to form inactivated regions in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kowalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
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9
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Gates MB, Tomer KB, Deterding LJ. Comparison of metal and metal oxide media for phosphopeptide enrichment prior to mass spectrometric analyses. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1649-59. [PMID: 20634090 PMCID: PMC2982680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Several affinity resins consisting of ionic metals or metal oxides were investigated for their phosphopeptide enrichment capabilities with subsequent mass spectrometric analyses. Commercially-available enrichment metal oxide affinity chromatography (MOAC) resins using manufacturer's and/or published protocols were compared and evaluated for the most efficient and selective method that could be implemented as a standard enrichment procedure. From these comparative analyses, using a tryptic digest of casein proteins, it was determined that in our hands, two of the resins out-performed the others based on a variety of criteria, including the number of phosphorylation sites identified during MS analyses, the lower numbers of nonspecifically bound peptides observed, and the limits of detection. Applicability of these enrichment resins to a complex biological mixture was investigated. For this work, a mixture of avian histones was digested, subjected to titanium dioxide phosphopeptide enrichment, and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Eight phosphorylated tryptic peptides were observed following enrichment and subsequent LC/MS/MS analyses. Of note, seven of the eight phosphopeptides were not observed without titanium dioxide enrichment. From these analyses, four sites of phosphorylation were unequivocally determined, two of which have not been reported previously. Four additional phosphopeptides were observed; however, the site of phosphorylation could not be distinguished but was localized to one of two possible amino acids. These methods should aid in the investigation of proteins post-translationally modified with phosphate, especially those present at low concentrations as was demonstrated by successful enrichment at the femtomole level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leesa J. Deterding
- Correspondence: Dr. Leesa Deterding, NIH, NIEHS, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Phone: (919)-541-3009, Fax: (919)-541-0220,
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10
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Roque A, Ponte I, Arrondo JLR, Suau P. Phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal domain of histone H1: effects on secondary structure and DNA condensation. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:4719-26. [PMID: 18632762 PMCID: PMC2504289 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Linker histone H1 plays an important role in chromatin folding. Phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases is the main post-translational modification of histone H1. We studied the effects of phosphorylation on the secondary structure of the DNA-bound H1 carboxy-terminal domain (CTD), which contains most of the phosphorylation sites of the molecule. The effects of phosphorylation on the secondary structure of the DNA-bound CTD were site-specific and depended on the number of phosphate groups. Full phosphorylation significantly increased the proportion of beta-structure and decreased that of alpha-helix. Partial phosphorylation increased the amount of undefined structure and decreased that of alpha-helix without a significant increase in beta-structure. Phosphorylation had a moderate effect on the affinity of the CTD for the DNA, which was proportional to the number of phosphate groups. Partial phosphorylation drastically reduced the aggregation of DNA fragments by the CTD, but full phosphorylation restored to a large extent the aggregation capacity of the unphosphorylated domain. These results support the involvement of H1 hyperphosphorylation in metaphase chromatin condensation and of H1 partial phosphorylation in interphase chromatin relaxation. More generally, our results suggest that the effects of phosphorylation are mediated by specific structural changes and are not simply a consequence of the net charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Roque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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12
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Abstract
Histones are a major component of chromatin, the protein-DNA complex fundamental to genome packaging, function, and regulation. A fraction of histones are nonallelic variants that have specific expression, localization, and species-distribution patterns. Here we discuss recent progress in understanding how histone variants lead to changes in chromatin structure and dynamics to carry out specific functions. In addition, we review histone variant assembly into chromatin, the structure of the variant chromatin, and post-translational modifications that occur on the variants.
