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Badami MM, Tohidi R, Sioutas C. Los Angeles Basin's air quality transformation: a long-term investigation on the impacts of PM regulations on the trends of ultrafine particles and co-pollutants. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2024; 176:106316. [PMID: 38223364 PMCID: PMC10783618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the long-term trends of ambient ultrafine particles (UFPs) and associated airborne pollutants in the Los Angeles Basin from 2007 to 2022, focusing on the indirect effects of regulations on UFP levels. The particle number concentration (PNC) of UFPs was compiled from previous studies in the area, and associated co-pollutant data, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and ozone (O3), were obtained from the chemical speciation network (CSN) database. Over the study period, a general decrease was noted in the PNC of UFPs, NOx, EC, and OC, except for CO, the concentration trends of which did not exhibit a consistent pattern. UFPs, NOx, EC, and OC were positively correlated, while O3 had a negative correlation, especially with NOx. Our analysis discerned two distinct subperiods in pollutant trends: 2007-2015 and 2016-2022. For example, there was an overall decrease in the PNC of UFPs at an annual rate of -850.09 particles/cm3/year. This rate was more pronounced during the first sub-period (2007-2015) at -1814.9 particles/cm3/year and then slowed to -227.21 particles/cm3/year in the second sub-period (2016-2023). The first sub-period (2007-2015) significantly influenced pollutant level changes, exhibiting more pronounced and statistically significant changes than the second sub-period (2016-2022). Since 2016, almost all primary pollutants have stabilized, indicating a reduced impact of current regulations, and emphasizing the need for stricter standards. In addition, the study included an analysis of Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) trends from 2007 to 2022 within the Los Angeles Basin. Despite the general increase in VMT, current regulations and cleaner technologies seem to have successfully mitigated the potential increase in increase in PNC. Overall, while a decline in UFPs and co-pollutant levels was observed, the apparent stabilization of these levels underscores the need for more stringent regulatory measures and advanced emission standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Badami
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramin Tohidi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Zhao S, Liu L, Zhao P. Spatial and temporal analysis of influential factors on motor vehicle carbon monoxide emissions in China considering emissions trading scheme. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:9811-9830. [PMID: 38198083 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The number of cars is increasing every year and the environmental aspects of transport are becoming a hot topic. The spatial and temporal patterns of motor vehicle carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are still unclear due to the unbalanced economic development and heterogeneous geographic conditions of China. With the objective of realizing a reduction in motor vehicle CO emissions, his study explores the transport carbon emission reduction pathways of China from motor vehicle CO emission. Firstly, the entropy method is adopted to comprehensively evaluate the CO emissions from motor vehicles in each province; secondly, the development of a Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model facilitates the examination of the spatiotemporal dynamics pertaining to the influencing factors of motor vehicle CO emissions within each province.; finally, the characteristics of motor vehicle CO emissions in ETS pilot areas and non-ETS pilot areas are compared. The results show that: (1) After the completion of the six ETS pilot areas in 2011, the CO emission from motor vehicles is reduced by 18% compared with 2010.(2)The entropy method shows that the largest CO emissions from motor vehicles are from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong and other provinces with high economic levels.(3) The results of the GTWR model show that the positive effects of economic level, population size, road mileage intensity and motor vehicle intensity on motor vehicle CO emissions are decreasing year by year. The negative effect of metro line intensity on CO emission decreases year by year. This study can help decision makers to identify the high emission areas, understand the influencing factors, and formulate emission reduction measures to achieve the purpose of carbon emission reduction in transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Zhao
- School of Traffic & Transportation, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 Anning Rd, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- School of Business Administration, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, 146 Yingcai St., Huiji District, Zhengzhou, 450053, China.
| | - Linzhong Liu
- School of Traffic & Transportation, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 88 Anning Rd, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Deep Underground Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, 24 First Ring RD., Chengdu, 610065, China
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3
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Patel A, Mallik C, Chandra N, Patra PK, Steinbacher M. Revisiting regional and seasonal variations in decadal carbon monoxide variability: Global reversal of growth rate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168476. [PMID: 37984655 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the important trace gases in the atmosphere capturing the evolution of chemical properties of the troposphere. Here we analyze the growth rates of CO during the period of 1991-2020 using in situ measurements from the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) program. The analysis of trends has been done on different spatial and temporal scales. Our analysis supports the decline in the overall CO mixing ratios over the globe but inter-decadal and regional trend analysis has shown heterogeneous changes in the given period of study. On average, there has been a decrease of -16.22 ± 1.92 ppb and -4.5 ± 0.64 ppb observed at the sites in the northern hemisphere (NH) and southern hemisphere (SH), respectively. This decline occurred at rates of -0.80 ± 0.12 ppb yr-1 in the NH and - 0.12 ± 0.03 ppb yr-1 in the SH. Bifurcating the annual trends for seasonal analysis reveals the impact of emissions, chemistry and atmospheric transport on CO variation over different regional clusters of stations. Seasonal trend analysis provides further evidence regarding heterogeneous patterns in the South-East Asia region. Our study highlights a slowdown in CO decline during the 2011-2020 decade when compared to the rate of decrease observed in 2001-2010. This is inferred from the variability and much slower decline of CO emissions across different regions, contributing to a weakening in CO trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Patel
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305801, India
| | - Chinmay Mallik
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305801, India.
| | - Naveen Chandra
- Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama 2360001, Japan
| | - Prabir K Patra
- Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama 2360001, Japan; Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Martin Steinbacher
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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4
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Young HA, Turnbull JC, Keller ED, Domingues LG, Parry-Thompson J, Hilton TW, Brailsford GW, Gray S, Moss RC, Mikaloff-Fletcher S. Urban flask measurements of CO 2ff and CO to identify emission sources at different site types in Auckland, New Zealand. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220204. [PMID: 37807684 PMCID: PMC10642768 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
As part of the CarbonWatch-NZ research programme, air samples were collected at 28 sites around Auckland, New Zealand, to determine the atmospheric ratio (RCO) of excess (local enhancement over background) carbon monoxide to fossil CO2 (CO2ff). Sites were categorized into seven types (background, forest, industrial, suburban, urban, downwind and motorway) to observe RCO around Auckland. Motorway flasks observed RCO of 14 ± 1 ppb ppm-1 and were used to evaluate traffic RCO. The similarity between suburban (14 ± 1 ppb ppm-1) and traffic RCO suggests that traffic dominates suburban CO2ff emissions during daytime hours, the period of flask collection. The lower urban RCO (11 ± 1 ppb ppm-1) suggests that urban CO2ff emissions are comprised of more than just traffic, with contributions from residential, commercial and industrial sources, all with a lower RCO than traffic. Finally, the downwind sites were believed to best represent RCO for Auckland City overall (11 ± 1 ppb ppm-1). We demonstrate that the initial discrepancy between the downwind RCO and Auckland's estimated daytime inventory RCO (15 ppb ppm-1) can be attributed to an overestimation in inventory traffic CO emissions. After revision based on our observed motorway RCO, the revised inventory RCO (12 ppb ppm-1) is consistent with our observations. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Radiocarbon in the Anthropocene'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn C. Turnbull
- GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- CIRES, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Keller
- GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lucas Gatti Domingues
- GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeremy Parry-Thompson
- GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- Greater Wellington Regional Council, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Gordon W. Brailsford
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gray
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rowena C. Moss
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
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5
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Morales AC, West CP, Peterson BN, Noh Y, Whelton AJ, Laskin A. Diversity of organic components in airborne waste discharged from sewer pipe repairs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1670-1683. [PMID: 37682218 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Air-discharged waste from commonly used trenchless technologies of sewer pipe repairs is an emerging and poorly characterized source of urban pollution. This study reports on the molecular-level characterization of the atmospherically discharged aqueous-phase waste condensate samples collected at four field sites of the sewer pipe repairs. The molecular composition of organic species in these samples was investigated using reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and a high-resolution mass spectrometer equipped with interchangeable atmospheric pressure photoionization and electrospray ionization sources. The waste condensate components comprise a complex mixture of organic species that can partition between gas-, aqueous-, and solid-phases when water evaporates from the air-discharged waste. Identified organic species have broad variability in molecular weight, molecular structures, and carbon oxidation state, which also varied between the waste samples. All condensates contained complex mixtures of oxidized organics, N- and S-containing organics, condensed aromatics, and their functionalized derivatives that are directly released to the atmospheric environment during installations. Furthermore, semi-volatile, low volatility, and extremely low volatility organic compounds comprise 75-85% of the total compounds identified in the waste condensates. Estimates of the component-specific viscosities suggest that upon evaporation of water waste material would form the semi-solid and solid phases. The low volatilities and high viscosities of chemical components in these waste condensates will contribute to the formation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosols and atmospheric solid nanoplastic particles. Lastly, selected components expected in the condensates were quantified and found to be present at high concentrations (1-20 mg L-1) that may exceed regulatory limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Morales
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Christopher P West
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Brianna N Peterson
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Yoorae Noh
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J Whelton
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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6
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Seltzer KM, Rao V, Pye HOT, Murphy BN, Place BK, Khare P, Gentner DR, Allen C, Cooley D, Mason R, Houyoux M. Anthropogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol and Ozone Production from Asphalt-Related Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2023; 3:1221-1230. [PMID: 39206140 PMCID: PMC11353539 DOI: 10.1039/d3ea00066d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Liquid asphalt is a petroleum-derived substance commonly used in construction activities. Recent work has identified lower volatility, reactive organic carbon from asphalt as an overlooked source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursor emissions. Here, we leverage potential emission estimates and usage data to construct a bottom-up inventory of asphalt-related emissions in the United States. In 2018, we estimate that hot-mix, warm-mix, emulsified, cutback, and roofing asphalt generated ~380 Gg (317 Gg - 447 Gg) of organic compound emissions. The impacts of these emissions on anthropogenic SOA and ozone throughout the contiguous United States are estimated using photochemical modeling. In several major cities, asphalt-related emissions can increase modeled summertime SOA, on average, by 0.1 - 0.2 μg m-3 (2-4% of SOA) and may reach up to 0.5 μg m-3 at noontime on select days. The influence of asphalt-related emissions on modeled ozone are generally small (~0.1 ppb). We estimate that asphalt paving-related emissions are half of what they were nearly 50 years ago, largely due to the concerted efforts to reduce emissions from cutback asphalts. If on-road mobile emissions continue their multidecadal decline, contributions of urban SOA from evaporative and non-road mobile sources will continue to grow in relative importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M. Seltzer
- Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Venkatesh Rao
- Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Bryan K. Place
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Engineering (ORISE) Postdoctoral Program at the Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Peeyush Khare
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Aargau, Switzerland
| | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Christine Allen
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
| | - David Cooley
- Abt Associates, 5001 South Miami Boulevard, Suite 210, Durham, NC 27703
| | - Rich Mason
- Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Marc Houyoux
- Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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7
