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Priyodip P, Balaji S. Characterization of a putative metal-dependent PTP-like phosphatase from Lactobacillus helveticus 2126. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:37-47. [PMID: 37365352 PMCID: PMC10830716 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
To date, there are very limited reports on sequence analysis and structure-based molecular modeling of phosphatases produced by probiotic bacteria. Therefore, a novel protein tyrosine-like phosphatase was characterized from L. helveticus 2126 in this study. The purified bacterial phosphatase was subjected to mass spectrometric analysis, and the identity of constructed sequence was analyzed using peptide mass fingerprint. The 3-D structure of protein was elucidated using homology modeling, while its stability was assessed using Ramachandran plot, VERIFY 3D, and PROCHECK. The bacterium produced an extracellular phosphatase of zone diameter 15 ± 0.8 mm on screening medium within 24 h of incubation. This bacterial phosphatase was highly specific towards sodium phytate as it yielded the lowest Km value of 299.50 ± 4.95 μM compared to other phosphorylated substrates. The activity was effectively stimulated in the presence of zinc, magnesium, and manganese ions thereby showing its PTP-like behavior. The phosphatase showed a molecular mass of 43 kDa, and the corresponding M/Z ratio data yielded 46% query coverage to Bacillus subtilis (3QY7). This showed a 61.1% sequence similarity to Ligilactobacillus ruminis (WP_046923835.1). The final sequence construct based on these bacteria showed a conserved motif "HCHILPGIDD" in their active site. In addition, homology modeling showed a distorted Tim barrel structure with a trinuclear metal center. The final model after energy minimization showed 90.9% of the residues in the favorable region of Ramachandran's plot. This structural information can be used in genetic engineering for improving the overall stability and catalytic efficiency of probiotic bacterial phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Priyodip
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, -576104, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Seetharaman Balaji
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, -576104, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Su YQ, Yuan S, Guo YC, Tan YY, Mao HT, Cao Y, Chen YE. Highly efficient and sustainable removal of Cr (VI) in aqueous solutions by photosynthetic bacteria supplemented with phosphor salts. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131031. [PMID: 34134043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic bacteria have flexible metabolisms and strong environmental adaptability, and require cheap, but plentiful, energy supplements, which all enable their use in Cr(VI)-remediation. In this study, the effects of culture conditions on the total Cr removal rate were investigated for a newly identified strain of Rhodobacter sphaeroides SC01. The subcellular distribution and Cr(VI) reduction ability of four different cellular fractions were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Experiments indicated that the optimal culture conditions for total Cr removal included a culture temperature of 35 °C, pH of 7.20, an NaCl concentration of 5 g L-1, a light intensity of 4000 lx, and an initial cell concentration (OD680) of 0.15. In addition, most Cr was found in the cell membrane in the form of Cr (III) after reduction, while cell membranes had the highest Cr(VI) reduction rate (99%) compared to other cellular components. In addition, the physical and chemical properties of SC01 cells were characterized by FTIR, XPS, and XRD analyses, confirming that Cr was successfully absorbed on bacterial cell surfaces. CrPO4‧6H2O and Cr5(P3O10)3 precipitates were particularly identified by XRD analysis. After screening supplementation with five phosphor salts, Cr(VI) reduction due to bioprecipitation was improved by the addition of Na4P2O7 and (NaPO3)6 salts, with the Cr(VI)-reduction rate combined with Na4P2O7 addition being 15% higher than that of the control. Thus, this study proposes a new Cr(VI)-removal strategy based on the combined use of photosynthetic bacteria and phosphor salts, which importantly increases its potential application in treating wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Su
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Guo
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Yao Tan
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao-Tian Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Microbiology and Metabolic Engineering of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang-Er Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
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3
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Zhao T, Yong X, Zhao Z, Dolce V, Li Y, Curcio R. Research status of Bacillus phytase. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:415. [PMID: 34485008 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytic acid is abundant in seeds, roots and stems of plants, it acts as an anti-nutrient in food and feed industry, since it affects the absorption of nutrients by humans and monogastric animals. Furthermore, phosphorus produced through its decomposition by microorganisms can cause environmental pollution. Phytase degrades phytic acid generating precursors of inositol that can be used in clinical practice; in addition, phytase treatment can minimize the anti-nutritional effect of phytic acid. The use of phytase synthesized from Bacillus is more advantageous due to its high activity. Additionally, its good heat resistance under neutral conditions greatly fills the gap of commercial utilization of acid phytase. In this review, we summarize the latest research results on Bacillus phytase, including its physiological and biochemical characteristics, molecular structure information, calcium effects on its catalytic activity and stability, its catalytic mechanism and molecular modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xihao Yong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Faculty of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Faculty of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, People's Republic of China
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosita Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Characterization of a thermostable phytase from Bacillus licheniformis WHU and further stabilization of the enzyme through disulfide bond engineering. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 142:109679. [PMID: 33220867 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytases are important industrial enzymes widely used as feed additives to hydrolyze phytate and release inorganic phosphate. In this study, a phytase gene PhyBL isolated from Bacillus licheniformis WHU was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. PhyBL showed the highest activity at pH 7.0 and retained more than 40 % of its activity at a wide temperature range from 35 to 65 °C. Ca2+ significantly affected the stability and activity of the enzyme. We further improved the stability of PhyBL through extensively disulfide engineering. After constructing and screening a series of variants, an enhanced stable G197C/A358C variant was obtained. The G197C/A358C variant had a half-life at 60℃ roughly 3.8-fold longer than the wild type. In addition, the G197C/A358C variant also showed enhanced proteolytic resistance to pepsin and trypsin. The potential mechanism underlying these improvements was investigated by molecular dynamics analysis. Our results suggest that the G197C/A358C variant may have potential application as an additive enzyme in aquaculture feed.