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Ausió J, Abbott D. The role of histone variability in chromatin stability and folding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(03)39010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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14
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Koutzamani E, Loborg H, Sarg B, Lindner HH, Rundquist I. Linker histone subtype composition and affinity for chromatin in situ in nucleated mature erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:44688-94. [PMID: 12223471 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203533200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The replacement linker histones H1(0) and H5 are present in frog and chicken erythrocytes, respectively, and their accumulation coincides with cessation of proliferation and compaction of chromatin. These cells have been analyzed for the affinity of linker histones for chromatin with cytochemical and biochemical methods. Our results show a stronger association between linker histones and chromatin in chicken erythrocyte nuclei than in frog erythrocyte nuclei. Analyses of linker histones from chicken erythrocytes using capillary electrophoresis showed H5 to be the subtype strongest associated with chromatin. The corresponding analyses of frog erythrocyte linker histones using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography showed that H1(0) dissociated from chromatin at somewhat higher ionic strength than the three additional subtypes present in frog blood but at lower ionic strength than chicken H5. Which of the two H1(0) variants in frog is expressed in erythrocytes has thus far been unknown. Amino acid sequencing showed that H1(0)-2 is the only H1(0) subtype present in frog erythrocytes and that it is 100% acetylated at its N termini. In conclusion, our results show differences between frog and chicken linker histone affinity for chromatin probably caused by the specific subtype composition present in each cell type. Our data also indicate a lack of correlation between linker histone affinity and chromatin condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Koutzamani
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköpings universitet, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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15
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Ausió J, Abbott DW, Wang X, Moore SC. Histone variants and histone modifications: A structural perspective. Biochem Cell Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/o01-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we briefly analyze the current state of knowledge on histone variants and their posttranslational modifications. We place special emphasis on the description of the structural component(s) defining and determining their functional role. The information available indicates that this histone "variability" may operate at different levels: short-range "local" or long-range "global", with different functional implications. Recent work on this topic emphasizes an earlier notion that suggests that, in many instances, the functional response to histone variability is possibly the result of a synergistic structural effect.Key words: histone variants, posttranslational modifications, chromatin.
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16
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Green GR, Ferlita RR, Walkenhorst WF, Poccia DL. Linker DNA destabilizes condensed chromatin. Biochem Cell Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/o01-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the linker region to maintenance of condensed chromatin was examined in two model systems, namely sea urchin sperm nuclei and chicken red blood cell nuclei. Linkerless nuclei, prepared by extensive digestion with micrococcal nuclease, were compared with Native nuclei using several assays, including microscopic appearance, nuclear turbidity, salt stability, and trypsin resistance. Chromatin in the Linkerless nuclei was highly condensed, resembling pyknotic chromatin in apoptotic cells. Linkerless nuclei were more stable in low ionic strength buffers and more resistant to trypsin than Native nuclei. Analysis of histones from the trypsinized nuclei by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that specific histone H1, H2B, and H3 tail regions stabilized linker DNA in condensed nuclei. Thermal denaturation of soluble chromatin preparations from differentially trypsinized sperm nuclei demonstrated that the N-terminal regions of histones Sp H1, Sp H2B, and H3 bind tightly to linker DNA, causing it to denature at a high temperature. We conclude that linker DNA exerts a disruptive force on condensed chromatin structure which is counteracted by binding of specific histone tail regions to the linker DNA. The inherent instability of the linker region may be significant in all eukaryotic chromatins and may promote gene activation in living cells.Key words: chromatin condensation, sea urchin sperm, chicken red blood cell, nuclei, linker DNA, histone variants, micrococcal nuclease, nucleosome, trypsin, gel electrophoresis.
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17
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Green GR. Phosphorylation of histone variant regions in chromatin: Unlocking the linker? Biochem Cell Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/o01-075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone variants illuminate the behavior of chromatin through their unique structures and patterns of postsynthetic modification. This review examines the literature on heteromorphous histone structures in chromatin, structures that are primary targets for histone kinases and phosphatases in vivo. Special attention is paid to certain well-studied experimental systems: mammalian culture cells, chicken erythrocytes, sea urchin sperm, wheat sprouts, Tetrahymena, and budding yeast. A common theme emerges from these studies. Specialized, highly basic structures in histone variants promote chromatin condensation in a variety of developmental situations. Before, and sometimes after condensed chromatin is formed, the chromatin is rendered soluble by phosphorylation of the heteromorphous regions, preventing their interaction with linker DNA. A simple structural model accounting for histone variation and phosphorylation is presented.Key words: phosphorylation, histone variants, chromatin, linker DNA.