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Dong Z, Li X, Kong Z, Wang L, Zhang R. Comparison and implications of the carbonaceous fractions under different environments in polluted central plains in China: Insight from the lockdown of COVID-19 outbreak. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121736. [PMID: 37121300 PMCID: PMC10140640 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Before and during the COVID-19 outbreak in the heated winter season of 2019, the carbonaceous fractions including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), OC1-4, and EC1-5 were investigated between normal (November 1, 2019, to January 24, 2020) and lockdown (January 25, to February 29, 2020) periods in polluted regions of northern Henan Province. In comparison to urban site, four rural sites showed higher concentrations of carbonaceous components, especially secondary OC (SOC); the concentration of SOC in rural sites was 1.5-3.4 times that in the urban site. During the lockdown period, SOC in urban site decreased slightly, while it increased significantly in rural sites. NO2 has a significant effect on SOC generation, particularly in normal period when NO2 concentrations were high. Nevertheless, NO2 significantly decreased, and the elevated O3 (increased by 103-138%) contributed considerably to the generation of SOC during lockdown. Relative humidity (RH) promoted SOC production when RH was below 60%, but SOC was negatively correlated or uncorrelated with RH when RH exceeded 60%. Additionally, RH has a more pronounced effect on SOC during lockdown. The contribution of gasoline vehicle emissions decreases significantly in both urban and rural sites (3-12%) due to the significant reduction of anthropogenic activities during lockdown, although the urban site remained with the biggest contributions (37%). These results provide innovative insights into the variations in carbonaceous aerosols and SOC generation during the unique time when anthropogenic sources were significantly reduced and illustrate the differences in pollution characteristics and sources of carbonaceous fractions in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zihan Kong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Henan Environmental Monitoring Center, Zhengzhou, 450004, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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8
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Dong Z, Wang S, Sun J, Shang L, Li Z, Zhang R. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on carbonaceous aerosols in a polluted city: Composition characterization, source apportionment, influence factors of secondary formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136028. [PMID: 35973498 PMCID: PMC9375178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous fractions throughout the normal period and lockdown period (LP) before and during COVID-19 outbreak were analyzed in a polluted city, Zhengzhou, China. During LP, fine particulate matters, elemental carbon (EC), and secondary organic aerosol (SOC) concentrations fell significantly (29%, 32% and 21%), whereas organic carbon (OC) only decreased by 4%. Furthermore, the mean OC/EC ratio increased (from 3.8 to 5.4) and the EC fractions declined dramatically, indicating a reduction in vehicle emission contribution. The fact that OC1-3, EC, and EC1 had good correlations suggested that OC1-3 emanated from primary emissions. OC4 was partly from secondary generation, and increased correlations of OC4 with OC1-3 during LP indicated a decrease in the share of SOC. SOC was more impacted by NO2 throughout the research phase, thereby the concentrations were lower during LP when NO2 levels were lower. SOC and relative humidity (RH) were found to be positively associated only when RH was below 80% and 60% during the normal period (NP) and LP, respectively. SOC, Coal combustion, gasoline vehicles, biomass burning, diesel vehicles were identified as major sources by the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Contribution of SOC apportioned by PMF was 3.4 and 3.0 μg/m3, comparable to the calculated findings (3.8 and 3.0 μg/m3) during the two periods. During LP, contributions from gasoline vehicles dropped the most, from 47% to 37% and from 7.1 to 4.3 μg/m3, contribution of biomass burning and diesel vehicles fell by 3% (0.6 μg/m3) and 1% (0.4 μg/m3), and coal combustion concentrations remained nearly constant. The findings of this study highlight the immense importance of anthropogenic source reduction in carbonaceous component variations and SOC generation, and provide significant insight into the temporal variations and sources of carbonaceous fractions in polluted cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shenbo Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jiabin Sun
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Luqi Shang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zihan Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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9
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Ditto JC, Abbatt JPD, Chan AWH. Gas- and Particle-Phase Amide Emissions from Cooking: Mechanisms and Air Quality Impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7741-7750. [PMID: 35671398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The high-temperature cooking of protein-rich foods represents an important but poorly constrained source of nitrogen-containing gases and particles to indoor and outdoor atmospheres. For example, panfrying meat may form and emit these nitrogen-containing compounds through complex chemistry occurring between heated proteins and cooking oils. Here, we simulate this cooking process by heating amino acids together with triglycerides. We explore their interactions across different temperatures, triglyceride types, and amino acid precursors to form amide-containing products. Ammonia, arising from the thermal degradation of amino acids, may react with a triglyceride's ester linkages, forming amides and promoting de-esterification reactions that break the triglyceride into volatilizable products. Additionally, triglycerides may thermally oxidize and fragment as they are heated, and the resulting oxygenated breakdown products may react with ammonia to form amides. We observed evidence for amide formation through both of these pathways, including gas-phase emissions of C2-11H5-23NO species, whose emission factors ranged from 33 to 813 μg total gas-phase amides per gram of amino acid precursor. Comparable quantities of particle-phase oleamide (C18H35NO) were emitted, ranging from 45 to 218 μg/g. The observed amide products had variable predicted toxicities, highlighting the importance of understanding their emissions from cooking and their ultimate inhalation exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna C Ditto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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10
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Seltzer KM, Murphy BN, Pennington EA, Allen C, Talgo K, Pye HOT. Volatile Chemical Product Enhancements to Criteria Pollutants in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6905-6913. [PMID: 34779612 PMCID: PMC9247718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) are a significant source of reactive organic carbon emissions in the United States with a substantial fraction (>20% by mass) serving as secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. Here, we incorporate a new nationwide VCP inventory into the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with VCP-specific updates to better model air quality impacts. Model results indicate that VCPs mostly enhance anthropogenic SOA in densely populated areas with population-weighted annual average SOA increasing 15-30% in Southern California and New York City due to VCP emissions (contribution of 0.2-0.5 μg m-3). Annually, VCP emissions enhance total population-weighted PM2.5 by ∼5% in California, ∼3% in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, and 1-2% in most other states. While the maximum daily 8 h ozone enhancements from VCP emissions are more modest, their influence can cause a several ppb increase on select days in major cities. Printing Inks, Cleaning Products, and Paints and Coatings product use categories contribute ∼75% to the modeled VCP-derived SOA and Cleaning Products, Paints and Coatings, and Personal Care Products contribute ∼81% to the modeled VCP-derived ozone. Overall, VCPs enhance multiple criteria pollutants throughout the United States with the largest impacts in urban cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M. Seltzer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
| | - Elyse A. Pennington
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Chris Allen
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
| | - Kevin Talgo
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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11
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Jalali Farahani V, Altuwayjiri A, Taghvaee S, Sioutas C. Tailpipe and Nontailpipe Emission Factors and Source Contributions of PM 10 on Major Freeways in the Los Angeles Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7029-7039. [PMID: 35230811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the emission factors of PM10 and its chemical constituents from various contributing sources including nontailpipe and tailpipe emissions were estimated on two interstate freeways in the Los Angeles basin. PM10 samples were collected on the I-110 and I-710 freeways as well as at the University of Southern California (USC) campus as the urban background site, while freeway and urban background CO2 levels were measured simultaneously. PM10 samples were analyzed for their content of chemical species which were used to estimate the emission factors of PM10 and its constituents on both I-110 and I-710 freeways. The estimated values were employed to determine the emission factors for light (LDV) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDV). The quantified species were also processed by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model to produce PM10 freeway source profiles and their contribution to PM10 mass concentrations. Using the PMF factor profiles and emission factors on the two freeways, we characterized the emission factors for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles by each nontailpipe source. Our findings indicated higher nontailpipe emission factors of PM10 and metal elements on the I-710 freeway compared to the I-110 freeway, due to the higher fraction of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) on that freeway. Furthermore, the generation of nontailpipe PM10 from resuspension of road dust was twice of tire and brake wear. The results of this study provide significant insights into PM10 freeway emissions and particularly the overall contribution of nontailpipe and tailpipe sources in Los Angeles, which can be helpful to modelers and air quality officials in assessing the importance of individual traffic-related emissions on the overall population exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jalali Farahani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Riyadh 15341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sina Taghvaee
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, University of California─Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
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12
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Lopez-Coto I, Ren X, Karion A, McKain K, Sweeney C, Dickerson RR, McDonald BC, Ahn DY, Salawitch RJ, He H, Shepson PB, Whetstone JR. Carbon Monoxide Emissions from the Washington, DC, and Baltimore Metropolitan Area: Recent Trend and COVID-19 Anomaly. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2172-2180. [PMID: 35080873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We analyze airborne measurements of atmospheric CO concentration from 70 flights conducted over six years (2015-2020) using an inverse model to quantify the CO emissions from the Washington, DC, and Baltimore metropolitan areas. We found that CO emissions have been declining in the area at a rate of ≈-4.5 % a-1 since 2015 or ≈-3.1 % a-1 since 2016. In addition, we found that CO emissions show a "Sunday" effect, with emissions being lower, on average, than for the rest of the week and that the seasonal cycle is no larger than 16 %. Our results also show that the trend derived from the NEI agrees well with the observed trend, but that NEI daytime-adjusted emissions are ≈50 % larger than our estimated emissions. In 2020, measurements collected during the shutdown in activity related to the COVID-19 pandemic indicate a significant drop in CO emissions of 16 % relative to the expected emissions trend from the previous years, or 23 % relative to the mean of 2016 to February 2020. Our results also indicate a larger reduction in April than in May. Last, we show that this reduction in CO emissions was driven mainly by a reduction in traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Lopez-Coto
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Xinrong Ren
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, 4254 Stadium Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Air Resources Laboratory, NOAA, 5830 University Research Court, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Anna Karion
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kathryn McKain
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Colm Sweeney
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Russell R Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, 4254 Stadium Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Doyeon Y Ahn
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, 4254 Stadium Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, 4254 Stadium Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hao He
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, 4254 Stadium Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - James R Whetstone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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Liang Y, Weber RJ, Misztal PK, Jen CN, Goldstein AH. Aging of Volatile Organic Compounds in October 2017 Northern California Wildfire Plumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1557-1567. [PMID: 35037463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the western United States, the number and severity of large wildfires have been growing for decades. Biomass burning (BB) is a major source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere both globally and regionally. Following emission, BB VOCs are oxidized while being transported downwind, producing ozone, secondary organic aerosols, and secondary hazardous VOCs. In this research, we measured VOCs using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) in an urban area 55-65 km downwind of the October 2017 Northern California wildfires. Nonaromatic oxygenated compounds were the dominant component of BB VOCs measured. In the smoke plumes, the VOCs account for 70-75% of the total observed organic carbon, with the remainder being particulate matter (with a diameter of <2.5 μm, PM2.5). We show that the correlation of VOCs with furan (primary BB VOC) and maleic anhydride (secondary BB VOC) can indicate the origin of the VOCs. This was further confirmed by the diurnal variations of the VOCs and their concentration-weighted trajectories. Oxidation during transport consumed highly reactive compounds including benzenoids, furanoids, and terpenoids and produced more oxygenated VOCs. Furthermore, wildfire VOCs altered the ozone formation regime and raised the O3 levels in the San Francisco Bay Area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert J Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Coty N Jen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United State
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Hurley JF, Smiley E, Isaacman-VanWertz G. Modeled Emission of Hydroxyl and Ozone Reactivity from Evaporation of Fragrance Mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15672-15679. [PMID: 34784200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) account for increasing fractions of organic carbon emitted to the atmosphere, particularly in urban areas. Fragrances are potentially reactive components that are added to many VCPs. To better constrain these emissions, 11 commercially available liquid fragrance mixtures were characterized for their composition and their evaporation modeled. Emissions of mass, hydroxyl reactivity, and ozone reactivity were estimated by modeling under four different scenarios. Fragrance compounds were generally less than one-half the mass of fragrance mixtures, with the balance comprised of solvents and plasticizers and unresolved mass thought to be dominated by plasticizers. The results showed that terpenes and terpenoids account for nearly all of the emitted mass and reactivity while only comprising ∼10% w/w on average of the liquid fragrance mixtures. Most of the reactivity is emitted within hours, with ozone reactivity evolving more rapidly than OH reactivity and comprised almost entirely of terpenes. Limonene, a common fragrance constituent, dominates the reactivity of emitted carbon. Generally, 20-40% of the potential hydroxyl reactivity contained in the fragrance mixture does not evaporate on time scales sufficient to have an impact on local or regional air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Hurley
- Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Elizabeth Smiley
- Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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15
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Sun L, Zhong C, Peng J, Wang T, Wu L, Liu Y, Sun S, Li Y, Chen Q, Song P, Mao H. Refueling emission of volatile organic compounds from China 6 gasoline vehicles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147883. [PMID: 34323824 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular refueling emission is a potential source of urban atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that is not well understood and controlled. China 6 vehicles have been equipped with the onboard refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) system to cut down refueling emissions, while the emission characteristics and reduction effectiveness are rarely reported. In this study, we conducted laboratory tests to measure the refueling emissions from ten China 6 vehicles and three China 5 vehicles (refueling-emission-uncontrolled, REU) and developed an inventory in a typical middle-sized Chinese city (Langfang) to explore the emission reduction resulted from relevant policies. Compared with headspace vapor and refueling vapor from REU vehicles, the emission profiles for China 6 vehicles are consist of considerably higher proportions of small alkanes and alkenes (C2-C3) and lower proportions of C6-C8 hydrocarbons. Such differences indicate that the headspace vapor profiles are incapable of representing the refueling emission for China 6 vehicles. The market-share-weighting emission factors (EFs) of total hydrocarbons (THCs) and total VOCs for China 6 vehicles are 11.2 mg/L and 6.4 mg/L, respectively, corresponding to control efficiency of approximately 98.8% compared with the REU vehicles. Based on the real-world EFs and the fuel consumption in Langfang, a refueling emission inventory with high spatiotemporal resolution is developed. The total refueling emission of THCs in Langfang is approximately 190.6 tons in 2018 and will likely decline to 25.0 tons in 2035. The implementation of the ORVR will contribute to 90% of the refueling emission reduction in 2035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chongzhi Zhong
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shida Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuening Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Qiang Chen
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Pengfei Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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16
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Blanchard CL, Shaw SL, Edgerton ES, Schwab JJ. Ambient PM 2.5 organic and elemental carbon in New York City: Changing source contributions during a decade of large emission reductions. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:995-1012. [PMID: 33835900 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1914773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine particle (PM2.5) exposure is a public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. In New York State, significant emission reductions occurred during the past decades due to fuel switching, increased renewable energy, and transformations in buildings and transportation. Between 2002 and 2018, anthropogenic emissions of CO, NOx, SO2, VOCs, and primary PM2.5 declined by 58%, 61%, 89%, 47%, and 29%, respectively, in New York and three adjoining states. Ambient PM2.5 mass concentrations decreased but contributions of source types to changes in PM2.5 elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) are incompletely understood. Receptor modeling was used to estimate changing source contributions to EC and OC in New York City (NYC) between 2007 and 2019. Source identification was facilitated by incorporating measurements of CO, NO, NO2, O3, SO2, and speciated hydrocarbons (1,3-butadiene, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, isoprene, benzene, toluene, xylenes, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde). Hydrocarbon species identified mobile-source emissions, evaporative emissions, biogenics, and photochemical secondary organic aerosol. At three study locations, predicted reductions of TC (OC + EC) summed over all source types were 1.3 ± 0.2 μg m-3, compared with a measured TC reduction of 1.5 ± 0.2 μg m-3. Declining sulfate concentrations and cleaner mobile sources together reduced the predicted average TC by a combined 1 μg m-3. Smaller changes occurred in other source contributions, e.g., 0.15 ± 0.01 μg m-3 reduction likely in response to NYC regulations related to heating fuel oil. Biomass burning PM2.5 increased between 2007 and 2011, then declined between 2015 and 2019. Reductions contrast with a non-significant increase of 0.05 μg m-3 in photochemical TC. Further opportunities to decrease PM2.5 concentrations include wood burning and photochemical-related OC. Continued temporal analysis and source apportionment will be needed to track changes in air quality and source contributions as jurisdictions expand renewable energy and energy efficiency goals.Implications: Large emission reductions that occurred in the eastern U.S. between 2002 and 2019 lowered average fine particle concentrations in New York City by a factor of two. Secondary organic aerosol concentrations declined as sulfate decreased but increased non-significantly with rising ozone. Cleaner mobile-source emissions lowered elemental and organic carbon concentrations. Opportunities for further reductions of PM2.5 concentrations include biomass burning and photochemical secondary aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie L Shaw
- Environment, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - James J Schwab
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
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Yang J, Wen Y, Wang Y, Zhang S, Pinto JP, Pennington EA, Wang Z, Wu Y, Sander SP, Jiang JH, Hao J, Yung YL, Seinfeld JH. From COVID-19 to future electrification: Assessing traffic impacts on air quality by a machine-learning model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2102705118. [PMID: 34155113 PMCID: PMC8256029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102705118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The large fluctuations in traffic during the COVID-19 pandemic provide an unparalleled opportunity to assess vehicle emission control efficacy. Here we develop a random-forest regression model, based on the large volume of real-time observational data during COVID-19, to predict surface-level NO2, O3, and fine particle concentration in the Los Angeles megacity. Our model exhibits high fidelity in reproducing pollutant concentrations in the Los Angeles Basin and identifies major factors controlling each species. During the strictest lockdown period, traffic reduction led to decreases in NO2 and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters <2.5 μm by -30.1% and -17.5%, respectively, but a 5.7% increase in O3 Heavy-duty truck emissions contribute primarily to these variations. Future traffic-emission controls are estimated to impose similar effects as observed during the COVID-19 lockdown, but with smaller magnitude. Vehicular electrification will achieve further alleviation of NO2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Yang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Yifan Wen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Shaojun Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Joseph P Pinto
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Elyse A Pennington
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Geography, University of Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ye Wu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Stanley P Sander
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Jonathan H Jiang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuk L Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125;
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18
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Yu KA, McDonald BC, Harley RA. Evaluation of Nitrogen Oxide Emission Inventories and Trends for On-Road Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6655-6664. [PMID: 33951912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
On-road vehicles continue to be a major source of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in the United States and in other countries around the world. The goal of this study is to compare and evaluate emission inventories and long-term trends in vehicular NOx emissions. Taxable fuel sales data and in-use measurements of emission factors are combined to generate fuel-based NOx emission inventories for California and the US over the period 1990-2020. While gasoline and diesel fuel sales increased over the last three decades, total on-road NOx emissions declined by approximately 70% since 1990, with a steeper rate of decrease after 2004 when heavy-duty diesel NOx emission controls finally started to gain traction. In California, additional steps have been taken to accelerate the introduction of new heavy-duty engines equipped with selective catalytic reduction systems, resulting in a 48% decrease in diesel NOx emissions in California compared to a 32% decrease nationally since 2010. California EMFAC model predictions are in good agreement with fuel-based inventory results for gasoline engines and are higher than fuel-based estimates for diesel engines prior to the mid-2010s. Similar to the findings of recent observational and modeling studies, there are discrepancies between the fuel-based inventory and national MOVES model estimates. MOVES predicts a steeper decrease in NOx emissions and predicts higher NOx emissions from gasoline engines over the entire period from 1990 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1710, California, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- Chemical Sciences Laboratory, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories, Boulder 80305-3328, Colorado, United States
| | - Robert A Harley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1710, California, United States
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Nogueira T, Kamigauti LY, Pereira GM, Gavidia-Calderón ME, Ibarra-Espinosa S, Oliveira GLD, Miranda RMD, Vasconcellos PDC, Freitas EDD, Andrade MDF. Evolution of Vehicle Emission Factors in a Megacity Affected by Extensive Biofuel Use: Results of Tunnel Measurements in São Paulo, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6677-6687. [PMID: 33939403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since 2001, four emission measurement campaigns have been conducted in multiple traffic tunnels in the megacity of São Paulo, Brazil, an area with a fleet of more than 7 million vehicles running on fuels with high biofuel contents: gasoline + ethanol for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and diesel + biodiesel for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). Emission factors for LDVs and HDVs were calculated using a carbon balance method, the pollutants considered including nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide, as well as carbon dioxide and ethanol. From 2001 to 2018, fleet-average emission factors for LDVs and HDVs, respectively, were found to decrease by 4.9 and 5.1% per year for CO and by 5.5 and 4.2% per year for NOx. These reductions demonstrate that regulations for vehicle emissions adopted in Brazil in the last 30 years improved air quality in the megacity of São Paulo significantly, albeit with a clear delay. These findings, especially those for CO, indicate that official emission inventories underestimate vehicle emissions. Here, we demonstrated that the adoption of emission factors calculated under real-world conditions can dramatically improve air quality modeling in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Yoshiaki Kamigauti
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Martins Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mario E Gavidia-Calderón
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Sergio Ibarra-Espinosa
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Librete de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
- Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Regina Maura de Miranda
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
| | | | - Edmilson Dias de Freitas
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
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20
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Seltzer KM, Pennington E, Rao V, Murphy BN, Strum M, Isaacs KK, Pye HOT. Reactive organic carbon emissions from volatile chemical products. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2021; 21:5079-5100. [PMID: 34122530 PMCID: PMC8193795 DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-5079-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) are an increasingly important source of anthropogenic reactive organic carbon (ROC) emissions. Among these sources are everyday items, such as personal care products, general cleaners, architectural coatings, pesticides, adhesives, and printing inks. Here, we develop VCPy, a new framework to model organic emissions from VCPs throughout the United States, including spatial allocation to regional and local scales. Evaporation of a species from a VCP mixture in the VCPy framework is a function of the compound-specific physiochemical properties that govern volatilization and the timescale relevant for product evaporation. We introduce two terms to describe these processes: evaporation timescale and use timescale. Using this framework, predicted national per capita organic emissions from VCPs are 9.5 kg per person per year (6.4 kg C per person per year) for 2016, which translates to 3.05 Tg (2.06 Tg C), making VCPs a dominant source of anthropogenic organic emissions in the United States. Uncertainty associated with this framework and sensitivity to select parameters were characterized through Monte Carlo analysis, resulting in a 95 % confidence interval of national VCP emissions for 2016 of 2.61-3.53 Tg (1.76-2.38 Tg C). This nationwide total is broadly consistent with the U.S. EPA's 2017 National Emission Inventory (NEI); however, county-level and categorical estimates can differ substantially from NEI values. VCPy predicts higher VCP emissions than the NEI for approximately half of all counties, with 5 % of all counties having greater than 55 % higher emissions. Categorically, application of the VCPy framework yields higher emissions for personal care products (150 %) and paints and coatings (25 %) when compared to the NEI, whereas pesticides (-54 %) and printing inks (-13 %) feature lower emissions. An observational evaluation indicates emissions of key species from VCPs are reproduced with high fidelity using the VCPy framework (normalized mean bias of -13 % with r =0.95). Sector-wide, the effective secondary organic aerosol yield and maximum incremental reactivity of VCPs are 5.3 % by mass and 1.58 gO3 g-1, respectively, indicating VCPs are an important, and likely to date underrepresented, source of secondary pollution in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M Seltzer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Elyse Pennington
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow in the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Venkatesh Rao
- Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Benjamin N Murphy
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Madeleine Strum
- Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kristin K Isaacs
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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21
