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Laguerre A, Gall ET. Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Indoor Materials: Method Development. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20634-20641. [PMID: 37332781 PMCID: PMC10268631 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire smoke penetrates indoors, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoke may accumulate on indoor materials. We developed two approaches for measuring PAHs on common indoor materials: (1) solvent-soaked wiping of solid materials (glass and drywall) and (2) direct extraction of porous/fleecy materials (mechanical air filter media and cotton sheets). Samples are extracted by sonication in dichloromethane and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Extraction recoveries range from 50-83% for surrogate standards and for PAHs recovered from direct application to isopropanol-soaked wipes, in line with prior studies. We evaluate our methods with a total recovery metric, defined as the sampling and extraction recovery of PAHs from a test material spiked with known PAH mass. Total recovery is higher for "heavy" PAHs (HPAHs, 4 or more aromatic rings) than for "light" PAHs (LPAHs, 2-3 aromatic rings). For glass, the total recovery range is 44-77% for HPAHs and 0-30% for LPAHs. Total recoveries from painted drywall are <20% for all PAHs tested. For filter media and cotton, total recoveries of HPAHs are 37-67 and 19-57%, respectively. These data show acceptable HPAH total recovery on glass, cotton, and filter media; total recovery of LPAHs may be unacceptably low for indoor materials using methods developed here. Our data also indicate that extraction recovery of surrogate standards may overestimate the total recovery of PAHs from glass using solvent wipe sampling. The developed method enables future studies of accumulation of PAHs indoors, including potential longer-term exposure derived from contaminated indoor surfaces.
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Liu J, Li B, Deng H, Yang Y, Song W, Wang X, Luo Y, Francisco JS, Li L, Gligorovski S. Resolving the Formation Mechanism of HONO via Ammonia-Promoted Photosensitized Conversion of Monomeric NO 2 on Urban Glass Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11488-11493. [PMID: 37196053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the formation processes of nitrous acid (HONO) is crucial due to its role as a primary source of hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the urban atmosphere and its involvement in haze events. In this study, we propose a new pathway for HONO formation via the UVA-light-promoted photosensitized conversion of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the presence of ammonia (NH3) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, common compounds in urban grime). This new mechanism differs from the traditional mechanism, as it does not require the formation of the NO2 dimer. Instead, the enhanced electronic interaction between the UVA-light excited triplet state of PAHs and NO2-H2O/NO2-NH3-H2O significantly reduces the energy barrier and facilitates the exothermic formation of HONO from monomeric NO2. Furthermore, the performed experiments confirmed our theoretical findings and revealed that the synergistic effect from light-excited PAHs and NH3 boosts the HONO formation with determined HONO fluxes of 3.6 × 1010 molecules cm-2 s-1 at 60% relative humidity (RH) higher than any previously reported HONO fluxes. Intriguingly, light-induced NO2 to HONO conversion yield on authentic urban grime in presence of NH3 is unprecedented 130% at 60% RH due to the role of NH3 acting as a hydrogen carrier, facilitating the transfer of hydrogen from H2O to NO2. These results show that NH3-assisted UVA-light-induced NO2 to HONO conversion on urban surfaces can be a dominant source of HONO in the metropolitan area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bai Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang, 515200, China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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DeYoung JL, Shaw SK. Host surface orientation impacts environmental film accumulations. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135823. [PMID: 35973506 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two environmental films were passively collected in different orientations (vertical or horizontal) at the same location over two months. We characterized these films using bright field microscopy, total dissolved species analysis, pH analysis, vibrational interfacial spectroscopy, and contact angle goniometry. Results show that horizontal films have significantly higher surface coverage than the vertical samples (+50%). The vertical and horizontal films also show different particle morphologies but the particle size distributions are not statistically different. Vertical surfaces have smaller, less compact particulate suggesting particle adsorption depends on the surface area in contact with the parent substrate. Horizontal surfaces also generate more total dissolved solid material per unit area when washed with water (+61%). The dissolved solids from the vertical substrate are more acidic per unit mass, suggesting increased pH active species like nitrate, sulfate, or organic acids. Vibrational spectroscopy provides evidence of nitrates and sulfates in both films, but spectroscopic profiles show these ions are present in different forms. Contact angle goniometry measurements show horizontal films are more hydrophilic than vertical films, despite being deposited on the same substrate material. We also report significantly different hydrogen bonding environments for condensed water between the two films. Our results suggest that environmental films deposited on vertical vs horizontal surfaces will have significantly different characteristics, informing models for deposition and impacts to human and environmental health.
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Deng H, Lakey PSJ, Wang Y, Li P, Xu J, Pang H, Liu J, Xu X, Li X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Shiraiwa M, Gligorovski S. Daytime SO 2 chemistry on ubiquitous urban surfaces as a source of organic sulfur compounds in ambient air. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq6830. [PMID: 36170374 PMCID: PMC9519037 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq6830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with surface-bound compounds on atmospheric aerosols lead to the formation of organic sulfur (OS) compounds, thereby affecting the air quality and climate. Here, we show that the heterogeneous reaction of SO2 with authentic urban grime under near-ultraviolet sunlight irradiation leads to a large suite of various organic compounds including OS released in the gas phase. Calculations indicate that at the core area of Guangzhou, building surface uptake of SO2 is 15 times larger than uptake of SO2 on aerosol surfaces, yielding ~20 ng m-3 of OS that represents an important fraction of the observed OS compounds (60 to 200 ng m-3) in ambient aerosols of Chinese megacities. This chemical pathway occurring during daytime can contribute to the observed fraction of OS compounds in aerosols and improve the understanding of haze formation and urban air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pascale S. J. Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92687-2025, USA
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
| | - Jiangping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuzhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92687-2025, USA
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Corresponding author.