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Genome-Scale Characterization of Fungal Phytases and a Comparative Study Between Beta-Propeller Phytases and Histidine Acid Phosphatases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:296-312. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Herrmann KR, Ruff AJ, Infanzón B, Schwaneberg U. Engineered phytases for emerging biotechnological applications beyond animal feeding. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6435-6448. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Geetha S, Joshi JB, Kumar KK, Arul L, Kokiladevi E, Balasubramanian P, Sudhakar D. Genetic transformation of tropical maize ( Zea mays L.) inbred line with a phytase gene from Aspergillus niger. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:208. [PMID: 31093478 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A full-length cDNA of phyA gene of Aspergillus niger, encoding phytase enzyme, was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21 cells and assayed for its activity. The phyA cDNA consisted of 1404 bp, which encoded 467 amino acid residues. The phytase activity of purified phytase was 826.33 U/mL. The phyA gene under the control of endosperm-specific promoters was transformed into an Indian maize inbred line, UMI29, using particle bombardment-mediated transformation method to generate transgenic maize plants over-expressing phytase in seeds. PCR and GUS analyses demonstrated the presence of transgenes in T0 transgenic plants and their stable inheritance in the T1 progenies. Three transgenic events expressing detectable level of A. niger phytase were characterized by western blot analysis. Phytase activity of 463.158 U/kg of seed was observed in one of the events, JB-UMI29-Z17/2. The phytase activity of transgenic maize seeds was 5.5- to 7-fold higher than the wild-type UMI29 seeds and, consequently, the seeds had 0.6- to 5-fold higher inorganic phosphorus content.
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8
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Kaspchak E, Igarashi-Mafra L, Mafra MR. Influence of Ternary Complexation between Bovine Serum Albumin, Sodium Phytate, and Divalent Salts on Turbidity and In Vitro Digestibility of Protein. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10543-10551. [PMID: 30227705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytate decreases mineral and protein availability and influences protein properties, such as solubility and stability. The binding constants and turbidity data can help with the understanding of the influence of phytate and divalent salts on protein behavior. Ternary complexes formed between bovine serum albumin, sodium phytate, and divalent salts were investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry, turbidity, and in vitro protein digestibility. Results showed a positive entropy change and a negative and small enthalpy change as a result of electrostatic binding forces and ternary and binary complex precipitation. The interaction was favored for the systems containing calcium and manganese, whereas those containing magnesium showed a low heat of interaction. Despite the high protein digestibility, the stability of divalent phytates in a wide pH range may decrease mineral bioavailability. These results can provide important insights for the study of mineral bioavailability and diverse processes that involve protein and minerals in several areas of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Kaspchak
- Chemical Engineering Department , Federal University of Paraná , Francisco H. dos Santos Street , 81531-980 Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Luciana Igarashi-Mafra
- Chemical Engineering Department , Federal University of Paraná , Francisco H. dos Santos Street , 81531-980 Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil
| | - Marcos R Mafra
- Chemical Engineering Department , Federal University of Paraná , Francisco H. dos Santos Street , 81531-980 Curitiba , Paraná , Brazil
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9
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Jang WJ, Lee JM, Park HD, Choi YB, Kong IS. N-terminal domain of the beta-propeller phytase of Pseudomonas sp. FB15 plays a role for retention of low-temperature activity and catalytic efficiency. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 117:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Sommerfeld V, Schollenberger M, Kühn I, Rodehutscord M. Interactive effects of phosphorus, calcium, and phytase supplements on products of phytate degradation in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1177-1188. [PMID: 29325118 PMCID: PMC5914422 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to distinguish between the single and interactive effects of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and phytase on products of phytate degradation, including the disappearance of myo-inositol (MI), P, Ca, and amino acids (AA) in different segments of the digestive tract in broiler chickens. Additionally, all dephosphorylation steps from myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) to MI were investigated in the digesta of the terminal ileum. Unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated to 56 pens with 19 birds per pen, and assigned to one of 8 dietary treatments. The dietary treatments included diets without (P−, 4.1 g/kg DM) or with (P+, 6.9 g/kg DM) monosodium phosphate supplementation, without (Ca−, 6.2 g/kg DM) or with (Ca+, 10.3 g/kg DM) additional fine limestone supplementation, and without or with 1,500 FTU phytase/kg feed in a factorial design. Adding Ca or P had no effect on InsP6 disappearance in the crop when phytase was added. InsP6 disappearance up to the terminal ileum (P−Ca− 56%) was decreased in P+Ca− (40%), and even more so in P+Ca+ (21%), when no phytase was added. Adding phytase removed all effects of P and Ca (77 to 87%); however, P+Ca+ increased the concentrations of lower InsP esters and reduced free MI in the ileum, even in the presence of phytase. These results indicate that mineral supplements, especially P and Ca combined, reduce the efficacy of endogenous microbial or epithelial phosphatases. Supplementation with phytase increased, while supplementation with Ca decreased the concentration of MI in all segments of the digestive tract and in blood plasma, demonstrating the ability of broilers to fully degrade phytate and absorb released MI. While AA disappearance was not affected by P or Ca, or an interaction among P, Ca, and phytase, it increased with the addition of phytase by 2 to 6%. This demonstrates the potential of the phytase used to increase AA digestibility, likely independent of P and Ca supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Schollenberger
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - I Kühn
- AB Vista, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Sanangelantoni AM, Malatrasi M, Trivelloni E, Visioli G, Agrimonti C. A novel β-propeller phytase from the dioxin-degrading bacterium Sphingomonas wittichii RW-1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8351-8358. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Kumar V, Yadav AN, Verma P, Sangwan P, Saxena A, Kumar K, Singh B. β-Propeller phytases: Diversity, catalytic attributes, current developments and potential biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:595-609. [PMID: 28174082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytases are phosphatases which stepwise remove phosphates from phytic acid or its salts. β-Propeller phytase (BPPhy) belongs to a special class of microbial phytases that is regarded as most diverse, isolated and characterized from different microbes, mainly from Bacillus spp. BPPhy class is unique for its Ca2+-dependent catalytic activity, strict substrate specificity, active at neutral to alkaline pH and high thermostability. Numerous sequence and structure based studies have revealed unique attributes and catalytic properties of this class, as compared to other classes of phytases. Recent studies including cloning and expression and genetic engineering approaches have led to improvements in BPPhy which provide an opportunity for extended utilization of this class of phytases in improving animal nutrition, human health, plant growth promotion, and environmental protection, etc. This review describes the sources and diversity of BPPhy genes, biochemical properties, Ca2+ dependence, current developments in structural elucidation, heterogeneous expression and catalytic improvements, and multifarious applications of BPPhy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India.
