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Lau SS, Bokenkamp K, Tecza A, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ, Mitch WA. Mammalian Cell Genotoxicity of Potable Reuse and Conventional Drinking Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8654-8664. [PMID: 38709862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Potable reuse water is increasingly part of the water supply portfolio for municipalities facing water shortages, and toxicity assays can be useful for evaluating potable reuse water quality. We examined the Chinese hamster ovary cell acute direct genotoxicity of potable reuse waters contributed by disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and anthropogenic contaminants and used the local conventional drinking waters as benchmarks for evaluating potable reuse water quality. Our results showed that treatment trains based on reverse osmosis (RO) were more effective than RO-free treatment trains for reducing the genotoxicity of influent wastewaters. RO-treated reuse waters were less genotoxic than the local tap water derived from surface water, whereas reuse waters not treated by RO were similarly genotoxic as the local drinking waters when frequent replacement of granular activated carbon limited contaminant breakthrough. The genotoxicity contributed by nonvolatile, uncharacterized DBPs and anthropogenic contaminants accounted for ≥73% of the total genotoxicity. The (semi)volatile DBPs of current research interest contributed 2-27% toward the total genotoxicity, with unregulated DBPs being more important genotoxicity drivers than regulated DBPs. Our results underscore the need to look beyond known, (semi)volatile DBPs and the importance of determining whole water toxicity when assessing the quality of disinfected waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Lau
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Katherine Bokenkamp
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aleksander Tecza
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Li J, Chen J, Li J. The ideal model for determination the formation potential of priority DBPs during chlorination of free amino acids. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142306. [PMID: 38734255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) account for about 15-35% of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and are known as the important precursors of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs). Determining the formation potential (FP) of AAs to DBPs is used to reveal the key precursors of DBPs for further control, while the ideal method for N-DBPs FP of AAs during chlorination is not revealed. In this study, the ideal FP test models for five classes of priority DBPs during chlorination of four representative AAs (accounted for about 35% of total AAs) were analyzed. For haloaldehydes (HALs), haloketones (HKs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloacetamides (HAMs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs), their FPs during chlorination of four AAs were 0.1-13.0, 0.01-1.1, 0.1-104, not detectable (nd)-173, and nd-0.4 μg/mg, respectively. The FPs of priority DBPs had significant deviations between different FP test models and different tested AAs. For HALs, the model, whose chlorine dosage was determined by 15 × molar concentration of AAs [Cl (mM) = 15 × M](named: model II), was the ideal model. For HKs, model II was also the ideal FP test model for AAs with ≤3 carbons, while for AAs with 4 carbons, the model, whose chlorine dosage was determined by keeping the residual chlorine at 1 ± 0.2 mg/L after 24 h of reaction (named: model 4), was the ideal model. For HANs and HNMs, model 4 was the ideal FP test model for most of the studied AAs. The performance of HAMs during chlorination of amino acids was totally different from other P-DBPs, and model 3 was recommended to be the ideal model, in which chlorine dosage was determined by 3 × mass concentration of AAs [Cl (mg/L) = X × DOC]. This study is a reference that helps researchers select an ideal model for N-DBPs FP study of AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Li
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Public Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Hosseinzadeh M, Postigo C, Porte C. Toxicity and underlying lipidomic alterations generated by a mixture of water disinfection byproducts in human lung cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170331. [PMID: 38278255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of disinfection by-products (DBPs) are present in disinfected waters, but their mixture toxicity has been rarely described. Apart from ingestion, DBP exposure can occur through inhalation, which may lead to respiratory effects in highly exposed individuals. However, the underlying biological mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of a mixture of 10 DBPs, including haloacetic acids and haloaromatics, on human alveolar A549 cells by assessing their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and impact on the cell lipidome. A DBP mixture up to 50 μM slightly reduced cell viability, induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) up to 3.5-fold, and increased the frequency of micronuclei formation. Exposure to 50 μM DBP mixture led to a significant accumulation of triacylglycerides and a decrease of diacylglycerides and phosphatidylcholines in A549 cells. Lipidomic profiling of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released in the culture medium revealed a marked increase in cholesterol esters, sphingomyelins, and other membrane lipids. Overall, these alterations in the lipidome of cells and EVs may indicate a disruption of lipid homeostasis, and thus, potentially contribute to the respiratory effects associated with DBP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Hosseinzadeh
- Environmental Chemistry Department, Institute of Environmental Research and Water Assessment, IDAEA -CSIC-, C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Technologies for Water Management and Treatment Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, Granada 18071, Spain; Institute for Water Research (IdA), University of Granada, Ramón y Cajal 4, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Cinta Porte
- Environmental Chemistry Department, Institute of Environmental Research and Water Assessment, IDAEA -CSIC-, C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Levin R, Villanueva CM, Beene D, Cradock AL, Donat-Vargas C, Lewis J, Martinez-Morata I, Minovi D, Nigra AE, Olson ED, Schaider LA, Ward MH, Deziel NC. US drinking water quality: exposure risk profiles for seven legacy and emerging contaminants. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:3-22. [PMID: 37739995 PMCID: PMC10907308 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in drinking water infrastructure and treatment throughout the 20th and early 21st century dramatically improved water reliability and quality in the United States (US) and other parts of the world. However, numerous chemical contaminants from a range of anthropogenic and natural sources continue to pose chronic health concerns, even in countries with established drinking water regulations, such as the US. OBJECTIVE/METHODS In this review, we summarize exposure risk profiles and health effects for seven legacy and emerging drinking water contaminants or contaminant groups: arsenic, disinfection by-products, fracking-related substances, lead, nitrate, per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and uranium. We begin with an overview of US public water systems, and US and global drinking water regulation. We end with a summary of cross-cutting challenges that burden US drinking water systems: aging and deteriorated water infrastructure, vulnerabilities for children in school and childcare facilities, climate change, disparities in access to safe and reliable drinking water, uneven enforcement of drinking water standards, inadequate health assessments, large numbers of chemicals within a class, a preponderance of small water systems, and issues facing US Indigenous communities. RESULTS Research and data on US drinking water contamination show that exposure profiles, health risks, and water quality reliability issues vary widely across populations, geographically and by contaminant. Factors include water source, local and regional features, aging water infrastructure, industrial or commercial activities, and social determinants. Understanding the risk profiles of different drinking water contaminants is necessary for anticipating local and general problems, ascertaining the state of drinking water resources, and developing mitigation strategies. IMPACT STATEMENT Drinking water contamination is widespread, even in the US. Exposure risk profiles vary by contaminant. Understanding the risk profiles of different drinking water contaminants is necessary for anticipating local and general public health problems, ascertaining the state of drinking water resources, and developing mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Levin
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Beene
- Community Environmental Health Program, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- University of New Mexico Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Carolina Donat-Vargas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER epidemiología y salud pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johnnye Lewis
- Community Environmental Health Program, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Irene Martinez-Morata
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Darya Minovi
- Center for Science and Democracy, Union of Concerned Scientists, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anne E Nigra
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erik D Olson
- Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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5
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Escher BI, Blanco J, Caixach J, Cserbik D, Farré MJ, Flores C, König M, Lee J, Nyffeler J, Planas C, Redondo-Hasselerharm PE, Rovira J, Sanchís J, Schuhmacher M, Villanueva CM. In vitro bioassays for monitoring drinking water quality of tap water, domestic filtration and bottled water. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:126-135. [PMID: 37328620 PMCID: PMC10907286 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00566-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Location-specific patterns of regulated and non-regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were detected in tap water samples of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. However, it remains unclear if the detected DBPs together with undetected DPBs and organic micropollutants can lead to mixture effects in drinking water. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the neurotoxicity, oxidative stress response and cytotoxicity of 42 tap water samples, 6 treated with activated carbon filters, 5 with reverse osmosis and 9 bottled waters. To compare the measured effects of the extracts with the mixture effects predicted from the detected concentrations and the relative effect potencies of the detected DBPs using the mixture model of concentration addition. METHODS Mixtures of organic chemicals in water samples were enriched by solid phase extraction and tested for cytotoxicity and neurite outgrowth inhibition in the neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y and for cytotoxicity and oxidative stress response in the AREc32 assay. RESULTS Unenriched water did not trigger neurotoxicity or cytotoxicity. After up to 500-fold enrichment, few extracts showed cytotoxicity. Disinfected water showed low neurotoxicity at 20- to 300-fold enrichment and oxidative stress response at 8- to 140-fold enrichment. Non-regulated non-volatile DBPs, particularly (brominated) haloacetonitriles dominated the predicted mixture effects of the detected chemicals and predicted effects agreed with the measured effects. By hierarchical clustering we identified strong geographical patterns in the types of DPBs and their association with effects. Activated carbon filters did not show a consistent reduction of effects but domestic reverse osmosis filters decreased the effect to that of bottled water. IMPACT STATEMENT Bioassays are an important complement to chemical analysis of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. Comparison of the measured oxidative stress response and mixture effects predicted from the detected chemicals and their relative effect potencies allowed the identification of the forcing agents for the mixture effects, which differed by location but were mainly non-regulated DBPs. This study demonstrates the relevance of non-regulated DBPs from a toxicological perspective. In vitro bioassays, in particular reporter gene assays for oxidative stress response that integrate different reactive toxicity pathways including genotoxicity, may therefore serve as sum parameters for drinking water quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate I Escher
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Cell Toxicology, Leipzig, Germany.