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Liu J, Deng H, Zhang R, Song W, Li X, Luo Y, Wang X, Gligorovski S. Physical and chemical characterization of urban grime: An impact on the NO 2 uptake coefficients and N-containing product compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155973. [PMID: 35588848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urban grime represents an important environmental surface for heterogeneous reactions in urban environment. Here, we assess the physical and chemical properties of urban grime collected during six consecutive months in downtown of Guangzhou, China. There is a significant variation of the uptake coefficients of NO2 on the urban grime as a function of the relative humidity (RH). In absence of water molecules (0% RH), the light-induced uptake coefficients of NO2 on urban grime samples collected during six months are very similar in order of ≈10-6. At 80% RH, depending on the sampling month the light-induced uptake coefficient of NO2 can reach one order of magnitude higher values (1.5 × 10-5, at 80% RH) compared to those uptakes at 0% RH. In presence of 80% RH, there are strong correlations between the measured NO2 uptakes and the concentrations of the water soluble carbon, soluble anions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes depicted in the urban grime. These correlations, demonstrate that surface adsorbed water on urban grime play an important role for the uptakes of NO2. The heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on two-month old urban grime under sunlight irradiation (68 W m-2, 300 nm < λ < 400 nm) at 60% RH leads to the formation of unprecedented HONO surface flux of 4.7 × 1010 molecules cm-2 s-1 which is higher than all previously observed HONO fluxes, thereby affecting the oxidation capacity of the urban atmosphere. During the heterogeneous chemistry of NO2 with urban grime, the unsaturated and N-containing organic compounds are released in the gas phase which can affect the air quality in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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6
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Nikolaeva O, Kuznetsova T, Karpukhin M, Vecherskii M. Elemental composition of sediments on exterior window surfaces along vertical gradient in Moscow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153999. [PMID: 35196544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies on the spatial distribution of pollutants in urban environments, little is known about their vertical profile. The presented research aims to analyze loadings and concentration of elements sedimented on exterior glass window surfaces of a high-rise building in Moscow city. The roadside part of a typical 17-level building was examined. Window sediments were collected along vertical from the 2nd to the 17th level using the novel instrumental approach of wet vacuum dust collection. A clear declining trend of sediment weight distribution was observed along the height increase. The values decreased by six times within 40-m vertical, from the 3rd (386 mg m-2) by the 17th level (63 mg m-2), driven by a decline of coarse dust fraction. Organic matter, Si, and Ca were the key contributors to the window sediments, providing 40%, 15%, and 4% in total weight, respectively. Among other elements, the highest proportions (over 1%) were identified for S, Fe, and Al, whereas little less (0.5-1%), for Mg, K, and Na, individually. Other element concentrations decreased in the following order P > Zn > Mn > Cu > Ba > Sr > Cr > V > Ni > Pb > Co > As>Cd. Element concentrations did not differ along vertical gradient due to the constant proportion of the finest dust fraction. Window sediments were characterized by 2-4 times higher concentrations of most of the studied elements than the road dust, being enriched by S, Na, Zn, and Cu - 27, 15, 10, and 6 times higher, respectively. Based on the strong correlation between the composition of road dust and window sediments, we consider resuspension of the road dust as a predominant source of particles sedimented on window glass surfaces and its enrichment by non-exhaust traffic-related elements. The research proved the validity of the suggested instrumental technique for sediment collection from window glass surfaces. Elemental analysis of window sediments was considered as a promising approach for environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Nikolaeva
- Research and Training Soil Ecological Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 141592, Chashnikovo, Solnechnogorsk district, Moscow Oblast, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, bld. 33, Leninsky Avenue, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Karpukhin
- Faculty of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, bld. 1/12, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Vecherskii
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, bld. 33, Leninsky Avenue, Moscow, Russia
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Lv K, Bai L, Song B, Ma X, Hou M, Fu J, Shi Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Presence of organophosphate flame retardants (OPEs) in different functional areas in residential homes in Beijing, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 115:277-285. [PMID: 34969455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The production and application of organophosphate esters (OPEs) have dramatically increased in recent years due to their use as a replacement for brominated flame retardants. In this study, 13 OPEs (Σ13OPEs) were analyzed in indoor air samples from kitchens and living rooms in 14 residential homes in Beijing, China. The concentrations of Σ13OPEs in kitchen air samples (mean: 13 ng/m3) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in living room air samples (5.0 ng/m3). In addition, paired window surface organic film samples were collected and analyzed to investigate film-air partitioning, exhibiting a mean concentration of Σ13OPEs of 4100 ng/m2. The congener profiles showed that tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the predominant compound in both window film samples (48%) and the corresponding indoor air sample (56%). The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of OPEs via indoor air inhalation were 2.8 and 1.4 ng/kg/day for infants and adults, respectively, both of which are below the reference dose values (RfDs). Overall, these findings indicate that OPEs in the indoor air environment of residential homes in Beijing are not likely to pose a health risk to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lv
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Boyu Song
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Minmin Hou
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yali Shi
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Bai L, lu: K, Shi Y, Li J, Wang Y, Jiang G. 北京市运动场灰尘中有机磷酸酯:季节差异和人体暴露研究. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Wania F, Shunthirasingham C. Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1925-2002. [PMID: 32822447 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During passive air sampling, the amount of a chemical taken up in a sorbent from the air without the help of a pump is quantified and converted into an air concentration. In an equilibrium sampler, this conversion requires a thermodynamic parameter, the equilibrium sorption coefficient between gas-phase and sorbent. In a kinetic sampler, a time-averaged air concentration is obtained using a sampling rate, which is a kinetic parameter. Design requirements for kinetic and equilibrium sampling conflict with each other. The volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) varies over five orders of magnitude, which implies that passive air samplers are inevitably kinetic samplers for less volatile SVOCs and equilibrium samplers for more volatile SVOCs. Therefore, most currently used passive sampler designs for SVOCs are a compromise that requires the consideration of both a thermodynamic and a kinetic parameter. Their quantitative interpretation depends on assumptions that are rarely fulfilled, and on input parameters, that are often only known with high uncertainty. Kinetic passive air sampling for SVOCs is also challenging because their typically very low atmospheric concentrations necessitate relatively high sampling rates that can only be achieved without the use of diffusive barriers. This in turn renders sampling rates dependent on wind conditions and therefore highly variable. Despite the overall high uncertainty arising from these challenges, passive air samplers for SVOCs have valuable roles to play in recording (i) spatial concentration variability at scales ranging from a few centimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers, (ii) long-term trends, (iii) air contamination in remote and inaccessible locations and (iv) indoor inhalation exposure. Going forward, thermal desorption of sorbents may lower the detection limits for some SVOCs to an extent that the use of diffusive barriers in the kinetic sampling of SVOCs becomes feasible, which is a prerequisite to decreasing the uncertainty of sampling rates. If the thermally stable sorbent additionally has a high sorptive capacity, it may be possible to design true kinetic samplers for most SVOCs. In the meantime, the passive air sampling community would benefit from being more transparent by rigorously quantifying and explicitly reporting uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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10
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Liu J, Deng H, Li S, Jiang H, Mekic M, Zhou W, Wang Y, Loisel G, Wang X, Gligorovski S. Light-Enhanced Heterogeneous Conversion of NO 2 to HONO on Solid Films Consisting of Fluorene and Fluorene/Na 2SO 4: An Impact on Urban and Indoor Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11079-11086. [PMID: 32598136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as constituents of urban grime and indoor surfaces can impact the photochemical conversion of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to nitrous acid (HONO) thereby impacting the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. In this study we investigate the effect of relative humidity (RH%), light intensity, and NO2 concentrations on uptake coefficients (γ) of NO2 on solid film consisting of fluorene (FL) and a mixture of FL and Na2SO4 as a proxy for urban and indoor grime at ambient pressure and temperature. γ(NO2) on solid FL increased markedly from (5.7 ± 1.7) × 10-7 at 0% RH to (4.6 ± 1.0) × 10-6 at 90% RH. The NO2 to HONO conversion yield, (ΔHONO/ΔNO2)%, increases with RH from 40% at 0% RH up to 80% at 60-90% RH, indicating that the water molecules favor the formation of HONO up to 60% RH. These results suggest that the heterogeneous photochemical reaction of NO2 on FL and FL/Na2SO4 can be an important source of HONO in the urban environment and indoor atmosphere and should be considered in photochemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huifan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
| | - Majda Mekic
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gwendal Loisel
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
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11
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Su P, Zhang W, Hao Y, Tomy GT, Yin F, Chen L, Ding Y, Li Y, Feng D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminations along shipping lanes and implications of seafarer exposure: Based on PAHs in ship surface films and a film-air-water fugacity model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:138943. [PMID: 32388158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most toxic compounds in ship tailpipe exhausts. The long-term contamination of PAHs along shipping lanes and ports is difficult to assess using conventional methods such as AIS-EFs-data based (AIS, Automatic identification system; EFs, emission factors) or field sampling methods. To address this, we collected the organic films on ship surfaces and used a modified film-air-water fugacity model to convert the film-bound concentrations to the airborne (gaseous plus particulate) concentrations. Not surprisingly, concentrations of PAHs on organic films on ship surfaces were greater than those measured on films on residential buildings. The airborne total PAH concentrations along shipping lanes in Yangtze River Delta area ranged from 63.3-325 ng m-3, which were in the same order of magnitude to those in Beijing during haze days. The incremental lifetime cancer risks by exposure to PAHs in ship indoor air were higher than the US EPA lower guideline, indicating considerable carcinogenic risks to seafarers. Our study proposes an alternative method to estimate the long-term contaminations of PAHs along shipping lanes and highlights a notable health risk to seafarers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China
| | - Yuejiao Hao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fang Yin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China
| | - Lisu Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Ding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China
| | - Yifan Li
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Daolun Feng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 200135, PR China.