| | - Ajar Nath Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Punesh Sangwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Abhishake Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Food Technology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Bijender Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
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Valdespino-Castillo PM, Alcántara-Hernández RJ, Merino-Ibarra M, Alcocer J, Macek M, Moreno-Guillén OA, Falcón LI. Phylotype Dynamics of Bacterial P Utilization Genes in Microbialites and Bacterioplankton of a Monomictic Endorheic Lake. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:296-309. [PMID: 27726035 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbes can modulate ecosystem function since they harbor a vast genetic potential for biogeochemical cycling. The spatial and temporal dynamics of this genetic diversity should be acknowledged to establish a link between ecosystem function and community structure. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity of bacterial phosphorus utilization genes in two microbial assemblages, microbialites and bacterioplankton of Lake Alchichica, a semiclosed (i.e., endorheic) system with marked seasonality that varies in nutrient conditions, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and water column stability. We focused on dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) utilization gene dynamics during contrasting mixing and stratification periods. Bacterial alkaline phosphatases (phoX and phoD) and alkaline beta-propeller phytases (bpp) were surveyed. DOP utilization genes showed different dynamics evidenced by a marked change within an intra-annual period and a differential circadian pattern of expression. Although Lake Alchichica is a semiclosed system, this dynamic turnover of phylotypes (from lake circulation to stratification) points to a different potential of DOP utilization by the microbial communities within periods. DOP utilization gene dynamics was different among genetic markers and among assemblages (microbialite vs. bacterioplankton). As estimated by the system's P mass balance, P inputs and outputs were similar in magnitude (difference was <10 %). A theoretical estimation of water column P monoesters was used to calculate the potential P fraction that can be remineralized on an annual basis. Overall, bacterial groups including Proteobacteria (Alpha and Gamma) and Bacteroidetes seem to be key participants in DOP utilization responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Valdespino-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Secretaría de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación del Distrito Federal-Centro Latino-Americano de Física, Olivo 39, Col. Florida, 01030, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Martín Merino-Ibarra
- Unidad Académica de Ecología y Biodiversidad Acuática, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Alcocer
- Proyecto de Investigación en Limnología Tropical, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Miroslav Macek
- Proyecto de Investigación en Limnología Tropical, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, Mexico
- Biology Centre v. v. i., Institute of Hydrobiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37001, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Octavio A Moreno-Guillén
- Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luisa I Falcón
- Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Balaban NP, Suleimanova AD, Valeeva LR, Shakirov EV, Sharipova MR. Structural Characteristics and Catalytic Mechanism of Bacillus β-Propeller Phytases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:785-93. [PMID: 27677548 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916080010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
β-Propeller phytases of Bacillus are unique highly conservative and highly specific enzymes capable of cleaving insoluble phytate compounds. In this review, we analyzed data on the properties of these enzymes, their differences from other phytases, and their unique spatial structures and substrate specificities. We considered influences of different factors on the catalytic activity and thermostability of these enzymes. There are few data on the hydrolysis mechanism of these enzymes, which makes it difficult to analyze their mechanism of action and their final products. We analyzed the available data on hydrolysis by β-propeller phytases of calcium complexes with myo-inositol hexakisphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Balaban
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, 420008, Russia.
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15
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Rocky-Salimi K, Hashemi M, Safari M, Mousivand M. A novel phytase characterized by thermostability and high pH tolerance from rice phyllosphere isolated Bacillus subtilis B.S.46. J Adv Res 2016; 7:381-90. [PMID: 27222743 PMCID: PMC4856833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an extracellular alkali-thermostable phytase producing bacteria, Bacillus subtilis B.S.46, were isolated and molecularly identified using 16S rRNA sequencing. Response surface methodology was applied to study the interaction effects of assay conditions to obtain optimum value for maximizing phytase activity. The optimization resulted in 137% (4.627 U/mL) increase in phytase activity under optimum condition (56.5 °C, pH 7.30 and 2.05 mM sodium phytate). The enzyme also showed 60-73% of maximum activity at wide ranges of temperature (47-68 °C), pH (6.3-8.0) and phytate concentration (1.40-2.50 mM). The partially purified phytase demonstrated high stability over a wide range of pH (6.0-10.0) after 24 h, retaining 85% of its initial activity at pH 6 and even interestingly, the phytase activity enhanced at pH 8.0-10.0. It also exhibited thermostability, retaining about 60% of its original activity after 2 h at 60 °C. Cations such as Ca(2+) and Li(+) enhanced the phytase activity by 10-46% at 1 mM concentration. The phytase activity was completely inhibited by Cu(2+), Mg(2+), Fe(2+), Zn(2+), Hg(2+) and Mn(2+) and the inhibition was in a dose dependent manner. B. subtilis B.S.46 phytase had interesting characteristics to be considered as animal feed additive, dephytinization of food ingredients, and bioremediation of phosphorous pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Rocky-Salimi
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Hashemi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 3135933151, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Safari
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran; Center of Excellence for Application of Modern Technology for Producing Functional Foods and Drinks, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4111, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Mousivand
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 3135933151, Karaj, Iran
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17