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Sarg B, Helliger W, Hoertnagl B, Puschendorf B, Lindner H. The N-terminally acetylated form of mammalian histone H1(o), but not that of avian histone H5, increases with age. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 372:333-9. [PMID: 10600172 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report here on the HPCE separation of two chicken H5 histones, which do not show the heterogeneity (Gln/Arg) at residue 15 first found by Greenaway and Murray [Greenaway and Murray (1971) Nat. New Biol. 229, 233-238]. The two subfractions obtained were identified using reversed-phase HPLC, hydrophilic interaction HPLC, Edman degradation, and MALDI-MS analysis. We found that the two H5 subcomponents differ only by an acetylated (designated H5a) and an unacetylated N-terminus (H5b). In contrast to the N-terminally acetylated form of rat kidney histone H1(o), which increased by about 40% with aging of the animal, the corresponding form of chicken H5 did not: the ratio N-terminally acetylated: unacetylated remained constant (30:70) when histone H5 was extracted from erythrocytes of newly hatched chickens and from adult chickens, respectively. The HPCE technique used in this investigation represents a quick and convenient method for analyzing N-terminally acetylated proteins in the presence of unacetylated forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sarg
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Fritz Preglstrasse 3, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
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19
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Halmer L, Gruss C. Effects of cell cycle dependent histone H1 phosphorylation on chromatin structure and chromatin replication. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:1420-7. [PMID: 8628673 PMCID: PMC145815 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.8.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reconstituted salt-treated SV40 minichromosomes with differentially phosphorylated forms of histone H1 extracted from either G0-, S- or M-phase cells. Sedimentation studies revealed a clear difference between minichromosomes reconstituted with S-phase histone H1 compared with histone H1 from G0- or M-phase cells, indicating that the phosphorylation state of histone H1 has a direct effect on chromatin structure. Using reconstituted minichromosomes as substrate in the SV40 in vitro replication system, we measured a higher replication efficiency for SV40 minichromosomes reconstituted with S-phase histone H1 compared with G0- or M-phase histone H1. These data indicate that the chromatin structure induced by the phosphorylation of histone H1 influences the replication efficiency of SV40 minichromosomes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Halmer
- Division of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Germany
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20
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Increased phosphorylation of HP1, a heterochromatin-associated protein of Drosophila, is correlated with heterochromatin assembly. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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21
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Green GR, Balhorn R, Poccia DL, Hecht NB. Synthesis and processing of mammalian protamines and transition proteins. Mol Reprod Dev 1994; 37:255-63. [PMID: 8185929 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080370303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mouse and rat seminiferous tubule fragment cultures were used to examine synthesis and processing of mammalian protamines and transition proteins. The tubule fragments were incubated with [3H]-arginine, [3H]-histidine, [35S]-cysteine, or [32P]-PO4, and radiolabeled proteins were analyzed by acid/urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography or autoradiography. Newly synthesized protamines were recovered from sonication-resistant nuclei (SRN) and could not be detected in cytoplasmic fractions, indicating that protamines are deposited into nuclei immediately after synthesis. Newly synthesized mouse protamine 1 (mP1) and the precursor to mouse protamine 2 (pre-mP2) migrated more slowly during electrophoresis than their predominant testicular forms, identified by staining with Coomassie blue R-250. Within 1 hour of synthesis, the electrophoretic mobilities of mP1 and pre-mP2 increased to match those of their predominant forms. These changes are consistent with initial charge-neutralizing modifications of the newly synthesized protamines, followed by removal of at least some of the modifying ligands, to unmask protamine basicity. Steady-state phosphorylation rates were high for rat protamine 1 (rP1) and were independent of phosphate content; both rP1 molecules of low and high phosphate content were rapidly phosphorylated. Pre-mP2-3, a major processing intermediate derived by proteolysis of pre-mP2, was also rapidly phosphorylated. Like the protamines, transition protein 2 (TP2) was rapidly phosphorylated and increased in electrophoretic mobility soon after synthesis. In contrast, transition protein 1 (TP1) was not phosphorylated and did not exhibit multiple electrophoretic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Green
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, MA 01002
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22