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12
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Yu Y, Yang Y, Wang Q, Liu M. Distribution, Sources, and Risk Assessment of PAHs in Organic Films on Glass Window Surfaces Along the Urban–Rural Gradient in Shanghai, China. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1441880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Yu
- School of Urban and Planning, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Territorial Resources and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Rodenburg LA, Winstanley I, Wallin JM. Source Apportionment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Atmospheric Deposition in the Seattle, WA, USA Area Measured with Method 1668. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:188-196. [PMID: 31165912 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition can be an important pathway for the delivery of toxic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to ecosystems, especially in remote areas. Determining the sources of atmospheric PCBs can be difficult, because PCBs may travel long distances to reach the monitoring location, allowing for a variety of weathering processes that may alter PCB fingerprints. Previous efforts to determine the sources of atmospheric PCBs have been hampered by the electron capture detection methods used to measure PCBs. In this work, EPA method 1668, which is capable of measuring all 209 congeners, was used to measure PCBs in bulk atmospheric deposition at seven locations in the Green-Duwamish River watershed in and near Seattle, WA. Analysis of this data set via Positive Matrix Factorization allowed the identification of six factors that represent PCB sources. Four factors, representing approximately 88% of all PCB mass, are strikingly similar to unweathered Aroclors, suggesting minimal weathering during transport and/or local PCB sources at some sites. A fifth factor contained virtually all of the PCB 11 mass and represents PCBs from pigments. It explained approximately 39% of the Toxic Equivalency Quotient in the atmospheric deposition samples. The remaining factor contained non-Aroclor PCBs and may be related to silicone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Iris Winstanley
- Leidos, Environmental Planning & Restoration Portfolio, 18912 North Creek Parkway, Suite 101, Bothell, WA, 98011, USA
| | - Jennifer M Wallin
- Leidos, Environmental Planning & Restoration Portfolio, 18912 North Creek Parkway, Suite 101, Bothell, WA, 98011, USA
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14
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Abstract
Indoor surfaces provide a plentiful and varied substrate on which multiphase reactions can occur which can be important to the chemical makeup of the indoor environment. Here, we attempt to characterise real indoor surface films via water uptake behaviour and ionic composition. We show that water uptake by indoor films is different than that observed outdoors, and can vary according to room use, building characteristics, and season. Similarly, preliminary investigation into the ionic composition of the films showed that they varied according to the room in which they were collected. This study highlights the importance of different types of soiling to multiphase chemistry, especially those reactions controlled by relative humidity or adsorbed water.
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15
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Chandra Yadav I, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Examining the role of total organic carbon and black carbon in the fate of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in indoor dust from Nepal: Implication on human health. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 175:225-235. [PMID: 30903878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the consumption and import of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been stopped in Nepal since 2001, they are still of worry for human prosperity and the environment because of their persistence behavior and constant release from sources that are presently being used. The essential objective of this study was to assess the concentration and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in residential dust from Nepal keeping in mind the end goal to evaluate the importance of total organic carbon (TOC) and black carbon (BC) in the fate of legacy POPs. Additionally, health risk exposure via dust ingestion and dermal absorption was estimated to evaluate the significance of dust media for human exposure. Results demonstrated that ∑OCPs in dust was 37 times greater than ∑PCBs. DDT was mostly dominated in the dust, and contributed 90% of the ∑OCPs, while hexa-CBs predominated among PCBs and represented 34% of ∑PCBs. Birgunj and Biratnagar had a relatively higher level of ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs than those of Kathmandu and Pokhara. TOC and BC showed a poor connection with OCPs, recommending little or no role. However, PCB in the dust, especially low congeners was strongly linked with TOC but not BC indicating the significant role of TOC. The daily risk exposure estimation indicated dermal absorption through dust as the principal means of OCPs/PCBs intake to both adult and children population. These estimated exposures were 2-4 orders of magnitude inferior to their corresponding reference dose showing insignificant risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
| | - Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya-Panchanpur, Post-Fatehpur, P.S-Tekari, District-Gaya, 824236, Bihar, India
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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16
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Lécrivain N, Frossard V, Naffrechoux E, Clément B. Looking at Organic Pollutants (OPs) Signatures in Littoral Sediments to Assess the Influence of a Local Urban Source at the Whole Lake Scale. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1631195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lécrivain
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Victor Frossard
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, UMR 42 CARRTEL, Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | | | - Bernard Clément
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
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17
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Su C, Zhang H, Cridge C, Liang R. A review of multimedia transport and fate models for chemicals: Principles, features and applicability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:881-892. [PMID: 31018472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The frequent use of chemicals has caused ecosystems and humans to be threatened due to their discharge into the environment. Multimedia environmental fate models could provide a comprehensive picture of transport behaviour and fate for organic chemicals in multiple environmental media. They have been designed and widely used for chemical risk assessment, chemical ranking and management support, and determination of chemical bioaccumulation. This study reviewed the principles, features and applicability of recent commonly used multimedia fate models from peer-reviewed literature. Fugacity-based and concentration-based models are now widely adopted for use in chemical fate evaluation, while they are more appropriate for volatile and semi-volatile chemicals. Or the fugacity-based models can use aquivalence equilibrium criterion to cations, anions and involatile chemicals. The MAMI and SESAMe models based on activity approach are applicable to neutral and ionizable molecules. However, interactions of ionic species with other water solutes are not taken into account in these models. Additionally, they could not directionally simulate how chemicals transported form one grid to another. Future attention should be focused on the reliability of transfer behaviour and fate of ionizable chemicals, as integrating the advantages of these two kinds of models into a reconstructed one may be a better choice. In a word, environmental multimedia models have been beneficial tools for chemical control and management, risk and effect estimation, and decision supporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Su
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Claudia Cridge
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Ruoyu Liang
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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18