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Characterization of an extremely salt-tolerant and thermostable phytase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens US573. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 80:581-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yu P, Wang XT, Liu JW. Purification and characterization of a novel cold-adapted phytase from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain JMUY14 isolated from Antarctic. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:1029-39. [PMID: 25727311 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A yeast producing a cold-adapted phytase was isolated from Antarctic deep-sea sediment and identified as a Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain JMUY14 of basidiomycetous yeasts. It was cultured in fermentation optimized by a response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design. The maximum activity of phytase reached 205.447 U ml(-1), which was close to the predicted value of 201.948 U ml(-1) and approximately 3.4 times higher than its initial activity. The extracellular phytase was purified by 15.2-fold to homogeneity with a specific activity of 31,635 U mg(-1) by (NH4 )2 SO4 precipitation, and a combination of DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow, SP Sepharose Fast Flow, and Sephadex G-100. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 63 kDa and its pI was 4.33. Its optimal temperature and pH were 50 °C and 5.0, respectively. Its activity was 85% at 37 °C, and showed good stability at pH 3.0 ∼ 7.0. When compared with mesophilic counterparts, the phytase not only exhibited a higher activity during 20 ∼ 30 °C but also had a low Km (247 µM) and high kcat (1394 s(-1)). The phytase activity was slightly stimulated in the presence of Mg(2+), Fe(2+), Fe(3+), K(+), Na(+), Ca(2+), EDTA, and EGTA and moderately inhibited by Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Mn(2+), Ag(+), PMSF, SDS, and phenylgloxal hydrate. It was resistant to both pepsin and trypsin. Since the phytase produced by the R. mucilaginosa JMUY14 showed a high specific activity, good pH stability, strong protease resistance, and high activity at low temperature, it has great potential for feed applications, especially in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China
| | - Xue-Ting Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing-Wen Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China
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Xu W, Shao R, Wang Z, Yan X. Improving the Neutral Phytase Activity from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DSM 1061 by Site-Directed Mutagenesis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3184-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Isolation and molecular characterization of thermostable phytase from Bacillus subtilis (BSPhyARRMK33). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3058-67. [PMID: 25588529 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The thermostable phytase gene was isolated from Bacillus subtilis ARRMK33 (BsPhyARRMK33). The gene has an ORF of 1152 bp and that encodes a protein of 383 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed high homology with Bacillus sp. phytase proteins, but no similarity was found with other phytases. SDS-PAGE analysis exhibited a predicted molecular mass of 42 kDa. Homology modeling of BsPhyARRMK33 protein based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens crystal structure disclosed its β-propeller structure. BsPhyARRMK33 recombinant plasmid in pET-28a(+) was expressed in Rosetta gami B DE3 cells and the maximum phytase activity 15.3 U mg(-1) obtained. The enzyme exhibits high thermostability at various temperatures and broad pH ranges. The recombinant protein retained 74% of its original activity after incubation at 95 °C for 10 min. In the presence of Ca(2+), the recombinant phytase activity was maximal where as it was inhibited by EDTA. The optimal pH and temperature for the recombinant phytase activity is achieved at 7.0 and 55 °C, respectively. Thermostable nature and wide range of pH are promising features of recombinant BsPhyARRMK33 protein that may be employed as an efficient alternative to commercially known phytases and thereby alleviate environmental eutrophication.
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Kwon DA, Park S, Kwon D, Kim KH, Oh BC, Auh JH. Improving mineral availability in soymilk by dephosphorylation of phytic acid using an alkaline phytase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DS11. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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22
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Singh B, Satyanarayana T. Fungal phytases: characteristics and amelioration of nutritional quality and growth of non-ruminants. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:646-60. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology; Department of Microbiology; Maharshi Dayanand University; Haryana India
| | - T. Satyanarayana
- Department of Microbiology; University of Delhi South Campus; New Delhi India
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Kumar V, Sangwan P, Verma AK, Agrawal S. Molecular and biochemical characteristics of recombinant β-propeller phytase from Bacillus licheniformis strain PB-13 with potential application in aquafeed. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:646-59. [PMID: 24687556 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phytic acid is the major storage form of organic phosphorus in nature- and plant-based animal feed. It forms insoluble complexes with nutritionally important metals and proteins that are unavailable for monogastric or agastric animals. Phytases initiate the stepwise hydrolysis of phytic acid and release inorganic orthophosphate. In the present investigation, the phytase gene from a phytase producing Bacillus licheniformis strain PB-13 was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. Recombinant phytase 'rPhyPB13' was found to be catalytically active, with an activity of 0.97 U/mL and specific activity of 0.77 U/mg. The rPhyPB13 was purified to 14.10-fold using affinity chromatography. Similar to other β-propeller phytases, purified rPhyPB13 exhibited maximal activity at pH 6.0-6.5 and 60 °C in the presence of 1 mM Ca(2+) and was highly active over a wider pH range (pH 4.0-8.0) and high temperature (80 °C). It has shown maximum activity towards Na-phytate as substrate. The observed K m , V max and k cat of purified rPhyPB13 were 1.064 mM, 1.32 μmol/min/mg and 27.46 s(-1), respectively. PhyPB13 was resistant to trypsin inactivation, activated in presence of Ca(2+) and inhibited in presence of EDTA. Crude rPhyPB13 has good digestion efficiency for commercial feed and soybean meal. These results indicate that PhyPB13 is a β-propeller phytase that has application potential in aquaculture feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India, 263145
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24
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The attractive recombinant phytase from Bacillus licheniformis: biochemical and molecular characterization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:5937-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Effect of metals ions on thermostable alkaline phytase from Bacillus subtilis YCJS isolated from soybean rhizosphere soil. ANN MICROBIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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26
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Abstract