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jordi Blanco
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dora Cserbik
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA, Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria König
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Cell Toxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Cell Toxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jo Nyffeler
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Cell Toxicology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carles Planas
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula E Redondo-Hasselerharm
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Water, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep Sanchís
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA, Girona, Spain
- University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Catalan Water Agency, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina M Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, UPF, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
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Glassmeyer ST, Burns EE, Focazio MJ, Furlong ET, Gribble MO, Jahne MA, Keely SP, Kennicutt AR, Kolpin DW, Medlock Kakaley EK, Pfaller SL. Water, Water Everywhere, but Every Drop Unique: Challenges in the Science to Understand the Role of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Management of Drinking Water Supplies. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000716. [PMID: 38155731 PMCID: PMC10753268 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The protection and management of water resources continues to be challenged by multiple and ongoing factors such as shifts in demographic, social, economic, and public health requirements. Physical limitations placed on access to potable supplies include natural and human-caused factors such as aquifer depletion, aging infrastructure, saltwater intrusion, floods, and drought. These factors, although varying in magnitude, spatial extent, and timing, can exacerbate the potential for contaminants of concern (CECs) to be present in sources of drinking water, infrastructure, premise plumbing and associated tap water. This monograph examines how current and emerging scientific efforts and technologies increase our understanding of the range of CECs and drinking water issues facing current and future populations. It is not intended to be read in one sitting, but is instead a starting point for scientists wanting to learn more about the issues surrounding CECs. This text discusses the topical evolution CECs over time (Section 1), improvements in measuring chemical and microbial CECs, through both analysis of concentration and toxicity (Section 2) and modeling CEC exposure and fate (Section 3), forms of treatment effective at removing chemical and microbial CECs (Section 4), and potential for human health impacts from exposure to CECs (Section 5). The paper concludes with how changes to water quantity, both scarcity and surpluses, could affect water quality (Section 6). Taken together, these sections document the past 25 years of CEC research and the regulatory response to these contaminants, the current work to identify and monitor CECs and mitigate exposure, and the challenges facing the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Glassmeyer
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | | | - Michael J. Focazio
- Retired, Environmental Health ProgramEcosystems Mission AreaU.S. Geological SurveyRestonVAUSA
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- Emeritus, Strategic Laboratory Sciences BranchLaboratory & Analytical Services DivisionU.S. Geological SurveyDenverCOUSA
| | - Matthew O. Gribble
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Michael A. Jahne
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Scott P. Keely
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Alison R. Kennicutt
- Department of Civil and Mechanical EngineeringYork College of PennsylvaniaYorkPAUSA
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological SurveyCentral Midwest Water Science CenterIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - Stacy L. Pfaller
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
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Dong H, Cuthbertson AA, Plewa MJ, Weisbrod CR, McKenna AM, Richardson SD. Unravelling High-Molecular-Weight DBP Toxicity Drivers in Chlorinated and Chloraminated Drinking Water: Effect-Directed Analysis of Molecular Weight Fractions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18788-18800. [PMID: 37418586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
As disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are ubiquitous sources of chemical exposure in disinfected drinking water, identifying unknown DBPs, especially unknown drivers of toxicity, is one of the major challenges in the safe supply of drinking water. While >700 low-molecular-weight DBPs have been identified, the molecular composition of high-molecular-weight DBPs remains poorly understood. Moreover, due to the absence of chemical standards for most DBPs, it is difficult to assess toxicity contributions for new DBPs identified. Based on effect-directed analysis, this study combined predictive cytotoxicity and quantitative genotoxicity analyses and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (21 T FT-ICR-MS) identification to resolve molecular weight fractions that induce toxicity in chloraminated and chlorinated drinking waters, along with the molecular composition of these DBP drivers. Fractionation using ultrafiltration membranes allowed the investigation of <1 kD, 1-3 kD, 3-5 kD, and >5 kD molecular weight fractions. Thiol reactivity based predictive cytotoxicity and single-cell gel electrophoresis based genotoxicity assays revealed that the <1 kD fraction for both chloraminated and chlorinated waters exhibited the highest levels of predictive cytotoxicity and direct genotoxicity. The <1 kD target fraction was used for subsequent molecular composition identification. Ultrahigh-resolution MS identified singly charged species (as evidenced by the 1 Da spacing in 13C isotopologues), including 3599 chlorine-containing DBPs in the <1 kD fraction with the empirical formulas CHOCl, CHOCl2, and CHOCl3, with a relative abundance order of CHOCl > CHOCl2 ≫ CHOCl3. Interestingly, more high-molecular-weight CHOCl1-3 DBPs were identified in the chloraminated vs chlorinated waters. This may be due to slower reactions of NH2Cl. Most of the DBPs formed in chloraminated waters were composed of high-molecular-weight Cl-DBPs (up to 1 kD) rather than known low-molecular-weight DBPs. Moreover, with the increase of chlorine number in the high-molecular-weight DBPs detected, the O/C ratio exhibited an increasing trend, while the modified aromaticity index (AImod) showed an opposite trend. In drinking water treatment processes, the removal of natural organic matter fractions with high O/C ratio and high AImod value should be strengthened to minimize the formation of known and unknown DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Amy A Cuthbertson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chad R Weisbrod
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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8
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Yeung K, Moore N, Sun J, Taylor-Edmonds L, Andrews S, Hofmann R, Peng H. Thiol Reactome: A Nontargeted Strategy to Precisely Identify Thiol Reactive Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18722-18734. [PMID: 37022973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The precise identification of predominant toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from disinfected water is a longstanding challenge. We propose a new acellular analytical strategy, the 'Thiol Reactome', to identify thiol-reactive DBPs by employing a thiol probe and nontargeted mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Disinfected/oxidized water samples had reduced cellular oxidative stress responses of 46 ± 23% in Nrf2 reporter cells when preincubated with glutathione (GSH). This supports thiol-reactive DBPs as the predominant drivers of oxidative stress. This method was benchmarked using seven classes of DBPs including haloacetonitriles, which preferentially reacted with GSH via substitution or addition depending on the number of halogens present. The method was then applied to chemically disinfected/oxidized waters, and 181 tentative DBP-GSH reaction products were detected. The formulas of 24 high abundance DBP-GSH adducts were predicted, among which nitrogenous-DBPs (11) and unsaturated carbonyls (4) were the predominant compound classes. Two major unsaturated carbonyl-GSH adducts, GSH-acrolein and GSH-acrylic acid, were confirmed by their authentic standards. These two adducts were unexpectedly formed from larger native DBPs when reacting with GSH. This study demonstrated the "Thiol Reactome" as an effective acellular assay to precisely identify and broadly capture toxic DBPs from water mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nathan Moore
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lizbeth Taylor-Edmonds
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Susan Andrews
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Hofmann
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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9
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Vellingiri K, Kumar PG, Kumar PS, Jagannathan S, Kanmani S. Status of disinfection byproducts research in India. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138694. [PMID: 37062389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
India faces high incidents of waterborne disease outbreaks owing to their limited access to safe drinking water. In many ways, the effort to improve the quality of drinking water is performed, and it has been keenly monitored. Among those, the disinfection of drinking water is considered a necessary and important step as it controls the microbial population. Chlorination is the most practiced (greater than 80%) disinfection process in India, and it is known to generate various disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Although the toxicity and trend of DBPs are regularly monitored and investigated in most countries, still in India, the research is at the toddler level. This review summarizes i) the status of drinking water disinfection in India, ii) types of disinfection processes in centralized water treatment plants, iii) concentrations and occurrence patterns of DBPs in a different region of India, iv) a literature survey on the toxicity of DBPs, and v) removal methodologies or alternative technologies to mitigate the DBPs formation. Overall, this review may act as a roadmap to understand the trend of disinfection practices in India and their impacts on securing the goal of safe drinking water for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kowsalya Vellingiri
- Water Technology Centre, Water and Effluent Treatment IC, Larsen and Toubro, Kancheepuram, 631561, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Ganesh Kumar
- Water Technology Centre, Water and Effluent Treatment IC, Larsen and Toubro, Kancheepuram, 631561, Tamil Nadu, India; Water and Effluent Treatment IC, Larsen and Toubro, Chennai, 600089, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - S Jagannathan
- Water and Effluent Treatment IC, Larsen and Toubro, Chennai, 600089, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Kanmani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University 600025, Chennai, India.
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10
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Hu G, Mian HR, Mohammadiun S, Rodriguez MJ, Hewage K, Sadiq R. Appraisal of machine learning techniques for predicting emerging disinfection byproducts in small water distribution networks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130633. [PMID: 36610346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is challenging for many small water distribution networks (SWDNs), and machine learning-based predictive modeling could be an alternative solution. In this study, eleven machine learning techniques, including three multivariate linear regression-based, three regression tree-based, three neural networks-based, and two advanced non-parametric regression techniques, are used to develop models for predicting three emerging DBPs (dichloroacetonitrile, chloropicrin, and trichloropropanone) in SWDNs. Predictors of the models include commonly-measured water quality parameters and two conventional DBP groups. Sampling data of 141 cases were collected from eleven SWDNs in Canada, in which 70 % were randomly selected for model training and the rest were used for validation. The modeling process was reiterated 1000 times for each model. The results show that models developed using advanced regression techniques, including support vector regression and Gaussian process regression, exhibited the best prediction performance. Support vector regression models showed the highest prediction accuracy (R2 =0.94) and stability for predicting dichloroacetonitrile and trichloropropanone, and Gaussian process regression models are optimal for predicting chloropicrin (R2 =0.92). The difference is likely due to the much lower concentrations of chloropicrin than dichloroacetonitrile and trichloropropanone. Advanced non-parametric regression techniques, characterized by a probabilistic nature, were identified as most suitable for developing the predictive models, followed by neural network-based (e.g., generalized regression neural network), regression tree-based (e.g., random forest), and multivariate linear regression-based techniques. This study identifies promising machine learning techniques among many commonly-used alternatives for monitoring emerging DBPs in SWDNs under data constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangji Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Haroon R Mian
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Saeed Mohammadiun
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- École Supérieure D'aménagement du Territoire et Développement Régional (ESAD), 2325, allée des Bibliothèque Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Kasun Hewage
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Rehan Sadiq
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
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11
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Chlorine Dioxide: Friend or Foe for Cell Biomolecules? A Chemical Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415660. [PMID: 36555303 PMCID: PMC9779649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on inorganic compounds and cell biomolecules. As a disinfectant also present in drinking water, ClO2 helps to destroy bacteria, viruses, and some parasites. The Environmental Protection Agency EPA regulates the maximum concentration of chlorine dioxide in drinking water to be no more than 0.8 ppm. In any case, human consumption must be strictly regulated since, given its highly reactive nature, it can react with and oxidize many of the inorganic compounds found in natural waters. Simultaneously, chlorine dioxide reacts with natural organic matter in water, including humic and fulvic acids, forming oxidized organic compounds such as aldehydes and carboxylic acids, and rapidly oxidizes phenolic compounds, amines, amino acids, peptides, and proteins, as well as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH, responsible for electron and proton exchange and energy production in all cells. The influence of ClO2 on biomolecules is derived from its interference with redox processes, modifying the electrochemical balances in mitochondrial and cell membranes. This discourages its use on an individual basis and without specialized monitoring by health professionals.
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12
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Magara G, Varello K, Pastorino P, Francese DR, Arsieni P, Pezzolato M, Masoero L, Messana E, Caldaroni B, Abete MC, Pederiva S, Squadrone S, Elia AC, Prearo M, Bozzetta E. Multi-Level System to Assess Toxicity in Water Distribution Plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148469. [PMID: 35886313 PMCID: PMC9316929 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of water samples from water distribution plants needs to be investigated further. Indeed, studies on the pro-oxidant effects driven by tap water are very limited. In this study, the water quality, pro-oxidant effects, and potential health risks driven by exposure to groundwater samples from two water plants (sites A and B) located in Northwestern Italy were investigated in a multi-level system. Physicochemical parameters and the absence of pathogens, cyanotoxins, and endocrine active substances indicated a good water quality for both sites. The 25 metals analyzed were found under the limit of quantification or compliant with the maximum limits set by national legislation. Water samples were concentrated by the solid-phase extraction system in order to assess the aquatic toxicity on Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell line. Levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione reductase were evaluated through the Integrated Biomarkers Response (IBRv2) index. EPC cell line was found a sensible model for assessing the antioxidant responses driven by both water concentrates. A similar antioxidant response was shown by plots and IBRv2 suggesting a muted risk for the two sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Magara
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (B.C.); (A.C.E.)
| | - Katia Varello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (K.V.); (P.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (E.M.); (M.C.A.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (K.V.); (P.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (E.M.); (M.C.A.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0112-686-251
| | | | - Paola Arsieni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (K.V.); (P.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (E.M.); (M.C.A.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (K.V.); (P.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (E.M.); (M.C.A.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Loretta Masoero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (K.V.); (P.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (E.M.); (M.C.A.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Erika Messana
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (K.V.); (P.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (E.M.); (M.C.A.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Barbara Caldaroni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (B.C.); (A.C.E.)
