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He C, Tao S, Liu R, Zhi Y, Jiang D. Covalent Organic Frameworks: Linkage Chemistry and Its Critical Role in The Evolution of π Electronic Structures and Functions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403472. [PMID: 38502777 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) provide a molecular platform for designing a novel class of functional materials with well-defined structures. A crucial structural parameter is the linkage, which dictates how knot and linker units are connected to form two-dimensional polymers and layer frameworks, shaping ordered π-array and porous architectures. However, the roles of linkage in the development of ordered π electronic structures and functions remain fundamental yet unresolved issues. Here we report the designed synthesis of COFs featuring four representative linkages: hydrazone, imine, azine, and C=C bonds, to elucidate their impacts on the evolution of π electronic structures and functions. Our observations revealed that the hydrazone linkage provides a non-conjugated connection, while imine and azine allow partial π conjugation, and the C=C bond permits full π-conjugation. Importantly, the linkage profoundly influences the control of π electronic structures and functions, unraveling its pivotal role in determining key electronic properties such as band gap, frontier energy levels, light absorption, luminescence, carrier density and mobility, and magnetic permeability. These findings highlight the significance of linkage chemistry in COFs and offer a general and transformative guidance for designing framework materials to achieve electronic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shanshan Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ruoyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yongfeng Zhi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Donglin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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2
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Zhang B, Gao H, Kang Y, Li X, Li Q, Zhai P, Hildebrandt D, Liu X, Wang Y, Qiao S. Molecular and Heterojunction Device Engineering of Solution-Processed Conjugated Reticular Oligomers: Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution through High-Effective Exciton Separation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308535. [PMID: 38454537 PMCID: PMC11095168 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) face limited processability challenges as photoelectrodes in photoelectrochemical water reduction. Herein, sub-10 nm benzothiazole-based colloidal conjugated reticular oligomers (CROs) are synthesized using an aqueous nanoreactor approach, and the end-capping molecular strategy to engineer electron-deficient units onto the periphery of a CRO nanocrystalline lattices (named CROs-Cg). This results in stable and processable "electronic inks" for flexible photoelectrodes. CRO-BtzTp-Cg and CRO-TtzTp-Cg expand the absorption spectrum into the infrared region and improve fluorescence lifetimes. Heterojunction device engineering is used to develop interlayer heterojunction and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photoelectrodes with a hole transport layer, electron transport layer, and the main active layers, using a CROs/CROs-Cg or one-dimensional (1D) electron-donating polymer HP18 mixed solution via spinning coating. The ITO/CuI/CRO-TtzTp-Cg-HP18/SnO2/Pt photoelectrode shows a photocurrent of 94.9 µA cm‒2 at 0.4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is 47.5 times higher than that of ITO/Bulk-TtzTp. Density functional theory calculations show reduced energy barriers for generating adsorbed H* intermediates and increased electron affinity in CROs-Cg. Mott-Schottky and charge density difference analyses indicate enhanced charge carrier densities and accelerated charge transfer kinetics in BHJ devices. This study lays the groundwork for large-scale production of COF nanomembranes and heterojunction structures, offering the potential for cost-effective, printable energy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHebei University of Science and TechnologyShijiazhuang050018China
- Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and the Built EnvironmentUniversity of JohannesburgDoornfontein2028South Africa
| | - Huimin Gao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHebei University of Science and TechnologyShijiazhuang050018China
| | - Yazhou Kang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHebei University of Science and TechnologyShijiazhuang050018China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHebei University of Science and TechnologyShijiazhuang050018China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHebei University of Science and TechnologyShijiazhuang050018China
| | - Pengda Zhai
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHebei University of Science and TechnologyShijiazhuang050018China
| | - Diane Hildebrandt
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNew Jersey08854USA
| | - Xinying Liu
- Institute for Catalysis and Energy SolutionsUniversity of South AfricaFlorida1709South Africa
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHebei University of Science and TechnologyShijiazhuang050018China
| | - Shanlin Qiao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringHebei University of Science and TechnologyShijiazhuang050018China
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3
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Yan H, Peng Y, Huang Y, Shen M, Wei X, Zou W, Tong Q, Zhou N, Xu J, Zhang Y, Ye YX, Ouyang G. Enhancing Photosynthesis Efficiency of Hydrogen Peroxide by Modulating Side Chains to Facilitate Water Oxidation at Low-Energy Barrier Sites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311535. [PMID: 38278520 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a crucial oxidant in advanced oxidation processes. In situ, photosynthesis of it in natural water holds the promise of practical application for water remediation. However, current photosynthesis of H2O2 systems primarily relies on oxygen reduction, leading to limited performance in natural water with low dissolved oxygen or anaerobic conditions found in polluted water. Herein, a novel photocatalyst based on conjugated polymers with alternating electron donor-acceptor structures and electron-withdrawing side chains on electron donors is introduced. Specifically, carbazole functions as the electron donor, triazine serves as the electron acceptor, and cyano acts as the electron-withdrawing side chain. Notably, the photocatalyst exhibits a remarkable solar-to-chemical conversion of 0.64%, the highest reported in natural water. Furthermore, even in anaerobic conditions, it achieves an impressive H2O2 photosynthetic efficiency of 1365 µmol g-1 h-1, surpassing all the reported photosynthetic systems of H2O2. This remarkable improvement is attributed to the effective relocation of the water oxidation active site from a high-energy carbazole to a low-energy acetylene site mediated by the side chains, resulting in enhanced O2 or H2O2 generation from water. This breakthrough offers a new avenue for efficient water remediation using advanced oxidation technologies in oxygen-limited environments, holding significant implications for environmental restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Advanced Carbon-based Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, China
| | - Yuyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, LIFM, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Minhui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, LIFM, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weixin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qing Tong
- Center of Modern Analysis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ningbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Advanced Carbon-based Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, China
| | - Jianqiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, LIFM, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Advanced Carbon-based Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, China
| | - Yu-Xin Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519082, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, LIFM, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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4
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Aitchison CM, Gonzalez-Carrero S, Yao S, Benkert M, Ding Z, Young NP, Willner B, Moruzzi F, Lin Y, Tian J, Nellist PD, Durrant JR, McCulloch I. Templated 2D Polymer Heterojunctions for Improved Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300037. [PMID: 37165538 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