Phytases are phosphohydrolytic enzymes that initiate stepwise removal of phosphate from phytate. Simple-stomached species such as swine, poultry, and fish require extrinsic phytase to digest phytate, the major form of phosphorus in plant-based feeds. Consequently, this enzyme is supplemented in these species’ diets to decrease their phosphorus excretion, and it has emerged as one of the most effective and lucrative feed additives. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the evolving course of phytase science and technology. It gives realistic estimates of the versatile roles of phytase in animal feeding, environmental protection, rock phosphorus preservation, human nutrition and health, and industrial applications. It elaborates on new biotechnology and existing issues related to developing novel microbial phytases as well as phytase-transgenic plants and animals. And it targets critical and integrated analyses on the global impact, novel application, and future demand of phytase in promoting animal agriculture, human health, and societal sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | | | | | - Michael J. Azain
- Department of Animal Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Farhat-Khemakhem A, Ali MB, Boukhris I, Khemakhem B, Maguin E, Bejar S, Chouayekh H. Crucial role of Pro 257 in the thermostability of Bacillus phytases: biochemical and structural investigation. Int J Biol Macromol 2012. [PMID: 23178368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously cloned and characterized the thermostable phytase (PHY US417) from Bacillus subtilis US417. It differs with PhyC from B. subtilis VTTE-68013 by the R257P substitution. PHY US417 was shown to be more thermostable than PhyC. To elucidate the mechanism of how the Pro 257 changes the thermostability of Bacillus phytases, this residue was mutated to Arg and Ala. The experimental results revealed that the thermostability of the P257A mutants and especially P257R was significantly decreased. The P257R and P257A mutants recovered, respectively, 64.4 and 81.5% of the wild-type activity after incubation at 75 °C for 30 min in the presence of 5mM CaCl(2). The P257R mutation also led to a severe reduction in the specific activity and catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. Structural investigation, by molecular modeling of PHY US417 and PhyC focused on the region of the 257 residue, revealed that this residue was present in a surface loop connecting two of the six characteristic β sheets. The P257 residue is presumed to reduce the local thermal flexibility of the loop, thus generating a higher thermostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameny Farhat-Khemakhem
- Laboratoire de Microorganismes et de Biomolécules, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Route de Sidi Mansour Km 6, BP 1177 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
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Park I, Lee J, Cho J. Degradation of Phytate Pentamagnesium Salt by Bacillus sp. T4 Phytase as a Potential Eco-friendly Feed Additive. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2012; 25:1466-72. [PMID: 25049504 PMCID: PMC4093014 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A bacterial isolate derived from soil samples near a cattle farm was found to display extracellular phytase activity. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the strain was named Bacillus sp. T4. The optimum temperature for the phytase activity toward magnesium phytate (Mg-InsP6) was 40°C without 5 mM Ca2+ and 50°C with 5 mM Ca2+. T4 phytase had a characteristic bi-hump two pH optima of 6.0 to 6.5 and 7.4 for Mg-InsP6. The enzyme showed higher specificity for Mg-InsP6 than sodium phytate (Na-InsP6). Its activity was fairly inhibited by EDTA, Cu2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ba2+ and Zn2+. T4 phytase may have great potential for use as an eco-friendly feed additive to enhance the nutritive quality of phytate and reduce phosphorus pollution.
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Shim JH, Oh BC. Characterization and application of calcium-dependent β-propeller phytase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DS11. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7532-7. [PMID: 22775008 DOI: 10.1021/jf3022942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme phytase has broad biotechnological applications, especially in the reduction of phytate, antinutritional factors that chelate essential minerals, in human and animal food. We investigated the enzymatic properties of β-propeller phytase (BPP) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DS11. Thermal refolding analysis demonstrated that BPP can remarkably restore its enzymatic activity in the presence of 5 mM Ca(2+) to 87% of its original activity after heating to 100 °C and subsequent cooling, indicating that the enzyme requires Ca(2+) for appropriate refolding. Furthermore, pH-dependent kinetic studies showed that BPP required excess Ca(2+) for its enzymatic activity as the pH decreased, suggesting that the optimal Ca(2+)-phytate ratio for enzymatic catalysis depends on the pH value of the environment. Finally, we verified the practical application of BPP at two different pH's using soybean meal as a natural source of phytate. As compared to a commercial phytase, BPP efficiently hydrolyzed food phytate over neutral pH ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Shim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University , Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gwangwon-do, 200-702, Korea
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30
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Prediction of substrate-binding site and elucidation of catalytic residue of a phytase from Bacillus sp. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 51:35-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Tran TT, Hashim SO, Gaber Y, Mamo G, Mattiasson B, Hatti-Kaul R. Thermostable alkaline phytase from Bacillus sp. MD2: Effect of divalent metals on activity and stability. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1000-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Zeng YF, Ko TP, Lai HL, Cheng YS, Wu TH, Ma Y, Chen CC, Yang CS, Cheng KJ, Huang CH, Guo RT, Liu JR. Crystal Structures of Bacillus Alkaline Phytase in Complex with Divalent Metal ions and Inositol Hexasulfate. J Mol Biol 2011; 409:214-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Park YJ, Park J, Park KH, Oh BC, Auh JH. Supplementation of Alkaline Phytase (Ds11) in Whole-Wheat Bread Reduces Phytate Content and Improves Mineral Solubility. J Food Sci 2011; 76:C791-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Tran TT, Mamo G, Búxo L, Le NN, Gaber Y, Mattiasson B, Hatti-Kaul R. Site-directed mutagenesis of an alkaline phytase: influencing specificity, activity and stability in acidic milieu. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:177-82. [PMID: 22112406 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis of a thermostable alkaline phytase from Bacillus sp. MD2 was performed with an aim to increase its specific activity and activity and stability in an acidic environment. The mutation sites are distributed on the catalytic surface of the enzyme (P257R, E180N, E229V and S283R) and in the active site (K77R, K179R and E227S). Selection of the residues was based on the idea that acid active phytases are more positively charged around their catalytic surfaces. Thus, a decrease in the content of negatively charged residues or an increase in the positive charges in the catalytic region of an alkaline phytase was assumed to influence the enzyme activity and stability at low pH. Moreover, widening of the substrate-binding pocket is expected to improve the hydrolysis of substrates that are not efficiently hydrolysed by wild type alkaline phytase. Analysis of the phytase variants revealed that E229V and S283R mutants increased the specific activity by about 19% and 13%, respectively. Mutation of the active site residues K77R and K179R led to severe reduction in the specific activity of the enzyme. Analysis of the phytase mutant-phytate complexes revealed increase in hydrogen bonding between the enzyme and the substrate, which might retard the release of the product, resulting in decreased activity. On the other hand, the double mutant (K77R-K179R) phytase showed higher stability at low pH (pH 2.6-3.0). The E227S variant was optimally active at pH 5.5 (in contrast to the wild type enzyme that had an optimum pH of 6) and it exhibited higher stability in acidic condition. This mutant phytase, displayed over 80% of its initial activity after 3h incubation at pH 2.6 while the wild type phytase retained only about 40% of its original activity. Moreover, the relative activity of this mutant phytase on calcium phytate, sodium pyrophosphate and p-nitro phenyl phosphate was higher than that of the wild type phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Tran
