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Tassoulas LJ, Wackett LP. Insights into the action of the pharmaceutical metformin: Targeted inhibition of the gut microbial enzyme agmatinase. iScience 2024; 27:108900. [PMID: 38318350 PMCID: PMC10839685 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, yet its mechanism of action is not fully understood. Recent studies suggest metformin's interactions with gut microbiota are responsible for exerting therapeutic effects. In this study, we report that metformin targets the gut microbial enzyme agmatinase, as a competitive inhibitor, which may impair gut agmatine catabolism. The metformin inhibition constant (Ki) of E. coli agmatinase is 1 mM and relevant in the gut where the drug concentration is 1-10 mM. Metformin analogs phenformin, buformin, and galegine are even more potent inhibitors of E. coli agmatinase (Ki = 0.6, 0.1, and 0.007 mM, respectively) suggesting a shared mechanism. Agmatine is a known effector of human host metabolism and has been reported to augment metformin's therapeutic effects for type 2 diabetes. This gut-derived inhibition mechanism gives new insights on metformin's action in the gut and may lead to significant discoveries in improving metformin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros J. Tassoulas
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Lawrence P. Wackett
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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2
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Kulkarni S, Bhandary D, Singh Y, Monga V, Thareja S. Boron in cancer therapeutics: An overview. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108548. [PMID: 37858628 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Boron has become a crucial weapon in anticancer research due to its significant intervention in cell proliferation. Being an excellent bio-isosteric replacement of carbon, it has modulated the anticancer efficacy of various molecules in the development pipeline. It has elicited promising results through interactions with various therapeutic targets such as HIF-1α, steroid sulfatase, arginase, proteasome, etc. Since boron liberates alpha particles, it has a wide-scale application in Boron Neutron Capture therapy (BNCT), a radiotherapy that demonstrates selectivity towards cancer cells due to high boron uptake capacity. Significant advances in the medicinal chemistry of boronated compounds, such as boronated sugars, natural/unnatural amino acids, boronated DNA binders, etc., have been reported over the past few years as BNCT agents. In addition, boronated nanoparticles have assisted the field of bio-nano medicines by their usage in radiotherapy. This review exclusively focuses on the medicinal chemistry aspects, radiotherapeutic, and chemotherapeutic aspects of boron in cancer therapeutics. Emphasis is also given on the mechanism of action along with advantages over conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swanand Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Dyuti Bhandary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India.
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3
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Sarkar D, Sau AK. Illuminating the structure-function landscape of an evolutionary nonconserved motif in the arginases of Helicobacter gastric pathogens. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:782-793. [PMID: 37086465 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The bimetallic enzyme arginase catalyses the conversion of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. In Helicobacter pylori (a known human gastric pathogen), this enzyme is an important virulence factor. In spite of the conservation of the catalytic and the metal-binding residues, the H. pylori homolog possesses a 13-residue motif (-153 ESEEKAWQKLCSL165 -) present in the middle of the protein sequence, whose role was recently elucidated. Despite several reviews available on arginases, no report has thoroughly illustrated the underlying basis for the importance of the above motif of the H. pylori enzyme in structure and function. In this review, we systematically describe a mechanistic basis for its importance in structure and function based on the known data. This motif of the H. pylori enzyme is present exclusively in the arginases of other Helicobacter gastric pathogens, where the critical residues are conserved, implying that the nonconserved stretch has been selected during the evolution of the enzyme in these gastric pathogens in a specific manner to perform its role in the structure and function. The combined information can be useful for understanding the function of arginases in other Helicobacter gastric pathogens. Additionally, this knowledge can be utilised to screen and design new small molecule inhibitors, specific to the arginases of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditsa Sarkar
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Apurba Kumar Sau
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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4
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Hoang NN, Kodama T, Nakashima Y, Do KM, Hnin SYY, Lee YE, Prema, Ikumi N, Morita H. Arginase inhibitory activities of guaiane sesquiterpenoids from Curcuma comosa rhizomes. J Nat Med 2023; 77:891-897. [PMID: 37462864 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Arginases are bimanganese enzymes involved in many human illnesses, and thus are targets for disease treatments. The screening of traditional medicinal plants demonstrated that an ethanol extract of Curcuma comosa rhizomes showed significant human arginase I and II inhibitory activity, and further fractionation led to the isolation of three known guaiane sesquiterpenoids, alismoxide (1), 7α,10α-epoxyguaiane-4α,11-diol (2) and guaidiol (3). Tests of their inhibitory activities on human arginases I and II revealed that 1 exhibited selective and potent competitive inhibition for human arginase I (IC50 = 30.2 μM), whereas the other compounds lacked inhibitory activities against human arginases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of human arginase I inhibitory activity by a sesquiterpenoid. Thus, 1 is a primary and specific inhibitory molecule against human arginase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat Nam Hoang
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kodama
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kiep Minh Do
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Saw Yu Yu Hnin
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuan-E Lee
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Prema
- Department of Chemistry, University of Yangon, Yangon, 11041, Myanmar
| | - Naotaka Ikumi
- Japan Preventive Medical Laboratory Company, Ltd., 3-6-36 Toyoda, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8027, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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5
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Mordhorst S, Badmann T, Bösch NM, Morinaka BI, Rauch H, Piel J, Groll M, Vagstad AL. Structural and Biochemical Insights into Post-Translational Arginine-to-Ornithine Peptide Modifications by an Atypical Arginase. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:528-536. [PMID: 36791048 PMCID: PMC10028609 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Landornamide A is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) natural product with antiviral activity. Its biosynthetic gene cluster encodes─among other maturases─the peptide arginase OspR, which converts arginine to ornithine units in an unusual post-translational modification. Peptide arginases are a recently discovered RiPP maturase family with few characterized representatives. They show little sequence similarity to conventional arginases, a well-characterized enzyme family catalyzing the hydrolysis of free arginine to ornithine and urea. Peptide arginases are highly promiscuous and accept a variety of substrate sequences. The molecular basis for binding the large peptide substrate and for the high promiscuity of peptide arginases remains unclear. Here, we report the first crystal structure of a peptide arginase at a resolution of 2.6 Å. The three-dimensional structure reveals common features and differences between conventional arginases and the peptide arginase: the binuclear metal cluster and the active-site environment strongly resemble each other, while the quaternary structures diverge. Kinetic analyses of OspR with various substrates provide new insights into the order of biosynthetic reactions during the post-translational maturation of landornamide A. These results provide the basis for pathway engineering to generate derivatives of landornamide A and for the general application of peptide arginases as biosynthetic tools for peptide engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Mordhorst
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Badmann
- Chair of Biochemistry, Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nina M Bösch
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Brandon I Morinaka
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hartmut Rauch
- Chair of Biochemistry, Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Groll
- Chair of Biochemistry, Center for Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anna L Vagstad