2D polymers have emerged as one of the most promising classes of organic photocatalysts for solar fuel production due to their tunability, charge-transport properties, and robustness. They are however difficult to process and so there are limited studies into the formation of heterojunction materials incorporating these components. In this work, a novel templating approach is used to combine an imine-based donor polymer and an acceptor polymer formed through Knoevenagel condensation. Heterojunction formation is shown to be highly dependent on the topological match of the donor and acceptor polymers with the most active templated material found to be between three and nine times more active for photocatalysis than its constituent components. Transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that this improvement is due to faster charge separation and more efficient charge extraction in the templated heterojunction. The templated material shows a very high hydrogen evolution rate of >20 mmol h-1 m-2 with an ascorbic acid hole scavenger but also produces hydrogen in the presence of only water and a cobalt-based redox mediator. This suggests the improved charge-separation interface and reduced trapping accessed through this approach could be suitable for Z-scheme formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Aitchison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Soranyel Gonzalez-Carrero
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shilin Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Max Benkert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Zhiyuan Ding
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 16 Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Neil P Young
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 16 Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Benjamin Willner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Floriana Moruzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yuanbao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Junfu Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Peter D Nellist
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 16 Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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5
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Su F, Hong Y, Zhang G, Wu K, Kim J, Chen Z, Zhang HJ, Kim D, Lin J. Two-dimensional radial-π-stacks in solution. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5604-5611. [PMID: 38638221 PMCID: PMC11023034 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00195h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly organized π-aggregate architectures can strongly affect electronic couplings, leading to important photophysical behaviors. With the escalating interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials attributed to their exceptional electronic and optical characteristics, there is growing anticipation that 2D radial-π-stacks built upon radial π-conjugation nanorings, incorporating intra- and inter-ring electronic couplings within the confines of a 2D plane, will exhibit superior topological attributes and distinct properties. Despite their immense potential, the design and synthesis of 2D π-stacks have proven to be a formidable challenge due to the insufficient π-π interactions necessary for stable stacking. In this study, we present the successful preparation of single-layer 2D radial-π-stacks in a solution. Pillar-shaped radially π-conjugated [4]cyclo-naphthodithiophene diimide ([4]C-NDTIs) molecules were tetragonally arranged via in-plane intermolecular π-π interactions. These 2D π-stacks have a unique topology that differs from that of conventional 1D π-stacks and exhibit notable properties, such as acting as a 2D template capable of absorbing C60 guest molecules and facilitating the formation of 2D radial-π-stacks comprising [4]C-NDTI-C60 complexes, rapid exciton delocalization across the 2D plane, and efficient excitation energy funneling towards a trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Su
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Guilan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Kongchuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Juno Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea
- Division of Energy Materials, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Jianbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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6
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Chakraborty J, Chatterjee A, Molkens K, Nath I, Arenas Esteban D, Bourda L, Watson G, Liu C, Van Thourhout D, Bals S, Geiregat P, Van der Voort P. Decoding Excimer Formation in Covalent-Organic Frameworks Induced by Morphology and Ring Torsion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2314056. [PMID: 38618981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
A thorough and quantitative understanding of the fate of excitons in covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) after photoexcitation is essential for their augmented optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications via precise structure tuning. The synthesis of a library of COFs having identical chemical backbone with impeded conjugation, but varied morphology and surface topography to study the effect of these physical properties on the photophysics of the materials is herein reported. The variation of crystallite size and surface topography substantified different aggregation pattern in the COFs, which leads to disparities in their photoexcitation and relaxation properties. Depending on aggregation, an inverse correlation between bulk luminescence decay time and exciton binding energy of the materials is perceived. Further transient absorption spectroscopic analysis confirms the presence of highly localized, immobile, Frenkel excitons (of diameter 0.3-0.5 nm) via an absence of annihilation at high density, most likely induced by structural torsion of the COF skeletons, which in turn preferentially relaxes via long-lived (nanosecond to microsecond) excimer formation (in femtosecond scale) over direct emission. These insights underpin the importance of structural and topological design of COFs for their targeted use in photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeet Chakraborty
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Amrita Chatterjee
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Korneel Molkens
- Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- NOLIMITS, Center for Non-Linear Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Ipsita Nath
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Daniel Arenas Esteban
- EMAT-Electron Microscopy for Materials Science, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Laurens Bourda
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Geert Watson
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- NanoSensing Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Dries Van Thourhout
- NOLIMITS, Center for Non-Linear Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Pieter Geiregat
- Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- NOLIMITS, Center for Non-Linear Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van der Voort
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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7
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Xie Y, Wang W, Zhang Z, Li J, Gui B, Sun J, Yuan D, Wang C. Fine-tuning the pore environment of ultramicroporous three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks for efficient one-step ethylene purification. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3008. [PMID: 38589420 PMCID: PMC11001888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The construction of functional three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) for gas separation, specifically for the efficient removal of ethane (C2H6) from ethylene (C2H4), is significant but challenging due to their similar physicochemical properties. In this study, we demonstrate fine-tuning the pore environment of ultramicroporous 3D COFs to achieve efficient one-step C2H4 purification. By choosing our previously reported 3D-TPB-COF-H as a reference material, we rationally design and synthesize an isostructural 3D COF (3D-TPP-COF) containing pyridine units. Impressively, compared with 3D-TPB-COF-H, 3D-TPP-COF exhibits both high C2H6 adsorption capacity (110.4 cm3 g-1 at 293 K and 1 bar) and good C2H6/C2H4 selectivity (1.8), due to the formation of additional C-H···N interactions between pyridine groups and C2H6. To our knowledge, this performance surpasses all other reported COFs and is even comparable to some benchmark porous materials. In addition, dynamic breakthrough experiments reveal that 3D-TPP-COF can be used as a robust absorbent to produce high-purity C2H4 directly from a C2H6/C2H4 mixture. This study provides important guidance for the rational design of 3D COFs for efficient gas separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zeyue Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Gui
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Junliang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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8