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Eichler CMA, Cao J, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Little JC. Modeling the formation and growth of organic films on indoor surfaces. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:17-29. [PMID: 30387208 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emission, transport, and fate of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), which include plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides, biocides, and oxidation products of volatile organic compounds, are influenced in part by their tendency to sorb to indoor surfaces. A thin organic film enhances this effect, because it acts as both an SVOC sink and a source, thus potentially prolonging human exposure. Unfortunately, our ability to describe the initial formation and subsequent growth of organic films on indoor surfaces is limited. To overcome this gap, we propose a mass transfer model accounting for adsorption, condensation, and absorption of multiple gas-phase SVOCs on impervious, vertical indoor surfaces. Further model development and experimental research are needed including more realistic scenarios accounting for surface heterogeneity, non-ideal organic mixtures, and particle deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M A Eichler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Jianping Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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19
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Weber R, Gonser S, Köhler J, Körner W, Herold C, Haag R, Krapp M, Peichl L. Biomonitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls in Bavaria/Germany-long-term observations and standardization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16344-16354. [PMID: 29288297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the 1980s, it was demonstrated that semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) accumulate in plant leaves. Plants are at the base of the food chain, and therefore a starting point for transfer of PCBs to animals and related human exposure. For two decades, the Environment Agency of the German federal state of Bavaria (LfU) has been operating long-term monitoring stations to measure the impact of organic air pollutants. Standardized ryegrass, curly kale, and spruce needles are used as bioindicators for the atmospheric entries of PCBs into vegetation. From the end of 1990s to 2009, there was a marked decline in the concentrations of indicator PCBs (i-PCBs) and a minor decline in PCB-TEQ levels. After 2009, the concentrations leveled off. In rural areas, the median concentrations of Σ6 i-PCB in ryegrass and curly kale were about 3 and 4 μg/kg dm in 2000, and have been about 0.5 and 1 μg/kg dm since 2009, respectively. Concentrations in spruce needles fell from 0.9 to 0.4 μg/kg dm. Median PCB-TEQ concentrations in the bioindicator plants ranged from 0.05 to 0.23 ng/kg dm between 2002 and 2009 and from 0.15 to 0.05 ng/kg dm after 2009. Indicator PCB and PCB-TEQ concentrations were several times higher at the urban station in Munich than at the rural areas, reflecting the emissions from in-use PCB stocks in the building sector. The likely reason of the slower decrease of PCB-TEQ compared to i-PCBs is the formation of PCB-126 by dechlorination of industrial PCBs in open applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, D-73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany.
| | - Stefan Gonser
- Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Köhler
- Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), Augsburg, Germany
| | | | - Christine Herold
- POPs Environmental Consulting, D-73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | | | - Margit Krapp
- Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Peichl
- Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), Augsburg, Germany
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20
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Hsu-Kim H, Eckley CS, Achá D, Feng X, Gilmour CC, Jonsson S, Mitchell CPJ. Challenges and opportunities for managing aquatic mercury pollution in altered landscapes. AMBIO 2018; 47:141-169. [PMID: 29388127 PMCID: PMC5794684 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-017-1006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The environmental cycling of mercury (Hg) can be affected by natural and anthropogenic perturbations. Of particular concern is how these disruptions increase mobilization of Hg from sites and alter the formation of monomethylmercury (MeHg), a bioaccumulative form of Hg for humans and wildlife. The scientific community has made significant advances in recent years in understanding the processes contributing to the risk of MeHg in the environment. The objective of this paper is to synthesize the scientific understanding of how Hg cycling in the aquatic environment is influenced by landscape perturbations at the local scale, perturbations that include watershed loadings, deforestation, reservoir and wetland creation, rice production, urbanization, mining and industrial point source pollution, and remediation. We focus on the major challenges associated with each type of alteration, as well as management opportunities that could lessen both MeHg levels in biota and exposure to humans. For example, our understanding of approximate response times to changes in Hg inputs from various sources or landscape alterations could lead to policies that prioritize the avoidance of certain activities in the most vulnerable systems and sequestration of Hg in deep soil and sediment pools. The remediation of Hg pollution from historical mining and other industries is shifting towards in situ technologies that could be less disruptive and less costly than conventional approaches. Contemporary artisanal gold mining has well-documented impacts with respect to Hg; however, significant social and political challenges remain in implementing effective policies to minimize Hg use. Much remains to be learned as we strive towards the meaningful application of our understanding for stakeholders, including communities living near Hg-polluted sites, environmental policy makers, and scientists and engineers tasked with developing watershed management solutions. Site-specific assessments of MeHg exposure risk will require new methods to predict the impacts of anthropogenic perturbations and an understanding of the complexity of Hg cycling at the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heileen Hsu-Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Chris S. Eckley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region-10, 1200 6th Ave, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
| | - Dario Achá
- Unidad de Calidad Ambiental, Instituto de Ecología, Carrera de Biología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, P.O. Box 10077, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002 China
| | - Cynthia C. Gilmour
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd, Edgewater, MD 21037-0028 USA
| | - Sofi Jonsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl P. J. Mitchell
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4 Canada
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21
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Grant JS, Shaw SK. A model system to mimic environmentally active surface film roughness and hydrophobicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:772-779. [PMID: 28735233 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the development and initial assessment of a laboratory platform to allow quantitative studies on model urban films. The platform consists of stearic acid and eicosane mixtures that are solution deposited from hexanes onto smooth, solid substrates. We show that this model has distinctive capabilities to better mimic a naturally occurring film's morphology and hydrophobicity, two important parameters that have not previously been incorporated into model film systems. The physical and chemical properties of the model films are assessed using a variety of analytical instruments. The film thickness and roughness are probed via atomic force microscopy while the film composition, wettability, and water uptake are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle goniometry, and quartz crystal microbalance, respectively. Simulated environmental maturation is achieved by exposing the film to regulated amounts of UV/ozone. Ultimately, oxidation of the film is monitored by the analytical techniques mentioned above and proceeds as expected to produce a utile model film system. Including variable roughness and tunable surface coverage results in several key advantages over prior model systems, and will more accurately represent native urban film behavior.