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (K.V.); (P.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (E.M.); (M.C.A.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Sabina Pederiva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (K.V.); (P.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (E.M.); (M.C.A.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Stefania Squadrone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (K.V.); (P.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (E.M.); (M.C.A.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (B.C.); (A.C.E.)
| | - Marino Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (K.V.); (P.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (E.M.); (M.C.A.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (K.V.); (P.A.); (M.P.); (L.M.); (E.M.); (M.C.A.); (S.P.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (E.B.)
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13
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Liao X, Allen JM, Granger CO, Richardson SD. How well does XAD resin extraction recover halogenated disinfection byproducts for comprehensive identification and toxicity testing? J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:264-275. [PMID: 35725078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are an unintended consequence of drinking water disinfection, and can have significant toxicity. XAD resins are commonly used to extract and enrich trace levels of DBPs for comprehensive, nontarget identification of DBPs and also for in vitro toxicity studies. However, XAD resin recoveries for complete classes of halogenated DBPs have not been evaluated, particularly for low, environmentally relevant levels (ng/L to low µg/L). Thus, it is not known whether levels of DBPs or the toxicity of drinking water might be underestimated. In this study, DAX-8/XAD-2 layered resins were evaluated, considering both adsorption and elution from the resins, for extracting 66 DBPs from water. Results demonstrate that among the 7 classes of DBPs investigated, trihalomethanes (THMs), including iodo-THMs, were the most efficiently adsorbed, with recovery of most THMs ranging from 50%-96%, followed by halonitromethanes (40%-90%). The adsorption ability of XAD resins for haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides, and haloacetaldehydes was highly dependent on the individual species. The adsorption capacity of XAD resins for haloacetic acids was lower (5%-48%), even after adjusting to pH 1 before extraction. Recovery efficiency for most DBPs was comparable with their adsorption, as most were eluted effectively from XAD resins by ethyl acetate. DBP polarity and molecular weight were the two most important factors that determine their recovery. Recovery of trichloromethane, iodoacetic acid, chloro- and iodo-acetonitrile, and chloroacetamide were among the lowest, which could lead to underestimation of toxicity, particularly for iodoacetic acid and iodo-acetonitrile, which are highly toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA; Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA; Currently at LanzaTech, 535 Commerce Drive, Soperton, Georgia 30457, USA
| | - Caroline O Granger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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14
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Richardson SD. A catalyst for integrating analytical biology, analytical chemistry, and engineering to improve drinking water safety: The groundbreaking work of Dr. Michael Plewa. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:6-9. [PMID: 35725090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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15
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Guo J, Shen Y, Zhang X, Lin D, Xia P, Song M, Yan L, Zhong W, Gou X, Wang C, Wei S, Yu H, Shi W. Effect-Directed Analysis Based on the Reduced Human Transcriptome (RHT) to Identify Organic Contaminants in Source and Tap Waters along the Yangtze River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7840-7852. [PMID: 35617516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since a large number of contaminants are detected in source waters (SWs) and tap waters (TWs), it is important to perform a comprehensive effect evaluation and key contributor identification. A reduced human transcriptome (RHT)-based effect-directed analysis, which consisted of a concentration-dependent RHT to reveal the comprehensive effects and noteworthy pathways and systematic identification of key contributors based on the interactions between compounds and pathway effects, was developed and applied to typical SWs and TWs along the Yangtze River. By RHT, 42% more differentially expressed genes and 33% more pathways were identified in the middle and lower reaches, indicating heavier pollution. Hormone and immune pathways were prioritized based on the detection frequency, sensitivity, and removal efficiency, among which the estrogen receptor pathway was the most noteworthy. Consistent with RHT, estrogenic effects were widespread along the Yangtze River based on in vitro evaluations. Furthermore, 38 of 100 targets, 39 pathway-related suspects, and 16 estrogenic nontargets were systematically identified. Among them, diethylstilbestrol was the dominant contributor, with the estradiol equivalent (EEQ) significantly correlated with EEQwater. In addition, zearalenone and niclosamide explained up to 54% of the EEQwater. The RHT-based EDA method could support the effect evaluation, contributor identification, and risk management of micropolluted waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215027, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Die Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenjun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, China
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16
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Allen JM, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Wei X, Bokenkamp K, Hur K, Jia A, Liberatore HK, Lee CFT, Shirkhani R, Krasner SW, Richardson SD. Feel the Burn: Disinfection Byproduct Formation and Cytotoxicity during Chlorine Burn Events. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8245-8254. [PMID: 35638116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification and biofilm growth within distribution systems remain major issues for drinking water treatment plants utilizing chloramine disinfection. Many chloraminated plants periodically switch to chlorine disinfection for several weeks to mitigate these issues, known as "chlorine burns". The evaluation of disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation during chlorine burns beyond regulated DBPs is scarce. Here, we quantified an extensive suite of 80 regulated and emerging, unregulated DBPs from 10 DBP classes in drinking water from two U.S. drinking water plants during chlorine burn and chloramination treatments. Total organic halogen (TOX), including total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic iodine, was also quantified, and mammalian cell cytotoxicity of whole water mixtures was assessed in chlorine burn waters for the first time. TOX and most DBPs increased in concentration during chlorine burns, and one emerging DBP, trichloroacetaldehyde, reached 99 μg/L. THMs and HAAs reached concentrations of 249 and 271 μg/L, respectively. Two highly cytotoxic nitrogenous DBP classes, haloacetamides and haloacetonitriles, increased during chlorine burns, reaching up to 14.2 and 19.3 μg/L, respectively. Cytotoxicity did not always increase from chloramine treatment to chlorine burn, but a 100% increase in cytotoxicity was observed for one plant. These data highlight that consumer DBP exposure during chlorine burns can be substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Katherine Bokenkamp
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyu Hur
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ai Jia
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Chih-Fen T Lee
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Raha Shirkhani
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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MacKeown H, von Gunten U, Criquet J. Iodide sources in the aquatic environment and its fate during oxidative water treatment - A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118417. [PMID: 35452971 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is a naturally-occurring halogen in natural waters generally present in concentrations between 0.5 and 100 µg L-1. During oxidative drinking water treatment, iodine-containing disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) can be formed. The formation of I-DBPs was mostly associated to taste and odor issues in the produced tap water but has become a potential health problem more recently due to the generally more toxic character of I-DBPs compared to their chlorinated and brominated analogues. This paper is a systematic and critical review on the reactivity of iodide and on the most common intermediate reactive iodine species HOI. The first step of oxidation of I- to HOI is rapid for most oxidants (apparent second-order rate constant, kapp > 103 M-1s-1 at pH 7). The reactivity of hypoiodous acid with inorganic and organic compounds appears to be intermediate between chlorine and bromine. The life times of HOI during oxidative treatment determines the extent of the formation of I-DBPs. Based on this assessment, chloramine, chlorine dioxide and permanganate are of the highest concern when treating iodide-containing waters. The conditions for the formation of iodo-organic compounds are also critically reviewed. From an evaluation of I-DBPs in more than 650 drinking waters, it can be concluded that one third show low levels of I-THMs (<1 µg L-1), and 18% exhibit concentrations > 10 µg L-1. The most frequently detected I-THM is CHCl2I followed by CHBrClI. More polar I-DBPs, iodoacetic acid in particular, have been reviewed as well. Finally, the transformation of iodide to iodate, a safe iodine-derived end-product, has been proposed to mitigate the formation of I-DBPs in drinking water processes. For this purpose a pre-oxidation step with either ozone or ferrate(VI) to completely oxidize iodide to iodate is an efficient process. Activated carbon has also been shown to be efficient in reducing I-DBPs during drinking water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry MacKeown
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Justine Criquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratory of Advanced Spectroscopy for Interactions, Reactivity and Environment, Lille F-59000, France.