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Ma D, Tang Z, Guan X, Liang Z, Liang Q, Jiao Y, Wang L, Ye L, Huang H, He C, Xia D. Unraveling Valence Electron Number Dependent Excitonic Effects over M 1-N 3C 1 Sites in Single-Atom Catalysts. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6579-6590. [PMID: 38353995 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Excitonic effects significantly influence the selective generation of reactive oxygen species and photothermal conversion efficiency in photocatalytic reactions; however, the intrinsic factors governing excitonic effects remain elusive. Herein, a series of single-atom catalysts with well-defined M1-N3C1 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) active sites are designed and synthesized to investigate the structure-activity relationship between photocatalytic materials and excitonic effects. Comprehensive characterization and theoretical calculations unveil that excitonic effects are positively correlated with the number of valence electrons in single metal atoms. The single Mn atom with 5.93 valence electrons exhibits the weakest excitonic effects, which dominate superoxide radical (O2•-) generation through charge transfer and enhance photothermal conversion efficiency. Conversely, the single Ni atom with 9.27 valence electrons exhibits the strongest excitonic effects, dominating singlet oxygen (1O2) generation via energy transfer while suppressing photothermal conversion efficiency. Based on the valence electron number dependent excitonic effects, a reaction environment with hyperthermia and abundant cytotoxic O2•- is designed, achieving efficient and stable water disinfection. This work reveals single metal atom dependent excitonic effects and presents an atomic-level methodology for catalytic application targeted reaction environment tailoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingren Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyun Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Guan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuocheng Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimu Jiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Ye
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehua Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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9
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Cheng J, Wu Y, Zhang W, Zhang J, Wang L, Zhou M, Fan F, Wu X, Xu H. Fully Conjugated 2D sp 2 Carbon-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305313. [PMID: 37818737 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) hold great promise for solar-driven hydrogen production. However, metal-free COFs for photocatalytic overall water splitting remain elusive, primarily due to challenges in simultaneously regulating their band structures and catalytic sites to enable concurrent half-reactions. Herein, two types of π-conjugated COFs containing the same donor-acceptor structure are constructed via Knoevenagel condensation and Schiff base reaction to afford cyanovinylene- and imine-bridged COFs, respectively. The difference in the linkage leads to a remarkable difference in their photocatalytic activity toward water splitting. The 2D sp2 carbon-linked COF exhibits notable activity for photocatalytic overall water splitting, which can reach an apparent quantum efficiency of 2.53% at 420 nm. In contrast, the 2D imine-linked COF cannot catalyze the overall water-splitting reaction. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the cyanovinylene linkage is essential in modulating the band structure and promoting charge separation in COFs, thereby enabling overall water splitting. Moreover, it is further shown that crystallinity substantially impacts the photocatalytic performance of COFs. This study represents the first successful example of developing metal-free COFs with high crystallinity for photocatalytic overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Chean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Fengtao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Chean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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10
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Senarathna MC, Li H, Perera SD, Torres-Correas J, Diwakara SD, Boardman SR, Al-Kharji NM, Liu Y, Smaldone RA. Highly Flexible Dielectric Films from Solution Processable Covalent Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312617. [PMID: 37851585 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are known to be a promising class of materials for a wide range of applications, yet their poor solution processability limits their utility in many areas. Here we report a pore engineering method using hydrophilic side chains to improve the processability of hydrazone and β-ketoenamine-linked COFs and the production of flexible, crystalline films. Mechanical measurements of the free-standing COF films of COF-PEO-3 (hydrazone-linked) and TFP-PEO-3 (β-ketoenamine-linked), revealed a Young's modulus of 391.7 MPa and 1034.7 MPa, respectively. The solubility and excellent mechanical properties enabled the use of these COFs in dielectric devices. Specifically, the TFP-PEO-3 film-based dielectric capacitors display simultaneously high dielectric constant and breakdown strength, resulting in a discharged energy density of 11.22 J cm-3 . This work offers a general approach for producing solution processable COFs and mechanically flexible COF-based films, which hold great potential for use in energy storage and flexible electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milinda C Senarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - He Li
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sachini D Perera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jose Torres-Correas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Shashini D Diwakara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Samuel R Boardman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Noora M Al-Kharji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ronald A Smaldone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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11
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Ding J, Guan X, Chen X, Nan P, Qiu S, Fang Q. Quantitative Assessment of Crystallinity and Stability in β-Ketoenamine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302290. [PMID: 37669904 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with high chemical stability pose significant challenges for practical applications. Although a growing number of robust COFs have been developed and employed for a broad scope of applications, the assessment of COF stability has primarily relied on qualitative descriptions, lacking a rational and quantitative assessment. Herein, a novel assessment method is presented that enables visual and quantitative depiction of COF stability. By analyzing the PXRD patterns of chemically stable β-ketoenamine-based COFs (KEA-COFs), two crystallinity-dependent parameters are identified, the relative intensity (I2θrel ) and the relative area (A2θrel ) of the main peak (2θ), which are expected to establish a standardized criterion for assessing COF crystallinity. Based on these parameters, the crystalline changes after stability tests can be visually presented, which provides a rational and quantitative assessment of their stability. This study not only demonstrates the remarkable chemical stability of KEA-COFs, but also provides valuable insights into the quantitative evaluation of COFs' crystallinity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xinyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Pihan Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Shilun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Qianrong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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12
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Qin C, Yang Y, Wu X, Chen L, Liu Z, Tang L, Lyu L, Huang D, Wang D, Zhang C, Yuan X, Liu W, Wang H. Twistedly hydrophobic basis with suitable aromatic metrics in covalent organic networks govern micropollutant decontamination. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6740. [PMID: 37875482 PMCID: PMC10597987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The pre-designable structure and unique architectures of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) render them attractive as active and porous medium for water crisis. However, the effect of functional basis with different metrics on the regulation of interfacial behavior in advanced oxidation decontamination remains a significant challenge. In this study, we pre-design and fabricate different molecular interfaces by creating ordered π skeletons, incorporating different pore sizes, and engineering hydrophilic or hydrophobic channels. These synergically break through the adsorption energy barrier and promote inner-surface renewal, achieving a high removal rate for typical antibiotic contaminants (like levofloxacin) by BTT-DATP-COF, compared with BTT-DADP-COF and BTT-DAB-COF. The experimental and theoretical calculations reveal that such functional basis engineering enable the hole-driven levofloxacin oxidation at the interface of BTT fragments to occur, accompanying with electron-mediated oxygen reduction on terphenyl motif to active radicals, endowing it facilitate the balanced extraction of holes and electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencheng Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoli Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Lai Lyu
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Hou Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China.