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Blank T, Trendelenburg M, Kleinschmidt JA. Reactivation of DNA replication in erythrocyte nuclei by Xenopus egg extract involves energy-dependent chromatin decondensation and changes in histone phosphorylation. Exp Cell Res 1992; 202:224-32. [PMID: 1397077 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90069-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of chicken erythrocyte nuclei for DNA replication in Xenopus egg extracts involves two phases of chromatin remodelling: a fast decondensation leading to a small volume increase and chromatin dispersion occurring within a few minutes (termed stage I decondensation), followed by a slower membrane-dependent decondensation and enlargement of up to 40-fold from the initial volume (stage II decondensation). Chromatin decondensation as measured by nuclear swelling and micrococcal nuclease digestion required ATP. We observed a characteristic change in the phosphorylation pattern of erythrocyte proteins upon incubation in egg extract. While histones H5, H2A, and H4 became selectively phosphorylated during decondensation, the phosphorylation of histone H3 and of several nonhistone proteins was prevented. Furthermore, histone H5 was selectively released from erythrocyte nuclei in an energy-dependent reaction. These molecular changes already occurred during stage I decondensation and they persisted during stage II decondensation. DNA replication was confined to nuclei of stage II decondensation which incorporated lamin LIII from the egg extract. These results show that initiation of DNA replication in chicken erythrocytes requires in addition to ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling (stage I), further changes in chromatin structure that correlates with lamin LIII incorporation, and stage II decondensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Blank
- Forschungsschwerpunkt Tumorzellregulation, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Abstract
In this article we describe three distinct biological systems where histone H1 phosphorylation is uncoupled from mitosis and highly condensed chromatin is enriched in dephosphorylated forms of H1: the amitotic macronucleus of Tetrahymena, terminally differentiated avian erythrocytes and sea urchin sperm. Each system offers informative contrasts to the idea that H1 hyperphosphorylation is causally related to mitotic chromosome condensation. Assuming that higher order chromatin folding is primarily driven by electrostatic interactions between H1 and DNA, an alternative model is presented for the role of H1 phosphorylation in chromatin condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Roth
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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24
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Lin R, Cook RG, Allis CD. Proteolytic removal of core histone amino termini and dephosphorylation of histone H1 correlate with the formation of condensed chromatin and transcriptional silencing during Tetrahymena macronuclear development. Genes Dev 1991; 5:1601-10. [PMID: 1885002 DOI: 10.1101/gad.5.9.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the sexual cycle in Tetrahymena, the germ-line micronucleus gives rise to new macro- and micronuclei, whereas the former somatic macronucleus ceases transcription, becomes highly condensed, and is eventually eliminated from the cell. With polyclonal antibodies specific for acetylated forms of histone H4, immunofluorescent analyses have demonstrated that transcriptionally active macronuclei stain positively at all stages of the life cycle except during conjugation, when parental macronuclei become inactive and are eliminated from the cell. In this report using affinity-purified antibodies to either the acetylated or unacetylated amino-terminal domain of H4, immunofluorescent analyses suggest that the acetylated amino-terminal tails of H4 are proteolytically removed in "old" macronuclei during this period. This suggestion was further confirmed by biochemical analysis of purified old macronuclei that revealed several polypeptides with molecular mass 1-2 kD less than that of intact core histones. These species, which are unique to old macronuclei, are not newly synthesized and fail to stain with either acetylated or unacetylated H4 antibodies. Microsequence analysis clearly shows that these polypeptides are proteolytically processed forms of core histones whose amino-terminal "tails" (varying from 13 to 21 residues) have been removed. During the same developmental period, histone H1 is dephosphorylated rapidly and completely in old macronuclei. These results strongly suggest that the developmentally regulated proteolysis of core histones and dephosphorylation of histone H1 participate in a novel pathway leading to the formation of highly condensed chromatin and transcriptional silencing during Tetrahymena macronuclear development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lin
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, New York 13244-1220
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25
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Pikaart M, Irving J, Villeponteau B. Decline in histone H5 phosphorylation during erythroid senescence in chick embryos. Mech Ageing Dev 1991; 59:189-95. [PMID: 1890882 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(91)90084-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have implicated histone H5 dephosphorylation as a causal factor in genetic inactivation and chromatin condensation during erythroid senescence in adult chickens. We show that histone H5 phosphorylation declines in two stages as various cohorts of erythroid cells senesce in chick embryos. The first decline occurs between 5 and 6 days and coincides with the senescence of primitive erythrocytes. The second decline in H5 phosphorylation occurs between 17 and 19 days of chicken development, when the definitive erythrocytes undergo senescence and chromatin condensation. These results point to a role for histone dephosphorylation during the programmed senescence of erythroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pikaart