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18
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Peng J, Yin R, Yang X, Shang C. A Novel UVA/ClO 2 Advanced Oxidation Process for the Degradation of Micropollutants in Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1257-1266. [PMID: 34978792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are increasingly used for the degradation of micropollutants in water and wastewater. This study reports a novel UVA/chlorine dioxide (ClO2) AOP based on the photolysis of ClO2 using energy-efficient UV radiation sources in the UVA range (e.g., UVA-LEDs). At a ClO2 dosage of 74 μM (5.0 mg L-1 as ClO2) and a UV fluence at 47.5 mJ cm-2, the UVA365/ClO2 AOP generated a spectrum of reactive species, including chlorine oxide radicals (ClO•), chlorine atoms (Cl•), hydroxyl radicals (HO•), and ozone at a concentration of ∼10-13, ∼10-15, ∼10-14, and ∼10-7 M, respectively. A kinetic model to simulate the reactive species generation in the UVA365/ClO2 AOP was established, validated against the experimental results, and used to predict the pseudo-first-order rate constants and relative contributions of different reactive species to the degradation of 19 micropollutants in the UVA365/ClO2 AOP. Compared to the well-documented UVC254/chlorine AOP, the UVA365/ClO2 AOP produced similar levels of reactive species at similar oxidant dosages but was much less pH-dependent and required much lower energy input, with much lower formation of chloro-organic byproducts and marginal formation of chlorite and chlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Peng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
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19
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Liu C, Shin YH, Wei X, Ersan MS, Wagner E, Plewa MJ, Amy G, Karanfil T. Preferential Halogenation of Algal Organic Matter by Iodine over Chlorine and Bromine: Formation of Disinfection Byproducts and Correlation with Toxicity of Disinfected Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1244-1256. [PMID: 34962797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in surface waters may increase the input of algal organic matter (AOM) in drinking water. The formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during combined chlorination and chloramination of AOM and natural organic matter (NOM) in the presence of bromide and iodide and haloform formation during halogenation of model compounds were studied. Results indicated that haloform/halogen consumption ratios of halogens reacting with amino acids (representing proteins present in AOM) follow the order iodine > bromine > chlorine, with ratios for iodine generally 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those for chlorine (0.19-2.83 vs 0.01-0.16%). This indicates that iodine is a better halogenating agent than chlorine and bromine. In contrast, chlorine or bromine shows higher ratios for phenols (representing the phenolic structure of humic substances present in NOM). Consistent with these observations, chloramination of AOM extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa in the presence of iodide produced 3 times greater iodinated trihalomethanes than those from Suwannee River NOM isolate. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of disinfected algal-impacted waters evaluated by Chinese hamster ovary cell bioassays both follow the order chloramination > prechlorination-chloramination > chlorination. This trend is in contrast to additive toxicity calculations based on the concentrations of measured DBPs since some toxic iodinated DBPs were not identified and quantified, suggesting the necessity of experimentally analyzing the toxicity of disinfected waters. During seasonal HAB events, disinfection practices warrant optimization for iodide-enriched waters to reduce the toxicity of finished waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Young-Hwan Shin
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Bioenvironmental Engineering, Daewoo Institute of Construction Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16297, South Korea
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Elizabeth Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gary Amy
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
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20
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Allen JM, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Wei X, Bokenkamp K, Hur K, Jia A, Liberatore HK, Lee CFT, Shirkhani R, Krasner SW, Richardson SD. Drivers of Disinfection Byproduct Cytotoxicity in U.S. Drinking Water: Should Other DBPs Be Considered for Regulation? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:392-402. [PMID: 34910457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study reveals key disinfection byproduct (DBP) toxicity drivers in drinking water across the United States. DBPs, which are ubiquitous in drinking water, form by the reaction of disinfectants, organic matter, bromide, and iodide and are generally present at 100-1000× higher concentrations than other contaminants. DBPs are linked to bladder cancer, miscarriage, and birth defects in human epidemiologic studies, but it is not known as to which DBPs are responsible. We report the most comprehensive investigation of drinking water toxicity to date, with measurements of extracted whole-water mammalian cell chronic cytotoxicity, over 70 regulated and priority unregulated DBPs, and total organic chlorine, bromine, and iodine, revealing a more complete picture of toxicity drivers. A variety of impacted waters were investigated, including those impacted by wastewater, agriculture, and seawater. The results revealed that unregulated haloacetonitriles, particularly dihaloacetonitriles, are important toxicity drivers. In seawater-impacted water treated with chloramine, toxicity was driven by iodinated DBPs, particularly iodoacetic acids. In chlorinated waters, the combined total organic chlorine and bromine was highly and significantly correlated with toxicity (r = 0.94, P < 0.01); in chloraminated waters, total organic iodine was highly and significantly correlated with toxicity (r = 0.80, P < 0.001). These results indicate that haloacetonitriles and iodoacetic acids should be prioritized in future research for potential regulation consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Katherine Bokenkamp
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyu Hur
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ai Jia
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Chih-Fen T Lee
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Raha Shirkhani
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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21
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Liu C, Sun Y, Mustieles V, Chen YJ, Huang LL, Deng YL, Wang YX, Lu WQ, Messerlian C. Prenatal Exposure to Disinfection Byproducts and Intrauterine Growth in a Chinese Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16011-16022. [PMID: 34813313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproduct (DBP) exposure has been associated with birth size, pregnancy oxidative stress, and other adverse perinatal outcomes. However, little is known about the potential effect of prenatal DBP exposure on intrauterine growth. The present study included 1516 pregnant women from the Xiaogan Disinfection By-Products (XGDBP) birth cohort who were measured for four blood trihalomethanes [i.e., chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM)] and two urinary haloacetic acids [i.e., dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA)] across pregnancy trimesters. Second- and third-trimester fetal ultrasound measures of the abdominal circumference (AC), head circumference, biparietal diameter, femur length, and estimated fetal weight and birth weight were converted into z-scores. After adjusting for potential confounders, linear mixed models showed a decreasing AC z-score across tertiles of blood brominated THM (Br-THMs, the sum of BDCM, DBCM, and TBM) and total THM (THM4, the sum of Br-THMs and TCM) concentrations (both p for trend <0.01). We also observed a decreasing AC z-score across categories of blood TBM during pregnancy trimesters (p for trend = 0.03). Urinary haloacetic acids were unrelated to fetal growth parameters. In summary, prenatal exposure to THMs, particularly during the first trimester, was associated with reduced fetal abdominal circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ying-Jun Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yan-Ling Deng
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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22
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Liu C. The role of metal oxides on oxidant decay and disinfection byproduct formation in drinking waters: Relevance to distribution systems. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 110:140-149. [PMID: 34593185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining a residual disinfectant/oxidant (e.g., chlorine and chlorine dioxide), is a generally used strategy to control microbial contaminants and bacterial regrowth in distribution systems. Secondarily oxidant, such as hypobromous acid (HOBr), can be formed during chlorination of bromide-containing waters. The decay of oxidants and formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) due to the interaction between oxidants and selected metal oxides were studied. Selected metal oxides generally enhanced the decay of these halogen-containing oxidants via three pathways: (1) catalytic disproportionation to yield an oxidized form of halogen (i.e., halate) and reduced form (halide for chlorine and bromine or chlorite for chlorine dioxide), (2) oxygen formation, and (3) oxidation of a metal in a reduced form (e.g., cuprous oxide) to a higher oxidation state. Cupric oxide (CuO) and nickel oxide (NiO) showed significantly strong abilities for the first pathway, and oxygen formation was a side reaction. Cuprous oxide can react with oxidants via the third pathway, while goethite was not involved in these reactions. The ability of CuO on catalytic disproportionation of HOBr remained stable up to four cycles. In chlorination process, bromate formation tends to be important (exceeding 10 µg/L) when initial bromide concentration is above 400 µg/L in the presence of dissolved organic matter. Increasing initial bromide concentrations increased the formation of DBPs and calculated cytotoxicity, and the maximum was observed at pH 8.6 during chlorination process. Therefore, the possible disinfectant loss and DBP formation should be carefully considered in drinking water distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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23
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Joseph J, Iftekhar S, Srivastava V, Fallah Z, Zare EN, Sillanpää M. Iron-based metal-organic framework: Synthesis, structure and current technologies for water reclamation with deep insight into framework integrity. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131171. [PMID: 34198064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water is a supreme requirement for the existence of life, the contamination from the point and non-point sources are creating a great threat to the water ecosystem. Advance tools and techniques are required to restore the water quality and metal-organic framework (MOFs) with a tunable porous structure, striking physical and chemical properties are an excellent candidate for it. Fe-based MOFs, which developed rapidly in recent years, are foreseen as most promising to overcome the disadvantages of traditional water depolluting practices. Fe-MOFs with low toxicity and preferable stability possess excellent performance potential for almost all water remedying techniques in contrast to other MOF structures, especially visible light photocatalysis, Fenton, and Fenton-like heterogeneous catalysis. Fe-MOFs become essential tool for water treatment due to their high catalytic activity, abundant active site and pollutant-specific adsorption. However, the structural degradation under external chemical, photolytic, mechanical, and thermal stimuli is impeding Fe-MOFs from further improvement in activity and their commercialization. Understanding the shortcomings of structural integrity is crucial for large-scale synthesis and commercial implementation of Fe-MOFs-based water treatment techniques. Herein we summarize the synthesis, structure and recent advancements in water remediation methods using Fe-MOFs in particular more attention is paid for adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis and photocatalysis with clear insight into the mechanisms involved. For ease of analysis, the pollutants have been classified into two major classes; inorganic pollutants and organic pollutants. In this review, we present for the first time a detailed insight into the challenges in employing Fe-MOFs for water remediation due to structural instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Jyväskylä University, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sidra Iftekhar
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70120, Finland
| | - Varsha Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Jyväskylä University, Jyväskylä, Finland; Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90014, Finland.
| | - Zari Fallah
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran
| | | | - Mika Sillanpää
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), NO. 2006, Xiyuan Ave., West High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, PR China; Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India; Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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24
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Lau SS, Forster AL, Richardson SD, Mitch WA. Disinfection Byproduct Recovery during Extraction and Concentration in Preparation for Chemical Analyses or Toxicity Assays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14136-14145. [PMID: 34618438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over 700 disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been identified, but they account for only ∼30% of total organic halogen (TOX). Extracting disinfected water is necessary to assess the overall toxicity of both known and unknown DBPs. Commonly used DBP extraction methods include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE), which may use either XAD resins or other polymeric sorbents. With few exceptions, DBP recoveries have not been quantified. We compared recoveries by LLE, XAD resins, and a mixture of Phenomenex Sepra SPE sorbents (hereafter SPE) for (semi-)volatile DBPs and nonvolatile model compounds at the 1-L scale. We scaled up the three methods to extract DBPs in 10 L of chlorinated creek waters. For (semi-)volatile DBPs, XAD resulted in lower recoveries than LLE and SPE at both 1- and 10-L scales. At the 10-L scale, recovery of certain trihalomethanes and trihalogenated haloacetic acids by XAD was negligible, while recovery of other (semi-)volatile DBPs extracted by XAD (<30%) was lower than by SPE or LLE (30-60%). TOX recovery at the 10-L scale was generally similar by the three extraction methods. The low TOX recovery (<30%) indicates that the toxicity assessed by bioassays predominantly reflects the contribution of the nonvolatile, hydrophobic fraction of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Lau
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alexandria L Forster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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25
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Kong Q, Fan M, Yin R, Zhang X, Lei Y, Shang C, Yang X. Micropollutant abatement and byproduct formation during the co-exposure of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) and UVC radiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126424. [PMID: 34174627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis of ClO2 by UVC radiation occurs in several drinking water treatment scenarios (e.g., pre-oxidation by ClO2 with post-UVC disinfection or a multi-barrier disinfection system comprising ClO2 and UVC disinfection in sequence). However, whether micropollutants are degraded and undesired byproducts are formed during the co-exposure of ClO2 and UVC radiation remain unclear. This study demonstrated that four micropollutants (trimethoprim, iopromide, caffeine, and ciprofloxacin) were degraded by 14.4-100.0% during the co-exposure of ClO2 and UVC radiation in the synthetic drinking water under the environmentally relevant conditions (UV dose of 207 mJ cm-2, ClO2 dose of 1.35 mg L-1, and pH of 7.0). Trimethoprim and iopromide were predominantly degraded by ClO2 oxidation and direct UVC photolysis, respectively. Caffeine and ciprofloxacin were predominantly degraded by the radicals (HO• and Cl•) and the in-situ formed free chlorine from ClO2 photolysis, respectively. The yields of total organic chlorine (12.5 µg L-1 from 1.0 mg C L-1 of NOM) and chlorate (0.14 mg L-1 From 1.35 mg L-1 of ClO2) during the co-exposure were low. However, the yield of chlorite was high (0.76 mg L-1 from 1.35 mg L-1 of ClO2), which requires attention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mengge Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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26
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de Prado-Bert P, Ruiz-Arenas C, Vives-Usano M, Andrusaityte S, Cadiou S, Carracedo Á, Casas M, Chatzi L, Dadvand P, González JR, Grazuleviciene R, Gutzkow KB, Haug LS, Hernandez-Ferrer C, Keun HC, Lepeule J, Maitre L, McEachan R, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Pelegrí D, Robinson O, Slama R, Vafeiadi M, Sunyer J, Vrijheid M, Bustamante M. The early-life exposome and epigenetic age acceleration in children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 155:106683. [PMID: 34144479 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The early-life exposome influences future health and accelerated biological aging has been proposed as one of the underlying biological mechanisms. We investigated the association between more than 100 exposures assessed during pregnancy and in childhood (including indoor and outdoor air pollutants, built environment, green environments, tobacco smoking, lifestyle exposures, and biomarkers of chemical pollutants), and epigenetic age acceleration in 1,173 children aged 7 years old from the Human Early-Life Exposome project. Age acceleration was calculated based on Horvath's Skin and Blood clock using child blood DNA methylation measured by Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChips. We performed an exposure-wide association study between prenatal and childhood exposome and age acceleration. Maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy was nominally associated with increased age acceleration. For childhood exposures, indoor particulate matter absorbance (PMabs) and parental smoking were nominally associated with an increase in age acceleration. Exposure to the organic pesticide dimethyl dithiophosphate and the persistent pollutant polychlorinated biphenyl-138 (inversely associated with child body mass index) were protective for age acceleration. None of the associations remained significant after multiple-testing correction. Pregnancy and childhood exposure to tobacco smoke and childhood exposure to indoor PMabs may accelerate epigenetic aging from an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula de Prado-Bert