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13
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Bradshaw NP, Hirani Z, Kuo L, Li S, Williams NX, Sangwan VK, Chaney LE, Evans AM, Dichtel WR, Hersam MC. Aerosol-Jet-Printable Covalent Organic Framework Colloidal Inks and Temperature-Sensitive Nanocomposite Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303673. [PMID: 37288981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With molecularly well-defined and tailorable 2D structures, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as leading material candidates for chemical sensing, storage, separation, and catalysis. In these contexts, the ability to directly and deterministically print COFs into arbitrary geometries will enable rapid optimization and deployment. However, previous attempts to print COFs have been restricted by low spatial resolution and/or post-deposition polymerization that limits the range of compatible COFs. Here, these limitations are overcome with a pre-synthesized, solution-processable colloidal ink that enables aerosol jet printing of COFs with micron-scale resolution. The ink formulation utilizes the low-volatility solvent benzonitrile, which is critical to obtaining homogeneous printed COF film morphologies. This ink formulation is also compatible with other colloidal nanomaterials, thus facilitating the integration of COFs into printable nanocomposite films. As a proof-of-concept, boronate-ester COFs are integrated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form printable COF-CNT nanocomposite films, in which the CNTs enhance charge transport and temperature sensing performance, ultimately resulting in high-sensitivity temperature sensors that show electrical conductivity variation by 4 orders of magnitude between room temperature and 300 °C. Overall, this work establishes a flexible platform for COF additive manufacturing that will accelerate the incorporation of COFs into technologically significant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Bradshaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lidia Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Siyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Nicholas X Williams
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lindsay E Chaney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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14
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Shen R, Qin C, Hao L, Li X, Zhang P, Li X. Realizing Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting by Modulating the Thickness-Induced Reaction Energy Barrier of Fluorenone-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305397. [PMID: 37487243 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Direct photocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution from water splitting is an attractive approach for producing chemical fuels. In this work, a novel fluorenone-based covalent organic framework (COF-SCAU-2) is successfully exfoliated into ultrathin three-layer nanosheets (UCOF-SCAU-2) for photocatalytic overall water splitting (OWS) under visible light. The ultrathin structures of UCOF-SCAU-2 greatly enhance carrier separation, utilization efficiency, and the exposure of active surface sites. Surprisingly, UCOF-SCAU-2 exhibits efficient photocatalytic OWS performance, with hydrogen and oxygen evolution rates reaching 0.046 and 0.021 mmol h-1 g-1 , respectively, under visible-light irradiation, whereas bulk COF-SCAU-2 shows no activity for photocatalytic OWS. Charge-carrier kinetic analysis and DFT calculations confirm that reducing the thickness of the COF nanosheets increases the number of accessible active sites, reduces the distance for charge migration, prolongs the lifetimes of photogenerated carriers, and decreases the Gibbs free energy of the rate-limiting step compared to nonexfoliated COFs. This work offers new insights into the effect of the layer thickness of COFs on photocatalytic OWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Shen
- Institute of Biomass Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chaochao Qin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Lei Hao
- Institute of Biomass Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiuzhi Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Spectrum Measures and Applications, School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials (CDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Biomass Engineering, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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15
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Rehhagen C, Rather SR, Schwarz KN, Scholes GD, Lochbrunner S. Comparison of Frenkel and Excimer Exciton Diffusion in Perylene Bisimide Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4490-4496. [PMID: 37155571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exciton migration is an important process for light harvesting with organic systems and often the bottleneck. Especially the formation of trap states hinders the mobility considerably. Although excimer excitons are often referred to as traps, their mobility has been demonstrated while their nature is still unclear. Here, we compare the mobility of singlet and excimer excitons in nanoparticles consisting of the same type of perylene bisimide molecules. By changing the preparation conditions, nanoparticles with different intermolecular coupling strengths are prepared. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy reveals the formation of excimer excitons from Frenkel excitons. The mobility of both exciton types is determined by evaluating exciton-exciton annihilation processes. In the lower coupling regime, singlet mobility is observed, whereas for stronger coupling the dynamics is dominated by a 10-fold increased excimer mobility. The excimer mobility can thus even be higher than the singlet mobility and is affected by the intermolecular electronic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rehhagen
- Institute for Physics and Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Shahnawaz R. Rather
- Frick Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Kyra N Schwarz
- Frick Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Frick Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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16
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Chen YJ, Liu M, Chen J, Huang X, Li QH, Ye XL, Wang GE, Xu G. Dangling bond formation on COF nanosheets for enhancing sensing performances. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4824-4831. [PMID: 37181787 PMCID: PMC10171198 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00562c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dangling bond formation for COF materials in a rational manner is an enormous challenge, especially through post-treatment which is a facile strategy while has not been reported yet. In this work, a "chemical scissor" strategy is proposed for the first time to rationally design dangling bonds in COF materials. It is found that Zn2+ coordination in post-metallization of TDCOF can act as an "inducer" which elongates the target bond and facilitates its fracture in hydrolyzation reactions to create dangling bonds. The number of dangling bonds is well-modulated by controlling the post-metallization time. Zn-TDCOF-12 shows one of the highest sensitivities to NO2 in all reported chemiresistive gas sensing materials operating under visible light and room temperature. This work opens an avenue to rationally design a dangling bond in COF materials, which could increase the active sites and improve the mass transport in COFs to remarkably promote their various chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques Toward Techniques Toward Hydrogen Energy, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques Toward Techniques Toward Hydrogen Energy, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Material, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques Toward Techniques Toward Hydrogen Energy, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Liang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques Toward Techniques Toward Hydrogen Energy, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Guan-E Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques Toward Techniques Toward Hydrogen Energy, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques Toward Techniques Toward Hydrogen Energy, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou Fujian 350108 P. R. China
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17
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Han Y, Wang S, Cao Y, Singh GP, Loh SI, Cheerlavancha R, Ang MCY, Khong DT, Chua PWL, Ho P, Strano MS, Marelli B. Design of Biodegradable, Climate-Specific Packaging Materials That Sense Food Spoilage and Extend Shelf Life. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8333-8344. [PMID: 37104566 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The AgriFood systems in tropical climates are under strain due to a rapid increase in human population and extreme environmental conditions that limit the efficacy of packaging technologies to extend food shelf life and guarantee food safety. To address these challenges, we rationally designed biodegradable packaging materials that sense spoilage and prevent molding. We nanofabricated the interface of 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to reinforce silk fibroin (SF) and obtain biodegradable membranes with augmented mechanical properties and that displayed an immediate colorimetric response (within 1 s) to food spoilage, using packaged poultry as an example. Loading COF with antimicrobial hexanal also mitigated biotic spoilage in high-temperature and -humidity conditions, resulting in a four-order of magnitude decrease in the total amount of mold growth in soybeans packaged in silk-COF, when compared to cling film (i.e., polyethylene). Together, the integration of sensing, structural reinforcement, and antimicrobial agent delivery within a biodegradable nanocomposite framework defines climate-specific packaging materials that can decrease food waste and enhance food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Han
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Song Wang
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Yunteng Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gajendra Pratap Singh
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Suh In Loh
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Raju Cheerlavancha
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Mervin Chun-Yi Ang
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Duc Thinh Khong
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Patrina Wei Lin Chua
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Peiying Ho
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Michael S Strano
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Benedetto Marelli
- Disruptive & Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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18