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22
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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23
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Domínguez-Morueco N, Diamond ML, Sierra J, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL, Nadal M. Application of the Multimedia Urban Model to estimate the emissions and environmental fate of PAHs in Tarragona County, Catalonia, Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:1622-1629. [PMID: 27692472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Multimedia Urban Model (MUM-Fate) was used to estimate the emissions, fate and transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Tarragona County, Catalonia, Spain, where the largest chemical/petrochemical industrial complex of Southern Europe is located. MUM-Fate is a Level III steady-state fugacity model consisting of seven bulk media compartments (lower and upper air, surface water, sediment, soil, vegetation, and an organic film that coats impervious surfaces). The model was parameterized according to environmental conditions in Tarragona County, and used to back-calculate emissions from measured air concentrations of naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene. Modelled results in soils were within the range reported for measured concentrations. Estimated emissions of ∑6PAH were 42ty-1, with phenanthrene having the greatest value (16ty-1). The fate and transport of ∑6PAH were subsequently estimated by running the model an illustrative emission rate of 1molh-1. Organic film on impervious surfaces was the compartment that achieved the highest concentrations of PAHs, being up to 2·108ngm-3. However, as the film conveys chemicals to surface waters, the persistence in this compartment was <1day. Soils and sediments were the greatest sinks for PAHs, with a persistence of 100-1000days. The greatest loss of PAHs was due to advection from air, followed by photodegradation from air. These results provide a first approximation of the current emissions and fate of PAHs in Tarragona County.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Domínguez-Morueco
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Diamond Environmental Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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24
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Venier M, Audy O, Vojta Š, Bečanová J, Romanak K, Melymuk L, Krátká M, Kukučka P, Okeme J, Saini A, Diamond ML, Klánová J. Brominated flame retardants in the indoor environment - Comparative study of indoor contamination from three countries. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:150-160. [PMID: 27248661 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of more than 20 brominated flame retardants (FRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and emerging FRs, were measured in air, dust and window wipes from 63 homes in Canada, the Czech Republic and the United States in the spring and summer of 2013. Among the PBDEs, the highest concentrations were generally BDE-209 in all three matrices, followed by Penta-BDEs. Among alternative FRs, EHTBB and BEHTBP were detected at the highest concentrations. DBDPE was also a major alternative FR detected in dust and air. Bromobenzenes were detected at lower levels than PBDEs and other alternative FRs; among the bromobenzenes, HBB and PBEB were the most abundant compounds. In general, FR levels were highest in the US and lowest in the Czech Republic - a geographic trend that reflects the flame retardants' market. No statistically significant differences were detected between bedroom and living room FR concentrations in the same house (n=10), suggesting that sources of FRs are widespread indoors and mixing between rooms. The concentrations of FRs in air, dust, and window film were significantly correlated, especially for PBDEs. We found a significant relationship between the concentrations in dust and window film and in the gas phase for FRs with log KOA values <14, suggesting that equilibrium was reached for these but not compounds with log KOA values >14. This hypothesis was confirmed by a large discrepancy between values predicted using a partitioning model and the measured values for FRs with log KOA values >14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Venier
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Audy
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Šimon Vojta
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Jitka Bečanová
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Kevin Romanak
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Martina Krátká
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Petr Kukučka
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Joseph Okeme
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada, M1C 1A4
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada, M1C 1A4
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Canada M5S 3B1; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada, M1C 1A4
| | - Jana Klánová
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
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25
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Huo CY, Liu LY, Zhang ZF, Ma WL, Song WW, Li HL, Li WL, Kannan K, Wu YK, Han YM, Peng ZX, Li YF. Phthalate Esters in Indoor Window Films in a Northeastern Chinese Urban Center: Film Growth and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7743-7751. [PMID: 27322908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Indoor window film samples were collected in buildings during 2014-2015 for the determination of six phthalate diesters (PAEs). Linear regression analysis suggested that the film mass was positively and significantly correlated with the duration of film growth (from 7 to 77 days). PAEs were detected in all window film samples (n = 64). For all the samples with growth days ranged from 7 to 77 days, the median concentrations of total six PAEs (∑6PAEs) in winter and summer window film samples were 9900 ng/m(2) film (2000 μg/g film) and 4700 ng/m(2) film (650 μg/g film), respectively. Among PAEs analyzed, di-2-ethyl-hexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the major compound (71 ± 9.7%), followed by di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP; 20 ± 7.4%) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP; 5.1 ± 2.2%). Positive correlations among PAEs suggested their common sources in the window film samples. Room temperature and relative humidity were negatively and significantly correlated with PAEs concentations (in ng/m(2)). Poor ventilation in cold winter in Noreastern China significantly influenced the concentrations of PAEs in window film which suggested higher inhalation exposure dose in winter. The median hazard quotient (HQ) values from PAEs exposure were below 1, suggesting that the intake of PAEs via three exposure pathways was considered as acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Huo
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University , Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Yong-Kai Wu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ya-Meng Han
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Peng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University , Shenyang 110036, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
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26
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Gao W, Wu J, Wang Y, Jiang G. Distribution and congener profiles of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in indoor/outdoor glass window surface films and their film-air partitioning in Beijing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1327-33. [PMID: 26479451 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are a group of n-alkanes with carbon chain length of 10-13. In this work, paired indoor/outdoor samples of organic films on window glass surfaces from urban buildings in Beijing, China, were collected to measure the concentrations and congener distributions of SCCPs. The total SCCP levels ranged from 337 ng/m(2) to 114 μg/m(2), with total organic carbon (TOC) normalized concentrations of 365 μg/m(2)-365 mg/m(2). Overall, the concentrations of SCCPs on the interior films were higher than the concentrations on the exterior films, suggesting an important indoor environmental exposure of SCCPs to the general public. A significant linear relationship was found between the SCCP concentrations and TOC, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.34 (p < 0.01). A film-air partitioning model suggests that the indoor gas-phase SCCPs are related to their corresponding window film levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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27
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Diefenbacher PS, Gerecke AC, Bogdal C, Hungerbühler K. Spatial Distribution of Atmospheric PCBs in Zurich, Switzerland: Do Joint Sealants Still Matter? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:232-239. [PMID: 26646689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Passive air samplers were deployed at 23 sites across the city of Zurich, Switzerland to investigate the spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in air. Concentrations of the six indicator PCBs (iPCBs) in air ranged from 54 to 3160 pg·m(-3) in the two sampling campaigns (spring 2011 and spring 2013). Measurements at two sampling sites were significantly higher than the median in both years, because of the proximity to primary PCB sources. Concentrations at most other stations were in a narrow range, suggesting that atmospheric PCB concentrations in Zurich are mainly caused by a high number of rather small sources. A correlation of iPCB concentrations in air with the number of buildings constructed between 1955 and 1975 in the surrounding areas of the sampling sites was observed. This demonstrates that PCB-containing building materials, such as joint sealants, influence PCB levels in urban air. Additionally, atmospheric iPCB concentrations were measured in the surrounding of a housing complex with PCB-contaminated joint sealants. Using a Gaussian diffusion model, annual iPCB emissions of 110-190 g were calculated for this housing complex. This appreciable amount released by a single building points out that more efforts are required to further eliminate remaining PCB stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal S Diefenbacher