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Distinct binding pattern of nor-NOHA inhibitor to liver arginase in aqueous solution – Perspectives from molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Zaki MEA, Al-Hussain SA, Al-Mutairi AA, Samad A, Ghosh A, Chaudhari S, Khatale PN, Ajmire P, Jawarkar RD. In-silico studies to recognize repurposing therapeutics toward arginase-I inhibitors as a potential onco-immunomodulators. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1129997. [PMID: 37144217 PMCID: PMC10151555 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1129997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rudolf Virchow was the first person to point out the important link between immune function and cancer. He did this by noticing that leukocytes were often found in tumors. Overexpression of arginase 1 (ARG1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) depletes both intracellular and extracellular arginine. TCR signalling is slowed as a result, and the same types of cells produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), which aggravates the situation. Human arginase I is a double-stranded manganese metalloenzyme that helps L-arginine break down into L-ornithine and urea. Thus, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was performed to unearth the unrecognised structural aspects crucial for arginase-I inhibition. In this work, a balanced QSAR model with good prediction performance and clear mechanistic interpretation was developed using a dataset of 149 molecules encompassing a broad range of structural scaffolds and compositions. The model was made to meet OECD standards, and all of its validation parameters have values that are higher than the minimum requirements (R2 tr = 0.89, Q2 LMO = 0.86, and R2 ex = 0.85). The present QSAR study linked structural factors to arginase-I inhibitory action, including the proximity of lipophilic atoms to the molecule's centre of mass (within 3A), the position of the donor to the ring nitrogen (exactly 3 bonds away), and the surface area ratio. As OAT-1746 and two others are the only arginase-I inhibitors in development at the time, we have performed a QSAR-based virtual screening with 1650 FDA compounds taken from the zinc database. In this screening, 112 potential hit compounds were found to have a PIC50 value of less than 10 nm against the arginase-I receptor. The created QSAR model's application domain was evaluated in relation to the most active hit molecules identified using QSAR-based virtual screening, utilising a training set of 149 compounds and a prediction set of 112 hit molecules. As shown in the Williams plot, the top hit molecule, ZINC000252286875, has a low leverage value of HAT i/i h* = 0.140, placing it towards the boundary of the usable range. Furthermore, one of 112 hit molecules with a docking score of -10.891 kcal/mol (PIC50 = 10.023 M) was isolated from a study of arginase-I using molecular docking. Protonated ZINC000252286875-linked arginase-1 showed 2.9 RMSD, whereas non-protonated had 1.8. RMSD plots illustrate protein stability in protonated and non-protonated ZINC000252286875-bound states. Protonated-ZINC000252286875-bound proteins contain 25 Rg. The non-protonated protein-ligand combination exhibits a 25.2-Rg, indicating compactness. Protonated and non-protonated ZINC000252286875 stabilised protein targets in binding cavities posthumously. Significant root mean square fluctuations (RMSF) were seen in the arginase-1 protein at a small number of residues for a time function of 500 ns in both the protonated and unprotonated states. Protonated and non-protonated ligands interacted with proteins throughout the simulation. ZINC000252286875 bound Lys64, Asp124, Ala171, Arg222, Asp232, and Gly250. Aspartic acid residue 232 exhibited 200% ionic contact. 500-ns simulations-maintained ions. Salt bridges for ZINC000252286875 aided docking. ZINC000252286875 created six ionic bonds with Lys68, Asp117, His126, Ala171, Lys224, and Asp232 residues. Asp117, His126, and Lys224 showed 200% ionic interactions. In protonated and deprotonated states, GbindvdW, GbindLipo, and GbindCoulomb energies played crucial role. Moreover, ZINC000252286875 meets all of the ADMET standards to serve as a drug. As a result, the current analyses were successful in locating a novel and potent hit molecule that inhibits arginase-I effectively at nanomolar concentrations. The results of this investigation can be used to develop brand-new arginase I inhibitors as an alternative immune-modulating cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Magdi E. A. Zaki, ; Rahul D. Jawarkar,
| | - Sami A. Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aamal A. Al-Mutairi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Samad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Somdatta Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Progressive Education Society’s Modern College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Pravin N. Khatale
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Dr Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant Ajmire
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Dr Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul D. Jawarkar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Dr Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
- *Correspondence: Magdi E. A. Zaki, ; Rahul D. Jawarkar,
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8
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Ren Y, Li Z, Li W, Fan X, Han F, Huang Y, Yu Y, Qian L, Xiong Y. Arginase: Biological and Therapeutic Implications in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2419412. [PMID: 36338341 PMCID: PMC9629921 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2419412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Arginase is a ubiquitous enzyme in the urea cycle (UC) that hydrolyzes L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine. Two mammalian arginase isoforms, arginase1 (ARG1) and arginase2 (ARG2), play a vital role in the regulation of β-cell functions, insulin resistance (IR), and vascular complications via modulating L-arginine metabolism, nitric oxide (NO) production, and inflammatory responses as well as oxidative stress. Basic and clinical studies reveal that abnormal alterations of arginase expression and activity are strongly associated with the onset and development of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. As a result, targeting arginase may be a novel and promising approach for DM treatment. An increasing number of arginase inhibitors, including chemical and natural inhibitors, have been developed and shown to protect against the development of DM and its complications. In this review, we discuss the fundamental features of arginase. Next, the regulatory roles and underlying mechanisms of arginase in the pathogenesis and progression of DM and its complications are explored. Furthermore, we review the development and discuss the challenges of arginase inhibitors in treating DM and its related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ren
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuozhuo Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaobin Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feifei Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaoyao Huang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Qian
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuyan Xiong
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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9
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Li Z, Wang L, Ren Y, Huang Y, Liu W, Lv Z, Qian L, Yu Y, Xiong Y. Arginase: shedding light on the mechanisms and opportunities in cardiovascular diseases. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:413. [PMID: 36209203 PMCID: PMC9547100 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arginase, a binuclear manganese metalloenzyme in the urea, catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine. Both isoforms, arginase 1 and arginase 2 perform significant roles in the regulation of cellular functions in cardiovascular system, such as senescence, apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, and autophagy, via a variety of mechanisms, including regulating L-arginine metabolism and activating multiple signal pathways. Furthermore, abnormal arginase activity contributes to the initiation and progression of a variety of CVDs. Therefore, targeting arginase may be a novel and promising approach for CVDs treatment. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of the physiological and biological roles of arginase in a variety of CVDs, revealing the underlying mechanisms of arginase mediating vascular and cardiac function, as well as shedding light on the novel and promising therapeutic approaches for CVDs therapy in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhuo Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaoyao Huang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenxuan Liu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziwei Lv
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Qian
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. .,Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yi Yu
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yuyan Xiong
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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10
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New Insights into the Determinants of Specificity in Human Type I Arginase: Generation of a Mutant That Is Only Active with Agmatine as Substrate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126438. [PMID: 35742891 PMCID: PMC9224512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine into L-ornithine and urea. This enzyme has several analogies with agmatinase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of agmatine into putrescine and urea. However, this contrasts with the highlighted specificity that each one presents for their respective substrate. A comparison of available crystal structures for arginases reveals an important difference in the extension of two loops located in the entrance of the active site. The first, denominated loop A (I129-L140) contains the residues that interact with the alpha carboxyl group or arginine of arginase, and the loop B (D181-P184) contains the residues that interact with the alpha amino group of arginine. In this work, to determine the importance of these loops in the specificity of arginase, single, double, and triple arginase mutants in these loops were constructed, as well as chimeras between type I human arginase and E. coli agmatinase. In previous studies, the substitution of N130D in arginase (in loop A) generated a species capable of hydrolyzing arginine and agmatine. Now, the specificity of arginase is completely altered, generating a chimeric species that is only active with agmatine as a substrate, by substituting I129T, N130Y, and T131A together with the elimination of residues P132, L133, and T134. In addition, Quantum Mechanic/Molecular Mechanic (QM/MM) calculations were carried out to study the accommodation of the substrates in in the active site of this chimera. With these results it is concluded that this loop is decisive to discriminate the type of substrate susceptible to be hydrolyzed by arginase. Evidence was also obtained to define the loop B as a structural determinant for substrate affinity. Concretely, the double mutation D181T and V182E generate an enzyme with an essentially unaltered kcat value, but with a significantly increased Km value for arginine and a significant decrease in affinity for its product ornithine.
