1
|
Rodríguez-Cañás I, González-Jartín JM, Alvariño R, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Identification of mycotoxins in yogurt samples using an optimized QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS detection. Mycotoxin Res 2024:10.1007/s12550-024-00547-0. [PMID: 39017819 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Yogurt, a milk-derived product, is susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. While various methods have been developed for the analysis of dairy products, only a few have been specifically validated for yogurt. In addition, these methods are primarily focus on detecting aflatoxins and zearalenone. This study aimed to conduct a preliminary investigation into the presence of regulated, emerging, and modified mycotoxins in natural and oat yogurts available in the Spanish market. For this, a QuEChERS-based extraction method was optimized and then validated to detect and quantify 32 mycotoxins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The method was in-house validated for the analysis of natural and oat yogurt in terms of linearity, matrix effect, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Satisfactory performance characteristics were achieved; for most of the analytes, LOQs were lower than 2 ng/g, and recoveries ranged from 60 to 110% with a precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation of the recovery, lower than 15%. Subsequently, the validated method was applied to analyze commercial yogurt samples, revealing a notable incidence of beauvericin and enniatins, with some analogues found in up to 100% of the samples. Alternariol methyl ether was also frequently found, appearing in 50% of the samples. Additionally, the study identified regulated toxins such as fumonisins, ochratoxin A , and HT-2 toxin. These results provide new incidence data in yogurt, raising concerns about potential health risks for consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Rodríguez-Cañás
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Jesús M González-Jartín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Galindo MV, Perez MV, López-Ruiz R, Oliveira WDS, Godoy HT, Frenich AG, Romero-González R. Comprehensive analysis of contaminants in Brazilian infant formulas: Application of QuEChERS coupled with UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS and suspect screening-unknown analysis by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464967. [PMID: 38749275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Infant formulas (IF) can contain harmful chemical substances, such as pesticides and mycotoxins, resulting from the contamination of raw materials and inputs used in the production chain, which can cause adverse effects to infants. Therefore, the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) methodology prior ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPL-QqQ-MS/MS) analysis was applied for the determination of 23 contaminants, in 30 samples of Brazilian IF. The method was validated in terms of limit of detection (0.2 to 0.4 μg/kg), limits of quantification (1 and 10 μg/kg), and recovery (64 % to 122 %); precision values, in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD), were ≤ 20 %. Fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, and bifenthrin were the pesticides detected in the samples, but the values did not exceed the limit set by the European Union (EU), and ANVISA, and they were detected under their limits of quantification. Additionally, suspect screening and unknown analysis were conducted to tentatively identify 32 substances, including some compounds not covered in this study, such as pesticides, hormones, and veterinary drugs. Carbofuran was identified, confirmed and quantified in 10 % of the samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Vitoria Galindo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marta Vargas Perez
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and AgriFood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almeria, Spain
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and AgriFood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almeria, Spain
| | | | - Helena Teixeira Godoy
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and AgriFood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almeria, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and AgriFood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Almeria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Determination of Aflatoxins M1, M2, B1, B2, G1, G2 and Ochratoxin A in Infant Formulas from Brazil Using a Modified QuEChERS Method and UHPLC-MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-023-02477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
|
5
|
Comprehensive review of liquid chromatography methods for fumonisin determination, a 2006-2022 update. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
|
6
|
Boron-doped activated carbon nanocomposite as a selective adsorbent for rapid extraction of aflatoxins in nut samples. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
7
|