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Zhou M, Wang Z, Mei A, Yang Z, Chen W, Ou S, Wang S, Chen K, Reiss P, Qi K, Ma J, Liu Y. Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction using La-Ni bimetallic sites within a covalent organic framework. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2473. [PMID: 37120625 PMCID: PMC10148855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise construction of photocatalysts with diatomic sites that simultaneously foster light absorption and catalytic activity is a formidable challenge, as both processes follow distinct pathways. Herein, an electrostatically driven self-assembly approach is used, where phenanthroline is used to synthesize bifunctional LaNi sites within covalent organic framework. The La and Ni site acts as optically and catalytically active center for photocarriers generation and highly selective CO2-to-CO reduction, respectively. Theory calculations and in-situ characterization reveal the directional charge transfer between La-Ni double-atomic sites, leading to decreased reaction energy barriers of *COOH intermediate and enhanced CO2-to-CO conversion. As a result, without any additional photosensitizers, a 15.2 times enhancement of the CO2 reduction rate (605.8 μmol·g-1·h-1) over that of a benchmark covalent organic framework colloid (39.9 μmol·g-1·h-1) and improved CO selectivity (98.2%) are achieved. This work presents a potential strategy for integrating optically and catalytically active centers to enhance photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Aohan Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zifan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Siyong Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Shengyao Wang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Keqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Peter Reiss
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG/SyMMES, STEP, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Kun Qi
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Jingyuan Ma
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200120, P. R. China
| | - Yueli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
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19
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Ghosh R, Paesani F. Connecting the dots for fundamental understanding of structure-photophysics-property relationships of COFs, MOFs, and perovskites using a Multiparticle Holstein Formalism. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1040-1064. [PMID: 36756323 PMCID: PMC9891456 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03793a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactive organic and hybrid organic-inorganic materials such as conjugated polymers, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and layered perovskites, display intriguing photophysical signatures upon interaction with light. Elucidating structure-photophysics-property relationships across a broad range of functional materials is nontrivial and requires our fundamental understanding of the intricate interplay among excitons (electron-hole pair), polarons (charges), bipolarons, phonons (vibrations), inter-layer stacking interactions, and different forms of structural and conformational defects. In parallel with electronic structure modeling and data-driven science that are actively pursued to successfully accelerate materials discovery, an accurate, computationally inexpensive, and physically-motivated theoretical model, which consistently makes quantitative connections with conceptually complicated experimental observations, is equally important. Within this context, the first part of this perspective highlights a unified theoretical framework in which the electronic coupling as well as the local coupling between the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom can be efficiently described for a broad range of quasiparticles with similarly structured Holstein-style vibronic Hamiltonians. The second part of this perspective discusses excitonic and polaronic photophysical signatures in polymers, COFs, MOFs, and perovskites, and attempts to bridge the gap between different research fields using a common theoretical construct - the Multiparticle Holstein Formalism. We envision that the synergistic integration of state-of-the-art computational approaches with the Multiparticle Holstein Formalism will help identify and establish new, transformative design strategies that will guide the synthesis and characterization of next-generation energy materials optimized for a broad range of optoelectronic, spintronic, and photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
| | - Francesco Paesani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
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20
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Miao Z, Quainoo T, Czyszczon-Burton TM, Rotthowe N, Parr JM, Liu ZF, Inkpen MS. Charge Transport Across Dynamic Covalent Chemical Bridges. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8331-8338. [PMID: 36215246 PMCID: PMC9614958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between chemical structure and conductivity in ordered polymers (OPs) are difficult to probe using bulk samples. We propose that conductance measurements of appropriate molecular-scale models can reveal trends in electronic coupling(s) between repeat units that may help inform OP design. Here, we apply the scanning tunneling microscope-based break-junction (STM-BJ) method to study transport through single-molecules comprising OP-relevant imine, imidazole, diazaborole, and boronate ester dynamic covalent chemical bridges. Notably, solution-stable boron-based compounds dissociate in situ unless measured under a rigorously inert glovebox atmosphere. We find that junction conductance negatively correlates with the electronegativity difference between bridge atoms, and corroborative first-principles calculations further reveal a different nodal structure in the transmission eigenchannels of boronate ester junctions. This work reaffirms expectations that highly polarized bridge motifs represent poor choices for the construction of OPs with high through-bond conductivity and underscores the utility of glovebox STM-BJ instrumentation for studies of air-sensitive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Miao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Timothy Quainoo
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Thomas M. Czyszczon-Burton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Nils Rotthowe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Joseph M. Parr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zhen-Fei Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Michael S. Inkpen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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21
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Yu J, Han Y, Zhang H, Ding X, Qiao L, Hu J. Excimer Formation in the Non-Van-Der-Waals 2D Semiconductor Bi 2 O 2 Se. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204227. [PMID: 35781340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The layered semiconductor Bi2 O2 Se is a promising new-type 2D material that holds layered structure via electrostatic forces instead of van der Waals (vdW) attractions. Aside from the huge success in device performance, the non-vdW nature in Bi2 O2 Se with a built-in interlayer electric field has also provided an appealing platform for investigating unique photoexcited carrier dynamics. Here, experimental evidence for the observation of excimers in multilayer Bi2 O2 Se nanosheets via transient absorption spectroscopy is presented. It is found that the excimer formation is the primary decay pathway of photoexcited excitons and three-stage excimer dynamics with corresponding time scales are established. Excitation-fluence-dependent excimer dynamics further suggest that the excimer is diffusive and its formation can be simply described as excitons relaxed to an excimer geometry. This work indicates the outstanding promise of unique excitonic processes in Bi2 O2 Se, which may motivate novel device designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Yu
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yadong Han
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jianbo Hu
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
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22
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Zhang X, Geng K, Jiang D, Scholes GD. Exciton Diffusion and Annihilation in an sp 2 Carbon-Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16423-16432. [PMID: 35998305 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To optimize the optical and optoelectronic functionalities of two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs), detailed properties of emissive and nonradiative pathways after photoexcitation need to be elucidated and linked to particular structural designs. Here, we use transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy to study the colloidal suspension of the full sp2 carbon-conjugated sp2c-COF and characterize the spatial extent and diffusion dynamics of the emissive excitons generated by impulsive photoexcitation. The ∼3.5 Å stacking distance between 2D layers results in cofacial pyrene excitons that diffuse through the framework, while the state that dominates the emissive spectrum of the polycrystalline solid is assigned to an extended cofacial exciton whose 2D delocalization is promoted by C═C linkages. The subnanosecond kinetics of a photoinduced absorption (PIA) signal in the near-infrared, attributed to a charge-separated exciton, or polaron pair, reflects three-dimensional (3D) exciton diffusion as well as long-range exciton-exciton annihilation driven by resonance interactions. Within our experimental regime, doubling the excitation intensity results in a 10-fold increase in the estimated exciton diffusion length, from ∼3 to ∼30 nm, suggesting that higher lattice temperature may enhance exciton mobility in the COF colloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Keyu Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Donglin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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23
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Yu H, Wang D. Suppressing the Excitonic Effect in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Metal-Free Hydrogen Generation. JACS AU 2022; 2:1848-1856. [PMID: 36032531 PMCID: PMC9400042 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen generation is a promising solution for renewable energy production and plays a role in achieving carbon neutrality. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with highly designable backbones and inherent pores have emerged as novel photocatalysts, yet the strong excitonic effect in COFs can impede the promotion of energy conversion efficiency. Here, we propose a facile approach to suppress the excitonic effect in COFs, which is by narrowing the band gap and increasing the dielectric screening via a rational backbone design and chemical modifications. Based on the GW-BSE method, we uncover a linear relationship between the electronic dielectric constant and the inverse square of the optical band gap of COFs of the Lieb lattice. We further demonstrate that both reduced exciton binding energy and enhanced sunlight absorption can be simultaneously realized in COFs with a narrow band gap. Specifically, we show that one of our designed COFs whose exciton binding energy is nearly half that of g-C3N4 is capable of metal-free hydrogen production under near-infrared light irradiation. Our results showcase an effective method to suppress the excitonic effect in COFs and also pave the way for their applications in photocatalytic, photovoltaic, and other related solar energy conversions.