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11
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Olabiyi AA, Ajayi K. Diet, herbs and erectile function: A good friendship! Andrologia 2022; 54:e14424. [PMID: 35319120 DOI: 10.1111/and.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and plant materials have been used for thousands of years to treat and control erectile dysfunction in men. This practice has spanned many cultures and traditions around the world, with the therapeutic effects of many plants attributed to their phytochemical constituents. This review explains how polyphenols (including phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, alkaloids and polyunsaturated fatty acids) in plants and plant food products interact with key enzymes (phosphodiesterase-5 [PDE-5], angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE], acetylcholinesterase [AChE], adenosine deaminase [ADA] and arginase) associated with erectile dysfunction. By modulating or altering the activity of these physiologically important enzymes, various bioactive compounds from plants or plant products can synergistically or additively provide tremendous protection against male erectile problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji A Olabiyi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Kayode Ajayi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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12
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Muller J, Attia R, Zedet A, Girard C, Pudlo M. An Update on Arginase Inhibitors and Inhibitory Assays. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1963-1976. [PMID: 34967285 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666211229105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arginase, which converts arginine into ornithine and urea, is a promising therapeutic target. Arginase is involved in cardiovascular diseases, parasitic infections and, through a critical role in immunity, in some cancers. There is a need to develop effective arginase inhibitors and therefore efforts to identify and optimize new inhibitors are increasing. Several methods of evaluating arginase activity are available, but few directly measure the product. Radiometric assays need to separate urea and dying reactions require acidic conditions and sometimes heating. Hence, there are a variety of different approaches available, and each approach has its own limits and benefits. In this review, we provide an update on arginase inhibitors, followed by a discussion on available arginase assays and alternative methods, with a focus on the intrinsic biases and parameters that are likely to impact results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Muller
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Rym Attia
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Andy Zedet
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Corine Girard
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Marc Pudlo
- PEPITE EA4267, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
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13
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Hernández VM, Arteaga A, Dunn MF. Diversity, properties and functions of bacterial arginases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6308370. [PMID: 34160574 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metalloenzyme arginase hydrolyzes L-arginine to produce L-ornithine and urea. In bacteria, arginase has important functions in basic nitrogen metabolism and redistribution, production of the key metabolic precursor L-ornithine, stress resistance and pathogenesis. We describe the regulation and specific functions of the arginase pathway as well as summarize key characteristics of related arginine catabolic pathways. The use of arginase-derived ornithine as a precursor molecule is reviewed. We discuss the biochemical and transcriptional regulation of arginine metabolism, including arginase, with the latter topic focusing on the RocR and AhrC transcriptional regulators in the model organism Bacillus subtilis. Finally, we consider similarities and contrasts in the structure and catalytic mechanism of the arginases from Bacillus caldovelox and Helicobacter pylori. The overall aim of this review is to provide a panorama of the diversity of physiological functions, regulation, and biochemical features of arginases in a variety of bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Hernández
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Arteaga
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
| | - Michael F Dunn
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, Mexico
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14
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An evolutionary non-conserved motif in Helicobacter pylori arginase mediates positioning of the loop containing the catalytic residue for catalysis. Biochem J 2021; 478:871-894. [PMID: 33480396 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The binuclear metalloenzyme Helicobacter pylori arginase is important for pathogenesis of the bacterium in the human stomach. Despite conservation of the catalytic residues, this single Trp enzyme has an insertion sequence (-153ESEEKAWQKLCSL165-) that is extremely crucial to function. This sequence contains the critical residues, which are conserved in the homolog of other Helicobacter gastric pathogens. However, the underlying basis for the role of this motif in catalytic function is not completely understood. Here, we used biochemical, biophysical and molecular dynamics simulations studies to determine that Glu155 of this stretch interacts with both Lys57 and Ser152. These interactions are essential for positioning of the motif through Trp159, which is located near Glu155 (His122-Trp159-Tyr125 contact is essential to tertiary structural integrity). The individual or double mutation of Lys57 and Ser152 to Ala considerably reduces catalytic activity with Lys57 to Ala being more significant, indicating they are crucial to function. Our data suggest that the Lys57-Glu155-Ser152 interaction influences the positioning of the loop containing the catalytic His133 so that this His can participate in catalysis, thereby providing a mechanistic understanding into the role of this motif in catalytic function. Lys57 was also found only in the arginases of other Helicobacter gastric pathogens. Based on the non-conserved motif, we found a new molecule, which specifically inhibits this enzyme. Thus, the present study not only provides a molecular basis into the role of this motif in function, but also offers an opportunity for the design of inhibitors with greater efficacy.
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15
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Moretto J, Pudlo M, Demougeot C. Human-based evidence for the therapeutic potential of arginase inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:138-147. [PMID: 33197620 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Moretto
- PEPITE EA4267, FHU INCREASE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Marc Pudlo
- PEPITE EA4267, FHU INCREASE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Céline Demougeot
- PEPITE EA4267, FHU INCREASE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
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16
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Siddappa S, Marathe GK. What we know about plant arginases? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:600-610. [PMID: 33069114 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the essential element required for plant growth and development. In plants, most of the nitrogen is stored in arginine. Hence, metabolism of arginine to urea by arginase and its further hydrolysis to ammonia by urease is involved in nitrogen recycling to meet the metabolic demands of growing plants. In this respect, plant arginases differ from that of animals. Animals excrete urea while plants recycle the urea. However, the studies on the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of plant arginase are limited when compared to animal arginase(s). In this review, the structural and biochemical characteristics of various plant arginases are discussed. Moreover, the significance of arginase in nitrogen recycling is explained and recent literature on function and activation of plant arginases in response to various environmental (biotic and abiotic) insults is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Siddappa
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India.