Zhang K, Tan S, Xu D. Determination of Mycotoxins in Dried Fruits Using LC-MS/MS-A Sample Homogeneity, Troubleshooting and Confirmation of Identity Study. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060894. [PMID: 35327316 PMCID: PMC8954288 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To monitor co-exposure to toxic mycotoxins in dried fruits, it is advantageous to simultaneously determine multiple mycotoxins using a single extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. In this study, we applied a stable isotope dilution and LC-MS/MS method to multi-mycotoxin analysis in dried fruits, selecting raisins, plums, figs, and cranberries for matrix extension. Samples were prepared using cryogenic grinding, followed by the fortification of carbon-13 (13C) uniformly labeled internal standards for twelve mycotoxins, and extraction using 50% acetonitrile. Homogeneity of prepared samples, defined as particle size Dv90 < 850 µm for the tested matrices, was characterized using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer, and reached using cryogenic grinding procedures. The majority of recoveries in the four matrices for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A spiked at 1−100 ng/g; fumonisins, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone spiked at 10−1000 ng/g, ranged from 80 to 120% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of <20%. Deoxynivalenol was not detected at 10 and 100 ng/g in plums, and additional troubleshooting procedures using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), and elution gradient were evaluated to improve the detectability of the mycotoxin. Furthermore, we confirmed the identity of detected mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol, in incurred samples using enhanced product ion scans and spectral library matching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, HFS-717. 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-240-402-2318
| | - Steven Tan
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, HFS-717. 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, 2134 Patapsco Building, 5145 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| | - David Xu
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, 2134 Patapsco Building, 5145 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tang M, Zhang C, Ta L, Tan L, Zhang M, Xu D. Fully Automatic Multi-Class Multi-Residue Analysis of Veterinary Drugs Simultaneously in an Integrated Chip-MS Platform. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14320-14329. [PMID: 34779203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic chip analysis has great potential advantages such as high integration, fast speed analysis, and automatic operation and is widely used not only in biological fields but also in many other analytical areas such as agriculture and food safety. Herein, a fully automatic multi-class multi-residue analysis of veterinary drugs simultaneously in an integrated chip-mass spectrometry (chip-MS) platform was developed. The developed microfluidic chip platform integrated three modules including the extraction and filtration module, "pass-through" clean-up module, and online evaporation module. The resulting chip has been coupled to a MS detector successfully, in which 23 kinds of residues in five classes were simultaneously qualitatively and quantitatively detected without chromatographic separation, obtaining the limits of detection of the spiked milk sample in the range of 0.23-4.13 ng/mL and the recovery rate in the range from 71.7 to 118.0% under optimized conditions. The microfluidic chip system developed in this study provided a new idea for the development of detection chips and exhibited considerable potential in the point-of-care testing in milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - La Ta
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Tan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Danke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wood JE, Gill BD, Indyk HE, Rhemrev R, Pazdanska M, Mackay N, Marley E. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Liquid Milk, Cheese, and Selected Milk Proteins by Automated Online Immunoaffinity Cleanup with Liquid Chromatography‒Fluorescence Detection. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:719-724. [PMID: 33337481 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by a number of species of Aspergillus fungi. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and is found in the milk of cows fed with feed spoilt by Aspergillus species. AFM1 is carcinogenic, especially in the liver and kidneys, and mutagenic, and is also an immunosuppressant in humans. OBJECTIVE A high-throughput method for the quantitative analysis of AFM1 that is applicable to liquid milk, cheese, milk protein concentrate (MPC), whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein isolate (WPI), and whey powder (WP) was developed and validated. METHOD AFM1 in cheese, milk, and protein products is extracted using 1% acetic acid in acetonitrile with citrate salts. The AFM1 in the resulting extract is concentrated using RIDA®CREST/IMMUNOPREP® ONLINE cartridges followed by quantification by HPLC‒fluorescence. RESULTS The method was shown to be accurate for WP, WPC, WPI, MPC, liquid milk, and cheese, with acceptable recovery (81-112%) from spiked samples. Acceptable precision for WP, WPC, WPI, MPC, liquid milk, and cheese was confirmed, with repeatabilities of 4-12% RSD and intermediate precisions of 5-13% RSD. Method detection limit and ruggedness experiments further demonstrated the suitability of this method for routine compliance testing. An international proficiency scheme (FAPAS) cheese sample showed that this method gave results that were comparable with those from other methods. CONCLUSIONS A method for high-throughput, routine testing of AFM1 is described. The method was subjected to single-laboratory validation and was found to be accurate, precise, and fit-for-purpose. HIGHLIGHTS An automated online immunoaffinity cleanup HPLC‒fluorescence method for milk proteins, cheese, and milk was developed and single-laboratory validated. It allows for high-throughput analysis of AFM1 and can be used for the analysis of AFM1 in whey protein products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie E Wood