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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26
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Aubert D, Garcia M, Benchaibi M, Poncet D, Chebloune Y, Verdier G, Nigon V, Samarut J, Mura CV. Inhibition of proliferation of primary avian fibroblasts through expression of histone H5 depends on the degree of phosphorylation of the protein. J Cell Biol 1991; 113:497-506. [PMID: 1849905 PMCID: PMC2288975 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.113.3.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain stable and constitutive expression of histone H5 at levels comparable to those observed in normal chicken erythrocytes, an avian self-inactivating retroviral vector was used to transfer the H5 gene into cells which do not express this protein. The vector, pDAH5, was obtained by removing the CAAT and TATA boxes of the 3'LTR of the avian leukosis virus RAV-2 and inserting the H5 sequence. Infection of QT6 quail cells with the recombinant virus (DAH5) led to the stable integration of the foreign H5 gene at low copy number, to the formation of correctly initiated mRNA transcripts and to the production of H5 protein. The amount of H5 expressed was equivalent to that of a mature chicken erythrocyte. Expression of histone H5 in DAH5 transformed cells, such as QT6 or AEV-ES4, transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts had only slight effects on the growth rate and did not inhibit cell replication. Conversely, the effect of H5 expression on normal quail and chicken fibroblasts was dramatic: cells acquired the aspect of quiescent fibroblasts, grew very slowly, and nuclei looked compacted, often extruded from the cell. The H5 histone produced in QT6-transformed cells was found to be phosphorylated while in normal chicken fibroblasts the protein lacked this posttranslational modification. It is proposed that the chromatin-condensing role of histone H5 is inhibited by its phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Aubert
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 13 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
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27
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Purification and characterization of growth-associated H1 histone kinase from Novikoff hepatoma cells. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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28
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Klingholz R, Strätling WH. Differences among chicken erythrocyte histones H1 and H5 in associating with H1-depleted polynucleosomes. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 20:1321-5. [PMID: 3248684 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(88)90237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
1. Chicken erythrocyte histones H1a, H1b and H5 were associated to H1-depleted polynucleosomes from rat liver and the products were probed by digestion with micrococcal nuclease. 2. The digestion response of complexes with purified H1a or H1b resembled that of native polynucleosomes, while the digestion response of complexes with purified H5 exhibited specific different features--but none of these complexes resembled those with unfractionated histones H1a, H1b and H5. 3. However, after mixing purified histones H1a, H1b and H5 in the proportions (0.15:0.25:0.9) as these occur in erythrocyte nuclei and associating this mixture, the digestion response of the complexes was similar to that of the complexes with unfractionated histones.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Klingholz
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, F.R.G
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29
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Gohill J, Fritzler MJ. Antibodies in procainamide-induced and systemic lupus erythematosus bind the C-terminus of histone 1 (H1). Mol Immunol 1987; 24:275-85. [PMID: 3497339 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(87)90146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and drug-induced lupus (DIL) were used to study the antigenic regions of histone 1 (H1) that bind antibodies in these sera. ELISA and immunoblotting techniques using enzymatically and chemically derived peptides of H1 showed that the major antigenic domain is in the carboxyl (C) terminus. None of the 24 SLE or 11 DIL sera bound to the central hydrophobic polypeptide by ELISA. The reactivity of DIL sera with the purified H1 peptides was similar to that observed with SLE sera. This observation suggests a common immune pathway for DIL and SLE.
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30
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Moorman AF, de Boer PA, Smit-Vis JH, Lamers WH, Charles R. Immunological evidence for an H1(0) type of histone protein in chicken liver. Differentiation 1986; 32:44-8. [PMID: 3536645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1986.tb00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We prepared monoclonal antibodies against chicken histone H5. These antibodies could be divided into two classes, and we present the results obtained with one representative antibody of each class. One class reacted exclusively with chicken H5, whereas the other additionally cross-reacted with rat H1(0) and with material present in adult but not embryonic chicken liver. The cross-reacting material in adult liver was identified by Western blotting as representing a minor band in histone preparations. The protein was not present in histone extracts from chicken erythrocytes. It is likely that this newly identified protein is a chicken H1(0) histone.