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Arenas
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Vives-Usano
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Sandra Andrusaityte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaicio Street 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Solène Cadiou
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, IAB, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, Rúa Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) y Centro Nacional de Genotipado (CEGEN-PRB3-ISCIII), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Praza do Obradoiro s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA; Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Payam Dadvand
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan R González
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Regina Grazuleviciene
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaicio Street 58, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristine B Gutzkow
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line S Haug
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carles Hernandez-Ferrer
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 4, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Hector C Keun
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Johanna Lepeule
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, IAB, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Léa Maitre
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosie McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolors Pelegrí
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Marys Hospital Campus, London W21PG, UK
| | - Rémy Slama
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, IAB, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
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Fang C, Yang X, Ding S, Luan X, Xiao R, Du Z, Wang P, An W, Chu W. Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Derived Disinfection Byproduct Formation along the Yangtze River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12326-12336. [PMID: 34297564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River basin covers one-fifth of China's land area and serves as a water source for one-third of China's population. During long-distance water transport from upstream to downstream, various sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) lead to considerable variation in DOM properties, significantly impacting water treatability and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation after chlorination. Using size-exclusion chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy, the spatial variation in DOM characteristics was comprehensively investigated on a basin scale. The formation of 36 DBPs and speciated total organic halogen in chlorinated samples was determined. Overall, the Yangtze River waters featured a high proportion of terrestrially derived humic substances that served as important precursors for trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, which was responsible for the increase in total DBP formation along the Yangtze River. The downstream waters were characterized by high levels of microbially derived protein-like biopolymers, which significantly contributed to the formation of haloacetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles that dominated DBP-associated mammalian cell cytotoxicity. Moreover, the precursors of haloacetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles in downstream waters were highly hydrophilic, posing a challenge for water treatment. This study presents an extensive basin-scale study, providing insights into DOM variations along the Yangtze River, illustrating the impact of DOM properties on drinking water from a DBP perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinmiao Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
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28
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Chen B, Jiang J, Yang X, Zhang X, Westerhoff P. Roles and Knowledge Gaps of Point-of-Use Technologies for Mitigating Health Risks from Disinfection Byproducts in Tap Water: A Critical Review. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117265. [PMID: 34091221 PMCID: PMC8634687 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to rising concerns about water pollution and affordability, there is a rapidly-growing public acceptance and global market for a variety of point-of-use (POU) devices for domestic uses. However, the efficiencies and mechanisms of POU technologies for removing regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are still not systematically known. To facilitate the development of this field, we summarized performance trends of four common technologies (i.e., boiling, adsorption, membrane filtration, and advanced oxidation) on mitigating preformed DBPs and identified knowledge gaps. The following highest priority knowledge gaps include: 1) data on DBP levels at the tap or cup in domestic applications; 2) certainty regarding the controls of DBPs by heating processes as DBPs may form and transform simultaneously; 3) standards to evaluate the performance of carbon-based materials on varying types of DBPs; 4) long-term information on the membrane performance in removing DBPs; 5) knowledge of DBPs' susceptibility toward advanced redox processes; 6) tools to monitor/predict the toxicity and diversity of DBPs formed in waters with varying precursors and when implementing different treatment technologies; and 7) social acceptance and regulatory frameworks of incorporating POU as a potential supplement to current centralized-treatment focused DBP control strategies. We conclude by identifying research needs necessary to assure POU systems protect the public against regulated and emerging DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), 518055, China.
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, United States.
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29
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Medlock Kakaley E, Cardon MC, Evans N, Iwanowicz LR, Allen JM, Wagner E, Bokenkamp K, Richardson SD, Plewa MJ, Bradley PM, Romanok KM, Kolpin DW, Conley JM, Gray LE, Hartig PC, Wilson VS. In vitro effects-based method and water quality screening model for use in pre- and post-distribution treated waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144750. [PMID: 33736315 PMCID: PMC8085790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent urban public water supply contamination events emphasize the importance of screening treated drinking water quality after distribution. In vitro bioassays, when run concurrently with analytical chemistry methods, are effective tools to evaluating the efficacy of water treatment processes and water quality. We tested 49 water samples representing the Chicago Department of Water Management service areas for estrogen, (anti)androgen, glucocorticoid receptor-activating contaminants and cytotoxicity. We present a tiered screening approach suitable to samples with anticipated low-level activity and initially tested all extracts for statistically identifiable endocrine activity; performing a secondary dilution-response analysis to determine sample EC50 and biological equivalency values (BioEq). Estrogenic activity was detected in untreated Lake Michigan intake water samples using mammalian (5/49; median: 0.21 ng E2Eq/L) and yeast cell (5/49; 1.78 ng E2Eq/L) bioassays. A highly sensitive (anti)androgenic activity bioassay was applied for the first time to water quality screening and androgenic activity was detected in untreated intake and treated pre-distribution samples (4/49; 0.93 ng DHTEq/L). No activity was identified above method detection limits in the yeast androgenic, mammalian anti-androgenic, and both glucocorticoid bioassays. Known estrogen receptor agonists were detected using HPLC/MS-MS (estrone: 0.72-1.4 ng/L; 17α-estradiol: 1.3-1.5 ng/L; 17β-estradiol: 1.4 ng/L; equol: 8.8 ng/L), however occurrence did not correlate with estrogenic bioassay results. Many studies have applied bioassays to water quality monitoring using only relatively small samples sets often collected from surface and/or wastewater effluent. However, to realistically adapt these tools to treated water quality monitoring, water quality managers must have the capacity to screen potentially hundreds of samples in short timeframes. Therefore, we provided a tiered screening model that increased sample screening speed, without sacrificing statistical stringency, and detected estrogenic and androgenic activity only in pre-distribution Chicago area samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Medlock Kakaley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27511, United States of America.
| | - Mary C Cardon
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27511, United States of America
| | - Nicola Evans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27511, United States of America
| | - Luke R Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430, United States of America
| | - Joshua M Allen
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Graduate Science Research Center, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Wagner
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Crop Sciences, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Katherine Bokenkamp
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Crop Sciences, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Susan D Richardson
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Graduate Science Research Center, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, SC 29208, United States of America
| | - Michael J Plewa
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Crop Sciences, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Carolina Water Science Center, 720 Gracern Rd, Columbia, SC 29210, United States of America
| | - Kristin M Romanok
- U.S. Geological Survey, Water Science Center, 3450 Princeton Pike, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, United States of America
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, 400 S Clinton St Room 269, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States of America
| | - Justin M Conley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27511, United States of America
| | - L Earl Gray
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27511, United States of America
| | - Phillip C Hartig
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27511, United States of America
| | - Vickie S Wilson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27511, United States of America
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30
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DeMarini DM, Warren SH, Smith WJ, Richardson SD, Liberatore HK. Inability of GSTT1 to activate iodinated halomethanes to mutagens in Salmonella. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:168-176. [PMID: 33484035 PMCID: PMC8051615 DOI: 10.1002/em.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs), including the ubiquitous trihalomethanes (THMs), are formed during the treatment of water with disinfectants (e.g., chlorine, chloramines) to produce and distribute potable water. Brominated THMs (Br-THMs) are activated to mutagens via glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1); however, iodinated THMs (I-THMs) have never been evaluated for activation by GSTT1. Among the I-THMs, only triiodomethane (iodoform) has been tested previously for mutagenicity in Salmonella and was positive (in the absence of GSTT1) in three strains (TA98, TA100, and BA13), all of which have error-prone DNA repair (pKM101). We evaluated five I-THMs (chlorodiiodomethane, dichloroiodomethane, dibromoiodomethane, bromochloroiodomethane, and triiodomethane) for mutagenicity in Salmonella strain RSJ100, which expresses GSTT1, and its homologue TPT100, which does not; neither strain has pKM101. We also evaluated chlorodiiodo-, dichloroiodo-, and dibromoiodo-methanes in strain TA100 +/- rat liver S9 mix; TA100 has pKM101. None was mutagenic in any of the strains. The I-THMs were generally more cytotoxic than their brominated and chlorinated analogues but less cytotoxic than analogous trihalonitromethanes tested previously. All five I-THMs showed similar thresholds for cytotoxicity at ~2.5 μmoles/plate, possibly due to release of iodine, a well-known antimicrobial. Although none of these I-THMs was activated by GSTT1, iodoform appears to be the only I-THM that is mutagenic in Salmonella, only in strains deficient in nucleotide excision repair (uvrB) and having pKM101. Given that only iodoform is mutagenic among the I-THMs and is generally present at low concentrations in drinking water, the I-THMs likely play little role in the mutagenicity of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. DeMarini
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Hannah K. Liberatore
- Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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31
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Duan X, Liao X, Chen J, Xie S, Qi H, Li F, Yuan B. THMs, HAAs and NAs production from culturable microorganisms in pipeline network by ozonation, chlorination, chloramination and joint disinfection strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140833. [PMID: 32717469 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an indispensable process to inactivate pathogens, while unexpected disinfection by-products (DBPs) would also be formed between the reaction of residual disinfectants and microorganisms in the water distribution system (WDS). However, there are few studies referring to the formation of DBPs and DBPs-associated toxicity under various disinfection methods based on microorganisms in the real WDS. In addition, the main contributors of bacterial communities or components that generate DBPs are unclear. In this study, the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs), halo-acetic acids (HAAs), nitrosamines (NAs) from culturable microorganisms in pipeline network by ozonation(O3), chlorination (Cl2), chloramination (NH2Cl) and joint disinfection methods were compared, meanwhile, their calculated toxicities under different oxidation scenarios were also discussed. Moreover, 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequencing was used to identify the main microbial communities. The results demonstrated that THMs and HAAs increased with increasing disinfectant dosages, while the quantity of NAs (mainly nitroso dimethylamine (NDMA)) was not significantly related to disinfectant dosages for each disinfection strategy. Chloroform (TCM) and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) were the dominant THMs and HAAs species, respectively. NDMA existed in the samples before disinfections, which may due to the metabolic activity of microorganisms. Pre-O3 increased THMs formation during subsequent Cl2 and NH2Cl treatment. However, pre-O3 effectively reduced HAAs produced by subsequent chlorination. O3/Cl2 disinfection had the highest DBPs formation potential (DBPFP) (883.6 nM), while its calculated toxicity was similar to that in Cl2 disinfection treatment. Pseudomonas was the most abundant bacterial genus in biofilm of WDS pipeline. This study can aid in an optimal disinfection strategy for water treatment plants to reduce the toxicity of DBPs caused by biomass in pipelines and ensure water quality safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Duan
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuguang Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huan Qi
- College of Textiles and Appearl, Quanzhou Normal University, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
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32
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Liu C, Ersan MS, Wagner E, Plewa MJ, Amy G, Karanfil T. Toxicity of chlorinated algal-impacted waters: Formation of disinfection byproducts vs. reduction of cyanotoxins. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116145. [PMID: 32771689 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal algal blooms in surface waters can impact water quality through an input of algal organic matter (AOM) to the pool of dissolved organic matter as well as the release of cyanotoxins. The formation and speciation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination of algal-impacted waters, collected from growth of Microcystis aeruginosa were studied. Second-order rate constants for the reactions of microcystins (MCs) with chlorine and bromine were determined. Finally, the toxicity of chlorinated algal-impacted waters was evaluated by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays. Under practical water treatment conditions, algal-impacted waters produced less regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and total organic halogen (TOX) than natural organic matter (NOM). For example, the weight ratios of DBP formation from AOM to NOM (median levels) were approximately 1:5, 1:3, 1:2 and 1:3 for THMs, HAAs, HANs, and TOX, respectively. Increasing initial bromide level significantly enhanced THM and HAN concentrations, and therefore unknown TOX decreased. The second-order rate constant for the reactions of MC-LR (the most common MC species) with chlorine was 60 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.5 and 21 °C, and the rate constants for MC congeners follow the order: MC-WR > MC-LW > MC-YR > MC-LY > MC-LR ≈ MC-RR. The reaction rate constant of bromine with MC-LR is two orders of magnitude higher than that of chlorine. Unchlorinated algal-impacted waters were toxic owning to the presence of MCs, and chlorination enhanced their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity due to the formation of toxic halogenated DBPs. However, the toxicity of treated waters depended on the evolution of cyanotoxins and formation of DBPs (particularly unknown or emerging DBPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA
| | - Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gary Amy
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, USA.