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17
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S. Clemente G, van Waarde A, F. Antunes I, Dömling A, H. Elsinga P. Arginase as a Potential Biomarker of Disease Progression: A Molecular Imaging Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5291. [PMID: 32722521 PMCID: PMC7432485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase is a widely known enzyme of the urea cycle that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. The action of arginase goes beyond the boundaries of hepatic ureogenic function, being widespread through most tissues. Two arginase isoforms coexist, the type I (Arg1) predominantly expressed in the liver and the type II (Arg2) expressed throughout extrahepatic tissues. By producing L-ornithine while competing with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for the same substrate (L-arginine), arginase can influence the endogenous levels of polyamines, proline, and NO•. Several pathophysiological processes may deregulate arginase/NOS balance, disturbing the homeostasis and functionality of the organism. Upregulated arginase expression is associated with several pathological processes that can range from cardiovascular, immune-mediated, and tumorigenic conditions to neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, arginase is a potential biomarker of disease progression and severity and has recently been the subject of research studies regarding the therapeutic efficacy of arginase inhibitors. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological role of arginase and the current state of development of arginase inhibitors, discussing the potential of arginase as a molecular imaging biomarker and stimulating the development of novel specific and high-affinity arginase imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo S. Clemente
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Inês F. Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
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18
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Borek B, Gajda T, Golebiowski A, Blaszczyk R. Boronic acid-based arginase inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115658. [PMID: 32828425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Arginase is an enzyme that converts l-arginine to l-ornithine and urea in the urea cycle. There are two isoforms of arginase in mammals: ARG-1 and ARG-2. l-Arginine level changes occur in patients with various types of affliction. An overexpression of arginase leads to the depletion of arginine and then to inhibition of the growth of T and NK cells, and in effect to the tumor escape of the immune response. Based on those observations, an inhibition of arginase is proposed as a method to improve anti-tumor immune responses (via an activation and proliferation of T and NK cells). Boronic acid derivatives as arginase inhibitors are leading, potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of several diseases. All these compounds are derived from the original 2-(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH), the first boronic acid arginase inhibitor proposed by Christianson et al. This article focuses on the review of such sub-class of arginase inhibitors and highlights their SAR and PK properties. It covers molecules published until early 2020, including patent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej Borek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, 101 Żwirki i Wigury St, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Gajda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, 116 Stefana Żeromskiego St, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Golebiowski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, 101 Żwirki i Wigury St, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roman Blaszczyk
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, 101 Żwirki i Wigury St, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Insights into the Mn 2+ Binding Site in the Agmatinase-Like Protein (ALP): A Critical Enzyme for the Regulation of Agmatine Levels in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114132. [PMID: 32531922 PMCID: PMC7313459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Agmatine is a neurotransmitter with anticonvulsant, anti-neurotoxic and antidepressant-like effects, in addition it has hypoglycemic actions. Agmatine is converted to putrescine and urea by agmatinase (AGM) and by an agmatinase-like protein (ALP), a new type of enzyme which is present in human and rodent brain tissues. Recombinant rat brain ALP is the only mammalian protein that exhibits significant agmatinase activity in vitro and generates putrescine under in vivo conditions. ALP, despite differing in amino acid sequence from all members of the ureohydrolase family, is strictly dependent on Mn2+ for catalytic activity. However, the Mn2+ ligands have not yet been identified due to the lack of structural information coupled with the low sequence identity that ALPs display with known ureohydrolases. In this work, we generated a structural model of the Mn2+ binding site of the ALP and we propose new putative Mn2+ ligands. Then, we cloned and expressed a sequence of 210 amino acids, here called the “central-ALP”, which include the putative ligands of Mn2+. The results suggest that the central-ALP is catalytically active, as agmatinase, with an unaltered Km for agmatine and a decreased kcat. Similar to wild-type ALP, central-ALP is activated by Mn2+ with a similar affinity. Besides, a simple mutant D217A, a double mutant E288A/K290A, and a triple mutant N213A/Q215A/D217A of these putative Mn2+ ligands result on the loss of ALP agmatinase activity. Our results indicate that the central-ALP contains the active site for agmatine hydrolysis, as well as that the residues identified are relevant for the ALP catalysis.
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20
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Oda K, Shimotani N, Kuroda T, Matoba Y. Crystal structure of an N ω-hydroxy-L-arginine hydrolase found in the D-cycloserine biosynthetic pathway. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 76:506-514. [PMID: 32496212 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320004908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
DcsB, one of the enzymes encoded in the D-cycloserine (D-CS) biosynthetic gene cluster, displays a high sequence homology to arginase, which contains two manganese ions in the active site. However, DcsB hydrolyzes Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine, but not L-arginine, to supply hydroxyurea for the biosynthesis of D-CS. Here, the crystal structure of DcsB was determined at a resolution of 1.5 Å using anomalous scattering from the manganese ions. In the crystal structure, DscB generates an artificial dimer created by the open and closed forms. Gel-filtration analysis demonstrated that DcsB is a monomeric protein, unlike arginase, which forms a trimeric structure. The active center containing the binuclear manganese cluster differs between DcsB and arginase. In DcsB, one of the ligands of the MnA ion is a cysteine, while the corresponding residue in arginase is a histidine. In addition, DcsB has no counterpart to the histidine residue that acts as a general acid/base during the catalytic reaction of arginase. The present study demonstrates that DcsB has a unique active site that differs from that of arginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Oda
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Natsuki Shimotani
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Teruo Kuroda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matoba
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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21
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Cui J, Shen B. Transcriptomic analyses reveal distinct response of porcine macrophages to Toxoplasma gondii infection. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1819-1828. [PMID: 32399721 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate protozoan parasite infecting diverse hosts. Studies have demonstrated that different hosts respond differently to Toxoplasma infection. Pigs are among the most susceptible hosts of T. gondii, but the host-pathogen interactions that shape the outcome of infection in pigs are completely unknown. Here, we used dual RNA-seq to profile the transcriptomic changes of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) upon Toxoplasma infection. Our results indicated that PAMs initiated different responses to Toxoplasma infection compared with mouse macrophages. First, although infected PAMs upregulated numerous pro-inflammatory factors, IL-12, which plays critical roles in IL-12~IFN-γ-mediated immunity against Toxoplasma infection in mice, was found unchanged during PAM infection. Second, the gene encoding iNOS that is responsible for nitric oxide (NO) production was also not induced in infected PAMs. Consistently, there was no NO level change in PAMs after infection. Third, it seems like Toxoplasma infection inhibited apoptosis in PAMs. On the parasite side, the most obvious change is the upregulation of genes involved in metabolism and macromolecule synthesis, such as the type II fatty acid synthesis in the apicoplast. Together, these results revealed distinct responses of PAMs to Toxoplasma infection and provide novel insights into Toxoplasma-pig interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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22
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Austin M, Burschowsky D, Chan DT, Jenkinson L, Haynes S, Diamandakis A, Seewooruthun C, Addyman A, Fiedler S, Ryman S, Whitehouse J, Slater LH, Hadjinicolaou AV, Gileadi U, Gowans E, Shibata Y, Barnard M, Kaserer T, Sharma P, Luheshi NM, Wilkinson RW, Vaughan TJ, Holt SV, Cerundolo V, Carr MD, Groves MAT. Structural and functional characterization of C0021158, a high-affinity monoclonal antibody that inhibits Arginase 2 function via a novel non-competitive mechanism of action. MAbs 2020; 12:1801230. [PMID: 32880207 PMCID: PMC7531564 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1801230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase 2 (ARG2) is a binuclear manganese metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine. The dysregulated expression of ARG2 within specific tumor microenvironments generates an immunosuppressive niche that effectively renders the tumor 'invisible' to the host's immune system. Increased ARG2 expression leads to a concomitant depletion of local L-arginine levels, which in turn leads to suppression of anti-tumor T-cell-mediated immune responses. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a high affinity antibody (C0021158) that inhibits ARG2 enzymatic function completely, effectively restoring T-cell proliferation in vitro. Enzyme kinetic studies confirmed that C0021158 exhibits a noncompetitive mechanism of action, inhibiting ARG2 independently of L-arginine concentrations. To elucidate C0021158's inhibitory mechanism at a structural level, the co-crystal structure of the Fab in complex with trimeric ARG2 was solved. C0021158's epitope was consequently mapped to an area some distance from the enzyme's substrate binding cleft, indicating an allosteric mechanism was being employed. Following C0021158 binding, distinct regions of ARG2 undergo major conformational changes. Notably, the backbone structure of a surface-exposed loop is completely rearranged, leading to the formation of a new short helix structure at the Fab-ARG2 interface. Moreover, this large-scale structural remodeling at ARG2's epitope translates into more subtle changes within the enzyme's active site. An arginine residue at position 39 is reoriented inwards, sterically impeding the binding of L-arginine. Arg39 is also predicted to alter the pKA of a key catalytic histidine residue at position 160, further attenuating ARG2's enzymatic function. In silico molecular docking simulations predict that L-arginine is unable to bind effectively when antibody is bound, a prediction supported by isothermal calorimetry experiments using an L-arginine mimetic. Specifically, targeting ARG2 in the tumor microenvironment through the application of C0021158, potentially in combination with standard chemotherapy regimens or alternate immunotherapies, represents a potential new strategy to target immune cold tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Austin