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas C Gerecke
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bogdal
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS , Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Klees M, Hiester E, Schmidt TC. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in particulate and oily films on impervious surfaces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:363-374. [PMID: 26318221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During this study wipe sampling was applied to various impervious surfaces for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) area concentrations. To that end, a wipe sampling method based on solvent wetted cotton wipes was evaluated and transfer efficiencies of PCBs and PCDD/PCDFs in particulate films (PFs) and oily liquid films (OFs) during sampling were investigated. For PFs sufficient transfer efficiencies of low concentrated PCB and PCDD/PCDF congeners in 1g/m(2) spiking surrogate were achieved after the first wipe using n-hexane as wetting solvent. Transfer efficiencies for OFs were the highest in the first wipe if n-hexane or n-heptane were used rather than toluene. The spiking experiments of OFs showed a log-linear correlation between the number of wiping procedures and transfer efficiency which indicates that transfer efficiencies were constant in subsequent wipes. Furthermore, it was successfully demonstrated that pressurized liquid extraction is a suitable tool for the extraction of wipe samples. Finally, the feasibility of this wipe sampling method was demonstrated on various impervious surfaces of different origin, and concentration levels of PCBs and PCDD/PCDFs in wipe samples are discussed. Hereby, remarkably high ∑CB6 concentrations of up to 1400μg/m(2) (taken at a transformer recycling site) were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Klees
- North Rhine-Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment, and Consumer Protection (LANUV NRW), Wallneyer Str. 6, 45133 Essen, Germany; University Duisburg-Essen, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ernst Hiester
- North Rhine-Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment, and Consumer Protection (LANUV NRW), Wallneyer Str. 6, 45133 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- University Duisburg-Essen, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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29
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George C, Ammann M, D’Anna B, Donaldson DJ, Nizkorodov S. Heterogeneous photochemistry in the atmosphere. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4218-58. [PMID: 25775235 PMCID: PMC4772778 DOI: 10.1021/cr500648z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian George
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sergey
A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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30
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Terzaghi E, Scacchi M, Cerabolini B, Jones KC, Di Guardo A. Estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon variability in air using high volume, film, and vegetation as samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:5520-8. [PMID: 25844662 DOI: 10.1021/es5056929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic films and leaves provide a medium into which organic contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can accumulate, resulting in a useful passive air sampler. In the present work, the temporal variability (weekly) in PAH concentrations and the fingerprint of films developed on window surfaces were investigated. Moreover, films and leaves of two tree species (Acer pseudoplatanus and Cornus mas) collected at the same time were used to derive PAH air concentrations and investigate their short-term variability. In general, the most abundant chemicals found in films were phenanthrene and pyrene (22%), followed by perylene (21%) and fluoranthene (16%), but the fingerprint (in contrast to leaves and air) changed over time. Leaf derived air concentrations were within a factor of 2 to 9 from measured values, while air concentrations back-calculated from films were within a factor of 2 to 53. This happened because predicted air concentrations using films and vegetation samplers (especially for low KOA chemicals) generally reflect only the last few hours (due to the fast equilibrium) of the weekly integrated samples obtained employing the high-volume sampler. This means that films and leaves can be usefully employed for predicting the short-term variability of low KOA organic contaminant air concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Terzaghi
- †Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
- ‡Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Scacchi
- †Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Bruno Cerabolini
- ‡Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Kevin C Jones
- §Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Di Guardo
- †Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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31
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Yu Y, Yang Y, Liu M, Zheng X, Liu Y, Wang Q, Liu W. PAHs in organic film on glass window surfaces from central Shanghai, China: distribution, sources and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:665-675. [PMID: 24337860 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations were analysed in the organic film on the glass surfaces of different functional areas in central Shanghai. Concentration levels of total PAHs in the organic film ranged from 1,348.5 to 4,007.9 ng m(-2). The concentration of PAHs was lowest in parks and green spaces (1,348.5 ng m(-2)) and highest in traffic zones (4,007.9 ng m(-2)). A concentration gradient of total PAHs was observed as follows: traffic zones > commercial areas > cultural and educational areas > parks and green spaces. The distribution of PAHs was characterised by 3-4 ring PAHs in the study areas. The most abundant PAHs were phenanthrene (20.5 %), fluorene (16.7 %), pyrene (12.4 %) and chrysene (Chry) (11.2 %). The mass of the bulk film was composed of organic and inorganic compounds and ranged from 246 to 1,288 mg m(-2). The bulk film thickness varied from 144 to 757 nm in the different functional areas. The ratios of An/178 and Fl/202 and principal component analysis suggested that PAHs came mainly from the mixed sources of fossil fuel, coal and incomplete combustion of biomass. Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA)/Chry is not suitable for use as a tracer for the transmission process of PAHs because of the rapid depletion of BaA in the organic film by photooxidation during daylight hours. The concentration of benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) varied from 21 to 701 ng g(-1), and the major carcinogenic contributors of the 16 PAHs were BaP, DahA, B[b/k]F and InP, accounting for 83 % of BaPeq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Sciences, MOE, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Nishino N, Hollingsworth SA, Stern AC, Roeselová M, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Interactions of gaseous HNO3 and water with individual and mixed alkyl self-assembled monolayers at room temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:2358-67. [PMID: 24352159 PMCID: PMC4000124 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The major removal processes for gaseous nitric acid (HNO3) in the atmosphere are dry and wet deposition onto various surfaces. The surface in the boundary layer is often covered with organic films, but the interaction of gaseous HNO3 with them is not well understood. To better understand the factors controlling the uptake of gaseous nitric acid and its dissociation in organic films, studies were carried out using single component and mixtures of C8 and C18 alkyl self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) attached to a germanium (Ge) attenuated total reflectance (ATR) crystal upon which a thin layer of SiOx had been deposited. For comparison, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (DRIFTS) studies were also carried out using a C18 SAM attached to the native oxide layer on the surface of silicon powder. These studies show that the alkyl chain length and order/disorder of the SAMs does not significantly affect the uptake or dissociation/recombination of molecular HNO3. Thus, independent of the nature of the SAM, molecular HNO3 is observed up to 70-90% relative humidity. After dissociation, molecular HNO3 is regenerated on all SAM surfaces when water is removed. Results of molecular dynamics simulations are consistent with experiments and show that defects and pores on the surfaces control the uptake, dissociation and recombination of molecular HNO3. Organic films on surfaces in the boundary layer will certainly be more irregular and less ordered than SAMs studied here, therefore undissociated HNO3 may be present on surfaces in the boundary layer to a greater extent than previously thought. The combination of this observation with the results of recent studies showing enhanced photolysis of nitric acid on surfaces suggests that renoxification of deposited nitric acid may need to be taken into account in atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Scott A. Hollingsworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Abraham C. Stern
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA
| | - Martina Roeselová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Douglas J. Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025, USA
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33
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Cazoir D, Brigante M, Ammar R, D’Anna B, George C. Heterogeneous photochemistry of gaseous NO2 on solid fluoranthene films: A source of gaseous nitrous acid (HONO) in the urban environment. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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34