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3341, New Zealand
| | - Brendon D Gill
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3341, New Zealand
| | - Harvey E Indyk
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3341, New Zealand
| | - Ria Rhemrev
- R-Biopharm Rhône Ltd, Block 10 Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Road, Glasgow G20 0XA, Scotland
| | - Monika Pazdanska
- R-Biopharm Rhône Ltd, Block 10 Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Road, Glasgow G20 0XA, Scotland
| | - Naomi Mackay
- R-Biopharm Rhône Ltd, Block 10 Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Road, Glasgow G20 0XA, Scotland
| | - Elaine Marley
- R-Biopharm Rhône Ltd, Block 10 Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Acre Road, Glasgow G20 0XA, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Braun D, Eiser M, Puntscher H, Marko D, Warth B. Natural contaminants in infant food: The case of regulated and emerging mycotoxins. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
11
|
Li N, Qiu J, Qian Y. Polyethyleneimine-modified magnetic carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the analysis of multi-class mycotoxins in milk via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:636-644. [PMID: 33216431 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyethyleneimine-modified magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes were developed to extract 10 mycotoxins. Simple modification of polyethyleneimine was achieved on the magnetic substrate by using an epoxy-containing silane agent as a linker. The resultant magnetic adsorbent was integrated with reverse phase and anion exchange interaction sites. Under optimal extraction conditions, only 20.0 mg adsorbent was used to extract the mycotoxins from 50.0 mL loading solution. The maximum adsorption capacities of the adsorbent toward the mycotoxins ranged from 4.9 to 10.2 mg/g. Adsorption and desorption were completed within 3.0 and 2.0 min, respectively. The adsorbent could be used for six repeated runs without evident change in extraction performance. The adsorbent combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied further to analyze the mycotoxins in milk. The absolute recoveries of the 10 mycotoxins ranged from 88.3 to 103.5% with relative standard deviations that ranged from 2.4 to 6.5%, and their limits of detection were 0.003 to 0.442 μg/kg. The proposed adsorbent has great potential in the routine analysis of mycotoxins in ordinary analytical chemistry laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang S, Luo Y, Mu L, Yang Y, Yang Y. Risk screening of mycotoxins and their derivatives in dairy products using a stable isotope dilution assay and LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:782-792. [PMID: 33275836 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method coupled with a stable isotope dilution assay was established for the simultaneous detection of 17 mycotoxins and their derivatives (aflatoxins B1 , B2 , G1 , G2 , M1 , and M2 ; fumonisins B1 and B2 ; ochratoxin A; zearalenone; zearalanone; α-zearalanol; α-zearalenol; T-2 toxin; deoxynivalenol; deepoxy-deoxynivalenol; and sterigmatocystin) in milk and dairy products. The mycotoxins were extracted with acidified acetonitrile and the lipids were removed using a Captiva EMR-lipid column. The average recoveries of the target compounds from samples spiked at three different concentrations were 67-102%, and the relative standard deviations of the peak areas were less than 10%. Limits of quantification (S/N = 10) of 0.004-1.25 μg/kg were achieved, which are significantly lower than the maximum levels allowed in various countries and regions for each regulated mycotoxin. Milk and yogurt products from local markets and e-commercial platforms were analyzed using the optimized method. The screening showed that aflatoxin M1 , deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B1 and B2 , and zearalenone could be found in milk and yogurt products, especially those products also containing grains or jujube ingredients, indicating that there is a risk of mycotoxins in dairy products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- China Oil & Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yunjing Luo
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Mu
- China Oil & Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Youyou Yang
- China Oil & Foodstuffs Corporation (COFCO) Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition Health and Food Safety, Beijing, P. R. China.,Institute of Animal Science of CAAS, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongtan Yang