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P. O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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35
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Zhang R, Yang P, Huang H, Yuan T, Shi P, Meng K, Yao B. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a new alkaline β-propeller phytase from the insect symbiotic bacterium Janthinobacterium sp. TN115. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:317-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Kim OH, Kim YO, Shim JH, Jung YS, Jung WJ, Choi WC, Lee H, Lee SJ, Kim KK, Auh JH, Kim H, Kim JW, Oh TK, Oh BC. β-propeller phytase hydrolyzes insoluble Ca(2+)-phytate salts and completely abrogates the ability of phytate to chelate metal ions. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10216-27. [PMID: 20964370 DOI: 10.1021/bi1010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phytate is an antinutritional factor that influences the bioavailability of essential minerals by forming complexes with them and converting them into insoluble salts. To further our understanding of the chemistry of phytate's binding interactions with biologically important metal cations, we determined the stoichiometry, affinity, and thermodynamics of these interactions by isothermal titration calorimetry. The results suggest that phytate has multiple Ca(2+)-binding sites and forms insoluble tricalcium- or tetracalcium-phytate salts over a wide pH range (pH 3.0-9.0). We overexpressed the β-propeller phytase from Hahella chejuensis (HcBPP) that hydrolyzes insoluble Ca(2+)-phytate salts. Structure-based sequence alignments indicated that the active site of HcBPP may contain multiple calcium-binding sites that provide a favorable electrostatic environment for the binding of Ca(2+)-phytate salts. Biochemical and kinetic studies further confirmed that HcBPP preferentially recognizes its substrate and selectively hydrolyzes insoluble Ca(2+)-phytate salts at three phosphate group sites, yielding the final product, myo-inositol 2,4,6-trisphosphate. More importantly, ITC analysis of this final product with several cations revealed that HcBPP efficiently eliminates the ability of phytate to chelate several divalent cations strongly and thereby provides free minerals and phosphate ions as nutrients for the growth of bacteria. Collectively, our results provide significant new insights into the potential application of HcBPP in enhancing the bioavailability and absorption of divalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Hee Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
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37
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Characterization of a thermostable alkaline phytase from Bacillus licheniformis ZJ-6 in Pichia pastoris. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Spier MR, Fendrich RC, Almeida PC, Noseda M, Greiner R, Konietzny U, Woiciechowski AL, Soccol VT, Soccol CR. Phytase produced on citric byproducts: purification and characterization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Huang H, Shao N, Wang Y, Luo H, Yang P, Zhou Z, Zhan Z, Yao B. A novel beta-propeller phytase from Pedobacter nyackensis MJ11 CGMCC 2503 with potential as an aquatic feed additive. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 83:249-59. [PMID: 19139877 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A phytase with high activity at neutral pH and typical water temperatures ( approximately 25 degrees C) could effectively hydrolyze phytate in aquaculture. In this study, a phytase-producing strain, Pedobacter nyackensis MJ11 CGMCC 2503, was isolated from glacier soil, and the relevant gene, PhyP, was cloned using degenerate PCR and thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report of detection of phytase activity and cloning of phytase gene from Pedobacter. PhyP belongs to beta-propeller phytase family and shares very low identity ( approximately 28.5%) with Bacillus subtilis phytase. The purified recombinant enzyme (r-PhyP) from Escherichia coli displayed high specific activity for sodium phytate of 24.4 U mg(-1). The optimum pH was 7.0, and the optimum temperature was 45 degrees C. The K (m), V (max), and k (cat) values were 1.28 mM, 71.9 micromol min(-1) mg(-1), and 45.1 s(-1), respectively. Compared with Bacillus phytases, r-PhyP had higher relative activity at 25 degrees C (r-PhyP (>50%), B. subtilis phytase (<8%)) and hydrolyzed phytate from soybean with greater efficacy at neutral pH. These characteristics suggest that r-PhyP might be a good candidate for an aquatic feed additive in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
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40
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Rao D, Rao K, Reddy V. Cloning and expression ofBacillusphytase gene (phy) inEscherichia coliand recovery of active enzyme from the inclusion bodies. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1128-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Farhat A, Chouayekh H, Ben Farhat M, Bouchaala K, Bejar S. Gene cloning and characterization of a thermostable phytase from Bacillus subtilis US417 and assessment of its potential as a feed additive in comparison with a commercial enzyme. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 40:127-35. [PMID: 18543132 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-008-9068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular phytase from Bacillus subtilis US417 (PHY US417) was purified and characterized. The purified enzyme of 41 kDa was calcium-dependent and optimally active at pH 7.5 and 55 degrees C. The thermal stability of PHY US417 was drastically improved by calcium. Indeed, it recovered 77% of its original activity after denaturation for 10 min at 75 degrees C in the presence of 5 mM CaCl2, while it retained only 22% of activity when incubated for 10 min at 60 degrees C without calcium. In addition, PHY US417 was found to be highly specific for phytate and exhibited pH stability similar to Phyzyme, a commercial phytase with optimal activity at pH 5.5 and 60 degrees C. The phytase gene was cloned by PCR from Bacillus subtilis US417. Sequence analysis of the encoded polypeptide revealed one residue difference from PhyC of Bacillus subtilis VTTE-68013 (substitution of arginine in position 257 by proline in PHY US417) which was reported to exhibit lower thermostability especially in the absence of calcium. With its neutral pH optimum as well as its great pH and thermal stability, the PHY US417 enzyme presumed to be predominantly active in the intestine has a high potential for use as feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameny Farhat