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DellaValle CT, Wheeler DC, Deziel NC, De Roos AJ, Cerhan JR, Cozen W, Severson RK, Flory AR, Locke SJ, Colt JS, Hartge P, Ward MH. Environmental determinants of polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in residential carpet dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10405-14. [PMID: 23952055 PMCID: PMC4076890 DOI: 10.1021/es401447w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), banned in the United Sates in the late 1970s, are still found in indoor and outdoor environments. Little is known about the determinants of PCB levels in homes. We measured concentrations of five PCB congeners (105, 138, 153, 170, and 180) in carpet dust collected between 1998 and 2000 from 1187 homes in four sites: Detroit, Iowa, Los Angeles, and Seattle. Home characteristics, occupational history, and demographic information were obtained by interview. We used a geographic information system to geocode addresses and determine distances to the nearest major road, freight route, and railroad; percentage of developed land; number of industrial facilities within 2 km of residences; and population density. Ordinal logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between the covariates of interest and the odds of PCB detection in each site separately. Total PCB levels [all congeners < maximum practical quantitation limit (MPQL) vs at least one congener ≥ MPQL to < median concentration vs at least one congener > median concentration] were positively associated with either percentage of developed land [odds ratio (OR) range 1.01-1.04 for each percentage increase] or population density (OR 1.08 for every 1000/mi(2)) in each site. The number of industrial facilities within 2 km of a home was associated with PCB concentrations; however, facility type and direction of the association varied by site. Our findings suggest that outdoor sources of PCBs may be significant determinants of indoor concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt T. DellaValle
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David C. Wheeler
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nicole C. Deziel
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - James R. Cerhan
- Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Wendy Cozen
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard K. Severson
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Sarah J. Locke
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joanne S. Colt
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Hartge
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary H. Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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35
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Jernberg J, Pellinen J, Rantalainen AL. Identification of organic xenobiotics in urban aquatic environments using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 450-451:1-6. [PMID: 23454570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative non-target and post-target analysis methods using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry were applied for analysing neutral and acidic organic xenobiotics in urban and suburban water samples. Ten water samples representing wastewater, stormwater and surface water matrices were collected and concentrated using solid phase extraction. Compound identification was performed using a spectral deconvolution program, accurate mass measurements and comparisons with library spectra. The non-target and post-target analyses identified 36 and 18 compounds, respectively. The identification of 10 compounds was afterwards confirmed with standard compounds. Organophosphate esters were the most abundant compound group detected. The combination of non-target and post-target analyses proved a useful tool in the tentative identification of xenobiotics in water samples. Post-target analysis can complement non-target analysis results at low analyte concentrations. Results showed that several organic xenobiotics originate in urban areas and accumulate in the environment. The wastewater sample produced the highest number of identified compounds, but most of these compounds were also found in stormwater samples from the city centre. Nearly all the compounds present in wastewater were additionally detected in the surface water sample taken 3 km downstream from the wastewater effluent discharge point. Only a few xenobiotics were otherwise detected in the surface water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas Jernberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland.
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36
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Baergen AM, Donaldson DJ. Photochemical renoxification of nitric acid on real urban grime. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:815-820. [PMID: 23237269 DOI: 10.1021/es3037862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The fate of NO(x) (=NO + NO(2)) is important to understand because NO(x) is a significant player in air quality determination through its role in O(3) formation. Here we show that renoxification of the urban atmosphere may occur through the photolysis of HNO(3) deposited onto urban grime. The photolysis occurs 4 orders of magnitude faster than in water with J values at noon on July 1 in Toronto of 1.2 × 10(-3) s(-1) for nitrate on urban grime and 1.0 × 10(-7) s(-1) for aqueous nitrate. Photolysis of nitrate present on urban grime probably follows the same mechanism as aqueous nitrate photolysis, involving the formation of NO(2), OH, and possibly HONO. Thus NO(x) may be rapidly returned to the atmosphere rather than being ultimately removed from the atmosphere through film wash off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson M Baergen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Moussa SG, Stern AC, Raff JD, Dilbeck CW, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Experimental and theoretical studies of the interaction of gas phase nitric acid and water with a self-assembled monolayer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:448-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42405c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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39
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Pan SH, Li J, Lin T, Zhang G, Li XD, Yin H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on indoor/outdoor glass window surfaces in Guangzhou and Hong Kong, south China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 169:190-195. [PMID: 22497758 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic films were collected from indoor and outdoor window surfaces in two large cities in southern China, Guangzhou and Hong Kong, and analyzed to quantify the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the glass films, the highest concentration of total PAHs, predominantly phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, was found to be l400 ng/m(2). The concentrations of PAHs in Guangzhou were usually higher than those in Hong Kong. In general, higher concentrations of PAHs on exterior window films in comparison with interior window films in both cities indicated that the outdoor air acted as a major source of pollution to the indoor environment. However, indoor air was a major source of some light-weight PAHs. Measurements made over time indicated that the growth rates of light-weight PAHs on window surfaces were fast at the beginning and then gradually reached a consistent level, whereas heavy-weight PAHs exhibited near-linear accumulation during the 40 days sampling period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hong Pan
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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40
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Melymuk L, Robson M, Helm PA, Diamond ML. PCBs, PBDEs, and PAHs in Toronto air: spatial and seasonal trends and implications for contaminant transport. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 429:272-80. [PMID: 22578845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere of Toronto, Canada and the surrounding suburban/rural area were examined. A series of temporally- and spatially-distributed air samples was collected over a 1-year period with a high-volume active air sampler at one downtown site and polyurethane foam passive air samplers at 19 sites. Passive sampler air concentrations of ΣPAHs ranged from 0.27 to 51 ng/m³. Concentrations of ΣPCBs ranged from 6.0 to 1300 pg/m³, and concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.47 to 110 pg/m³. All compounds exhibited the highest concentrations in the urban core, and lowest concentrations in the surrounding rural areas, however the exact ratio depended on location since concentrations varied considerably within the city. Results from the application of a radial dilution model highlighted the influence of the central business district (CBD) of the city as a source of contaminants to the surrounding environment, however the radial dilution comparison also demonstrated that sources outside the CBD have a significant influence on regional contaminant concentrations. A strong relationship between temperature and partial pressure of the gas-phase PCBs, low molecular weight PBDEs and less-reactive PAHs suggested that their dominant emissions originated from temperature-controlled processes such as volatilization from local sources of PCBs, PAHs and PBDEs at warm temperatures, condensation and deposition of emissions at cold temperatures, and ventilation of indoor air with elevated concentrations. The relationship between temperature and atmospheric PAH concentrations varied along the urban-rural gradient, which suggested that in highly urbanized areas, such as downtown Toronto, temperature-related processes have a significant impact on air concentrations, whereas winter emissions from domestic heating have a greater influence in areas with less impervious surface coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Melymuk
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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41