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33
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Bulman DM, Remucal CK. Role of Reactive Halogen Species in Disinfection Byproduct Formation during Chlorine Photolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9629-9639. [PMID: 32598837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The multiple reactive oxidants produced during chlorine photolysis effectively degrade organic contaminants during water treatment, but their role in disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation is unclear. The impact of chlorine photolysis on dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition and DBP formation is investigated using lake water collected after coagulation, flocculation, and filtration at pH 6.5 and pH 8.5 with irradiation at three wavelengths (254, 311, and 365 nm). The steady-state concentrations of hydroxyl radical and chlorine radical decrease by 38-100% in drinking water compared to ultrapure water, which is primarily attributed to radical scavenging by natural water constituents. Chlorine photolysis transforms DOM through multiple mechanisms to produce DOM that is more aliphatic in nature and contains novel high molecular weight chlorinated DBPs that are detected via high-resolution mass spectrometry. Quenching experiments demonstrate that reactive chlorine species are partially responsible for the formation of halogenated DOM, haloacetic acids, and haloacetonitriles, whereas trihalomethane formation decreases during chlorine photolysis. Furthermore, DOM transformation primarily due to direct photolysis alters DOM such that it is more reactive with chlorine, which also contributes to enhanced formation of novel DBPs during chlorine photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Manley Bulman
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Christina K Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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34
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Wei X, Yang M, Zhu Q, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Comparative Quantitative Toxicology and QSAR Modeling of the Haloacetonitriles: Forcing Agents of Water Disinfection Byproduct Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8909-8918. [PMID: 32551543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The haloacetonitriles (HANs) is an emerging class of nitrogenous-disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) present in disinfected drinking, recycled, processed wastewaters, and reuse waters. HANs were identified as primary forcing agents that accounted for DBP-associated toxicity. We evaluated the toxic characteristics of iodoacetonitrile (IAN), bromoacetonitrile (BAN), dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN), bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN), tribromoacetonitrile (TBAN), chloroacetonitrile (CAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), bromodichloroacetonitrile (BDCAN), and chlorodibromoacetonitrile (CDBAN). This research generated the first quantitative, comparative analyses on the mammalian cell cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and thiol reactivity of these HANs. The descending rank order for HAN cytotoxicity was TBAN ≈ DBAN > BAN ≈ IAN > BCAN ≈ CDBAN > BDCAN > DCAN ≈ CAN ≈ TCAN. The rank order for genotoxicity was IAN ≈ TBAN ≈ DBAN > BAN > CDBAN ≈ BDCAN ≈ BCAN ≈ CAN ≈ TCAN ≈ DCAN. The rank order for thiol reactivity was TBAN > BDCAN ≈ CDBAN > DBAN > BCAN > BAN ≈ IAN > TCAN. These toxicity metrics were associated with membrane permeability and chemical reactivity. Based on their physiochemical parameters and toxicity metrics, we developed optimized, robust quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models for cytotoxicity and for genotoxicity. These models can predict cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of novel HANs prior to analytical biological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000 China
| | - Qingyao Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000 China
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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35
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Vrijheid M, Fossati S, Maitre L, Márquez S, Roumeliotaki T, Agier L, Andrusaityte S, Cadiou S, Casas M, de Castro M, Dedele A, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Grazuleviciene R, Haug LS, McEachan R, Meltzer HM, Papadopouplou E, Robinson O, Sakhi AK, Siroux V, Sunyer J, Schwarze PE, Tamayo-Uria I, Urquiza J, Vafeiadi M, Valentin A, Warembourg C, Wright J, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Thomsen C, Basagaña X, Slama R, Chatzi L. Early-Life Environmental Exposures and Childhood Obesity: An Exposome-Wide Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:67009. [PMID: 32579081 PMCID: PMC7313401 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical and nonchemical environmental exposures are increasingly suspected to influence the development of obesity, especially during early life, but studies mostly consider single exposure groups. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to systematically assess the association between a wide array of early-life environmental exposures and childhood obesity, using an exposome-wide approach. METHODS The HELIX (Human Early Life Exposome) study measured child body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, skinfold thickness, and body fat mass in 1,301 children from six European birth cohorts age 6-11 y. We estimated 77 prenatal exposures and 96 childhood exposures (cross-sectionally), including indoor and outdoor air pollutants, built environment, green spaces, tobacco smoking, and biomarkers of chemical pollutants (persistent organic pollutants, metals, phthalates, phenols, and pesticides). We used an exposure-wide association study (ExWAS) to screen all exposure-outcome associations independently and used the deletion-substitution-addition (DSA) variable selection algorithm to build a final multiexposure model. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight and obesity combined was 28.8%. Maternal smoking was the only prenatal exposure variable associated with higher child BMI (z-score increase of 0.28, 95% confidence interval: 0.09, 0.48, for active vs. no smoking). For childhood exposures, the multiexposure model identified particulate and nitrogen dioxide air pollution inside the home, urine cotinine levels indicative of secondhand smoke exposure, and residence in more densely populated areas and in areas with fewer facilities to be associated with increased child BMI. Child blood levels of copper and cesium were associated with higher BMI, and levels of organochlorine pollutants, cobalt, and molybdenum were associated with lower BMI. Similar results were found for the other adiposity outcomes. DISCUSSION This first comprehensive and systematic analysis of many suspected environmental obesogens strengthens evidence for an association of smoking, air pollution exposure, and characteristics of the built environment with childhood obesity risk. Cross-sectional biomarker results may suffer from reverse causality bias, whereby obesity status influenced the biomarker concentration. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5975.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Serena Fossati
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Léa Maitre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Sandra Márquez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Lydiane Agier
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, INSERM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209 Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandra Andrusaityte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Solène Cadiou
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, INSERM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209 Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Audrius Dedele
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - David Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Line S Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rosemary McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | | | - Oliver Robinson
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Valerie Siroux
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, INSERM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209 Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Ibon Tamayo-Uria
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Urquiza
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Antonia Valentin
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Charline Warembourg
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Rémy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, INSERM, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), U1209 Joint Research Center, Grenoble, France
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Lau SS, Wei X, Bokenkamp K, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ, Mitch WA. Assessing Additivity of Cytotoxicity Associated with Disinfection Byproducts in Potable Reuse and Conventional Drinking Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5729-5736. [PMID: 32275830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies used the sum of the measured concentrations of individual disinfection byproducts (DBPs) weighted by their Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cytotoxicity LC50 values to estimate the DBP-associated cytotoxicity of disinfected waters. This approach assumed that cytotoxicity was additive rather than synergistic or antagonistic. In this study, we evaluated whether this assumption was valid for mixtures containing DBPs at the concentration ratios measured in authentic disinfected waters. We examined the CHO cell cytotoxicity of defined DBP mixtures based on the concentrations of 43 regulated and unregulated DBPs measured in eight drinking and potable reuse waters. The hypothesis for additivity was supported using three experimental approaches. First, we demonstrated that the calculated additive toxicity (CAT) and bioassay-based calculated additive toxicity (BCAT) of the DBP mixtures agree within 12% on a median basis. We also found an additive toxicity response (CAT ≈ BCAT) between the regulated and unregulated DBP classes. Finally, the empirical biological cytotoxicity of the DBP subset mixtures, independent of the calculated toxicity, was additive. These results support the validity of using the sum of cytotoxic potency-weighted DBP concentrations as an estimate of the CHO cell cytotoxicity associated with known DBPs in real disinfected waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Lau
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Katherine Bokenkamp
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 West Peabody Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Tian D, Moe B, Huang G, Jiang P, Ling ZC, Li XF. Cytotoxicity of Halogenated Tyrosyl Compounds, an Emerging Class of Disinfection Byproducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1028-1035. [PMID: 32200635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated amino acids and peptides are an emerging class of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), having been detected in drinking water and in washed food products. However, the toxicological significance of these emerging DBPs remains unclear. In this study, the cytotoxicity of eight halogenated tyrosyl compounds was investigated in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using real-time cell analysis (RTCA). Dihalogenated tyrosyl compounds are more cytotoxic than their monohalogenated analogues. The cytotoxicity of the dihalogenated compounds is associated with their ability to induce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that oxidative stress is an important toxicity pathway of these compounds. Pearson correlation analysis of the cytotoxicity (IC50 values) of these compounds with eight physicochemical parameters showed strong associations with their lipophilicity (logP) and reactivity (polarizability, ELUMO). Finally, cytotoxicity testing of the concentrated extracts of a chloraminated mixture of eight dipeptides with bromide or iodide showed the cytotoxicity of these mixtures in the order: iodinated peptides > brominated peptides ≥ chlorinated peptides. These results demonstrate that halogenated peptide DBPs are toxicologically relevant, and further research is needed to understand the implications of long-term exposure for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Tian
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3.,College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Birget Moe
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3.,Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4N1
| | - Guang Huang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Ping Jiang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Zong-Chao Ling
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4N1
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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Guo Q, Zhan Y, Li Y, Hong N, Guan Y, Zhang Z, Yang B, Meng F, Yang M, Liu A. Investigating toxicity of urban road deposited sediments using Chinese hamster ovary cells and Chlorella Pyrenoidosa. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125634. [PMID: 31864047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Road deposited sediments (RDS) is the key carrier of pollutants in the urban road stormwater processes and hence has been seen as an important pollutant source of urban road stormwater. Although many research studies have focused on RDS and pollutants attached to RDS, the investigation on RDS toxicity is very limited. Toxicity test can permit an overall assessment on whether the RDS polluted stormwater can be safely reused. This paper used two living organisms, namely Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, (mammalian cells to indicate human health related toxicity) and Chlorella Pyrenoidosa (algae to indicate ecological health related toxicity) to test RDS toxicity by using an innovative "equivalent toxicity area (ETA)" approach. The outcomes showed that mammalian cells are more sensitive than algae in terms of RDS toxicity. Pb, Cd and Cr primarily contributed to mammalian cell-based toxicity while Zn, Ni, Cu and TOC are primarily toxic to algae. It is also found that road site characteristics such as land uses exerted an important influence on RDS toxicity. Commercial areas tended to generate RDS with higher human health risk related toxicity while industrial areas had a potential to produce RDS with high ecological health risk related toxicity. The research outcomes also showed that solely focusing on pollutant themselves on RDS can not accurately indicate RDS pollution. An approach to considering both pollutant loads and toxicity is preferred. These results were expected to provide a useful insight to enhancing effectiveness of RDS polluted urban road stormwater management and ensuring their reuse safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicong Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuting Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nian Hong
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingjie Guan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenxuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanhua Meng
- Shenzhen Hydrology and Water Quality Center, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
| | - An Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
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Romanovski V, Claesson PM, Hedberg YS. Comparison of different surface disinfection treatments of drinking water facilities from a corrosion and environmental perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:12704-12716. [PMID: 32008194 PMCID: PMC7136315 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface disinfection of water facilities such as water wells requires measures that can remove pathogens from the walls to ensure a high drinking water quality, but many of these measures might increase corrosion of the contact surfaces (often highly pure steel) and affect the environment negatively due to disinfectant-contaminated waste sludge and wastewater. Today, most treatments worldwide are based on hypochlorites. We investigated the extent of corrosion during treatments of steel at relevant conditions of ozone, sodium, and calcium hypochlorite for drinking water preparation, utilizing weight loss, electrochemical, solution analytical, and surface analytical methods. The ozone treatment caused significantly less corrosion as compared with sodium or calcium hypochlorite with 150-250 mg/L active chlorine. Hypochlorite or other chlorine-containing compounds were trapped in corrosion products after the surface disinfection treatment with hypochlorite, and this risked influencing subsequent corrosion after the surface disinfection treatment. A life cycle impact assessment suggested ozone treatment to have the lowest negative effects on human health, ecosystems, and resources. Calcium hypochlorite showed the highest negative environmental impact due to its production phase. Our study suggests that ozone surface disinfection treatments are preferable as compared with hypochlorite treatments from corrosion, economic, and environmental perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Romanovski
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Center of Functional Nano-Ceramics, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, Russia, 119049.