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang K, Banerjee K. A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in Foods. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E539. [PMID: 32825718 PMCID: PMC7551558 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a class of mycotoxins with regulatory and public health significance, aflatoxins (e.g., aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2) have attracted unparalleled attention from government, academia and industry due to their chronic and acute toxicity. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of various Aspergillus species, which are ubiquitous in the environment and can grow on a variety of crops whereby accumulation is impacted by climate influences. Consumption of foods and feeds contaminated by aflatoxins are hazardous to human and animal health, hence the detection and quantification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds is a priority from the viewpoint of food safety. Since the first purification and identification of aflatoxins from feeds in the 1960s, there have been continuous efforts to develop sensitive and rapid methods for the determination of aflatoxins. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on advances in aflatoxins analysis and highlights the importance of sample pretreatments, homogenization and various cleanup strategies used in the determination of aflatoxins. The use of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and immunoaffinity column clean-up (IAC) and dilute and shoot for enhancing extraction efficiency and clean-up are discussed. Furthermore, the analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) are compared in terms of identification, quantitation and throughput. Lastly, with the emergence of new techniques, the review culminates with prospects of promising technologies for aflatoxin analysis in the foreseeable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- US Food and Drug Administration/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune 412307, India;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pellicer-Castell E, Belenguer-Sapiña C, Amorós P, Herrero-Martínez JM, Mauri-Aucejo AR. Bimodal porous silica nanomaterials as sorbents for an efficient and inexpensive determination of aflatoxin M 1 in milk and dairy products. Food Chem 2020; 333:127421. [PMID: 32653681 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An extraction procedure was developed for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products. A sorbent based on UVM-7 mesoporous silica was used as solid phase for the sample clean-up, and the analyte determination was carried out by HPLC coupled to a fluorescence detector. The material architecture was characterized by transmission electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction, 29Si NMR and nitrogen adsorption-desorption. After the optimization of extraction parameters, the influence of the matrix has been evaluated, obtaining recoveries in the range 78-105% for whole and skimmed milk and yogurt matrix. The reusability of the material was also proved. The sensitivity of the method was also evaluated, and a LOQ (0.015 μg kg-1) below the European legislation limit was obtained. The procedure was successfully applied for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in real samples. The results were compared with those obtained with a reference method, being the results statistically comparable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enric Pellicer-Castell
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carolina Belenguer-Sapiña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pedro Amorós
- Institut of Material Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Herrero-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Adela R Mauri-Aucejo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
de Mendonça Pereira BF, de Almeida CC, Leandro KC, da Costa MP, Conte-Junior CA, Spisso BF. Occurrence, sources, and pathways of chemical contaminants in infant formulas. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1378-1396. [PMID: 33337090 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Infant formulas are manufactured products to meet specific nutritional requirements for infants. However, infant formulas can contain harmful substances, such as chemical contaminants and residues, normally due to possible contamination of the raw material or from the production chain. Some studies have demonstrated that veterinary drugs, pesticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals, packaging materials, within other chemicals are found in infant formulas from different sources of contamination. It is known that some of these substances can be hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, immunotoxic, contributing to antibiotic resistance, among other detrimental consequences for consumers' health. The purpose of this review is to assess the scientific evidence concerning the occurrence, sources, and pathways of contamination, as well as the detrimental impacts on infant health due to the possible presence of chemical contaminants and residues in infant formulas. Moreover, strategies to reduce the risk of contamination of infant formulas are presented to ensure the highest standards of quality of infant formulas. The entire infant formula manufacturing process should be monitored and controlled to minimize the risk of contamination during processing, storage, and distribution, besides ensuring the use of raw materials with as low as acceptable levels of harmful substances in order to assure that the final product shall comply with the maximum levels and maximum residue limits, when established, for residues and contaminants in the final product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristine Couto de Almeida
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Katia Christina Leandro
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marion Pereira da Costa
- Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Inspeção e Tecnologia de Leite e Derivados, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Laboratorial Analítico, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardete Ferraz Spisso
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lu Z, Deng F, He R, Tan L, Luo X, Pan X, Yang Z. A pass-through solid-phase extraction clean-up method for the determination of 11 quinolone antibiotics in chicken meat and egg samples using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