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24
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Li W, Jiang HX, Cui MF, Wang R, Tang AN, Kong DM. SiO 2 templates-derived hierarchical porous COFs sample pretreatment tool for non-targeted analysis of chemicals in foods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128705. [PMID: 35316634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Labatory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xin Jiang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Laboratory of Environmental Factors Risk Assessment of Agro-Product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Fan Cui
- State Key Labatory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Labatory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Na Tang
- State Key Labatory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Ming Kong
- State Key Labatory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Centre for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China.
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25
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26
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Zhang T, Gregoriou VG, Gasparini N, Chochos CL. Porous organic polymers in solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4465-4483. [PMID: 35583184 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00123c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their unique porosity and large surface area, porous organic polymers (POPs) have shown their presence in numerous novel applications. The tunability and functionality of both the pores and backbone of the material enable its suitability in photovoltaic devices. The porosity induced host-guest configurations as well as periodic donor-acceptor structures benefit the charge separation and charge transfer in photophysical processes. The role of POPS in other critical device components, such as hole transporting layers and electrodes, has also been demonstrated. Herein, this review will primarily focus on the recent progress made in applying POPs for solar cell device performance enhancement, covering organic solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells. Based on the efforts in recent years in unraveling POP's photophysical process and its relevance with device performances, an in-depth analysis will be provided to address the gradual shift of attention from an entirely POP-based active layer to other device functional components. Combining the insights from device physics, material synthesis, and microfabrication, we aim to unfold the fundamental limitations and challenges of POPs and shed light on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Vasilis G Gregoriou
- Advent Technologies SA, Stadiou Street, Platani, Rio, Patras 26504, Greece. .,National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Christos L Chochos
- Advent Technologies SA, Stadiou Street, Platani, Rio, Patras 26504, Greece. .,Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
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27
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Rashid RB, Evans AM, Hall LA, Dasari RR, Roesner EK, Marder SR, D'Allesandro DM, Dichtel WR, Rivnay J. A Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Polymer as an Organic Electrochemical Transistor Active Layer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110703. [PMID: 35355340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are devices with broad potential in bioelectronic sensing, circuits, and neuromorphic hardware. Their unique properties arise from the use of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs) as the active channel. Typical OMIECs are linear polymers, where defined and controlled microstructure/morphology, and reliable characterization of transport and charging can be elusive. Semiconducting two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) present a new avenue in OMIEC materials development, enabling electronic transport along with precise control of well-defined channels ideal for ion transport/intercalation. To this end, a recently reported 2DP, TIIP, is synthesized and patterned at 10 µm resolution as the channel of a transistor. The TIIP films demonstrate textured microstructure and show semiconducting properties with accessible oxidation states. Operating in an aqueous electrolyte, the 2DP-OECT exhibits a device-scale hole mobility of 0.05 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a µC* figure of merit of 1.75 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 . 2DP OMIECs thus offer new synthetic degrees of freedom to control OECT performance and may enable additional opportunities such as ion selectivity or improved stability through reduced morphological modulation during device operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem B Rashid
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lyndon A Hall
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Raghunath R Dasari
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Emily K Roesner
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Chemistry, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | | | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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28
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Ou S, Zhou M, Chen W, Zhang Y, Liu Y. COF-5/CoAl-LDH Nanocomposite Heterojunction for Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven CO 2 Reduction. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200184. [PMID: 35187792 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into value-added chemical fuels is an attractive route to mitigate global warming and the energy crisis. Reasonable design of optical properties and electronic behavior of the photocatalyst are essential to improve their catalytic activity. Herein, the 1D/2D heterojunction by direct in-situ synthesis of the covalent organic framework (COF)-5 colloid on the surface of CoAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) was used as the prospective photocatalyst for CO2 reduction. COF-5/CoAl-LDH nanocomposite achieved 265.4 μmol g-1 of CO with 94.6 % selectivity over CH4 evolution in 5 h under visible light irradiation, which was 4.8 and 2.3 times higher than those of COF-5 colloid and CoAl-LDH, respectively. The enhanced catalytic activity was derived from the increased visible-light activity and the construction of type II-2 heterojunction, which greatly optimized visible light harvesting and accelerated the efficient separation of the photoinduced holes and electrons. This work paves the way for rational design of heterojunction catalysts in photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyong Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yueli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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29
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Feng T, Streater D, Sun B, Duisenova K, Wang D, Liu Y, Huang J, Zhang J. Tuning Photoexcited Charge Transfer in Imine-Linked Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1398-1405. [PMID: 35119279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The generation of a long-lived charge-separated state in versatile π-conjugated two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs), a process essential to extending their great potentials in advanced semiconducting applications, is yet fully elucidated. Herein, we report a systematic investigation of the photophysical properties of three highly crystalline imine-linked 2D COFs using steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopy accompanied by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. The different electron affinity between 5,5',5″-(1,3,5-benzenetriyl)tris(2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde) (BTPA) and three tunable electron-donating/accepting triamine monomers dominated the formation of the excited-state, charge-transfer direction, and lifetime. A prominent charge transfer from electron-rich 4,4',4″-triaminotriphenylamine (TAPA) to BTPA in COFTAPA-BTPA led to the long-lived charge-separated state, which was attributed to a greater degree of delocalization compared to the two other COFs. These results provide fundamental insight into the importance of structure-property correlation for designing advanced photoactive 2D COF materials with the efficient charge transfer and long-lived charge-separated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Feng
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Daniel Streater
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Bing Sun
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Korlan Duisenova
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jier Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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30
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Ultrafast charge transfer dynamics in 2D covalent organic frameworks/Re-complex hybrid photocatalyst. Nat Commun 2022; 13:845. [PMID: 35149679 PMCID: PMC8837612 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhenium(I)-carbonyl-diimine complexes have emerged as promising photocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction with covalent organic frameworks recognized as perfect sensitizers and scaffold support. Such Re complexes/covalent organic frameworks hybrid catalysts have demonstrated high carbon dioxide reduction activities but with strong excitation energy-dependence. In this paper, we rationalize this behavior by the excitation energy-dependent pathways of internal photo-induced charge transfer studied via transient optical spectroscopies and time-dependent density-functional theory calculation. Under band-edge excitation, the excited electrons are quickly injected from covalent organic frameworks moiety into catalytic RheniumI center within picosecond but followed by fast backward geminate recombination. While under excitation with high-energy photon, the injected electrons are located at high-energy levels in RheniumI centers with longer lifetime. Besides those injected electrons to RheniumI center, there still remain some long-lived electrons in covalent organic frameworks moiety which is transferred back from RheniumI. This facilitates the two-electron reaction of carbon dioxide conversion to carbon monoxide. Re complexes within covalent organic frameworks have emerged as promising photocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Here, authors identify a high-energy electron transfer pathway during CO2 reduction that results in longer-lived excited states than a low-energy electron transfer pathway.