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220072, Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Per Martin Claesson
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials - Surface, Process and Formulation, SE-114 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Susanne Hedberg
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Cuthbertson AA, Bach C, Richardson SD, Dauchy X. A novel automated method for the quantification of ten halobenzoquinones in drinking water using online solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1612:460642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Evlampidou I, Font-Ribera L, Rojas-Rueda D, Gracia-Lavedan E, Costet N, Pearce N, Vineis P, Jaakkola JJ, Delloye F, Makris KC, Stephanou EG, Kargaki S, Kozisek F, Sigsgaard T, Hansen B, Schullehner J, Nahkur R, Galey C, Zwiener C, Vargha M, Righi E, Aggazzotti G, Kalnina G, Grazuleviciene R, Polanska K, Gubkova D, Bitenc K, Goslan EH, Kogevinas M, Villanueva CM. Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water and Bladder Cancer Burden in the European Union. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:17001. [PMID: 31939704 PMCID: PMC7015561 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trihalomethanes (THMs) are widespread disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water, and long-term exposure has been consistently associated with increased bladder cancer risk. OBJECTIVE We assessed THM levels in drinking water in the European Union as a marker of DBP exposure and estimated the attributable burden of bladder cancer. METHODS We collected recent annual mean THM levels in municipal drinking water in 28 European countries (EU28) from routine monitoring records. We estimated a linear exposure-response function for average residential THM levels and bladder cancer by pooling data from studies included in the largest international pooled analysis published to date in order to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for bladder cancer associated with the mean THM level in each country (relative to no exposure), population-attributable fraction (PAF), and number of attributable bladder cancer cases in different scenarios using incidence rates and population from the Global Burden of Disease study of 2016. RESULTS We obtained 2005-2018 THM data from EU26, covering 75% of the population. Data coverage and accuracy were heterogeneous among countries. The estimated population-weighted mean THM level was 11.7μg/L [standard deviation (SD) of 11.2]. The estimated bladder cancer PAF was 4.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5, 7.1] overall (range: 0-23%), accounting for 6,561 (95% CI: 3,389, 9,537) bladder cancer cases per year. Denmark and the Netherlands had the lowest PAF (0.0% each), while Cyprus (23.2%), Malta (17.9%), and Ireland (17.2%) had the highest among EU26. In the scenario where no country would exceed the current EU mean, 2,868 (95% CI: 1,522, 4,060; 43%) annual attributable bladder cancer cases could potentially be avoided. DISCUSSION Efforts have been made to reduce THM levels in the European Union. However, assuming a causal association, current levels in certain countries still could lead to a considerable burden of bladder cancer that could potentially be avoided by optimizing water treatment, disinfection, and distribution practices, among other possible measures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4495.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iro Evlampidou
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Font-Ribera
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Rojas-Rueda
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Gracia-Lavedan
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nathalie Costet
- Université de Rennes, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Rennes, France
| | - Neil Pearce
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Jouni J.K. Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Francis Delloye
- Service Public de Wallonie, Direction générale de l’Agriculture, des Ressources naturelles et de l’Environnement, Département de l'Environnement et de l’Eau, Jambes, Belgium
| | - Konstantinos C. Makris
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Euripides G. Stephanou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- The Cyprus Institute, Aglantzia-Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sophia Kargaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory (ECPL), Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation & Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Hansen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jörg Schullehner
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ramon Nahkur
- Public Health Department, Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Catherine Galey
- Santé Publique France (French National Public Health Agency), Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geosciences (ZAG), Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marta Vargha
- National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elena Righi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aggazzotti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gunda Kalnina
- Public Health Division, Ministry of Health of the Republic Latvia, Health Inspectorate, Riga, Latvia
| | - Regina Grazuleviciene
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kinga Polanska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dasa Gubkova
- Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Emma H. Goslan
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, UK
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina M. Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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Gao J, Proulx F, Rodriguez MJ. Occurrence and spatio-temporal variability of halogenated acetaldehydes in full-scale drinking water systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133517. [PMID: 31362219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the third largest group of identified disinfection by-products (DBPs) by weight, halogenated acetaldehydes (HALs), were monitored for one year at numerous locations in two full-scale drinking water systems applying an ozone-chlorine sequential disinfection strategy. The HALs that were targeted included four trihalogenated acetaldehydes (THALs): chloral hydrate (CH), bromodichloroacetaldehyde (BDCAL), dibromochloroacetaldehyde (DBCAL) and tribromoacetaldehyde (TBAL). Three dihalogenated acetaldehydes (DHALs) were also included: dichloroacetaldehyde (DCAL), bromochloroacetaldehyde (BCAL) and dibromoacetaldehyde(DBAL). In addition to various sampling points in two distribution networks, this study also investigated the formation of HALs during water treatment and for the first time, reports the formation of DBAL before chlorine is applied. Low bromide levels in source waters from both systems resulted in the rare detection of DBAL and TBAL. CH accounted for >50% of total HALs (HAL7) with DHALs accounting for as little as 10% of HAL7, presumably due to the use of ozone-chlorine instead of ozone-chloramine. In the presence of chlorine residuals and with increasing water residence times, most HALs continued to form, more readily in warm water than in cold water. However, the spatial and temporal patterns for each HAL differed depending on speciation (THAL vs. DHAL) and water temperature. Compared to the relatively stable bromine incorporation factor (BIF) of THMs in the distribution systems, the decreasing BIFs of HALs according to water residence time increases suggested that bromine-containing THMs are more stable than their corresponding HALs. Re-chlorination at the extremities of the distribution networks demonstrated a significant impact on the occurrence and speciation of DBPs. In both full-scale systems, water temperature was shown to be the biggest contributing factor to HAL formation. The strong correlations between THM levels and THAL levels make it possible to predict the occurrence of THALs based on THMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Gao
- ÉSAD, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Francois Proulx
- Ville de Québec, 214, avenue Saint-Sacrement, suite 210, Québec G1N 3X6, Canada.
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- ÉSAD, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Ding X, Zhu J, Wang X, Zhou W, Wu K, Zhou Z, Zhou K, Wu D, Jiao J, Xia Y, Wang X. Different cytotoxicity of disinfection by-product haloacetamides on two exposure pathway-related cell lines: Human gastric epithelial cell line GES-1 and immortalized human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:1267-1275. [PMID: 31539958 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to disinfection by-products (DBPs) mainly through drinking water ingestion and dermal contact. As an emerging class of nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs), haloacetamides (HAcAms) have been found to have significantly higher cytotoxicity than regulated DBPs. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of HAcAms on two exposure pathway-related cell lines: human gastric epithelial GES-1 cells and immortalized keratinocytes HaCaT. Our results showed that the ranking order of cytotoxicity of 13 HAcAms was different between HaCaT and GES-1 cells. In addition, the 50% inhibitive concentration in HaCaT was 1.01-3.29 times that in GES-1. Further comparison among GES-1, HaCaT and CHO cell lines confirmed that different cell lines exhibited different sensitivity to the same compound. Importantly, HAcAms showed 5.83-7.13 × 104 times higher toxicity than the well-clarified DBP chloroform, clearly demonstrating the increased toxicity of HAcAms. Finally, using a novel high-content screening (HCS) analysis, we found that 39.29% of chlorinated HAcAms, 42.86% of brominated HAcAms and 16.07% of iodinated HAcAms significantly affected at least one of the cell-health parameters, such as nuclear size, membrane permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential, or cytochrome c release, in GES-1 or HaCaT cells. Thus, brominated HAcAms appear to have stronger effects under the sublethal exposure dose, possibly causing cytotoxicity via apoptosis. Together, our study provides new insights to the toxicity of HAcAms and a comprehensive toxicology dataset for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Jingying Zhu
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Keqin Wu
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Zhu Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, York College, The City University of New York, Jamaica, N.Y. 11451
| | - Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jiandong Jiao
- Department of Public Health, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi 214023, China.