17
|
Zhao Y, Yuan YC, Bai XL, Liu YM, Wu GF, Yang FS, Liao X. Multi-mycotoxins analysis in liquid milk by UHPLC-Q-Exactive HRMS after magnetic solid-phase extraction based on PEGylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Food Chem 2019; 305:125429. [PMID: 31505415 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method using PEGylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes magnetic nanoparticles (PEG-MWCNTs-MNP) as absorbents is proposed for isolation and enrichment of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), aflatoxin M2 (AFM2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), zearalanone (ZAN), α-zeralanol (α-ZAL), β-zeralanol (β-ZAL), α-zeralenol (α-ZOL), and β-zeralenol (β-ZOL) from liquid milk. Combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive high resolution mass spectrometry, simultaneous qualification of these mycotoxins was achieved with sensitivity and specificity. The proposed method showed a good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.995), high sensitivity (limit of detection in the range of 0.005-0.050 μg/kg and limit of quantification in the range of 0.015-0.150 μg/kg), adequate recovery (81.8-106.4%), and good repeatability (intra-day precision in the range of 2.1-8.5% and inter-day precision in the range of 3.9-11.7%). It has been successfully applied to the determination of 13 mycotoxins in real liquid milk samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sichuan Willtest Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yun-Cong Yuan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Bai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Gui-Fang Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fa-Shu Yang
- Sichuan Willtest Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kamle M, Mahato DK, Devi S, Lee KE, Kang SG, Kumar P. Fumonisins: Impact on Agriculture, Food, and Human Health and their Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E328. [PMID: 31181628 PMCID: PMC6628439 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fumonisins producing fungi, Fusarium spp., are ubiquitous in nature and contaminate several food matrices that pose detrimental health hazards on humans as well as on animals. This has necessitated profound research for the control and management of the toxins to guarantee better health of consumers. This review highlights the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the fumonisins, their occurrence, effect on agriculture and food, along with their associated health issues. In addition, the focus has been put on the detection and management of fumonisins to ensure safe and healthy food. The main focus of the review is to provide insights to the readers regarding their health-associated food consumption and possible outbreaks. Furthermore, the consumers' knowledge and an attempt will ensure food safety and security and the farmers' knowledge for healthy agricultural practices, processing, and management, important to reduce the mycotoxin outbreaks due to fumonisins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Dipendra K Mahato
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Sheetal Devi
- SAB Miller India Ltd., Sonipat, Haryana 131001, India.
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Sang G Kang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
- Stemforce, 302 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
González-Jartín JM, de Castro Alves L, Alfonso A, Piñeiro Y, Vilar SY, Gomez MG, Osorio ZV, Sainz MJ, Vieytes MR, Rivas J, Botana LM. Detoxification agents based on magnetic nanostructured particles as a novel strategy for mycotoxin mitigation in food. Food Chem 2019; 294:60-66. [PMID: 31126505 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that can be present in feed, food and beverages. In this work, 25 magnetic nanostructured materials were developed to remove the main types of mycotoxins from liquid food matrices. The efficiency for binding mycotoxins from contaminated aqueous solutions was studied. Nanocomposites (diameters lower to 15 μm) composed of mixtures of activated carbon, bentonite and aluminium oxide were able to eliminate up to 87% of mycotoxins with an adsorption efficiency of 450 µg/g. On the other hand, spheres with sizes below 3 mm and composed by biopolymers and activated carbon or graphene oxide removed up to 70% of mycotoxins (adsorption of 598 ng/g). These particles were tested for beer detoxification, and spheres composed of alginate and activated carbon or pectin maintain the ability to eliminate toxins from this beverage. Hence, this technology could be a useful tool for the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M González-Jartín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Lisandra de Castro Alves
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Física, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Y Piñeiro
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Física, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Susana Yáñez Vilar
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Física, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Manuel González Gomez
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Física, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Zulema Vargas Osorio
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Física, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María J Sainz
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Proyectos de Ingeniería, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - J Rivas