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Burschowsky
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Denice T.Y. Chan
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lesley Jenkinson
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stuart Haynes
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agata Diamandakis
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chitra Seewooruthun
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alexandra Addyman
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sebastian Fiedler
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephanie Ryman
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Whitehouse
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Louise H. Slater
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas V. Hadjinicolaou
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ellen Gowans
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yoko Shibata
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle Barnard
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadia M. Luheshi
- Early Oncology Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tristan J. Vaughan
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah V. Holt
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark D. Carr
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Maria A. T. Groves
- Cancer Research UK AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Hwangbo SA, Kim JW, Jung SJ, Jin KS, Lee JO, Kim JS, Park SY. Characterization of a Dimeric Arginase From Zymomonas mobilis ZM4. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2755. [PMID: 32038508 PMCID: PMC6988801 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms have genes to protect themselves from toxic conditions such as high ethanol and/or ammonia concentrations. When a high ethanol condition is induced to Zymomonas mobilis ZM4, a representative ethanologenic organism, this bacterium overexpresses several genes to overcome this ethanol stress. Among them, we characterized a gene product annotated as an arginase (zmARG) from Z. mobilis ZM4. Even though all of the arginase-determining sequence motifs are not strictly conserved in zmARG, this enzyme converts L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine in the presence of a divalent manganese ion. The revealed high-resolution crystal structure of zmARG shows that it has a typical globular α/β arginase fold with a protruded C-terminal helix. Two zinc ions reside in the active site, where one metal ion is penta-coordinated and the other has six ligands, discerning this zmARG from the reported arginases with two hexa-liganded metal ions. zmARG forms a dimeric structure in solution as well as in the crystalline state. The dimeric assembly of zmARG is formed mainly by interaction formed between the C-terminal α-helix of one molecule and the α/β hydrolase fold of another molecule. The presented findings demonstrate the first reported dimeric arginase formed by the C-terminal tail and has two metal ions coordinated by different number of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-A Hwangbo
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea.,Institute of Membrane Proteins, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sun-Ju Jung
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jie-Oh Lee
- Institute of Membrane Proteins, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Suk-Youl Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
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Van Zandt MC, Jagdmann GE, Whitehouse DL, Ji M, Savoy J, Potapova O, Cousido-Siah A, Mitschler A, Howard EI, Pyle AM, Podjarny AD. Discovery of N-Substituted 3-Amino-4-(3-boronopropyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic Acids as Highly Potent Third-Generation Inhibitors of Human Arginase I and II. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8164-8177. [PMID: 31408339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts to identify new highly potent arginase inhibitors have resulted in the discovery of a novel family of (3R,4S)-3-amino-4-(3-boronopropyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid analogues with up to a 1000-fold increase in potency relative to the current standards, 2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH) and N-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine (nor-NOHA). The lead candidate, with an N-2-amino-3-phenylpropyl substituent (NED-3238), example 43, inhibits arginase I and II with IC50 values of 1.3 and 8.1 nM, respectively. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships for this novel series of inhibitors, along with X-ray crystallographic data for selected examples bound to human arginase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Van Zandt
- New England Discovery Partners , 23 Business Park Drive , Branford , Connecticut 06405 , United States
| | - G Erik Jagdmann
- New England Discovery Partners , 23 Business Park Drive , Branford , Connecticut 06405 , United States
| | - Darren L Whitehouse
- New England Discovery Partners , 23 Business Park Drive , Branford , Connecticut 06405 , United States
| | - Minkoo Ji
- New England Discovery Partners , 23 Business Park Drive , Branford , Connecticut 06405 , United States
| | - Jennifer Savoy
- New England Discovery Partners , 23 Business Park Drive , Branford , Connecticut 06405 , United States
| | - Olga Potapova
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Yale University , 219 Prospect Street , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Alexandra Cousido-Siah
- Department of Integrative Biology, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM , Université de Strasbourg , 1 rue Laurent Fries , 67404 Illkirch , France
| | - Andre Mitschler
- Department of Integrative Biology, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM , Université de Strasbourg , 1 rue Laurent Fries , 67404 Illkirch , France
| | - Eduardo I Howard
- Instituto de Fisica de Liquidos y Sistemas Biologicos (IFLYSIB) , CONICET , Calle 59 Numero 789 , 1900 La Plata , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Anna Marie Pyle
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Yale University , 219 Prospect Street , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Alberto D Podjarny
- Department of Integrative Biology, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM , Université de Strasbourg , 1 rue Laurent Fries , 67404 Illkirch , France
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Metal ions-induced stability and function of bimetallic human arginase-I, a therapeutically important enzyme. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:1153-1164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abdel Wahed ASAH, Amer MAM, Abou Mohamed NM, Mobasher MI, Mamdouh H, GamalEl Din SF, ElSheemy MS. Serum Arginase II level can be a novel indicator for erectile dysfunction in patients with vasculogenic erectile dysfunction: a comparative study. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:1389-1395. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Traish AM, Vignozzi L, Simon JA, Goldstein I, Kim NN. Role of Androgens in Female Genitourinary Tissue Structure and Function: Implications in the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. Sex Med Rev 2018; 6:558-571. [PMID: 29631981 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genitourinary conditions in women increase in prevalence with age. Androgens are prerequisite hormones of estrogen biosynthesis, are produced in larger amounts than estrogens in women, and decrease throughout adulthood. However, research and treatment for genitourinary complaints have traditionally focused on estrogens to the exclusion of other potential hormonal influences. AIM To summarize and evaluate the evidence that androgens are important for maintaining genitourinary health in women and that lack of androgenic activity can contribute to the development of symptoms of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause. METHODS The role of androgens in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause was discussed by an international and multidisciplinary panel during a consensus conference organized by the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health. A subgroup further examined publications from the PubMed database, giving preference to clinical studies or to basic science studies in human tissues. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Expert opinion evaluating trophic and functional effects of androgens, their differences from estrogenic effects, and regulation of androgen and estrogen receptor expression in female genitourinary tissues. RESULTS Androgen receptors have been detected throughout the genitourinary system using immunohistochemical, western blot, ligand binding, and gene expression analyses. Lower circulating testosterone and estradiol concentrations and various genitourinary conditions have been associated with differential expression of androgen and estrogen receptors. Supplementation of androgen and/or estrogen in postmenopausal women (local administration) or in ovariectomized animals (systemic administration) induces tissue-specific responses that include changes in androgen and estrogen receptor expression, cell growth, mucin production, collagen turnover, increased perfusion, and neurotransmitter synthesis. CONCLUSION Androgens contribute to the maintenance of genitourinary tissue structure and function. The effects of androgens can be distinct from those of estrogens or can complement estrogenic action. Androgen-mediated processes might be involved in the full or partial resolution of genitourinary syndrome of menopause symptoms in women. Traish AM, Vignozzi L, Simon JA, et al. Role of Androgens in Female Genitourinary Tissue Structure and Function: Implications in the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:558-571.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmaged M Traish
- Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James A Simon
- Women's Health & Research Consultants, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Noel N Kim
- Institute for Sexual Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Abdelkawy KS, Lack K, Elbarbry F. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Promising Arginase Inhibitors. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 42:355-370. [PMID: 27734327 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-016-0381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Up-regulation of arginase activity in several chronic disease conditions, including cancer and hypertension, may suggest new targets for treatment. Recently, the number of new arginase inhibitors with promising therapeutic effects for asthma, cancer, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and erectile dysfunction has shown a remarkable increase. Arginase inhibitors may be chemical substances, such as boron-based amino acid derivatives, α-difluoromethylornithine (DMFO), and Nω-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA) or, of plant origin such as sauchinone, salvianolic acid B (SAB), piceatannol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (PG) and obacunone. Despite their promising therapeutic potential, little is known about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of some of these agents. Several studies were conducted in different animal species and in vitro systems and reported significant differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of arginase inhibitors. Therefore, extra caution should be considered before extrapolating these studies to human. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles of some effective arginase inhibitors make it challenging to formulate stable and effective formulation. In this article, existing literature on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of arginase inhibitors were reviewed and compared together with emphasis on possible drug interactions and solutions to overcome pharmacokinetics challenges and shortage of arginase inhibitors in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey Lack
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, 222 SE 8th Ave., Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Fawzy Elbarbry
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, 222 SE 8th Ave., Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
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Arginase Structure and Inhibition: Catalytic Site Plasticity Reveals New Modulation Possibilities. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13616. [PMID: 29051526 PMCID: PMC5648838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Metalloenzyme arginase is a therapeutically relevant target associated with tumor growth. To fight cancer immunosuppression, arginase activity can be modulated by small chemical inhibitors binding to its catalytic center. To better understand molecular mechanisms of arginase inhibition, a careful computer-aided mechanistic structural investigation of this enzyme was conducted. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in the microsecond range, key regions of the protein active site were identified and their flexibility was evaluated and compared. A cavity opening phenomenon was observed, involving three loops directly interacting with all known ligands, while metal coordinating regions remained motionless. A novel dynamic 3D pharmacophore analysis method termed dynophores has been developed that allows for the construction of a single 3D-model comprising all ligand-enzyme interactions occurring throughout a complete MD trajectory. This new technique for the in silico study of intermolecular interactions allows for loop flexibility analysis coupled with movements and conformational changes of bound ligands. Presented MD studies highlight the plasticity of the size of the arginase active site, leading to the hypothesis that larger ligands can enter the cavity of arginase. Experimental testing of a targeted fragment library substituted by different aliphatic groups validates this hypothesis, paving the way for the design of arginase inhibitors with novel binding patterns.
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Pfalzer AC, Bowman AB. Relationships Between Essential Manganese Biology and Manganese Toxicity in Neurological Disease. Curr Environ Health Rep 2017; 4:223-228. [PMID: 28417441 PMCID: PMC5515274 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-017-0136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Manganese (Mn) is critical for neurodevelopment but also has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neurological diseases. We discuss how Mn requirements intersect with Mn biology and toxicity, and how these requirements may be altered in neurological disease. Furthermore, we discuss the emerging evidence that the level of Mn associated with optimal overall efficiency for Mn biology does not necessarily coincide with optimal cognitive outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Studies have linked Mn exposures with urea cycle metabolism and autophagy, with evidence that exposures typically neurotoxic may be able to correct deficiencies in these processes at least short term. The line between Mn-dependent biology and toxicity is thus blurred. Further, new work suggests that Mn exposures correlating to optimal cognitive scores in children are associated with cognitive decline in adults. This review explores relationships between Mn-dependent neurobiology and Mn-dependent neurotoxicity. We propose the hypothesis that Mn levels/exposures that are toxic to some biological processes are beneficial for other biological processes and influenced by developmental stage and disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Pfalzer
- Departments of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- Departments of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Kennedy Center for Research and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Lacchini R, Muniz JJ, Nobre YTDA, Cologna AJ, Martins ACP, Tanus-Santos JE. Influence of arginase polymorphisms and arginase levels/activity on the response to erectile dysfunction therapy with sildenafil. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2017; 18:238-244. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2017.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Barassi A, Corsi Romanelli MM, Pezzilli R, Damele CAL, Vaccalluzzo L, Goi G, Papini N, Colpi GM, Massaccesi L, Melzi d'Eril GV. Levels of l
-arginine and l
-citrulline in patients with erectile dysfunction of different etiology. Andrology 2017; 5:256-261. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Barassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - M. M. Corsi Romanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
- Unità Operativa Medicina di Laboratorio -1 Patologia Clinica; IRCCS Policlinico San Donato; San Donato Milanese Milano Italy
| | - R. Pezzilli
- Dipartimento di Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente e Medicina Interna; Ospedale Sant'Orsola-Malpighi; Alma Mater Studiorum; Università degli Studi di Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - C. A. L. Damele
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - L. Vaccalluzzo
- ISES - Istituto per la Sterilità e la Sessualità; Milano Italy
| | - G. Goi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche; Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - N. Papini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - G. M. Colpi
- ISES - Istituto per la Sterilità e la Sessualità; Milano Italy
| | - L. Massaccesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche; Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
| | - G. V. Melzi d'Eril
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano Italy
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Adefegha SA, Oboh G, Okeke BM, Oyeleye SI. Comparative Effects of Alkaloid Extracts from Aframomum melegueta (Alligator Pepper) and Aframomum danielli (Bastered Melegueta) on Enzymes Relevant to Erectile Dysfunction. J Diet Suppl 2017; 14:542-552. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1272661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Adefegha
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Ganiyu Oboh
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Bathlomew M. Okeke
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Sunday I. Oyeleye
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Pudlo M, Demougeot C, Girard-Thernier C. Arginase Inhibitors: A Rational Approach Over One Century. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:475-513. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pudlo
- PEPITE - EA4267; University Bourgogne Franche-Comté; Besançon France
| | - Céline Demougeot
- PEPITE - EA4267; University Bourgogne Franche-Comté; Besançon France
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Murray PJ. Amino acid auxotrophy as a system of immunological control nodes. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:132-9. [PMID: 26784254 PMCID: PMC4893777 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the immune system are auxotrophs for most amino acids, including several nonessential ones. Arginine and tryptophan are used within the regulatory immune networks to control proliferation and function through pathways that actively deplete the amino acid from the microenvironment or that create regulatory molecules such as nitric oxide or kynurenines. How immune cells integrate information about essential amino acid supplies and then transfer these signals to growth and activation pathways remains unclear but has potential for pathway discovery about amino sensing. In applied research, strategies to harness amino acid auxotrophy so as to block cancerous lymphocyte growth have been attempted for decades with limited success. Emerging insights about amino acid metabolism may lead to new strategies in clinical medicine whereby both amino acid auxotrophy and the immunoregulatory pathways controlled by amino acids can be manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Abstract
Cells of the immune system are auxotrophs for most amino acids, including several nonessential ones. Arginine and tryptophan are used within the regulatory immune networks to control proliferation and function through pathways that actively deplete the amino acid from the microenvironment or that create regulatory molecules such as nitric oxide or kynurenines. How immune cells integrate information about essential amino acid supplies and then transfer these signals to growth and activation pathways remains unclear but has potential for pathway discovery about amino sensing. In applied research, strategies to harness amino acid auxotrophy so as to block cancerous lymphocyte growth have been attempted for decades with limited success. Emerging insights about amino acid metabolism may lead to new strategies in clinical medicine whereby both amino acid auxotrophy and the immunoregulatory pathways controlled by amino acids can be manipulated.