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31
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Marion C, Martinage A, Tirard A, Roux B, Daune M, Mazen A. Histone phosphorylation in native chromatin induces local structural changes as probed by electric birefringence. J Mol Biol 1985; 186:367-79. [PMID: 4087298 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand how the phosphorylation of histones affects the chromatin structure, we used electron microscopy, sedimentation velocity, circular dichroism and electric birefringence to monitor the salt-induced filament reversible solenoid transition of phosphorylated and native chromatin. Phosphorylation in vitro of chicken erythrocyte chromatin by cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase from porcine heart led to the modification of the histones H3 and H5 only, which were modified at a level of one phosphate and about three phosphate groups per molecule, respectively. In contrast to circular dichroism and sedimentation studies, which tend to suggest that phosphorylation of H3 and H5 does not affect chromatin structure, electron microscopy reveals that phosphorylation causes a relaxation of structure at low ionic strength. Electric birefringence and relaxation time measurements clearly prove that local structural changes are induced in chromatin: we observe a decrease of the steady-state birefringence with the appearance of a negative contribution in the signal and a marked increase of the flexibility of fibres. The component with the negative birefringence presents very short relaxation times, like those exhibited by small DNA fragments or individual nucleosomes. Two possibilities are then suggested. First, the conformational change is consistent with what would be expected from the presence of DNA segments loosely associated with the core histone H3. That the length of such segments could correspond to about one to two base-pairs per nucleosome strongly suggests that phosphorylation induces changes affecting some specific H3-DNA interactions only. This result could corroborate previous observations indicating that the N-terminal region of H3, where the site of phosphorylation is located, plays a decisive role in maintaining the superstructure of chromatin. Second, phosphorylation could introduce hinge points between each nucleosome. In this case, the negative birefringence results from partial orientation of the swinging nucleosomes. A possible mode of action of phosphorylation might be to weaken structural restraints imposed by histone H3, thus facilitating further condensation of chromatin.
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32
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Moorman AF, de Boer PA. Immunohistochemical distribution of the histone H1(0)/H5 variant in various tissues of adult Xenopus laevis. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1985; 16:109-17. [PMID: 3891099 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(85)90524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cellular distribution of the histone H1(0)/H5 variant has been examined immunohistochemically in various tissues of adult Xenopus laevis, using monoclonal antibodies against this variant that was isolated from erythrocyte nuclei. The H1(0)/H5 variant appears not to be erythrocyte-specific and appears to be present in all cell types of liver, stomach, and skin. In contrast, in oocyte nuclei the H1(0)/H5 variant cannot be detected, whereas they do contain H1; the nuclei of spermatogenic cells contain the H1(0)/H5 variant, but probably less than the somatic cells. In Xenopus no H1(0) variant distinct from H5 seems to occur and the H1(0)/H5 variant apparently may perform a functional role related to mammalian H1(0).
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33
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Haye KR, Schlegel RA. Influence of histone H5 on mononucleosome structure during differentiation in the avian erythroid series. Exp Cell Res 1985; 157:504-10. [PMID: 3979447 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(85)90135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in nucleosome repeat length during avian erythroid development have been previously correlated with changes in H5 content. In order to determine the effects of H5 on the length of DNA in mononucleosomal particles as a function of differentiation, a two-dimensional electrophoretic system was used to analyse DNA and histones of particles generated by micrococcal nuclease digestion of nuclei from several stages of erythroid development. Although the relative proportions of H5- to H1-containing mononucleosomes increased during development, only in mature erythrocytes did H5 protect a greater length of linker DNA from micrococcal nuclease digestion than did H1. These results suggest that changes in average nucleosome repeat length during erythroid development can be attributed only partially to an increase in the proportion of H5-containing nucleosomes which contribute to this average.
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34
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Green GR, Poccia DL. Phosphorylation of sea urchin sperm H1 and H2B histones precedes chromatin decondensation and H1 exchange during pronuclear formation. Dev Biol 1985; 108:235-45. [PMID: 3972178 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(85)90026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immediately following fertilization in the sea urchin, sperm-specific histones Sp H1 and Sp H2B are phosphorylated. Then, in parallel with chromatin decondensation, nearly all phosphorylated Sp H1 is lost from the pronuclear chromatin, with the concurrent assimilation of the egg phosphoprotein CS H1. Chemical cleavage of in vivo labeled Sp H1 and Sp H2B shows that serine phosphorylation occurs in the unusually long N-terminal region of these proteins. These regions contain tandemly repeated tetra- and pentapeptide units each containing serine, proline, and two basic amino acids. It is proposed that sperm chromatin decondensation may require prior phosphorylation of these unusual N-terminal regions, whose function in the mature sperm may be to condense or stabilize its highly compact chromatin.