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Zhang SH, Guo AJ, Zhao WX, Gu JL, Zhang R, Wei N. Urinary trichloroacetic acid and high blood pressure: A cross-sectional study of general adults in Shijiazhuang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108640. [PMID: 31416009 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and its parent chemicals potentially linked to cardiovascular disease. However, the association between TCAA and blood pressure (BP) has not been studied to date. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential association between urinary TCAA levels and BP in a Chinese population. We measured BP parameters (including systolic BP, diastolic BP and pulse pressure) and TCAA concentrations in the urine of 569 adults from a primary health care clinic in Shijiazhuang, China. Logistic and linear regressions were used to investigate the relationships between the urinary TCAA levels and BP parameters. To evaluate the robustness of the results, we conducted sensitivity analyses by re-analysing data after excluding urine samples with extreme specific creatinine values. We found that urine TCAA levels were positively associated with systolic BP and pulse pressure based on trend tests after adjusting for potential confounders (both p for trend < 0.05). Finally, only the association of TCAA with systolic BP remained significant in the sensitivity analyses (p < 0.05). Our results suggested that TCAA exposure was associated with increased BP in adults. Because urinary TCAA has been proposed as a valid biomarker of disinfection by-product (DBP) ingestion through disinfected drinking water, our results further suggest that exposure to drinking water DBPs may contribute to high BP in humans. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings and to evaluate opportunities for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hui Zhang
- Experiment Center, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ai-Jing Guo
- Department of Physico-chemical Inspection, Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wei-Xin Zhao
- Experiment Center, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jia-Ling Gu
- Experiment Center, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Departments of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Experiment Center, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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Dong S, Page MA, Massalha N, Hur A, Hur K, Bokenkamp K, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Toxicological Comparison of Water, Wastewaters, and Processed Wastewaters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9139-9147. [PMID: 31283199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water utilities will increasingly rely on alternative water sources in the future, including wastewater reuse. Safety must be assured in the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and supporting treatments for wastewater effluent reuse. This study developed toxicological profiles for source and tap waters, wastewaters, and treated effluents by different processes from four military installation locations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of extracted organics from diverse source waters and after reuse treatments. The toxicity analyses included thiol reactivity, mammalian cell cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Differences in toxicity between source or tap waters and effluents from wastewater treatment processes supported AOP treatment to reduce risks of potable reuse. An anoxic and aerobic activated sludge process followed by sand filtration controlled toxicity to levels similar to a municipal drinking water. An anaerobic membrane bioreactor process exceeded the toxicity levels of a typical drinking water. Two AOP processes (ultraviolet (UV) + reverse osmosis (RO) + chlorination (NaOCl) or RO + UV-H2O2 + NaOCl) significantly reduced toxicity. The integration of the wastewater systems with ultrafiltration, AOP, and RO was effective to reduce the toxicity to levels comparable to, or better than, tap water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Dong
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Security Regulation and Control for Southern China, Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong Higher Education Institute , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510275 , China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 N. Mathews Ave. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States of America
- Safe Global Water Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1101 West Peabody Dr. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States of America
| | - Martin A Page
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center , 2902 Newmark Dr. , Champaign , Illinois 61822 , United States of America
| | - Nedal Massalha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 N. Mathews Ave. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States of America
- Safe Global Water Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1101 West Peabody Dr. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States of America
- The Galilee Society Institute of Applied Research , Shefa-Amr , 20200 , Israel
| | - Andy Hur
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center , 2902 Newmark Dr. , Champaign , Illinois 61822 , United States of America
| | - Kyu Hur
- Department of Crop Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1101 West Peabody Dr. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States of America
- Safe Global Water Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1101 West Peabody Dr. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States of America
| | - Katherine Bokenkamp
- Department of Crop Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1101 West Peabody Dr. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States of America
- Safe Global Water Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1101 West Peabody Dr. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States of America
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1101 West Peabody Dr. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States of America
- Safe Global Water Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1101 West Peabody Dr. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States of America
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1101 West Peabody Dr. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States of America
- Safe Global Water Institute , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1101 West Peabody Dr. , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States of America
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Li Z, Liu X, Huang Z, Hu S, Wang J, Qian Z, Feng J, Xian Q, Gong T. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of disinfection byproducts from chlorination of wastewater effluents in East China. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 157:247-257. [PMID: 30954700 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Effluents containing disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may be discharged to the receiving water bodies or reused for irrigation, landscaping, and environmental supplies as well as a source to replenish groundwater. Thus the formation and risk of the DBPs in disinfected wastewater effluents should be concerned. In this study, the occurrence of 44 DBPs including 6 trihalomethanes (THMs), 9 haloaceticacids (HAAs), 2 haloketones (HKs), 9 halonitromethanes (HNMs), 9 haloacetonitriles (HANs) and 9 nitrosamines (NAs) was investigated in 12 chlorinated WWTP effluents from five cities of East China. The contribution of each class of DBPs to the total DBPs concentration and additive toxicity was calculated. The average concentrations of the 6 classes of DBPs were ranked as follows: HAAs (47.0 μg/L) > THMs (28.0 μg/L) > HANs (9.9 μg/L) > HNMs (2.9 μg/L) > HKs (0.79 μg/L) > NAs (0.69 μg/L). The significant positive correlations were observed between the formation of THMs and HAAs, THMs and HANs, as well as HAAs and HANs. The results showed that HAAs and THMs were the dominant DBPs on a mass concentration basis and accounted for 54% and 29%, respectively in the total measured DBPs, but they made a minor contribution to the calculated DBP-associated cytotoxicity. HANs and NAs dominated the DBP-associated cytotoxicity, accounting for 50% and 34% on an additive toxicity basis despite the minor contributions to the mass concentration with 10% and 1%, respectively. The risk quotients for three taxonomic groups (fish, daphnid, and green algae) were calculated to assess the ecological risk of DBPs, and the results demonstrated that both HAAs and HANs had high ecological risk for green algae in chlorinated wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xinyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zongyao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianfang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Tingting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Sharma VK, Feng M. Water depollution using metal-organic frameworks-catalyzed advanced oxidation processes: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 372:3-16. [PMID: 28993029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a review on the environmental applications of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are inorganic-organic hybrid highly porous crystalline materials, prepared from metal ion/clusters and multidentate organic ligands. The emphases are made on the enhancement of the performance of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) (photocatalysis, Fenton reaction methods, and sulfate radical (SO4-)-mediated oxidations) using MOFs materials. MOFs act as adsorption and light absorbers, leading to superior performance of photocatalytic processes. More recent examples of photocatalytic degradation of dyes are presented. Additionally, it is commonly shown that Fe-based MOFs exhibited excellent catalytic performance on the Fenton-based and SO4•--mediated oxidations of organic pollutants (e.g., dyes, phenol and pharmaceuticals). The significantly enhanced generation of reactive species such as OH and/or SO4- by both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis was proposed as the possible mechanism for water depollution. Based on the existing literature, the challenge and future perspectives in MOF-based AOPs are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Road, 1266 TAMU College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Mingbao Feng
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Road, 1266 TAMU College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Neale PA, Leusch FDL. Assessing the role of different dissolved organic carbon and bromide concentrations for disinfection by-product formation using chemical analysis and bioanalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:17100-17109. [PMID: 31001769 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concerns regarding disinfection by-product (DBP) formation during drinking water treatment have led water utilities to apply treatment processes to reduce the concentration of DBP precursor natural organic matter (NOM). However, these processes often do not remove bromide, leading to high bromide to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ratios after treatment, which can increase the formation of more toxic brominated DBPs. In the current study, we investigated the formation and effect of DBPs in a matrix of synthetic water samples containing different concentrations of bromide and DOC after disinfection with chlorine. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were analysed by chemical analysis, while effect was evaluated using in vitro bioassays indicative of the oxidative stress response and bacterial toxicity. While the addition of increasing bromide concentrations did not alter the sum molar concentration of DBPs formed, the speciation changed, with greater bromine incorporation with an increasing Br:DOC ratio. However, the observed effect did not correlate with the Br:DOC ratio, but instead, effect increased with increasing DOC concentration. Water samples with low DOC and high bromide did not exceed the available oxidative stress response effect-based trigger value (EBT), while all samples with high DOC, irrespective of the bromide concentration, exceeded the EBT. This suggests that treatment processes that remove NOM can improve drinking water quality, even if they are unable to remove bromide. Further, iceberg modelling showed that detected DBPs only explained a small fraction of the oxidative stress response, supporting the application of both chemical analysis and bioanalysis for monitoring DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
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Cuthbertson AA, Kimura SY, Liberatore HK, Summers RS, Knappe DRU, Stanford BD, Maness JC, Mulhern RE, Selbes M, Richardson SD. Does Granular Activated Carbon with Chlorination Produce Safer Drinking Water? From Disinfection Byproducts and Total Organic Halogen to Calculated Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5987-5999. [PMID: 31038939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption is well-established for controlling regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), but its effectiveness for unregulated DBPs and DBP-associated toxicity is unclear. In this study, GAC treatment was evaluated at three full-scale chlorination drinking water treatment plants over different GAC service lives for controlling 61 unregulated DBPs, 9 regulated DBPs, and speciated total organic halogen (total organic chlorine, bromine, and iodine). The plants represented a range of impacts, including algal, agricultural, and industrial wastewater. This study represents the most extensive full-scale study of its kind and seeks to address the question of whether GAC can make drinking water safer from a DBP perspective. Overall, GAC was effective for removing DBP precursors and reducing DBP formation and total organic halogen, even after >22 000 bed volumes of treated water. GAC also effectively removed preformed DBPs at plants using prechlorination, including highly toxic iodoacetic acids and haloacetonitriles. However, 7 DBPs (mostly brominated and nitrogenous) increased in formation after GAC treatment. In one plant, an increase in tribromonitromethane had significant impacts on calculated cytotoxicity, which only had 7-17% reduction following GAC. While these DBPs are highly toxic, the total calculated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity for the GAC treated waters for the other two plants was reduced 32-83% (across young-middle-old GAC). Overall, calculated toxicity was reduced post-GAC, with preoxidation allowing further reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Cuthbertson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | - Susana Y Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive , NW Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | - R Scott Summers
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0428 , United States
| | - Detlef R U Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering , North Carolina State University , Campus Box 7908, Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-7908 , United States
| | - Benjamin D Stanford
- Hazen and Sawyer , 143 S. Union Blvd., Suite 200 , Lakewood , Colorado 80228 , United States
| | - J Clark Maness
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering , North Carolina State University , Campus Box 7908, Raleigh , North Carolina 27695-7908 , United States
| | - Riley E Mulhern
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309-0428 , United States
| | - Meric Selbes
- Hazen and Sawyer , 4035 Ridge Top Road, Suite 400 , Fairfax , Virginia 22030 , United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
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An Adverse Outcome Pathway Linking Organohalogen Exposure to Mitochondrial Disease. J Toxicol 2019; 2019:9246495. [PMID: 31057609 PMCID: PMC6463576 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9246495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are pragmatic tools in human health hazard characterization and risk assessment. As such, one of the main goals of AOP development is to provide a clear, progressive, and linear mechanistic representation of pertinent toxicological key events (KEs) occurring along the different levels of biological organization. Here, we present an AOP framework that depicts how exposure to organohalogens can lead to mitochondrial disease. Organohalogens are disinfectant by-products (DBPs) found in our drinking water. Chloroform, trichloroacetic acid, and trichlorophenol were selected to represent specific types of organohalogens for the development of this AOP. Although each of these compounds contains chlorine atoms, they differ in aromaticity and solubility, which have a significant impact on their potency. This AOP consists of two main pathways, both of which are triggered by the molecular initiating event (MIE) of excessive reactive oxygen species generation. Pathway 1 details the downstream consequences of oxidative stress, which include mitochondrial DNA damage, protein aggregation, and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. Pathway 2 shows the KEs that result from inadequate supply of glutathione, including calcium dysregulation and ATP depletion. Pathways 1 and 2 converge at a common KE: opening of the mitochondrial membrane transition pore (mPTP). This leads to the release of cytochrome c, caspase activation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial disease. This AOP was developed according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidance, including critical consideration of the Bradford Hill criteria for Weight of Evidence assessment and key questions for evaluating confidence. The presented AOP is expected to serve as the basis for designing new toxicological tests as well as the characterization of novel biomarkers for disinfectant by-product exposure and adverse health effects.
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