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31
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Ren X, Li C, Liu J, Li H, Bing L, Bai S, Xue G, Shen Y, Yang Q. The Fabrication of Pd Single Atoms/Clusters on COF Layers as Co-catalysts for Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6885-6893. [PMID: 35076197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The particle size of co-catalysts significantly affects the activity of semiconductors in photocatalysis. Herein, we report that the photocatalytic H2 evolution (PHE) activity of a visible light responsive covalent organic framework (COF) layer supported on SiO2 nanoparticles was greatly promoted from 47.7 to 85.5 μmol/h by decreasing the particle size of the Pd co-catalyst from 3.3 nm to single atoms/clusters. A PHE rate of 156 mmol gCOF-1 h-1 and apparent quantum efficiency up to 7.3% were achieved with the Pd SAs/Cs co-catalyst. The relationship between the activity of Pd in H2 dissociation, proton reduction, and PHE rate suggests that the promotion effect of Pd SAs/Cs is mainly attributed to their enhancement in charge separation of COF layers rather than proton reduction. Furthermore, a photoactive film was fabricated and steady production of H2 was achieved under visible light irradiation and static conditions. The optimization of the particle size of co-catalysts provides an efficient method for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Liujie Bing
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shiyang Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guoyong Xue
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanbin Shen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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32
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Chakraborty J, Nath I, Verpoort F. A physicochemical introspection of porous organic polymer photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1124-1138. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00916h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A detailed physicochemical explanation for experimental observations is provided for POPs as powerful photocatalysts for organic transformations and wastewater decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeet Chakraborty
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ipsita Nath
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francis Verpoort
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
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33
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Shao L, Li S, Yang W, Yang Z, Xia X, Liu Y. Crystallinity-dependent photodegradation of metallic Bi in situ grown on perovskite Bi 3TiNbO 9 nanosheets toward antibiotic. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131554. [PMID: 34271469 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its wide band gap of ~3.2 eV, perovskite Bi3TiNbO9 only absorbs the solar spectrum in the ultraviolet range, which restricts its use as an effective photocatalyst. Here, a controllable and facile reduction strategy was adopted to promote the in-situ growth of metallic Bi in perovskite Bi3TiNbO9 nanosheets. The in-situ growth of metallic Bi extended photoresponse to cover the whole visible region. Adsorption of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-H) on the surface of Bi3TiNbO9 with in-situ growth of metallic Bi (BTNOOV-Bi0) was dramatically enhanced, while BTNOOV-Bi0 exhibited a superior photocatalytic performance for tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-H) degradation under visible light irradiation with the degradation rate of 5 times higher than that of pristine Bi3TiNbO9. Moreover, the degradation activity was strongly dependent on the crystallinity of metallic Bi phase in BTNOOV-Bi0 samples. On the basis of experiment results, the visible-light driven catalytic mechanism of BTNOOV-Bi0 was elucidated. Besides, the in-situ growth of metallic Bi was also introduced in perovskite Bi5FeTi3O15, resulting in an enhanced photocatalytic activity, which indicated an enormous potential of this strategy in semiconductor structure tuning. Our study provides an effective approach to boost the performance of photocatalysts for solar-energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhua Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Sijian Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Wenwu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Zhenfei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xinnian Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Yutang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
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34
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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35
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Ghosh R, Paesani F. Topology-Mediated Enhanced Polaron Coherence in Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9442-9448. [PMID: 34554754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We employ the Holstein model for polarons to investigate the relationship among defects, topology, Coulomb trapping, and polaron delocalization in covalent organic frameworks (COFs). We find that intrasheet topological connectivity and π-column density can override disorder-induced deep traps and significantly enhance polaron migration by several orders of magnitude in good agreement with recent experimental observations. The combination of percolation networks and micropores makes trigonal COFs ideally suited for charge transport followed by kagome/tetragonal and hexagonal structures. By comparing the polaron spectral signatures and coherence numbers of large three-dimensional frameworks having a maximum of 180 coupled chromophores, we show that controlling nanoscale defects and the location of the counteranion is critical for the design of new COF-based materials yielding higher mobilities. Our analysis establishes design strategies for enhanced conductivity in COFs that can be readily generalized to other classes of conductive materials such as metal-organic frameworks and perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Materials Science and Engineering, and §San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Francesco Paesani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Materials Science and Engineering, and §San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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36
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Hamzehpoor E, Jonderian A, McCalla E, Perepichka DF. Synthesis of Boroxine and Dioxaborole Covalent Organic Frameworks via Transesterification and Metathesis of Pinacol Boronates. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13274-13280. [PMID: 34428908 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Boroxine and dioxaborole are the first and some of the most studied synthons of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Despite their wide application in the design of functional COFs over the last 15 years, their synthesis still relies on the original Yaghi's condensation of boronic acids (with itself or with polyfunctional catechols), some of which are difficult to prepare, poorly soluble, or unstable in the presence of water. Here, we propose a new synthetic approach to boroxine COFs (on the basis of the transesterification of pinacol aryl boronates (aryl-Bpins) with methyl boronic acid (MBA) and dioxaborole COFs (through the metathesis of pinacol boronates with MBA-protected catechols). The aryl-Bpin and MBA-protected catechols are easy to purify, highly soluble, and bench-stable. Furthermore, the kinetic analysis of the two model reactions reveals high reversibility (Keq ∼ 1) and facile control over the equilibrium. Unlike the conventional condensation, which forms water as a byproduct, the byproduct of the metathesis (MBA pinacolate) allows for easy kinetic measurements of the COF formation by conventional 1H NMR. We show the generality of this approach by the synthesis of seven known boroxine/dioxaborole COFs whose crystallinity is better or equal to those reported by conventional condensation. We also apply metathesis polymerization to obtain two new COFs, Py4THB and B2HHTP, whose synthesis was previously precluded by the insolubility and hydrolytic instability, respectively, of the boronic acid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Hamzehpoor
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Antranik Jonderian
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Eric McCalla
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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37
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Zhou T, Wang L, Huang X, Unruangsri J, Zhang H, Wang R, Song Q, Yang Q, Li W, Wang C, Takahashi K, Xu H, Guo J. PEG-stabilized coaxial stacking of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3934. [PMID: 34168150 PMCID: PMC8225615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) featuring periodic frameworks, extended π-conjugation and layered stacking structures, have emerged as a promising class of materials for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nevertheless, the layer-by-layer assembly in 2D COFs is not stable during the photocatalytic cycling in water, causing disordered stacking and declined activity. Here, we report an innovative strategy to stabilize the ordered arrangement of layered structures in 2D COFs for hydrogen evolution. Polyethylene glycol is filled up in the mesopore channels of a β-ketoenamine-linked COF containing benzothiadiazole moiety. This unique feature suppresses the dislocation of neighbouring layers and retains the columnar π-orbital arrays to facilitate free charge transport. The hydrogen evolution rate is therefore remarkably promoted under visible irradiation compared with that of the pristine COF. This study provides a general post-functionalization strategy for 2D COFs to enhance photocatalytic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xingye Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Hualei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingliang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaito Takahashi