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35
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Allis CD, Allen RL, Wiggins JC, Chicoine LG, Richman R. Proteolytic processing of h1-like histones in chromatin: a physiologically and developmentally regulated event in Tetrahymena micronuclei. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1984; 99:1669-77. [PMID: 6208202 PMCID: PMC2113348 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.99.5.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronuclei isolated from growing cells of Tetrahymena thermophila contain three H1-like polypeptides alpha, beta, and gamma. Micronuclei isolated from young conjugating cells (3-7 h) also contain a larger molecular weight polypeptide, X, which is being actively synthesized and deposited into these nuclei (Allis, C. D., and J. C. Wiggins, 1984, Dev. Biol., 101:282-294). Pulse-chase experiments (with growing and conjugating cells) suggested that X is a precursor to alpha and that alpha is further processed to gamma and a previously undescribed and relatively minor species, delta. These precursor-product relationships were supported by cross-reactivity with polyclonal antibodies raised against alpha and peptide mapping. While beta consistently became labeled under chase conditions (both in growing and mating cells), it was not clear whether it is part of the vivo processing event(s) which interrelates X, alpha, gamma, and delta. Beta was not recognized by alpha antibodies. Despite this uncertainty, these results suggest that proteolytic processing serves to generate significant changes in the complement of H1-like histones present in this nucleus.
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36
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Moorman AF, de Boer PA, Linders MT, Charles R. The histone H5 variant in Xenopus laevis. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1984; 14:113-23. [PMID: 6205766 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(84)90036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The presumptive histone H5 of Xenopus laevis has been characterized by SDS and acid-urea-Triton polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared with chicken histone H5. Chicken H5 has a lower electrophoretic mobility compared to that of Xenopus H5 in both gel systems. It is shown, using a polyclonal antiserum against chicken H5, that the Xenopus histone H5 is immunologically related to chicken histone H5. Monoclonal antibodies have been prepared to the Xenopus histone types H5 and H1A, that do not cross-react, as determined by their reactivity in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and by their ability to react with either H1A or H5 in an immunochemical test on total erythrocyte histones that are transferred to nitrocellulose after fractionation by SDS- or acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. As all nuclei of erythrocytes from adult Xenopus laevis can be shown to contain histone H1A and H5, these monoclonal antibodies can be used to further delineate the role of H5 in tissue differentiation.
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37
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Srebreva L, Zlatanova J. A rapid and convenient method for the purification of chicken erythrocyte histone H5. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1983; 8:85-6. [PMID: 6630871 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(83)90024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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38
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Thomas JO, Rees C. Exchange of histones H1 and H5 between chromatin fragments. A preference of H5 for higher-order structures. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 134:109-15. [PMID: 6861754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Histones H1 and H5 can exchange between an H1-containing chromatin fragment from rat liver and an H1, H5-containing fragment from chicken erythrocytes at ionic strengths from about 35 mM to 105 mM. The redistribution has reached equilibrium by ionic strength 75 mM in 1 h or less at 4 degrees C. After exchange at ionic strength 75 mM, long fragments, whether of rat liver or chicken erythrocyte chromatin, are recovered with a higher H5:H1 ratio than short fragments, suggesting a stronger preference of H5 than of H1 for higher-order structures which exist for long fragments at ionic strength 75 mM. Competition experiments between occupied H1 or H5 binding sites on chromatin fragments from rat liver or chicken erythrocytes and empty sites on H1-depleted rat chromatin show that rat H1 does not distinguish between the two types of site, whereas H5 discriminates in favour of sites on native chromatin, even when the chicken fragments are too short to form higher-order structures. (The behavior of the chicken H1, which may be bound less tightly than rat H1, depends on the length of the chicken fragment, in a manner suggesting that fragments of 15 nucleosomes and longer can form stable higher-order structures which have high-affinity binding sites for both H5 and H1.) We conclude that the affinity of sites for H5 is in the order:higher-order structures greater than nucleosome filament much greater than H1-depleted chromatin. The same relative order of affinities may well apply for H1 but the discrimination is much lower. This difference between H1 and H5 seems likely to be relevant to the greater stability of H5-containing chromatin, and in turn its transcriptional inactivity, and indeed to the mechanism of replacement of H1 by H5 during the terminal stages of erythropoiesis.
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39
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Sung MT, Cao TM, Coleman RT, Budelier KA. Gene and protein sequences of adenovirus protein VII, a hybrid basic chromosomal protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:2902-6. [PMID: 6574459 PMCID: PMC393941 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.10.2902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequences of both the gene and the corresponding protein of adenovirus major core protein VII have been determined. The precise location of this gene is between 43.37 and 44.90 map coordinates on the viral genome. Protein VII is 173 residues long and has a molecular weight of 19,258. Detailed analysis of its sequence has revealed four basic domains separated by several predicted alpha helices. It is proposed that intrachain folding of protein VII is driven by hydrophobic interactions of the alpha helices, leaving the basic domains of the protein to interact with DNA phosphates. Protein monomers may further associate with each other in the formation of hexameric nucleosome-like particles. The displacement and replacement of protein VII during the viral infectious cycle in the host cell appears to mimic the biology of nucleoprotamine during the processes of spermatogenesis and fertilization. The presence of a protamine-like domain affirms a hybrid histone/protamine molecular structure for protein VII, although it may resemble the protamine in function.