- Laboratoire d'Enzymes et de Métabolites des Procaryotes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Route de Sidi Mansour Km 6, BP "1177", 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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42
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Bacillus Phytases: Present Scenario and Future Perspectives. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 151:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cowieson AJ, Acamovic T, Bedford MR. Phytic acid and phytase: implications for protein utilization by poultry. Poult Sci 2006; 85:878-85. [PMID: 16673766 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.5.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the ingestion of myo-inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on the digestibility of casein was investigated using growing broiler chickens. A total of 64 female Ross broilers were used in a precision feeding study. One group of 8 birds was fed a solution of glucose to estimate endogenous losses. Seven groups, each of 8 birds, were fed either casein, casein + 1,000 units of phytase activity (FTU), casein + 2,000 FTU, casein + 0.5 g of IP6, casein + 0.5 g of IP6 + 1,000 FTU, casein + 1 g of IP6, or casein + 1 g of IP6 + 1,000 FTU. The excretion of DM, amino acids, nitrogen, minerals, and phytate-phosphorus was determined over a 48-h period and nutrient digestibility coefficients were calculated. Casein was found to be highly digestible, with true coefficients of DM, N, and amino acid digestibility of between 0.85 and 1.0. However, the ingestion of IP6 reduced (P < 0.05) the digestibility coefficients of amino acids, N, and DM of casein compared with birds fed casein alone. Supplementation of the mixture of casein and IP6 with phytase improved (P < 0.05) the digestibility coefficients of amino acids compared with birds fed on casein and IP6 with no supplemental phytase. The excretion of endogenous minerals was increased (P < 0.05) by the ingestion of IP6 and reduced (P < 0.05) by the supplementation of IP6 with phytase. In the absence of exogenous phytase, the recovery of phytate-P in excreta was approximately 80%. However, the recovery of phytate-P was significantly reduced by the addition of exogenous phytase to the IP6/casein mixture. It can be concluded that the ingestion of IP6 reduces the digestibility coefficients of amino acids and the metabolizability of nitrogen of casein. This is likely to be mediated partially through increased endogenous losses. However, the addition of phytase can partially ameliorate the detrimental effects of IP6 on protein utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cowieson
- Avian Science Research Centre, Scottish Agricultural College, Ayr, UK
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Garchow BG, Jog SP, Mehta BD, Monosso JM, Murthy PPN. Alkaline phytase from Lilium longiflorum: Purification and structural characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 46:221-32. [PMID: 16198125 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phytases catalyze the hydrolysis of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate), the most abundant inositol phosphate in cells. Phytases are of great commercial importance because their use as food and animal feed supplement has been approved by many countries to alleviate environmental and nutritional problems. Although acid phytases have been extensively studied, information regarding alkaline phytases is limited. Alkaline phytases with unique catalytic properties have been identified in plants, however, there is no report on the purification or structural properties. In this paper, we describe the purification of alkaline phytase from plant tissue. The purification was challenging because of contamination from non-specific phosphatases and acid phytases and low endogenous concentration. The purification of alkaline phytase from pollen grains of Lilium longiflorum involved selective precipitation by heat and ammonium sulfate followed by anion exchange and chromatofocusing chromatography and, finally, gel electrophoresis. Alkaline phytase was purified approximately 3000-fold with an overall recovery of 4.2%. The native molecular mass was estimated to be in the range of 118+/-7 kDa by Ferguson plot analysis and Mr of denatured protein in the range of 52-55 kDa by SDS-PAGE suggesting that the enzyme is a homodimer. Separation by 2-D gel and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometric analysis of separated proteins indicates the presence of multiple mass and charge isoforms with pI values between 7.3 and 8.3. To our knowledge, this is the first alkaline phytase to be purified from plant sources. The unique properties suggest that the enzyme has the potential to be useful as a feed and food supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Garchow
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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45
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Chan WL, Lung SC, Lim BL. Properties of beta-propeller phytase expressed in transgenic tobacco. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 46:100-6. [PMID: 16137892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phytases are enzymes that liberate inorganic phosphates from phytate. In a previous study, a beta-propeller phytase (168phyA) from Bacillus subtilis was introduced into transgenic tobacco, which resulted in certain phenotypic changes. In the study described herein, the recombinant phytase (t168phyA) was purified from transgenic tobacco to near homogeneity by a three-step purification scheme. The biochemical properties and kinetic parameters of t168phyA were compared with those of its counterpart from B. subtilis. t168phyA was glycosylated, and it showed a 4 kDa increase in molecular size in SDS-PAGE (44 kDa vs. 40 kDa). Although its thermostability remained unchanged, its temperature optimum shifted from 60 degrees C to 45-50 degrees C and its pH optimum shifted from pH 5.5 to 6.0. Kinetic data showed that the t168phyA had a lower Kcat, but a higher Km than the native enzyme. Despite these changes, t168phyA remained catalytically active and has a specific activity of 2.3 U/mg protein. These results verify the activity of recombinant Bacillus phytase that is expressed in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Lee Chan
- Department of Zoology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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46
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Cheng C, Lim BL. Beta-propeller phytases in the aquatic environment. Arch Microbiol 2006; 185:1-13. [PMID: 16402222 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phytate, which is one of the dominant organic phosphorus compounds in nature, is very stable in soils. Although a substantial amount of phytate is carried from terrestrial to aquatic systems, it is a minor component of organic phosphorus in coastal sediments. The ephemeral nature of phytate implies the rapid hydrolysis of phytate under aquatic conditions. Among the four classes of known phytases that have been identified in terrestrial organisms, only beta-propeller phytase-like sequences have been identified in the aquatic environment. A novel beta-propeller phytase gene (phyS), cloned from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, was found to encode a protein with two beta-propeller phytase domains. The characterization of recombinant full-length PhyS and its domains demonstrated that Domain II was the catalytic domain responsible for phytate hydrolysis. The full-length PhyS displayed a K(m) of 83 microM with a kcat of 175.9 min(-1) and the Domain II displayed a K(m) of 474 microM with a kcat of 10.6 min(-1). These results confirm that the phyS gene encodes a functional beta-propeller phytase, which is expressed in S. oneidensis under phosphorus deficient condition. The presence of multiple sequences with a high similarity to phyS in aquatic environmental samples and the widespread occurrence of the Shewanella species in nature suggest that the beta-propeller phytase family is the major class of phytases in the aquatic environment, and that it may play an important role in the recycling of phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiwai Cheng