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McCarthy MC, Mukherjee AD, Ogletree M, Furst J, Gosselin MI, Tigges M, Thomas G, Brown SG. Assessment of mobile source air toxics in an Environmental Justice Denver community adjacent to a freeway. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:231-246. [PMID: 32091969 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1734113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutant concentrations are often higher near major roadways than in the surrounding environments owing to emissions from on-road mobile sources. In this study, we quantified the gradient in black carbon (BC) and air toxics concentrations from the I-70 freeway in the Elyria-Swansea environmental justice neighborhood in Denver, Colorado, during three measurement campaigns in 2017-2018. The average hourly upwind-downwind gradient of BC concentrations from the roadway was 500-800 ng/m3, equal to an increment of approximately 30-80% above local background levels within 180 m of the freeway. When integrated over all wind directions, the gradients were smaller, approximately 150-300 ng/m3 (~11-18%) over the course of nearly four months of measurements. No statistically significant gradient in air toxics (e.g., benzene, formaldehyde, etc.) was found, likely because the uncertainties in the mean concentrations were larger than the magnitude of the gradient (<25%). This finding is in contrast to some earlier studies in which small gradients of benzene and other VOCs were found. We estimate that sample sizes of at least 100 individual measurements would have been required to estimate mean concentrations with sufficient certainty to quantify gradients on the order of ±10% uncertainty. These gradient estimates are smaller than those found in previous studies over the past two decades; more stringent emissions standards, the local fleet age distribution, and/or the steady turnover of the vehicle fleet may be reducing the overall impact of roadway emissions on near-road communities. Implications: Gradients of near-road pollution may be declining in the near-road environment as tailpipe emissions from the vehicle fleet continue to decrease. Near-road concentration gradients of mobile source air toxics, including benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and ethylbenzene, will require higher sample sizes to quantify as emissions continue to decline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Ogletree
- Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment , Denver, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Tigges
- Air Resource Specialists, Inc ., Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gregg Thomas
- Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment , Denver, CO, USA
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22
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Meng X, Wu Z, Guo S, Wang H, Liu K, Zong T, Liu Y, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Chen S, Zeng L, Hallquist M, Shuai S, Hu M. Humidity-Dependent Phase State of Gasoline Vehicle Emission-Related Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:832-841. [PMID: 33377762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The phase states of primarily emitted and secondarily formed aerosols from gasoline vehicle exhausts were investigated by quantifying the particle rebound fraction (f). The rebound behaviors of gasoline vehicle emission-related aerosols varied with engines, fuel types, and photochemical aging time, showing distinguished differences from biogenic secondary organic aerosols. The nonliquid-to-liquid phase transition of primary aerosols emitted from port fuel injection (PFI) and gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles started at a relative humidity (RH) = 50 and 60%, and liquefaction was accomplished at 60 and 70%, respectively. The RH at which f declined to 0.5 decreased from 70 to 65% for the PFI case with 92# fuel, corresponding to the photochemical aging time from 0.37 to 4.62 days. For the GDI case, such RH enhanced from 60 to 65%. Our results can be used to imply the phase state of traffic-related aerosols and further understand their roles in urban atmospheric chemistry. Taking Beijing, China, as an example, traffic-related aerosols were mainly nonliquid during winter with the majority ambient RH below 50%, whereas they were mostly liquid during the morning rush hour of summer, and traffic-related secondary aerosols fluctuated between nonliquid and liquid during the daytime and tended to be liquid at night with increased ambient RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxinyue Meng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kefan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taomou Zong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuechen Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Shijin Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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23
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Gkatzelis GI, Coggon MM, McDonald BC, Peischl J, Aikin KC, Gilman JB, Trainer M, Warneke C. Identifying Volatile Chemical Product Tracer Compounds in U.S. Cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:188-199. [PMID: 33325693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With traffic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) decreasing rapidly over the last decades, the contributions of the emissions from other source categories, such as volatile chemical products (VCPs), have become more apparent in urban air. In this work, in situ measurements of various VOCs are reported for New York City, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Denver. The magnitude of different emission sources relative to traffic is determined by measuring the urban enhancement of individual compounds relative to the enhancement of benzene, a known tracer of fossil fuel in the United States. The enhancement ratios of several VCP compounds to benzene correlate well with population density (R2 ∼ 0.6-0.8). These observations are consistent with the expectation that some human activity should correlate better with the population density than transportation emissions, due to the lower per capita rate of driving in denser cities. Using these data, together with a bottom-up fuel-based inventory of vehicle emissions and volatile chemical products (FIVE-VCP) inventory, we identify tracer compounds for different VCP categories: decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5-siloxane) for personal care products, monoterpenes for fragrances, p-dichlorobenzene for insecticides, D4-siloxane for adhesives, para-chlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF) for solvent-based coatings, and Texanol for water-based coatings. Furthermore, several other compounds are identified (e.g., ethanol) that correlate with population density and originate from multiple VCP sources. Ethanol and fragrances are among the most abundant and reactive VOCs associated with VCP emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios I Gkatzelis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories, 325 Broadway, R/CSL7, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories, 325 Broadway, R/CSL7, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories, 325 Broadway, R/CSL7, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories, 325 Broadway, R/CSL7, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kenneth C Aikin
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories, 325 Broadway, R/CSL7, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories, 325 Broadway, R/CSL7, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Michael Trainer
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories, 325 Broadway, R/CSL7, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Earth System Research Laboratories, 325 Broadway, R/CSL7, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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24
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Altuwayjiri A, Pirhadi M, Taghvaee S, Sioutas C. Long-term trends in the contribution of PM 2.5 sources to organic carbon (OC) in the Los Angeles basin and the effect of PM emission regulations. Faraday Discuss 2020; 226:74-99. [PMID: 33241815 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the long-term variations in the contributions of emission sources to ambient PM2.5 organic carbon (OC) in central Los Angeles (CELA) and Riverside using the Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) database in the 2005-2015 period, during which several federal and state PM-based regulations were implemented to reduce tailpipe emissions in the region. The measured concentrations of OC, OC volatility fractions (i.e., OC1, OC2, and OC3), elemental carbon (EC), ozone (O3), sulfate, the ratio of potassium ion to potassium (K+/K), and selected metal elements were used as the input to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. PMF resolved tailpipe emissions, non-tailpipe emissions, secondary organic aerosols (SOA), biomass burning, and local industrial activities as the main sources contributing to ambient OC at both sampling sites. Vehicular exhaust emissions, non-tailpipe emissions, and SOA were dominant sources of OC across our sampling sites, accounting cumulatively for more than 80% of total OC mass throughout the study period. Our findings showed a significant reduction in the absolute and relative contributions of tailpipe emissions to the ambient OC levels in CELA and Riverside over the time period of 2005-2015. The contribution of exhaust emissions to total OC in CELA decreased from 3.5 µg m-3 (49%) in 2005 to 1.5 µg m-3 (34%) in 2015, while similar trends were observed at Riverside during this period. These reductions are mainly attributed to the implementation of several federal, state, and local air quality regulations targeting tailpipe emissions in the area. The implementation of these regulations furthermore reduced the emissions of primary organic precursors of secondary aerosols, resulting in an overall decrease (although not statistically significant, P values ranging from 0.4 to 0.6) in SOA mass concentration in both locations over the study period. In contrast to the tailpipe emissions, we observed an increasing trend (by ∼4 to 14%) in the relative contribution of non-tailpipe emissions to OC over this time period at both sites. Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of air quality regulations in reducing direct tailpipe emissions in the area, but also underpinned the need to develop equally effective mitigation policies targeting non-tailpipe PM emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3620 S. Vermont Ave. KAP210, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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25
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Bishop GA, DeFries TH, Sidebottom JA, Kemper JM. Vehicle Exhaust Remote Sensing Device Method to Screen Vehicles for Evaporative Running Loss Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14627-14634. [PMID: 33156619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle hydrocarbon (HC) emissions can be emitted from either tailpipe or nontailpipe locations, and understanding their fleet apportionment is important for a successful air pollution policy. Vehicles initially misidentified as having elevated tailpipe HC emissions first indicated that roadside exhaust sensors could detect the presence of evaporative HC emissions as increased noise in the HC/carbon dioxide (CO2) correlation measurement. The 90th percentile of the largest residual of the HC/CO2 correlation is defined as a running loss index (RLI) for each measurement. An RLI that is three standard deviations or greater above the instrument noise indicates possible evaporative running loss emissions with the probability increasing with larger RLI values. Two databases of vehicle emission measurements previously collected in West Los Angeles in 2013 and 2015 were screened using this method. The screening estimated that 0.09% (31/33,806) and 0.18% (49/27,413) of the attempted measurements indicated evaporative running loss emissions from a 9-year-old fleet. California LEV I certified vehicles (1994-2003 model years) accounted for the largest age group for both. The minimum detection limits for the instrument used were estimated at 2.8 and 1.6 g/mile on a propane basis for the 2013 and 2015 data, respectively, or 32-56 times the Federal Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards of 0.05 g/mile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Bishop
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Timothy H DeFries
- Eastern Research Group, Inc., 3508 Far West Blvd., Suite 210, Austin, Texas 78731, United States
| | - James A Sidebottom
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, Colorado 80246, United States
| | - James M Kemper
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, Colorado 80246, United States
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26
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Jin X, Fiore A, Boersma KF, Smedt ID, Valin L. Inferring Changes in Summertime Surface Ozone-NO x-VOC Chemistry over U.S. Urban Areas from Two Decades of Satellite and Ground-Based Observations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6518-6529. [PMID: 32348127 PMCID: PMC7996126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Urban ozone (O3) formation can be limited by NOx, VOCs, or both, complicating the design of effective O3 abatement plans. A satellite-retrieved ratio of formaldehyde to NO2 (HCHO/NO2), developed from theory and modeling, has previously been used to indicate O3 formation chemistry. Here, we connect this space-based indicator to spatiotemporal variations in O3 recorded by on-the-ground monitors over major U.S. cities. High-O3 events vary nonlinearly with OMI HCHO and NO2, and the transition from VOC-limited to NOx-limited O3 formation regimes occurs at higher HCHO/NO2 value (3 to 4) than previously determined from models, with slight intercity variations. To extend satellite records back to 1996, we develop an approach to harmonize observations from GOME and SCIAMACHY that accounts for differences in spatial resolution and overpass time. Two-decade (1996-2016) multisatellite HCHO/NO2 captures the timing and location of the transition from VOC-limited to NOx-limited O3 production regimes in major U.S. cities, which aligns with the observed long-term changes in urban-rural gradient of O3 and the reversal of O3 weekend effect. Our findings suggest promise for applying space-based HCHO/NO2 to interpret local O3 chemistry, particularly with the new-generation satellite instruments that offer finer spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Jin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Arlene Fiore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - K Folkert Boersma
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Environmental Sciences Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lukas Valin
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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27
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Konkle SL, Zierold KM, Taylor KC, Riggs DW, Bhatnagar A. National secular trends in ambient air volatile organic compound levels and biomarkers of exposure in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108991. [PMID: 31835113 PMCID: PMC7294699 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution is a leading cause of global mortality. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are constituents of ambient air that could exert adverse health effects. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between VOC levels in ambient air and individual-level exposure to VOCs, as assessed by urinary VOC metabolites. METHODS Secular trends in 11 ambient air VOCs (2005-2013) and individual-level metabolites of 14 VOCs (2005-2014) were assessed using National Monitoring Programs (NMP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, respectively. To isolate environmental exposure, individuals reporting exposure to tobacco smoke were excluded. Quantile regression models were used to assess secular trends in VOC exposure, and survey-weighted regression models were built to identify factors associated with VOC exposure. RESULTS All annual levels of ambient VOCs decreased from 2005 to 2013 (Range: 12.5%-77.2%). However, 11 of the corresponding VOC metabolites increased during the same time (Range: 0.3%-53.6%). There was a proportional change in patterns of VOC exposure across NHANES waves, with the middle quantiles of exposure showing the largest increase. VOC exposures were significantly associated with age, sex, race, education, and physical inactivity, but not with secular VOC trends. DISCUSSION In the United States, individual-level exposure to several VOCs increased between 2005 and 2014 despite a decline in ambient air VOC levels. This inverse relationship suggests that ambient VOCs are not the primary source of VOC exposure, therefore, decreasing ambient VOCs alone may not be sufficient to protect against the adverse health effects associated with VOC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Konkle
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kristina M Zierold
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kira C Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Daniel W Riggs
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.