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Física, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk using spectroscopy and multivariate analyses. Food Chem 2018; 238:209-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
21
|
de Oliveira GB, de Castro Gomes Vieira CM, Orlando RM, Faria AF. Simultaneous determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in different types of maize by matrix solid phase dispersion and HPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2017; 233:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
22
|
|
23
|
González-Sálamo J, Socas-Rodríguez B, Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Core-shell poly(dopamine) magnetic nanoparticles for the extraction of estrogenic mycotoxins from milk and yogurt prior to LC-MS analysis. Food Chem 2016; 215:362-8. [PMID: 27542487 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, core-shell poly(dopamine) magnetic nanoparticles synthesized in our laboratory have been applied as dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) sorbent for the extraction of a group of six mycotoxins of interest including zearalenone, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol and zearalanone, from complex matrices such as milk (whole and skimmed cow milk and semi-skimmed goat milk) and yogurt (an unsweetened natural yogurt) prior to their LC-MS analysis. 17β-estradiol-D5 was used as internal standard. The procedure includes a deproteinization step prior to the extraction procedure. Matrix-matched calibration and a recovery study were carried out in the selected matrices, providing good linearity, relative recovery values in the range 70-120% with RSDs lower than 16% and LODs between 0.21 and 4.77μg/L for milk samples and between 0.29 and 4.54μg/kg for yogurt samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección de Química, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección de Química, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección de Química, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Sección de Química, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, s/n°. 38206 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Socas-Rodríguez B, González-Sálamo J, Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez Delgado MÁ. Application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes as sorbents for the extraction of mycotoxins in water samples and infant milk formula prior to high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1359-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), s/n; San Cristóbal de La Laguna España
| | - Javier González-Sálamo
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), s/n; San Cristóbal de La Laguna España
| | - Javier Hernández-Borges
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), s/n; San Cristóbal de La Laguna España
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), s/n; San Cristóbal de La Laguna España
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Multiclass Compatible Sample Preparation for UHPLC–MS/MS Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
26
|
Recent developments in stable isotope dilution assays in mycotoxin analysis with special regard to Alternaria toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7563-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
27
|
Multi-mycotoxin analysis of animal feed and animal-derived food using LC–MS/MS system with timed and highly selective reaction monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
28
|
Yang P, Chang JS, Wong JW, Zhang K, Krynitsky AJ, Bromirski M, Wang J. Effect of sample dilution on matrix effects in pesticide analysis of several matrices by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5169-5177. [PMID: 25620499 DOI: 10.1021/jf505168v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study used two LC columns of different adsorbents and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry to study the relationship between matrix effects (ME), the LC separations, and elution patterns of pesticides and those of matrix components. Using calibration standards of 381 pesticides at three dilution levels of 1×, 1/10×, and 1/100×, 108 samples were prepared in solvent and five different sample matrices for the study. Results obtained from principal component analysis and slope ratios of calibration curves provided measurements of the ME and showed the 1/100× sample dilution could minimize suppression ME for most pesticides analyzed. Should a pesticide coeluting with matrix components have a peak intensity of 25 times or higher, the suppression for that pesticide would persist even at 1/100× dilution. The number of pesticides had enhancement ME increased with increasing dilution from 1× to 1/100×, with those early eluting, hydrophilic pesticides affected the most.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yang
- †Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Laboratory Services Branch, 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9P 3V6
| | - James S Chang
- §ThermoFisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134-1908, United States
| | - Jon W Wong
- #U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Kai Zhang
- #U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Alexander J Krynitsky
- #U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Maciej Bromirski
- ⊥ThermoFisher Scientific, Hanna-Kunath-Strasse 11, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jian Wang
- ⊗Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Calgary Laboratory, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2L 2L1