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Csiszar SA, Diamond ML, Thibodeaux LJ. Modeling urban films using a dynamic multimedia fugacity model. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:1024-31. [PMID: 22280983 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A thin film coats impervious urban surfaces that can act as a source or sink of organic pollutants to the greater environment. We review recent developments in the understanding of film and film-associated pollutant behavior and incorporate them into an unsteady-state version of the fugacity based Multimedia Urban Model (MUM), focusing on detailed considerations of surface film dynamics. The model is used to explore the conditions under which these atmospherically-derived films act as a temporary source of chemicals to the air and/or storm water. Assuming film growth of 2.1 nm d(-1) (Wu et al., 2008a), PCB congeners 28 and 180 reach air-film equilibrium within hours and days, respectively. The model results suggest that the film acts as a temporary sink of chemicals from air during dry and cool weather, as a source to air in warmer weather, and as a source to storm water and soil during rain events. Using the downtown area of the City of Toronto Canada, as a case study, the model estimates that nearly 1 g d(-1) of ∑(5)PCBs are transferred from air to film to storm water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Csiszar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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42
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Liyana-Arachchi TP, Valsaraj KT, Hung FR. Adsorption of Naphthalene and Ozone on Atmospheric Air/Ice Interfaces Coated with Surfactants: A Molecular Simulation Study. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:2519-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3002417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thilanga P. Liyana-Arachchi
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
70803, United States
| | - Kalliat T. Valsaraj
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
70803, United States
| | - Francisco R. Hung
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
70803, United States
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43
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George C, D’Anna B, Herrmann H, Weller C, Vaida V, Donaldson DJ, Bartels-Rausch T, Ammann M. Emerging Areas in Atmospheric Photochemistry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 339:1-53. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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44
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Bergknut M, Laudon H, Jansson S, Larsson A, Gocht T, Wiberg K. Atmospheric deposition, retention, and stream export of dioxins and PCBs in a pristine boreal catchment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:1592-8. [PMID: 21440967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The mass-balance between diffuse atmospheric deposition of organic pollutants, amount of pollutants retained by the terrestrial environment, and levels of pollutants released to surface stream waters was studied in a pristine northern boreal catchment. This was done by comparing the input of atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and PCBs with the amounts exported to surface waters. Two types of deposition samplers were used, equipped with a glass fibre thimble and an Amberlite sampler respectively. The measured fluxes showed clear seasonality, with most of the input and export occurring during winter and spring flood, respectively. The mass balance calculations indicates that the boreal landscape is an effective sink for PCDD/Fs and PCBs, as 96.0-99.9 % of received bulk deposition was retained, suggesting that organic pollutants will continue to impact stream water in the region for an extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bergknut
- Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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45
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Ammar R, Monge ME, George C, D'Anna B. Photoenhanced NO2 loss on simulated urban grime. Chemphyschem 2011; 11:3956-61. [PMID: 20872392 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the heterogeneous reaction between gaseous NO(2) and solid pyrene/KNO(3) films, used as a simplified proxy of urban grime. This reaction is investigated under simulated atmospheric conditions with respect to relative humidity, NO(2) concentration and irradiation in a coated-wall flow-tube reactor. The geometric steady-state uptake coefficients γ(geo) for pyrene/KNO(3) films exposed to 50 ppbv of NO(2) ranged from 1.12×10(-7) in the dark to 2.67×10(-6) under near-UV irradiation (300-420 nm) and decreased with increasing NO(2) concentration in the range 30-120 ppbv. NO(2) removal is linearly dependent on light intensity, with release of gas-phase NO and HONO. Analysis of the solid film by ion chromatography and GC-MS showed the formation of nitrite ions and traces of 1-nitropyrene. A light-induced reaction mechanism is proposed. The results discussed herein suggest that PAH-containing urban grime on windows and buildings may be a key player in urban air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Ammar
- Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR5256, Université de Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, 69626 France
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46
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Cetin B, Odabasi M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor and outdoor window organic films in Izmir, Turkey. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 185:784-791. [PMID: 20961684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations of outdoor and indoor organic films on window glasses were measured at different locations (offices, laboratories, and homes in urban, suburban, rural, and industrial sites) in Izmir, Turkey. ∑(7)PBDE concentrations were dominated by technical penta and deca-BDE mixture components. Average total outdoor PBDE (∑(7)PBDE) concentrations for suburban, urban, and industrial sites were 43.5, 45.5, and 206 ng m(-2), respectively. This spatial gradient (industrial>urban>suburban concentrations) was similar to one observed for ambient air concentrations recently in Izmir, Turkey. The highest concentrations measured in the industrial area were attributed to the significant PBDE emissions from several steel plants located in the area. Air-organic film partitioning modeling results have suggested that organic films can be used in conjunction with the dynamic uptake model to approximate the gas-phase ambient air concentrations. Modeling results have also indicated that congeners in the gas-phase with very large octanol-air partition coefficients (i.e., BDE-154, -153, and -209) will require several months to approach equilibrium with the surface films. This finding may have important implications for gas-particle and gas-film partitioning, transport, and photolytic degradation of atmospheric PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Cetin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Kaynaklar Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
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47
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Zhang W, Ye Y, Tong Y, Ou L, Hu D, Wang X. Contribution and loading estimation of organochlorine pesticides from rain and canopy throughfall to runoff in an urban environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 185:801-806. [PMID: 21035265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of OCPs in rain, canopy throughfall, and runoff water were measured in the Beijing metropolitan area during the rainy seasons from 2006 to 2007. This study was conducted to calculate the fluxes of OCPs in rain and canopy throughfall, as well as their contributions to runoff. At urban sites, the contribution of HCB and ΣHCHs from rainfall accounted for approximately 50% of the mass in runoff. At the site with significant coverage of landscaping trees, the HCB, ΣHCHs, and ΣDDTs from the net canopy throughfall accounted for approximately 10% of the mass in the runoff. Based on the data obtained in this study, loadings of OCPs (in μg) in rain, net canopy throughfall, and runoff water were calculated. The input of OCPs from rain and canopy throughfall water accounted for a significant portion of urban runoff. In cities undergoing rapid urban sprawl, monitoring and control of the transport of OCPs in urban runoff are essential for effective control of environmental hazards in surface water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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48
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Li Q, Wang X, Wang R, Sui H, Li W, Li L. Seasonal trends and potential sources of ambient air OCPs in urban and suburban areas in Dalian, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1816-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00355g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Raff JD, Szanyi J, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Thermal and photochemical oxidation of self-assembled monolayers on alumina particles exposed to nitrogen dioxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:604-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01041c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Zhang W, Ye Y, Hu D, Ou L, Wang X. Characteristics and transport of organochlorine pesticides in urban environment: air, dust, rain, canopy throughfall, and runoff. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:2153-60. [PMID: 20931122 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00110d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics and transport of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in urban multiple environments, including air, dust, rain, canopy throughfall, and runoff water, are explored in this study. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) dominated in both air and rain water, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) related substances showed a higher affinity to dust. Relatively high concentrations of DDT and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in air, rain and dust imply that technical DDT in the environment has been degrading, and there may be unknown local or regional emission sources that contain DDTs in the study area. Source identification showed that DDTs in Beijing urban environments with a fresh signature may originate from the atmospheric transport from remote areas. The ratio of α-/γ-HCH in dust, rain, canopy throughfall and runoff were close to 1, indicating the possible use of lindane. OCPs in runoff were transported from various sources including rain, dust, and canopy throughfall. In runoff, DDTs and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were mainly transported from dust, and HCHs were mainly from rain and canopy throughfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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