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28
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Zhang Q, Tong P, Liu M, Lin H, Yun X, Zhang H, Tao W, Liu J, Wang S, Tao S, Wang X. A WRF-Chem model-based future vehicle emission control policy simulation and assessment for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 253:109751. [PMID: 31675594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Using 2025 as the target year, we quantitatively assessed the reduction potentials of emissions of primary pollutants (including CO, HC, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10) under different vehicle control policies and the impacts of vehicle emission control policies in the BTH region on the regional PM2.5 concentration in winter and the surface ozone (O3) concentration in summer. Comparing the different scenarios, we found that (1) vehicle control policies will bring significant reductions in the emissions of primary pollutants. Among the individual policies, upgrading new vehicle emission standards and fuel quality in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei will be the most effective policy, with emission reductions of primary pollutants of 26.3%-54.7%, 38.0%-70.3% and 46.0%-81.6% in 2025, respectively; (2) for PM2.5 in winter, the Combined Scenario (CS) will lead to a reduction of 0.5-3.9 μg m-3 (3.5%-11.6%) for the monthly average PM2.5 concentrations in most areas. The monthly nitrate and ammonium concentrations would reduce by 5.8% and 5.3%, respectively, in the whole BTH region, indicating that vehicle emission control policies may play an important role in the reduction of PM2.5 concentrations in winter, especially for nitrate aerosols; and (3) for O3 concentrations in summer, vehicle emission control policies will lead to significant decreases. Under the CS scenario, the maximum reduction of monthly average O3 concentrations in the summer is approximately 3.6 ppb (5.9%). Most areas in the BTH region have a decrease of 15 ppb (7.5%) in peak values compared to the base scenario. However, in some VOC-sensitive areas in the BTH region, such as the southern urban areas, significant reductions in NOx may lead to increases in ozone concentrations. Our results highlight that season- and location-specific vehicle emission control measures are needed to alleviate ambient PM2.5 and O3 pollution effectively in this region due to the complex meteorological conditions and atmospheric chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Zhang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Peifeng Tong
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Maodian Liu
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huiming Lin
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiao Yun
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Tao
- Multiphase Chemistry Department Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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29
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Day M, Pouliot G, Hunt S, Baker KR, Beardsley M, Frost G, Mobley D, Simon H, Henderson BB, Yelverton T, Rao V. Reflecting on progress since the 2005 NARSTO emissions inventory report. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2019; 69:1023-1048. [PMID: 31184543 PMCID: PMC6784547 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2019.1629363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Emission inventories are the foundation for cost-effective air quality management activities. In 2005, a report by the public/private partnership North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone (NARSTO) evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of North American emissions inventories and made recommendations for improving their effectiveness. This paper reviews the recommendation areas and briefly discusses what has been addressed, what remains unchanged, and new questions that have arisen. The findings reveal that all emissions inventory improvement areas identified by the 2005 NARSTO publication have been explored and implemented to some degree. The U.S. National Emissions Inventory has become more detailed and has incorporated new research into previously under-characterized sources such as fine particles and biomass burning. Additionally, it is now easier to access the emissions inventory and the documentation of the inventory via the internet. However, many emissions-related research needs exist, on topics such as emission estimation methods, speciation, scalable emission factor development, incorporation of new emission measurement techniques, estimation of uncertainty, top-down verification, and analysis of uncharacterized sources. A common theme throughout this retrospective summary is the need for increased coordination among stakeholders. Researchers and inventory developers must work together to ensure that planned emissions research and new findings can be used to update the emissions inventory. To continue to address emissions inventory challenges, industry, the scientific community, and government agencies need to continue to leverage resources and collaborate as often as possible. As evidenced by the progress noted, continued investment in and coordination of emissions inventory activities will provide dividends to air quality management programs across the country, continent, and world. Implications: In 2005, a report by the public/private partnership North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone (NARSTO) evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of North American air pollution emissions inventories. This paper reviews the eight recommendation areas and briefly discusses what has been addressed, what remains unchanged, and new questions that have arisen. Although progress has been made, many opportunities exist for the scientific agencies, industry, and government agencies to leverage resources and collaborate to continue improving emissions inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Day
- 2015-2017 AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow, Environmental Protection Agency , Washington , DC , USA
| | - George Pouliot
- Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Sherri Hunt
- Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Kirk R Baker
- Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Megan Beardsley
- Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Environmental Protection Agency , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Gregory Frost
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - David Mobley
- Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
- Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Heather Simon
- Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Barron B Henderson
- Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Tiffany Yelverton
- Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Venkatesh Rao
- Office of Air and Radiation, Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Warren RJ, Casterline S, Goodman M, Kocher M, Zaluski R, Battaglia JH. Long-term lichen trends in a rust belt region. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Deindustrialization and national air pollution standards greatly reduced air pollution in the USA since the mid-20th century, particularly in the ‘rust belt’ industrial cities of the Great Lakes and Northeastern regions. Still, sprawling urbanization, vehicular traffic and coal-fired power plants may maintain regional heat islands and NOx and SO2 pollution. Lichens are one of the first, and longest used, bioindicators of urban heat island effects and atmospheric pollution, but there are few long-term studies of lichen bioindications. We examined herbaria records for lichens collected between 1869 and 2016 in the Western New York (WNY) region (USA). We hypothesized a long-term trend of increasing pollution-sensitive lichens in the region as well as increased desiccation-tolerant species from urban heat island effects. We also evaluated local (urban and tree land use cover) and regional (ecological zones) influences on pollution-sensitive and desiccation-tolerant lichens. We found that the WNY lichen communities appear to be shaped by urbanization with desiccation- and pollution-tolerant species dominating areas adjacent to the urbanized/industrialized core, and direct local effects of the urban heat island and vehicle traffic within the urban core. These results suggest that despite deindustrialization and tighter air quality standards, an industrial imprint remains on the lichen communities of WNY. However, despite urban filtering toward desiccation- and pollution-tolerant lichen species, the urban landscape contributed unique lichen species to the region, increasing WNY’s overall lichen biodiversity as much as the relatively pristine Allegheny Plateau. Hence, the urbanized areas of WNY contribute unique species to the regional lichen flora.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Megan Kocher
- SUNY Buffalo State, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Zaluski
- SUNY Buffalo State, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, NY, USA
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31
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Chen X, Millet DB, Singh HB, Wisthaler A, Apel EC, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Bourgeois I, Brown SS, Crounse JD, de Gouw JA, Flocke FM, Fried A, Heikes BG, Hornbrook RS, Mikoviny T, Min KE, Müller M, Neuman JA, O'Sullivan DW, Peischl J, Pfister GG, Richter D, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Shertz SR, Thompson CR, Treadaway V, Veres PR, Walega J, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weibring P, Yuan B. On the sources and sinks of atmospheric VOCs: an integrated analysis of recent aircraft campaigns over North America. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:9097-9123. [PMID: 33688334 PMCID: PMC7939023 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-9097-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We apply a high-resolution chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) with updated treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and a comprehensive suite of airborne datasets over North America to (i) characterize the VOC budget and (ii) test the ability of current models to capture the distribution and reactivity of atmospheric VOCs over this region. Biogenic emissions dominate the North American VOC budget in the model, accounting for 70 % and 95 % of annually emitted VOC carbon and reactivity, respectively. Based on current inventories anthropogenic emissions have declined to the point where biogenic emissions are the dominant summertime source of VOC reactivity even in most major North American cities. Methane oxidation is a 2x larger source of nonmethane VOCs (via production of formaldehyde and methyl hydroperoxide) over North America in the model than are anthropogenic emissions. However, anthropogenic VOCs account for over half of the ambient VOC loading over the majority of the region owing to their longer aggregate lifetime. Fires can be a significant VOC source episodically but are small on average. In the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the model exhibits skill in capturing observed variability in total VOC abundance (R 2 = 0:36) and reactivity (R 2 = 0:54). The same is not true in the free troposphere (FT), where skill is low and there is a persistent low model bias (~ 60 %), with most (27 of 34) model VOCs underestimated by more than a factor of 2. A comparison of PBL: FT concentration ratios over the southeastern US points to a misrepresentation of PBL ventilation as a contributor to these model FT biases. We also find that a relatively small number of VOCs (acetone, methanol, ethane, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, isoprene C oxidation products, methyl hydroperoxide) drive a large fraction of total ambient VOC reactivity and associated model biases; research to improve understanding of their budgets is thus warranted. A source tracer analysis suggests a current overestimate of biogenic sources for hydroxyacetone, methyl ethyl ketone and glyoxal, an underestimate of biogenic formic acid sources, and an underestimate of peroxyacetic acid production across biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Future work to improve model representations of vertical transport and to address the VOC biases discussed are needed to advance predictions of ozone and SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frank M. Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian G. Heikes
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gabriele G. Pfister
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dirk Richter
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Shertz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chelsea R. Thompson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Victoria Treadaway
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Patrick R. Veres
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Petter Weibring
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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32