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hangxun Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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38
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Ghosh R, Paesani F. Unraveling the effect of defects, domain size, and chemical doping on photophysics and charge transport in covalent organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8373-8384. [PMID: 34221318 PMCID: PMC8221171 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01262b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the underlying physical mechanisms that govern charge transport in two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) will facilitate the development of novel COF-based devices for optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications. In this context, the low-energy mid-infrared absorption contains valuable information about the structure-property relationships and the extent of intra- and inter-framework "hole" polaron delocalization in doped and undoped polymeric materials. In this study, we provide a quantitative characterization of the intricate interplay between electronic defects, domain sizes, pore volumes, chemical dopants, and three dimensional anisotropic charge migration in 2D COFs. We compare our simulations with recent experiments on doped COF films and establish the correlations between polaron coherence, conductivity, and transport signatures. By obtaining the first quantitative agreement with the measured absorption spectra of iodine doped (aza)triangulene-based COF, we highlight the fundamental differences between the underlying microstructure, spectral signatures, and transport physics of polymers and COFs. Our findings provide conclusive evidence of why iodine doped COFs exhibit lower conductivity compared to doped polythiophenes. Finally, we propose new research directions to address existing limitations and improve charge transport in COFs for applications in functional molecular electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Francesco Paesani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
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39
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Leith GA, Martin CR, Mayers JM, Kittikhunnatham P, Larsen RW, Shustova NB. Confinement-guided photophysics in MOFs, COFs, and cages. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4382-4410. [PMID: 33594994 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01519a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the dependence of the photophysical response of chromophores in the confined environments associated with crystalline scaffolds, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), and molecular cages, has been carefully evaluated. Tunability of the framework aperture, cavity microenvironment, and scaffold topology significantly affects emission profiles, quantum yields, or fluorescence lifetimes of confined chromophores. In addition to the role of the host and its effect on the guest, the methods for integration of a chromophore (e.g., as a framework backbone, capping linker, ligand side group, or guest) are discussed. The overall potential of chromophore-integrated frameworks for a wide-range of applications, including artificial biomimetic systems, white-light emitting diodes, photoresponsive devices, and fluorescent sensors with unparalleled spatial resolution are highlighted throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle A Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, USA.
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40
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Fritz PW, Coskun A. The Prospect of Dimensionality in Porous Semiconductors. Chemistry 2021; 27:7489-7501. [PMID: 33493354 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of silicon-based semiconductors, a plethora of previously unknown technologies became possible. The development of lightweight low-dimensional organic semiconductors followed soon after. However, the efficient charge/electron transfers enabled by the non-porous 3D structure of silicon is rather challenging to be realized by their (metal-)organic counterparts. Nevertheless, the demand for lighter, more efficient semiconductors is steadily increasing resulting in a growing interest in (metal-)organic semiconductors. These novel materials are faced with a variety of challenges originating from their chemical design, their packing and crystallinity. Although the effect of molecular design is quite well understood, the influence of dimensionality and the associated change in properties (porosity, packing, conjugation) is still an uncharted area in (metal-)organic semiconductors, yet highly important for their practical utilization. In this Minireview, an overview on the design and synthesis of porous semiconductors, with a particular emphasis on organic semiconductors, is presented and the influence of dimensionality is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Fritz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ali Coskun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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41
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Yang S, Streater D, Fiankor C, Zhang J, Huang J. Conjugation- and Aggregation-Directed Design of Covalent Organic Frameworks as White-Light-Emitting Diodes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1061-1068. [PMID: 33393281 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a promising class of organic luminescent materials due to their structural diversity, which allows the systematic tuning of organic building blocks to optimize emitting properties. However, a significant knowledge gap exists between the design strategy and the fundamental understanding of the key structural parameters that determine their photophysical properties. In this work, we report two highly emissive sp2-C-COFs and the direct correlation of the structure (conjugation and aggregation) with their light absorption/emission, charge transfer (CT), and exciton dynamics, the key properties that determine their function as luminescent materials. We show that white light can be obtained by simply coating COFs on an LED strip or mixing the two COFs. Using the combination of time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy as well as computational prediction, we show that the planarity, conjugation, orientation of the dipole moment, and interlayer aggregation not only determine the light-harvesting ability of COFs but also control the exciton relaxation pathway and photoluminescent quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhuo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Daniel Streater
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Christian Fiankor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jier Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
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42
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Liu R, Tan KT, Gong Y, Chen Y, Li Z, Xie S, He T, Lu Z, Yang H, Jiang D. Covalent organic frameworks: an ideal platform for designing ordered materials and advanced applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:120-242. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00620c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks offer a molecular platform for integrating organic units into periodically ordered yet extended 2D and 3D polymers to create topologically well-defined polygonal lattices and built-in discrete micropores and/or mesopores.
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43
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Wang R, Kong W, Zhou T, Wang C, Guo J. Organobase modulated synthesis of high-quality β-ketoenamine-linked covalent organic frameworks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:331-334. [PMID: 33313619 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06519f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An organobase assisted approach is adopted to synthesize a series of β-ketoenamine-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs), exhibiting superior crystallinity and porosity in comparison with those using an acidic catalyst. The quality promotion arises from the organobase-modulated transimination that favors the reaction kinetics for self-improvement of ordered structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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44
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Qian Y, Li D, Han Y, Jiang HL. Photocatalytic Molecular Oxygen Activation by Regulating Excitonic Effects in Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20763-20771. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyang Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institutes of Physics Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P.R. China
| | - Yulan Han
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Long Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
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