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Determination of Aflatoxins M1, M2, B1, B2, G1, and G2 and Ochratoxin A in UHT and Powdered Milk by Modified QuEChERS Method and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
30
|
Busman M, Bobell JR, Maragos CM. Determination of the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) from milk by direct analysis in real time – mass spectrometry (DART-MS). Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
31
|
Berthiller F, Brera C, Crews C, Iha M, Krsha R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stroka J, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2013-2014. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2013 and mid-2014. It continues in the format of the previous articles of this series, emphasising on analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. The importance of proper sampling and sample preparation is briefly addressed in a dedicated section, while another chapter summarises new methods used to analyse botanicals and spices. As LC-MS/MS instruments are becoming more and more widespread in the determination of multiple classes of mycotoxins, another section is focusing on such newly developed multi-mycotoxin methods. While the wealth of published methods during the 12 month time span makes it impossible to cover every single one, this exhaustive review nevertheless aims to address and briefly discuss the most important developments and trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - C. Brera
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety — GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M.H. Iha
- Laboratório I de Ribeiro Preto, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, CEP 14085-410, Ribeiro Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - R. Krsha
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J. Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang K, Wong JW, Krynitsky AJ, Trucksess MW. Determining mycotoxins in baby foods and animal feeds using stable isotope dilution and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8935-43. [PMID: 25153173 DOI: 10.1021/jf503943r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We developed a stable isotope dilution assay with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine multiple mycotoxins in baby foods and animal feeds. Samples were fortified with [(13)C]-uniformly labeled mycotoxins as internal standards ([(13)C]-IS) and prepared by solvent extraction (50% acetonitrile in water) and filtration, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Mycotoxins in each sample were quantitated with the corresponding [(13)C]-IS. In general, recoveries of aflatoxins (2-100 ng/g), deoxynivalenol, fumonisins (50-2000 ng/g), ochratoxin A (20-1000 ng/kg), T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (40-2000 ng/g) in tested matrices (grain/rice/oatmeal-based formula, animal feed, dry cat/dog food) ranged from 70 to 120% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) <20%. The method provides sufficient selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility to screen for aflatoxins at ng/g concentrations and deoxynivalenol and fumonisins at low μg/g concentrations in baby foods and animal feeds, without using conventional standard addition or matrix-matched calibration standards to correct for matrix effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , HFS-706, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang K, Wong JW, Mai H, Trucksess MW. Dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization of patulin in apple juice and apple-based food with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4112-4118. [PMID: 24758531 DOI: 10.1021/jf5006726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A dopant-assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine patulin in apple juice and apple-based food. Different dopants, dopant flow rates, and LC separation conditions were evaluated. Using toluene as the dopant, the LC-APPI-MS/MS method achieved a linear calibration from 12.5 to 2000 μg/L (r(2) > 0.99). Matrix-dependent limits of quantitation (LOQs) were from 8 μg/L (solvent) to 12 μg/L (apple juice). [(13)C]-Patulin-fortified apple juice samples were directly analyzed by the LC-APPI-MS/MS method. Other apple-based food was fortified with [(13)C]-patulin, diluted using water (1% formic acid), centrifuged, and filtered, followed by LC-APPI-MS/MS analysis. In clear apple juice, unfiltered apple cider, applesauce, and apple-based baby food, average recoveries were 101 ± 6% (50 μg/kg), 103 ± 5% (250 μg/kg), and 102 ± 5% (1000 μg/kg) (av ± SD, n = 16). Using the suggested method, patulin was detected in 3 of 30 collected market samples with concentrations ranging from <LOQ to 18 μg/L. The use of [(13)C]-patulin allowed quantitation using solvent calibration standards with satisfactory precision and accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFS-706, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang W, Liqing W, Fei D, Bin Y, Yi Y, Jing W. Development of an SI-Traceable HPLC-Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry Method To Quantify β-Lactoglobulin in Milk Powders. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3073-3080. [PMID: 24628306 DOI: 10.1021/jf4054337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