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Roth P, Yang J, Fofie E, Cocker DR, Durbin TD, Brezny R, Geller M, Asa-Awuku A, Karavalakis G. Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filters Reduce Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3037-3047. [PMID: 30794395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of photochemical aging on exhaust emissions from two light-duty vehicles with gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines equipped with and without catalyzed gasoline particle filters (GPFs) were investigated using a mobile environmental chamber. Both vehicles with and without the GPFs were exercised over the LA92 drive cycle using a chassis dynamometer. Diluted exhaust emissions from the entire LA92 cycle were introduced to the mobile chamber and subsequently photochemically reacted. It was found that the addition of catalyzed GPFs will significantly reduce tailpipe particulate emissions and also provide benefits in gaseous emissions, including nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC). Tailpipe emissions composition showed important changes with the use of GPFs by practically eliminating black carbon and increasing the fractional contribution of organic mass. Production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was reduced with GPF addition, but was also dependent on engine design which determined the amount of SOA precursors at the tailpipe. Our findings indicate that SOA production from GDI vehicles will be reduced with the application of catalyzed GPFs through the mitigation of reactive hydrocarbon precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Roth
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Jiacheng Yang
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Emmanuel Fofie
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - David R Cocker
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Rasto Brezny
- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association , 2200 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 310 , Arlington , Virginia 22201 , United States
| | - Michael Geller
- Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association , 2200 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 310 , Arlington , Virginia 22201 , United States
| | - Akua Asa-Awuku
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Georgios Karavalakis
- University of California , Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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Drozd GT, Zhao Y, Saliba G, Frodin B, Maddox C, Oliver Chang MC, Maldonado H, Sardar S, Weber RJ, Robinson AL, Goldstein AH. Detailed Speciation of Intermediate Volatility and Semivolatile Organic Compound Emissions from Gasoline Vehicles: Effects of Cold-Starts and Implications for Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1706-1714. [PMID: 30583696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades vehicle emission standards in the United States have been dramatically tightened with the goal of reducing urban air pollution. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is the dominant contributor to urban organic aerosol. Experiments were conducted at the California Air Resources Board Haagen-Smit Laboratory to characterize exhaust organics from 20 gasoline vehicles recruited from the California in-use fleet. The vehicles spanned a wide range of emission certification standards. We comprehensively characterized intermediate volatility and semivolatile organic compound emissions using thermal desorption two-dimensional gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry with electron impact (GC × GC-EI-MS) and vacuum-ultraviolet (GC × GC-VUV-MS) ionization. Single-ring aromatic compounds with unsaturated C4 and C5 substituents contribute a large fraction of the intermediate volatility organic compound (IVOC) emissions in gasoline vehicle exhaust. The analyses of quartz filters used in GC × GC-VUV-MS show that primary organic aerosol emissions were dominated by motor oil. We combined our new emissions data with published SOA yield parametrizations to estimate SOA formation potential. After 24 h of oxidation, IVOC emissions contributed 45% of SOA formation; BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, xylenes, and ethylbenzene), 40%; other VOC aromatics, 15%. The composition of IVOC emissions was consistent across the test fleet, suggesting that future reductions in vehicular emissions will continue to reduce SOA formation and ambient particulate mass levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg T Drozd
- Department of Chemistry , Colby College , Waterville , Maine 04901 , United States
| | - Yunliang Zhao
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Georges Saliba
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Bruce Frodin
- California Air Resources Board , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Christine Maddox
- California Air Resources Board , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - M-C Oliver Chang
- California Air Resources Board , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Hector Maldonado
- California Air Resources Board , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Satya Sardar
- California Air Resources Board , Sacramento , California 95814 , United States
| | - Robert Jay Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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Henneman LRF, Liu C, Chang H, Mulholland J, Tolbert P, Russell A. Air quality accountability: Developing long-term daily time series of pollutant changes and uncertainties in Atlanta, Georgia resulting from the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:522-534. [PMID: 30622077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments codified major institutional changes relating to the management of air pollutants in the United States. Recent research years has attributed reduced emissions over the past two decades to regulations enacted under these Amendments, but none have separated long-term daily impacts of individual regulatory programs on multiple source categories under a consistent framework. Using daily emissions and air quality measurements along with a detailed review of national and local regulations promulgated after the Amendments, we quantify daily changes in emissions and air quality attributable to regulations on electricity generating units and on-road mobile sources. To quantify daily changes, we develop nine sets of counterfactual emissions and ambient air pollution concentration time series for 10 pollutants that assume individual regulatory programs and combinations thereof were not implemented. In addition to daily impacts, we estimate uncertainties in these results. These counterfactual daily ambient concentrations reveal high seasonality and increasing effectiveness of most regulations between 1999 and 2013. Monthly average counterfactual concentrations in scenarios that assume no new regulations on electricity generating units and mobile sources are greater than observed concentrations for all pollutants except ozone, which has seen increased wintertime concentrations accompany summertime decreases. By the end of the period, electricity generating unit emissions reductions under the Acid Rain Program and Clean Air Interstate Rule and their respective related local programs led to similar PM2.5 concentration decreases. Of the mobile source regulations, rules on gasoline and diesel vehicles led to similar reductions in annual PM2.5, and gasoline programs led to double the summertime ozone reductions as diesel programs. The nine sets of daily time series and their uncertainties were designed for use in air pollution accountability health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R F Henneman
- Georgia Institute of Technology School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, United States of America; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, United States of America.
| | - Cong Liu
- Georgia Institute of Technology School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, United States of America; Southeast University School of Energy and Environment, Nanjing, China
| | - Howard Chang
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, United States of America
| | - James Mulholland
- Georgia Institute of Technology School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, United States of America
| | - Paige Tolbert
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, United States of America
| | - Armistead Russell
- Georgia Institute of Technology School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, United States of America
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Campagnolo D, Cattaneo A, Corbella L, Borghi F, Del Buono L, Rovelli S, Spinazzé A, Cavallo DM. In-vehicle airborne fine and ultra-fine particulate matter exposure: The impact of leading vehicle emissions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:407-416. [PMID: 30622065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) concentrations inside vehicle cabins are often extremely high compared to background levels. The present study was motivated by the fact that in the last few decades, the implementation of new emission standards has led to the reduction of vehicle particle emissions. This study addresses for the first time the relationship between leading vehicle (LV) emissions and in-cabin PM exposure levels in the immediately following vehicle (henceforth called the study vehicle - SV), with particular emphasis on the role of the LV's emission reduction technologies (e.g., diesel particulate filter-DPF) as an effective risk management measure. The study was performed using an instrumented study vehicle (always to be considered as the following vehicle) on a 26-km fixed route where 10 repeated tests were conducted during 60-minute trips. On-line monitoring of the fine 0.3-1 μm and 1-2.5 μm (PM0.3-1 and PM1-2.5) and ultra-fine particle (UFP) concentrations was performed inside the SV's car cabin with fixed ventilation settings (i.e., windows closed, air conditioning off, and recirculation fan off). Simultaneously, the license plate numbers of the LVs along the route were recorded to retrieve information pertaining to their fuel type and Euro emission standard category. The results clearly showed that the in-cabin PM levels were significantly affected by the LV's Euro emission standard. Regarding petrol-fuelled LVs, the median in-cabin particle exposure levels were statistically lower (e.g., -34% for PM0.3-1) when following vehicles with stricter emission standards (in particular, Euro 6) than when following a low-emission standard vehicle (i.e., Euro 0-2). Concerning diesel-fuelled LVs, a strong and significant decrease in the in-cabin median exposure levels (up to -62%, -44%, and -48% for UFPs, PM0.3-1, and PM1-2.5, respectively) was observed for recent-emission standards LVs (i.e., Euro 5-6) with respect to older-emission standard LVs (i.e., Euro 0-4). A specific analysis revealed that the in-cabin median exposure concentrations of PM were highly and significantly reduced by DPF-equipped LVs. For UFPs, this resulted in a 47% reduction compared to diesel-fuelled (non-DPF) LVs. For PM0.3-1, an approximate 80% reduction was observed compared to both petrol-fuelled and diesel-fuelled (non-DPF) LVs. For PM1-2.5, an approximate 38% reduction was observed compared to petrol-fuelled LVs and a 46% reduction compared to non-DPF LVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campagnolo
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy.
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Leonardo Corbella
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Francesca Borghi
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Luca Del Buono
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rovelli
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinazzé
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Domenico M Cavallo
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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36
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Masiol M, Squizzato S, Chalupa DC, Utell MJ, Rich DQ, Hopke PK. Long-term trends in submicron particle concentrations in a metropolitan area of the northeastern United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:59-70. [PMID: 29573692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Significant changes in emission sources have occurred in the northeastern United States over the past decade, due in part to the implementation of emissions standards, the introduction and addition of abatement technologies for road transport, changes in fuel sulfur content for road and non-road transport, as well as economic impacts of a major recession and differential fuel prices. These changes in emission scenarios likely affected the concentrations of airborne submicron particles. This study investigated the characteristics of 11-500nm particle number concentrations and their size spectra in Rochester, NY during the past 15years (2002 to 2016). The modal structure, diurnal, weekly and monthly patterns of particle number concentrations are analyzed. Long-term trends are quantified using seasonal-trend decomposition procedures based on "Loess", Mann-Kendall regression with Theil-Sen slope and piecewise regression. Particle concentrations underwent significant (p<0.05) downward trends. An annual decrease of -323particles/cm3/y (-4.6%/y) was estimated for the total particle number concentration using Theil-Sen analysis. The trends were driven mainly by the decrease in particles in the 11-50nm range (-181particles/cm3/y; -4.7%/y). Slope changes were investigated annually and seasonally. Piecewise regression found different slopes for different portions of the overall period with the strongest declines between 2005 and 2011/2013, followed by small upward trends between 2013 and 2016 for most size bins, possibly representing increased vehicular traffic after the recovery from the 2008 recession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Masiol
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| | - David C Chalupa
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Mark J Utell
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - David Q Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States.