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37
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Lacchini R, Muniz JJ, Nobre YT, Cologna AJ, Martins AC, Tanus-Santos JE. Relationship between Arginase 1 and Arginase 2 levels and genetic polymorphisms with erectile dysfunction. Nitric Oxide 2015; 51:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mutagenic and kinetic support for an allosteric site in arginase from the extreme thermophile Bacillus caldovelox, which allows activation by arginine. Biochimie 2015; 108:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Winter G, Todd CD, Trovato M, Forlani G, Funck D. Physiological implications of arginine metabolism in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:534. [PMID: 26284079 PMCID: PMC4520006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is a limiting resource for plant growth in most terrestrial habitats since large amounts of nitrogen are needed to synthesize nucleic acids and proteins. Among the 21 proteinogenic amino acids, arginine has the highest nitrogen to carbon ratio, which makes it especially suitable as a storage form of organic nitrogen. Synthesis in chloroplasts via ornithine is apparently the only operational pathway to provide arginine in plants, and the rate of arginine synthesis is tightly regulated by various feedback mechanisms in accordance with the overall nutritional status. While several steps of arginine biosynthesis still remain poorly characterized in plants, much wider attention has been paid to inter- and intracellular arginine transport as well as arginine-derived metabolites. A role of arginine as alternative source besides glutamate for proline biosynthesis is still discussed controversially and may be prevented by differential subcellular localization of enzymes. Apparently, arginine is a precursor for nitric oxide (NO), although the molecular mechanism of NO production from arginine remains unclear in higher plants. In contrast, conversion of arginine to polyamines is well documented, and in several plant species also ornithine can serve as a precursor for polyamines. Both NO and polyamines play crucial roles in regulating developmental processes as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress. It is thus conceivable that arginine catabolism serves on the one hand to mobilize nitrogen storages, while on the other hand it may be used to fine-tune development and defense mechanisms against stress. This review summarizes the recent advances in our knowledge about arginine metabolism, with a special focus on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and pinpoints still unresolved critical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Winter
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Maurizio Trovato
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Forlani
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dietmar Funck
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dietmar Funck, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany,
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Hai Y, Edwards JE, Van Zandt MC, Hoffmann KF, Christianson DW. Crystal structure of Schistosoma mansoni arginase, a potential drug target for the treatment of schistosomiasis. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4671-84. [PMID: 25007099 PMCID: PMC4138072 DOI: 10.1021/bi5004519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structure of arginase from Schistosoma mansoni (SmARG) and the structures of its complexes with several amino acid inhibitors have been determined at atomic resolution. SmARG is a binuclear manganese metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-arginine to form l-ornithine and urea, and this enzyme is upregulated in all forms of the parasite that interact with the human host. Current hypotheses suggest that parasitic arginases could play a role in host immune evasion by depleting pools of substrate l-arginine that would otherwise be utilized for NO biosynthesis and NO-dependent processes in the immune response. Although the amino acid sequence of SmARG is only 42% identical with that of human arginase I, residues important for substrate binding and catalysis are strictly conserved. In general, classical amino acid inhibitors such as 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH) tend to bind more weakly to SmARG than to human arginase I despite identical inhibitor binding modes in each enzyme active site. The identification of a patch on the enzyme surface capable of accommodating the additional Cα substitutent of an α,α-disubstituted amino acid inhibitor suggests that such inhibitors could exhibit higher affinity and biological activity. The structures of SmARG complexed with two different α,α-disubstituted derivatives of ABH are presented and provide a proof of concept for this approach in the enhancement of enzyme-inhibitor affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hai
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Potassium {4-[(3S,6S,9S)-3,6-dibenzyl-9-isopropyl-4,7,10-trioxo-11–oxa-2,5,8-triazadodecyl]phenyl}trifluoroborate. MOLBANK 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/m827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Hai Y, Dugery RJ, Healy D, Christianson DW. Formiminoglutamase from Trypanosoma cruzi is an arginase-like manganese metalloenzyme. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9294-309. [PMID: 24261485 DOI: 10.1021/bi401352h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of formiminoglutamase from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcFIGase) is reported at 1.85 Å resolution. Although the structure of this enzyme was previously determined by the Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa Consortium (PDB accession code 2A0M), this structure was determined at low pH and lacked bound metal ions; accordingly, the protein was simply annotated as "arginase superfamily protein" with undetermined function. We show that reconstitution of this protein with Mn²⁺ confers maximal catalytic activity in the hydrolysis of formiminoglutamate to yield glutamate and formamide, thereby demonstrating that this protein is a metal-dependent formiminoglutamase. Equilibration of TcFIGase crystals with MnCl₂ at higher pH yields a binuclear manganese cluster similar to that observed in arginase, except that the histidine ligand to the Mn²⁺(A) ion of arginase is an asparagine ligand (N114) to the Mn²⁺(A) ion of TcFIGase. The crystal structure of N114H TcFIGase reveals a binuclear manganese cluster essentially identical to that of arginase, but the mutant exhibits a modest 35% loss of catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(M)). Interestingly, when TcFIGase is prepared and crystallized in the absence of reducing agents at low pH, a disulfide linkage forms between C35 and C242 in the active site. When reconstituted with Mn²⁺ at higher pH, this oxidized enzyme exhibits a modest 33% loss of catalytic efficiency. Structure determinations of the metal-free and metal-bound forms of oxidized TcFIGase reveal that although disulfide formation constricts the main entrance to the active site, other structural changes open alternative channels to the active site that may help sustain catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hai
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, U.S.A
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Steppan J, Nyhan D, Berkowitz DE. Development of novel arginase inhibitors for therapy of endothelial dysfunction. Front Immunol 2013; 4:278. [PMID: 24062745 PMCID: PMC3774993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and resulting vascular pathology have been identified as an early hallmark of multiple diseases, including diabetes mellitus. One of the major contributors to endothelial dysfunction is a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, impaired NO signaling, and an increase in the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the endothelium NO is produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), for which l-arginine is a substrate. Arginase, an enzyme critical in the urea cycle also metabolizes l-arginine, thereby directly competing with eNOS for their common substrate and constraining its bioavailability for eNOS, thereby compromising NO production. Arginase expression and activity is upregulated in many cardiovascular diseases including ischemia reperfusion injury, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus. More importantly, since the 1990s, specific arginase inhibitors such as N-hydroxy-guanidinium or N-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine, and boronic acid derivatives, such as, 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid, and S-(2-boronoethyl)-l-cysteine, that can bridge the binuclear manganese cluster of arginase have been developed. These highly potent and specific inhibitors can now be used to probe arginase function and thereby modulate the redox milieu of the cell by changing the balance between NO and ROS. Inspired by this success, drug discovery programs have recently led to the identification of α–α-disubstituted amino acid based arginase inhibitors [such as (R)-2-amino-6-borono-2-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)hexanoic acid], that are currently under early investigation as therapeutics. Finally, some investigators concentrate on identification of plant derived compounds with arginase inhibitory capability, such as piceatannol-3′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (PG). All of these synthesized or naturally derived small molecules may represent novel therapeutics for vascular disease particularly that associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Steppan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Unique hepatic cytosolic arginase evolved independently in ureogenic freshwater air-breathing teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66057. [PMID: 23840400 PMCID: PMC3688715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cytosolic arginase (ARG I), an enzyme of the urea cycle operating in the liver of ureotelic animals, is reported to be present in an ammoniotelic freshwater air-breathing teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis which has ureogenic potential. Antibodies available against mammalian ARG I showed no cross reactivity with the H. fossilis ARG I. We purified unique ARG I from H. fossilis liver. Purified ARG I is a homotrimer with molecular mass 75 kDa and subunit molecular mass of 24 kDa. The pI value of the enzyme was 8.5. It showed maximum activity at pH 10.5 and 55°C. The Km of purified enzyme for L-arginine was 2.65±0.39 mM. L-ornithine and N(ω)-hydroxy-L-arginine showed inhibition of the ARG I activity, with Ki values 0.52±0.02mM and 0.08±0.006mM, respectively. Antibody raised against the purified fish liver ARG I showed exclusive specificity, and has no cross reactivity against fish liver ARG II and mammalian liver ARG I and ARG II. We found another isoform of arginase bound to the outer membrane of the mitochondria which was released by 150-200 mM KCl in the extraction medium. This isoform was immunologically different from the soluble cytosolic and mitochondrial arginase. The results of present study support that hepatic cytosolic arginase evolved in this ureogenic freshwater teleost, H. fossilis. Phylogenetic analysis confirms an independent evolution event that occurred much after the evolution of the cytosolic arginase of ureotelic vertebrates.