- Department of Zoology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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47
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Hu P, Brodie EL, Suzuki Y, McAdams HH, Andersen GL. Whole-genome transcriptional analysis of heavy metal stresses in Caulobacter crescentus. J Bacteriol 2006; 187:8437-49. [PMID: 16321948 PMCID: PMC1317002 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.24.8437-8449.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus and related stalk bacterial species are known for their distinctive ability to live in low-nutrient environments, a characteristic of most heavy metal-contaminated sites. Caulobacter crescentus is a model organism for studying cell cycle regulation with well-developed genetics. We have identified the pathways responding to heavy-metal toxicity in C. crescentus to provide insights for the possible application of Caulobacter to environmental restoration. We exposed C. crescentus cells to four heavy metals (chromium, cadmium, selenium, and uranium) and analyzed genome-wide transcriptional activities postexposure using an Affymetrix GeneChip microarray. C. crescentus showed surprisingly high tolerance to uranium, a possible mechanism for which may be the formation of extracellular calcium-uranium-phosphate precipitates. The principal response to these metals was protection against oxidative stress (up-regulation of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase sodA). Glutathione S-transferase, thioredoxin, glutaredoxins, and DNA repair enzymes responded most strongly to cadmium and chromate. The cadmium and chromium stress response also focused on reducing the intracellular metal concentration, with multiple efflux pumps employed to remove cadmium, while a sulfate transporter was down-regulated to reduce nonspecific uptake of chromium. Membrane proteins were also up-regulated in response to most of the metals tested. A two-component signal transduction system involved in the uranium response was identified. Several differentially regulated transcripts from regions previously not known to encode proteins were identified, demonstrating the advantage of evaluating the transcriptome by using whole-genome microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Mail Stop 70A3317, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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48
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Jog SP, Garchow BG, Mehta BD, Murthy PPN. Alkaline phytase from lily pollen: Investigation of biochemical properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 440:133-40. [PMID: 16051182 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytases catalyze the hydrolysis of phytic acid (InsP6, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate), the most abundant inositol phosphate in cells. In cereal grains and legumes, it constitutes 3-5% of the dry weight of seeds. The inability of humans and monogastric animals such as swine and poultry to absorb complexed InsP6 has led to nutritional and environmental problems. The efficacy of supplemental phytases to address these issues is well established; thus, there is a need for phytases with a range of biochemical and biophysical properties for numerous applications. An alkaline phytase that shows unique catalytic properties was isolated from plant tissues. In this paper, we report on the biochemical properties of an alkaline phytase from pollen grains of Lilium longiflorum. The enzyme exhibits narrow substrate specificity, it hydrolyzed InsP6 and para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP). Alkaline phytase followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a K(m) of 81 microM and V(max) of 217 nmol Pi/min/mg with InsP6 and a K(m) of 372 microM and V(max) of 1272 nmol Pi/min/mg with pNPP. The pH optimum was 8.0 with InsP6 as the substrate and 7.0 with pNPP. Alkaline phytase was activated by calcium and inactivated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; however, the enzyme retained a low level of activity even in Ca2+-free medium. Fluoride as well as myo-inositol hexasulfate did not have any inhibitory affect, whereas vanadate inhibited the enzyme. The enzyme was activated by sodium chloride and potassium chloride and inactivated by magnesium chloride; the activation by salts followed the Hofmeister series. The temperature optimum for hydrolysis is 55 degrees C; the enzyme was stable at 55 degrees C for about 30 min. The enzyme has unique properties that suggest the potential to be useful as a feed supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali P Jog
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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Mullaney EJ, Ullah AHJ. The term phytase comprises several different classes of enzymes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 312:179-84. [PMID: 14630039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Mullaney
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
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50
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Yip W, Wang L, Cheng C, Wu W, Lung S, Lim BL. The introduction of a phytase gene from Bacillus subtilis improved the growth performance of transgenic tobacco. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:1148-54. [PMID: 14559235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytate, the main form of phosphorus storage in plant seeds, is well known to be an anti-nutrient and a major source of phosphorus pollution in animal manure. To improve phosphorus bio-availability, we introduced a recently characterized phytase from Bacillus subtilis into the cytoplasm of tobacco cells. Although the introduction of acid fungal phytase from Aspergillus niger in previous studies did not result in any phenotypic changes in tobacco, here we show that a tobacco line transformed with a neutral phytase exhibited phenotypic changes in flowering, seed development, and response to phosphate deficiency. The transgenic line showed an increase in flower and fruit numbers, small seed syndrome, lower seed IP6/IP5 ratio, and enhanced growth under phosphate-starvation conditions compared with the wildtype. The results suggest that the over-expression of Bacillus phytase in the cytoplasm of tobacco cells shifts the equilibrium of the inositol phosphate biosynthesis pathway, thereby making more phosphate available for primary metabolism. The approach presented here can be applied as a strategy for boosting productivity in agriculture and horticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wingkin Yip
- Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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