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McDonald BC, McKeen SA, Cui YY, Ahmadov R, Kim SW, Frost GJ, Pollack IB, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Holloway JS, Graus M, Warneke C, Gilman JB, de Gouw JA, Kaiser J, Keutsch FN, Hanisco TF, Wolfe GM, Trainer M. Modeling Ozone in the Eastern U.S. using a Fuel-Based Mobile Source Emissions Inventory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7360-7370. [PMID: 29870662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest overestimates in current U.S. emission inventories of nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO2). Here, we expand a previously developed fuel-based inventory of motor-vehicle emissions (FIVE) to the continental U.S. for the year 2013, and evaluate our estimates of mobile source emissions with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Emissions Inventory (NEI) interpolated to 2013. We find that mobile source emissions of NO x and carbon monoxide (CO) in the NEI are higher than FIVE by 28% and 90%, respectively. Using a chemical transport model, we model mobile source emissions from FIVE, and find consistent levels of urban NO x and CO as measured during the Southeast Nexus (SENEX) Study in 2013. Lastly, we assess the sensitivity of ozone (O3) over the Eastern U.S. to uncertainties in mobile source NO x emissions and biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. The ground-level O3 is sensitive to reductions in mobile source NO x emissions, most notably in the Southeastern U.S. and during O3 exceedance events, under the revised standard proposed in 2015 (>70 ppb, 8 h maximum). This suggests that decreasing mobile source NO x emissions could help in meeting more stringent O3 standards in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Stuart A McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Yu Yan Cui
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Ravan Ahmadov
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Global Systems Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Si-Wan Kim
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Gregory J Frost
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Ilana B Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - John S Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Martin Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Thomas F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 20771 , United States
| | - Glenn M Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , Maryland 20771 , United States
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology , University of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21228 , United States
| | - Michael Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division , NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado 80305 , United States
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Bishop GA, Haugen MJ. The Story of Ever Diminishing Vehicle Tailpipe Emissions as Observed in the Chicago, Illinois Area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7587-7593. [PMID: 29761693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The University of Denver has collected on-road fuel specific vehicle emissions measurements in the Chicago area since 1989. This nearly 30 year record illustrates the large reductions in light-duty vehicle tailpipe emissions and the remarkable improvements in emissions control durability to maintain low emissions over increasing periods of time. Since 1989 fuel specific carbon monoxide (CO) emissions have been reduced by an order of magnitude and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by more than a factor of 20. Nitric oxide (NO) emissions have only been collected since 1997 but have seen reductions of 79%. This has increased the skewness of the emissions distribution where the 2016 fleet's 99th percentile contributes ∼3 times more of the 1990 total for CO and HC emissions. There are signs that these reductions may be leveling out as the emissions durability of Tier 2 vehicles in use today has almost eliminated the emissions reduction benefit of fleet turnover. Since 1997, the average age of the Chicago on-road fleet has increased 2 model years and the percentage of passenger vehicles has dropped from 71 to 52% of the fleet. Emissions are now so well controlled that the influence of driving mode has been completely eliminated as a factor for fuel specific CO and NO emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Bishop
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Denver , Denver , Colorado 80208 , United States
| | - Molly J Haugen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Denver , Denver , Colorado 80208 , United States
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Frey HC. Trends in onroad transportation energy and emissions. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:514-563. [PMID: 29589998 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1454357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Globally, 1.3 billion on-road vehicles consume 79 quadrillion BTU of energy, mostly gasoline and diesel fuels, emit 5.7 gigatonnes of CO2, and emit other pollutants to which approximately 200,000 annual premature deaths are attributed. Improved vehicle energy efficiency and emission controls have helped offset growth in vehicle activity. New technologies are diffusing into the vehicle fleet in response to fuel efficiency and emission standards. Empirical assessment of vehicle emissions is challenging because of myriad fuels and technologies, intervehicle variability, multiple emission processes, variability in operating conditions, and varying capabilities of measurement methods. Fuel economy and emissions regulations have been effective in reducing total emissions of key pollutants. Real-world fuel use and emissions are consistent with official values in the United States but not in Europe or countries that adopt European standards. Portable emission measurements systems, which uncovered a recent emissions cheating scandal, have a key role in regulatory programs to ensure conformity between "real driving emissions" and emission standards. The global vehicle fleet will experience tremendous growth, especially in Asia. Although existing data and modeling tools are useful, they are often based on convenience samples, small sample sizes, large variability, and unquantified uncertainty. Vehicles emit precursors to several important secondary pollutants, including ozone and secondary organic aerosols, which requires a multipollutant emissions and air quality management strategy. Gasoline and diesel are likely to persist as key energy sources to mid-century. Adoption of electric vehicles is not a panacea with regard to greenhouse gas emissions unless coupled with policies to change the power generation mix. Depending on how they are actually implemented and used, autonomous vehicles could lead to very large reductions or increases in energy consumption. Numerous other trends are addressed with regard to technology, emissions controls, vehicle operations, emission measurements, impacts on exposure, and impacts on public health. IMPLICATIONS Without specific policies to the contrary, fossil fuels are likely to continue to be the major source of on-road vehicle energy consumption. Fuel economy and emission standards are generally effective in achieving reductions per unit of vehicle activity. However, the number of vehicles and miles traveled will increase. Total energy use and emissions depend on factors such as fuels, technologies, land use, demographics, economics, road design, vehicle operation, societal values, and others that affect demand for transportation, mode choice, energy use, and emissions. Thus, there are many opportunities to influence future trends in vehicle energy use and emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Christopher Frey
- a Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering , North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) have a large impact on air quality and climate change as precursors in the formation of ozone and secondary aerosols. We find that NOx emissions have not been decreasing as expected in recent years (2011–2015) when comparing top-down estimates from satellites and surface NO2 measurements to the trends predicted from the US Environmental Protection Agency’s emission inventory data. The discrepancy can be explained by the growing relative contribution of industrial, area, and off-road mobile sources of emissions, decreasing relative contribution of on-road gasoline vehicles, and slower than expected decreases in on-road diesel NOx emissions, with implications for air-quality management. Ground and satellite observations show that air pollution regulations in the United States (US) have resulted in substantial reductions in emissions and corresponding improvements in air quality over the last several decades. However, large uncertainties remain in evaluating how recent regulations affect different emission sectors and pollutant trends. Here we show a significant slowdown in decreasing US emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) for 2011–2015 using satellite and surface measurements. This observed slowdown in emission reductions is significantly different from the trend expected using US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) bottom-up inventories and impedes compliance with local and federal agency air-quality goals. We find that the difference between observations and EPA’s NOx emission estimates could be explained by: (i) growing relative contributions of industrial, area, and off-road sources, (ii) decreasing relative contributions of on-road gasoline, and (iii) slower than expected decreases in on-road diesel emissions.
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McDonald BC, de Gouw JA, Gilman JB, Jathar SH, Akherati A, Cappa CD, Jimenez JL, Lee-Taylor J, Hayes PL, McKeen SA, Cui YY, Kim SW, Gentner DR, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Goldstein AH, Harley RA, Frost GJ, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Trainer M. Volatile chemical products emerging as largest petrochemical source of urban organic emissions. Science 2018; 359:760-764. [PMID: 29449485 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A gap in emission inventories of urban volatile organic compound (VOC) sources, which contribute to regional ozone and aerosol burdens, has increased as transportation emissions in the United States and Europe have declined rapidly. A detailed mass balance demonstrates that the use of volatile chemical products (VCPs)-including pesticides, coatings, printing inks, adhesives, cleaning agents, and personal care products-now constitutes half of fossil fuel VOC emissions in industrialized cities. The high fraction of VCP emissions is consistent with observed urban outdoor and indoor air measurements. We show that human exposure to carbonaceous aerosols of fossil origin is transitioning away from transportation-related sources and toward VCPs. Existing U.S. regulations on VCPs emphasize mitigating ozone and air toxics, but they currently exempt many chemicals that lead to secondary organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA. .,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joost A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ali Akherati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Julia Lee-Taylor
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Patrick L Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stuart A McKeen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yu Yan Cui
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Si-Wan Kim
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Drew R Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Harley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gregory J Frost
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
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Mao J, Carlton A, Cohen RC, Brune WH, Brown SS, Wolfe GM, Jimenez JL, Pye HOT, Ng NL, Xu L, McNeill VF, Tsigaridis K, McDonald BC, Warneke C, Guenther A, Alvarado MJ, de Gouw J, Mickley LJ, Leibensperger EM, Mathur R, Nolte CG, Portmann RW, Unger N, Tosca M, Horowitz LW. Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:2615-2651. [PMID: 29963079 PMCID: PMC6020695 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of atmospheric trace species in the United States have changed dramatically over the past several decades in response to pollution control strategies, shifts in domestic energy policy and economics, and economic development (and resulting emission changes) elsewhere in the world. Reliable projections of the future atmosphere require models to not only accurately describe current atmospheric concentrations, but to do so by representing chemical, physical and biological processes with conceptual and quantitative fidelity. Only through incorporation of the processes controlling emissions and chemical mechanisms that represent the key transformations among reactive molecules can models reliably project the impacts of future policy, energy and climate scenarios. Efforts to properly identify and implement the fundamental and controlling mechanisms in atmospheric models benefit from intensive observation periods, during which collocated measurements of diverse, speciated chemicals in both the gas and condensed phases are obtained. The Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS, including SENEX, SOAS, NOMADSS and SEAC4RS) conducted during the summer of 2013 provided an unprecedented opportunity for the atmospheric modeling community to come together to evaluate, diagnose and improve the representation of fundamental climate and air quality processes in models of varying temporal and spatial scales. This paper is aimed at discussing progress in evaluating, diagnosing and improving air quality and climate modeling using comparisons to SAS observations as a guide to thinking about improvements to mechanisms and parameterizations in models. The effort focused primarily on model representation of fundamental atmospheric processes that are essential to the formation of ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and other trace species in the troposphere, with the ultimate goal of understanding the radiative impacts of these species in the southeast and elsewhere. Here we address questions surrounding four key themes: gas-phase chemistry, aerosol chemistry, regional climate and chemistry interactions, and natural and anthropogenic emissions. We expect this review to serve as a guidance for future modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Mao
- Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Annmarie Carlton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Kostas Tsigaridis
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian C. McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Joost de Gouw
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert W. Portmann
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nadine Unger
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mika Tosca
- School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Larry W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory–National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Urban flux measurements reveal a large pool of oxygenated volatile organic compound emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1186-1191. [PMID: 29358383 PMCID: PMC5819406 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714715115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The exchange of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) at the surface–atmosphere interface is a fundamental constraint and important boundary condition for atmospheric chemistry and its effects on climate. Anthropogenic emissions are thought to account for about half of the NMVOC flux into the atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere, yet their budget is considerably uncertain due to the scarcity of appropriate top-down constraints. Here we present direct flux measurements of NMVOCs based on the eddy covariance technique, showing that the contribution of typical urban emission sources is comprised of a surprisingly large portion of oxygenated NMVOC. These results suggest that typical urban NMVOC emission sources could be significantly higher than currently projected in air chemistry and climate models. Atmospheric chemistry is fueled by a large annual influx of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). These compounds influence ozone formation, lead to secondary organic aerosol production, and play a significant role for the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. The anthropogenic NMVOC budget is considerably uncertain due to the diversity of urban emission sources. Here, we present comprehensive observations of urban NMVOC eddy covariance fluxes using a newly designed proton-transfer-reaction quadrupole interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We found emission fluxes of a surprisingly large pool of oxygenated NMVOCs (OVOCs) with an appreciable fraction of higher oxidized OVOCs that cannot be explained by known fast photochemical turnaround or current primary emission estimates. Measured OVOC/NMVOC bulk flux ratios are two to four times higher than inferred from aggregated anthropogenic emission inventories. Extrapolating these results would double the global anthropogenic NMVOC flux. In view of globally accelerating urbanization, our study highlights the need to reevaluate the influence of anthropogenic NMVOC on atmospheric chemistry, human health, and the climate system.