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Golebiowski A, Paul Beckett R, Van Zandt M, Ji MK, Whitehouse D, Ryder TR, Jagdmann E, Andreoli M, Mazur A, Padmanilayam M, Cousido-Siah A, Mitschler A, Ruiz FX, Podjarny A, Schroeter H. 2-Substituted-2-amino-6-boronohexanoic acids as arginase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2027-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Van Zandt MC, Whitehouse DL, Golebiowski A, Ji MK, Zhang M, Beckett RP, Jagdmann GE, Ryder TR, Sheeler R, Andreoli M, Conway B, Mahboubi K, D’Angelo G, Mitschler A, Cousido-Siah A, Ruiz FX, Howard EI, Podjarny AD, Schroeter H. Discovery of (R)-2-Amino-6-borono-2-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)hexanoic Acid and Congeners As Highly Potent Inhibitors of Human Arginases I and II for Treatment of Myocardial Reperfusion Injury. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2568-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400014c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Van Zandt
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Darren L. Whitehouse
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Adam Golebiowski
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Min Koo Ji
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Mingbao Zhang
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - R. Paul Beckett
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - G. Erik Jagdmann
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Todd R. Ryder
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Ryan Sheeler
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Monica Andreoli
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Bruce Conway
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Keyvan Mahboubi
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Gerard D’Angelo
- The Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, LLC, 23 Business Park
Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Andre Mitschler
- Department of Integrative Biology,
IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Alexandra Cousido-Siah
- Department of Integrative Biology,
IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Francesc X. Ruiz
- Department of Integrative Biology,
IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Eduardo I. Howard
- Department of Integrative Biology,
IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
- IFLYSIB, Conicet, UNLP, Calle 59 N° 789, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alberto D. Podjarny
- Department of Integrative Biology,
IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hagen Schroeter
- Mars, Incorporated, 6885
Elm Street, McLean,Virginia 22101, United States
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Nagagarajan S, Xue F, MacKerell AD. Impact of substrate protonation and tautomerization states on interactions with the active site of arginase I. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:452-60. [PMID: 23327293 DOI: 10.1021/ci300506y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human arginase is a binuclear manganese metalloenzyme that participates in the urea cycle. Arginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine into L-ornithine and urea and is linked to several disorders such as asthma and cancer. Currently, the protonation and tautomerization state of the substrate when bound to the active site, which contains two manganese ions, is not known. Knowledge of the charge-dependent behavior of arginine in the arginase I environment would be of utility toward understanding the catalytic mechanism and designing inhibitors of this enzyme. The arginine(+/0) species, including all possible neutral tautomers, were modeled using an aminoimidazole analog as template. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations were then performed on each of the charged and neutral species. In addition, a hydroxide ion was included in selected simulations to test its importance. Results show that the positively charged state of arginine is stable in the active site of arginase I, with that stabilization facilitated by the presence of hydroxide. Glu277 is indicated to play a role in stabilizing arginine in the active site and facilitating its ability to assume a catalytically competent conformation in the presence of hydroxide. The reported interactions and modeled arginine-bound arginase I structures can be used as a tool for structure-based inhibitor design, as experimental data on the structure of the substrate-enzyme complex is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Nagagarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street HSFII, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Srivastava A, Meena SK, Alam M, Nayeem SM, Deep S, Sau AK. Structural and Functional Insights into the Regulation of Helicobacter pylori Arginase Activity by an Evolutionary Nonconserved Motif. Biochemistry 2013; 52:508-19. [DOI: 10.1021/bi301421v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Srivastava
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067,
India
| | - Shiv Kumar Meena
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067,
India
| | - Mashkoor Alam
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067,
India
| | - Shahid M. Nayeem
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016,
India
| | - Shashank Deep
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016,
India
| | - Apurba Kumar Sau
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067,
India
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Srivastava S, Ratha BK. Unusual hepatic mitochondrial arginase in an Indian air-breathing teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis: purification and characterization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012. [PMID: 23195132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A functional urea cycle with both cytosolic (ARG I) and mitochondrial (ARG II) arginase activity is present in the liver of an ureogenic air-breathing teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis. Antibodies against mammalian ARG II showed no cross-reactivity with the H. fossilis ARG II. ARG II was purified to homogeneity from H. fossilis liver. Purified ARG II showed a native molecular mass of 96 kDa. SDS-PAGE showed a major band at 48 kDa. The native enzyme, therefore, appears to be a homodimer. The pI value of the enzyme was 7.5. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 10.5 and 55 °C. The K(m) of purified ARG II for l-arginine was 5.25±1.12 mM. L-Ornithine and N(ω)-hydroxy-L-arginine showed mixed inhibition with K(i) values 2.16±0.08 and 0.02±0.004 mM respectively. Mn(+2) and Co(+2) were effective activators of arginase activity. Antibody raised against purified H. fossilis ARG II did not cross-react with fish ARG I, and mammalian ARG I and ARG II. Western blot with the antibodies against purified H. fossilis hepatic ARG II showed cross reactivity with a 96 kDa band on native PAGE and a 48 kDa band on SDS-PAGE. The molecular, immunological and kinetic properties suggest uniqueness of the hepatic mitochondrial ARG II in H. fossilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpee Srivastava
- Biochemical Adaptation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.
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50
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Homology modeling, docking and molecular dynamics of the Leishmania mexicana arginase: A description of the catalytic site useful for drug design. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 38:50-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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