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40
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41
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Cao TM, Sung MT. Ultraviolet light induced preferential cross-linking of histone H3 to deoxyribonucleic acid in chromatin and nuclei of chicken erythrocytes. Biochemistry 1982; 21:3419-27. [PMID: 6288074 DOI: 10.1021/bi00257a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Histones have been cross-linked to DNA in chicken erythrocyte nuclei and chromatin by using ultraviolet light irradiation at 254 nm. Following irradiation, cross-linked histone-DNA adducts were isolated and purified by hydroxylapatite chromatography, and the DNA component was subjected to acid hydrolysis. Of several hydrolysis techniques investigated, trichloroacetic hydrolysis of the DNA component of the adducts was found to be most effective. Histones isolated from hydrolyzed histone-DNA adducts were characterized by gel electrophoresis and fingerprint analysis. No histone-histone protein adducts were observed. All histone fractions have been shown to cross-link DNA in nuclei or chromatin by utilizing the technique employed, but with different propensities. The order of observed cross-linking, deduced from kinetic experiments, is H1 + H5, H3 greater than H4 greater than H2A much greater than H2B. The preferential binding of the core histone H3, as compared to the other core histones, is discussed in light of recent data concerning histone-DNA interactions and nucleosome structure. The use of the ultraviolet light technique as a conformational probe to study chromatin is also discussed.
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42
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Gasaryan KG. Genome activity and gene expression in avian erythroid cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1982; 74:95-126. [PMID: 6181005 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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43
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Martinage A, Quirin-Stricker C, Champagne M, Sautiere P. Phosphorylated sites of chicken erythrocyte histone H5 by a cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase from mouse plasmocytoma cells. FEBS Lett 1981; 134:103-6. [PMID: 9222335 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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44
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Occurrence of H1o-like protein and protein A24 in the chromatin of bullfrog erythrocytes lacking histone 5. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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45
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Bates DL, Butler PJ, Pearson EC, Thomas JO. Stability of the higher-order structure of chicken-erythrocyte chromatin in solution. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 119:469-76. [PMID: 7308195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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46
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Sautière P, Briand G, Gusse M, Chevaillier P. Primary structure of the protamine isolated from the sperm nuclei of the dog-fish Scylliorhinus caniculus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 119:251-5. [PMID: 7198042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A protamine was isolated from mature sperm nuclei of the dog-fish Scylliorhinus caniculus. It contains 31 amino acids per molecule and only five types of residues: arginine (20), glycine (6), serine (3), alanine (1) and tyrosine (1). The primary structure of this protamine is reported. The N-terminal sequence contains the four hydroxylated amino acids of the molecule; the C-terminal region shows a sequence of eleven adjacent residues of arginine and contains all the glycine residues present in the protein. The structure of this 'scylliorhinine' is compared to the amino acid sequence of other sperm protamines whose structure has been previously published. The presence of a modified tyrosine residue in some preparations is discussed in relation to sperm maturation.
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47
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Mura CV, Stollar BD. Fluorescence-activated sorting of isolated nuclei. Heterogeneity of histone H5 immunofluorescence in chicken erythrocyte nuclei. Exp Cell Res 1981; 135:31-7. [PMID: 7026268 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(81)90296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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48
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Abstract
An extraction procedure for histone H5 for chicken erythrocytes described in the literature has been applied to mouse spleen. The SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern of the resulting protein preparation revealed the presence of a component with the mobility of the marked chicken erythrocyte H5. Additionally the preparation has been characterized using antiserum raised against purified chicken H5. The presumptive mouse spleen H5 preparation gave visible precipitation lines with the anti-H5 chicken-antiserum. The combined electrophoretic and immunological evidence suggests the presence of histone H5 in mammalian tissue.
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49
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Pospelov VA, Jerkin AM, Khachatrian AT. H1 and H5 histone arrangement in chromatin of pigeon erythrocytes. FEBS Lett 1981; 128:315-7. [PMID: 7196345 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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50
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Hochhauser SJ, Stein JL, Stein GS. Gene expression and cell cycle regulation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1981; 71:95-243. [PMID: 6165699 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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