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Emami F, Masiol M, Hopke PK. Air pollution at Rochester, NY: Long-term trends and multivariate analysis of upwind SO 2 source impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1506-1515. [PMID: 28915545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There have been many changes in the air pollutant sources in the northeastern United States since 2001. To assess the effect of these changes, trend analyses of the monthly average values were performed on PM2.5 and its components including major ions, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and gaseous pollutant concentrations measured between 2001 (in some cases 1999) and 2015 at the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation sites in Rochester, NY. Mann-Kendall regression with Sen's slope was applied to estimate the trends and seasonality. Using piecewise regression, significant reductions in the air pollution of Rochester area were observed between 2008 and 2010 when a 260MW coal-fired power plant was decommissioned, new heavy-duty diesel trucks had to be equipped with catalytic regenerator traps, and the economic recession that began in 2008 reduced traffic and other activities. The monthly average PM2.5 mass showed a downward trend (-5μg/m3; -41%) in Rochester between 2001 and 2015. This change is largely due to reductions in particulate sulfate that showed a 65% decrease. The sulfate concentrations were compared to changes in SO2 emissions in seventeen upwind source domains, and other systematic changes by multivariate linear regression. Selectivity ratio obtained from target projection discriminated the most important source domains that are SO2 emissions from Georgia for winter, North Carolina for transition (spring and fall) and Ohio along with other influences for summer. North Carolina and Michigan were identified as the main sources for entire period. These observations suggest that any further reductions in the specified regional SO2 emissions would result in a proportional decrease in sulfate in Rochester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Emami
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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Hays MD, Preston W, George BJ, George IJ, Snow R, Faircloth J, Long T, Baldauf RW, McDonald J. Temperature and Driving Cycle Significantly Affect Carbonaceous Gas and Particle Matter Emissions from Diesel Trucks. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2017; 31:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01446. [PMID: 32461712 PMCID: PMC7252512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines the effects of fuel [an ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) versus a 20% v/v soy-based biodiesel-80% v/v petroleum blend (B20)], temperature, load, vehicle, driving cycle, and active regeneration technology on gas- and particle-phase carbon emissions from light and medium heavy-duty diesel vehicles (L/MHDDV). The study is performed using chassis dynamometer facilities that support low-temperature operation (-6.7 °C versus 21.7 °C) and heavy loads up to 12 000 kg. Organic and elemental carbon (OC-EC) composition of aerosol particles is determined using a thermal-optical technique. Gas- and particle-phase semivolatile organic compound (SVOC) emissions collected using traditional filter and polyurethane foam sampling media are analyzed using advanced gas chromatograpy/mass spectrometry methods. Study-wide OC and EC emissions are 0.735 and 0.733 mg/km, on average. The emissions factors for diesel vehicles vary widely, and use of a catalyzed diesel particle filter (CDPF) device generally mutes the carbon particle emissions in the exhaust, which contains ~90% w/w gas-phase matter. Interestingly, replacing ULSD with B20 did not significantly influence SVOC emissions, for which sums range from 0.030 to 9.4 mg/km for the L/MHDDVs. However, both low temperature and vehicle cold-starts significantly increase SVOCs in the exhaust. Real-time particle measurements indicate vehicle regeneration technology did influence emissions, although regeneration effects went unresolved using bulk chemistry techniques. A multistudy comparison of the toxic particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; molecular weight (MW) ≥ 252 amu) in diesel exhaust indicates emission factors that span up to 8 orders of magnitude over the past several decades. This study observes conditions under which PAH compounds with MW ≥ 252 amu appear in diesel particles downstream of the CDPF and can even reach low-end concentrations reported earlier for much larger HDDVs with poorly controlled exhaust streams. This rare observation suggests that analysis of PAHs in particles emitted from modern L/MHDDVs may be more complex than recognized previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Hays
- Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - William Preston
- Consolidated Safety Services Inc., 1910 Sedwick Road, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Barbara J George
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Ingrid J George
- Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Richard Snow
- Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - James Faircloth
- Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Thomas Long
- Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Richard W Baldauf
- Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Joseph McDonald
- Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Seasonal Trends of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde in the Megacity of São Paulo. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8080144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) is the largest megacity in South America, with 21 million inhabitants and more than 8 million vehicles. Those vehicles run on a complex fuel mix, with ethanol accounting for nearly 50% of all fuel sold. That has made the MASP a unique case study to assess the impact of biofuel use on air quality. Currently, the greatest challenge in terms of improving air quality is controlling the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone, which represents the main air pollution problem in the MASP. We evaluated the temporal trends in the concentrations of ozone, its precursors (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and NO2), CO, and NO, from 2012 to 2016. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations were frequently higher in winter than in other seasons, showing the importance of meteorological conditions to the distribution of atmospheric pollutants in the MASP. We found no clear evidence that the recent growth in ethanol consumption in Brazil has affected acetaldehyde concentrations, which are associated with emissions from ethanol combustion. In fact, the formaldehyde/acetaldehyde ratio remained relatively constant over the period studied, despite the change in the fuel consumption profile in the MASP.
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Raman A, Arellano AF. Spatial and Temporal Variations in Characteristic Ratios of Elemental Carbon to Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Oxides across the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6829-6838. [PMID: 28547992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A ratio-based method is used to characterize anthropogenic elemental carbon (ECa) using in situ measurements and emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). We use long-term records of ground-based measurements from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Air Quality System and Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments to assess the patterns in anthropogenic combustion ratios (ΔECa/ΔCO and ΔECa/ΔNOx) across the U.S. Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADD) regions for the years 2000-2015. We investigate the change in these ratios between the periods 2000-2007 and 2008-2015. Overall, ΔECa/ΔCO ratios increase by 0.7-82% and ΔECa/ΔNOx by 6.8-104% across the East and West PADD regions. The urban West showed the largest increase relative to other regions. This is mainly attributed to a 13-23% increase in ΔECa during the winter and fall seasons and significant reductions in urban ΔNOx (except in winter). We also find that emission ratios derived from the EPA's National Emission Inventory (NEI) overestimate (underestimate) the increase in the observed enhancement ratios in the East (West). Analyses of changes in NEI emissions in the West reveal (a) smaller reductions in NEI emissions for NOx from the off-road sector and (b) an increase in PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in diameter) emissions from commercial/residential combustion and smaller reductions in nonroad emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Raman
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Avelino F Arellano
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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An Approach to Developing Local Climate Change Environmental Public Health Indicators in a Rural District. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 2017:3407325. [PMID: 28352286 PMCID: PMC5352907 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3407325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Climate change represents a significant and growing threat to population health. Rural areas face unique challenges, such as high rates of vulnerable populations; economic uncertainty due to their reliance on industries that are vulnerable to climate change; less resilient infrastructure; and lower levels of access to community and emergency services than urban areas. This article fills a gap in public health practice by developing climate and health environmental public health indicators for a local public health department in a rural area. We adapted the National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network's framework for climate and health indicators to a seven-county health department in Western Kentucky. Using a three-step review process, we identified primary climate-related environmental public health hazards for the region (extreme heat, drought, and flooding) and a suite of related exposure, health outcome, population vulnerability, and environmental vulnerability indicators. Indicators that performed more poorly at the county level than at the state and national level were defined as "high vulnerability." Six to eight high vulnerability indicators were identified for each county. The local health department plans to use the results to enhance three key areas of existing services: epidemiology, public health preparedness, and community health assessment.
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Gentner DR, Jathar SH, Gordon TD, Bahreini R, Day DA, El Haddad I, Hayes PL, Pieber SM, Platt SM, de Gouw J, Goldstein AH, Harley RA, Jimenez JL, Prévôt ASH, Robinson AL. Review of Urban Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Gasoline and Diesel Motor Vehicle Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1074-1093. [PMID: 28000440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is formed from the atmospheric oxidation of gas-phase organic compounds leading to the formation of particle mass. Gasoline- and diesel-powered motor vehicles, both on/off-road, are important sources of SOA precursors. They emit complex mixtures of gas-phase organic compounds that vary in volatility and molecular structure-factors that influence their contributions to urban SOA. However, the relative importance of each vehicle type with respect to SOA formation remains unclear due to conflicting evidence from recent laboratory, field, and modeling studies. Both are likely important, with evolving contributions that vary with location and over short time scales. This review summarizes evidence, research needs, and discrepancies between top-down and bottom-up approaches used to estimate SOA from motor vehicles, focusing on inconsistencies between molecular-level understanding and regional observations. The effect of emission controls (e.g., exhaust aftertreatment technologies, fuel formulation) on SOA precursor emissions needs comprehensive evaluation, especially with international perspective given heterogeneity in regulations and technology penetration. Novel studies are needed to identify and quantify "missing" emissions that appear to contribute substantially to SOA production, especially in gasoline vehicles with the most advanced aftertreatment. Initial evidence suggests catalyzed diesel particulate filters greatly reduce emissions of SOA precursors along with primary aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Gentner
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- School of Forestry & Environmental Science, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Shantanu H Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Timothy D Gordon
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Roya Bahreini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick L Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simone M Pieber
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Stephen M Platt
- Department of Atmosphere and Climate, Norwegian Institute for Air Research , 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert A Harley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Henneman LRF, Liu C, Mulholland JA, Russell AG. Evaluating the effectiveness of air quality regulations: A review of accountability studies and frameworks. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:144-172. [PMID: 27715473 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1242518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Assessments of past environmental policies-termed accountability studies-contribute important information to the decision-making process used to review the efficacy of past policies, and subsequently aid in the development of effective new policies. These studies have used a variety of methods that have achieved varying levels of success at linking improvements in air quality and/or health to regulations. The Health Effects Institute defines the air pollution accountability framework as a chain of events that includes the regulation of interest, air quality, exposure/dose, and health outcomes, and suggests that accountability research should address impacts for each of these linkages. Early accountability studies investigated short-term, local regulatory actions (for example, coal use banned city-wide on a specific date or traffic pattern changes made for Olympic Games). Recent studies assessed regulations implemented over longer time and larger spatial scales. Studies on broader scales require accountability research methods that account for effects of confounding factors that increase over time and space. Improved estimates of appropriate baseline levels (sometimes termed "counterfactual"-the expected state in a scenario without an intervention) that account for confounders and uncertainties at each link in the accountability chain will help estimate causality with greater certainty. In the direct accountability framework, researchers link outcomes with regulations using statistical methods that bypass the link-by-link approach of classical accountability. Direct accountability results and methods complement the classical approach. New studies should take advantage of advanced planning for accountability studies, new data sources (such as satellite measurements), and new statistical methods. Evaluation of new methods and data sources is necessary to improve investigations of long-term regulations, and associated uncertainty should be accounted for at each link to provide a confidence estimate of air quality regulation effectiveness. The final step in any accountability is the comparison of results with the proposed benefits of an air quality policy. IMPLICATIONS The field of air pollution accountability continues to grow in importance to a number of stakeholders. Two frameworks, the classical accountability chain and direct accountability, have been used to estimate impacts of regulatory actions, and both require careful attention to confounders and uncertainties. Researchers should continue to develop and evaluate both methods as they investigate current and future air pollution regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R F Henneman
- a School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Cong Liu
- b School of Energy and Environment , Southeast University , Nanjing , China
| | - James A Mulholland
- a School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Armistead G Russell
- a School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA , USA
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