β-Lactoglobulin (β-LG) is one of the major allergenic proteins in milk. There is an urgent demand for an accurate and traceable method to develop β-LG certified reference material (CRM). In this work, β-LG was enzymatically digested and a specific peptide was chosen for quantitation by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). With amino acid CRMs as standards, the results could be traced to SI unit. By the proposed method, the recovery ranged from 86.0% to 118.3% with CVs <9.0%. The LOD and LOQ were 4.8 × 10-5 g/g and 1.6 × 10-4 g/g of β-LG in milk powder, respectively. Ten samples from domestic market were analyzed with CVs <5.6%, and the relative expanded uncertainties ranged from 4.2% to 5.9% (k = 2). With the CRMs, it is expected that the comparability of β-LG quantitation results will be improved among different laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yang
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Liqing
- Division of Medical and Biological Measurement, National Institute of Metrology , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Duan Fei
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Bin
- Division of Medical and Biological Measurement, National Institute of Metrology , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yi
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Jing
- Division of Medical and Biological Measurement, National Institute of Metrology , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Desmarchelier A, Tessiot S, Bessaire T, Racault L, Fiorese E, Urbani A, Chan WC, Cheng P, Mottier P. Combining the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe approach and clean-up by immunoaffinity column for the analysis of 15 mycotoxins by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1337:75-84. [PMID: 24636559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Optimization and validation of a multi-mycotoxin method by LC-MS/MS is presented. The method covers the EU-regulated mycotoxins (aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 and HT-2), as well as nivalenol and 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol for analysis of cereals, cocoa, oil, spices, infant formula, coffee and nuts. The proposed procedure combines two clean-up strategies: First, a generic preparation suitable for all mycotoxins based on the QuEChERS (for quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) protocol. Second, a specific clean-up devoted to aflatoxins and ochratoxin A using immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up. Positive identification of mycotoxins in matrix was conducted according to the confirmation criteria defined in EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EC while quantification was performed by isotopic dilution using (13)C-labeled mycotoxins as internal standards. Limits of quantification were at or below the maximum levels set in the EC/1886/2006 document for all mycotoxin/matrix combinations under regulation. In particular, the inclusion of an IAC step allowed achieving LOQs as low as 0.05 and 0.25μg/kg in cereals for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively. Other performance parameters like linearity [(r)(2)>0.99], recovery [71-118%], precision [(RSDr and RSDiR)<33%], and trueness [78-117%] were all compliant with the analytical requirements stipulated in the CEN/TR/16059 document. Method ruggedness was proved by a verification process conducted by another laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Tessiot
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bessaire
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Racault
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Fiorese
- Nestle Quality Assurance Center, Via Valsugana 5, 35010 San Giorgio in Bosco, Italy
| | - Alessandro Urbani
- Nestle Quality Assurance Center, Via Valsugana 5, 35010 San Giorgio in Bosco, Italy
| | - Wai-Chinn Chan
- Nestle Quality Assurance Center, 29 Quality Road, Singapore 618802, Singapore
| | - Pearly Cheng
- Nestle Quality Assurance Center, 29 Quality Road, Singapore 618802, Singapore
| | - Pascal Mottier
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rasooly R, Hernlem B, He X, Friedman M. Non-linear relationships between aflatoxin B₁ levels and the biological response of monkey kidney vero cells. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1447-61. [PMID: 23949006 PMCID: PMC3760045 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5081447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin-producing fungi contaminate food and feed during pre-harvest, storage and processing periods. Once consumed, aflatoxins (AFs) accumulate in tissues, causing illnesses in animals and humans. Most human exposure to AF seems to be a result of consumption of contaminated plant and animal products. The policy of blending and dilution of grain containing higher levels of aflatoxins with uncontaminated grains for use in animal feed implicitly assumes that the deleterious effects of low levels of the toxins are linearly correlated to concentration. This assumption may not be justified, since it involves extrapolation of these nontoxic levels in feed, which are not of further concern. To develop a better understanding of the significance of low dose effects, in the present study, we developed quantitative methods for the detection of biologically active aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Vero cells by two independent assays: the green fluorescent protein (GFP) assay, as a measure of protein synthesis by the cells, and the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay, as a measure of cell viability. The results demonstrate a non-linear dose-response relationship at the cellular level. AFB1 at low concentrations has an opposite biological effect to higher doses that inhibit protein synthesis. Additional studies showed that heat does not affect the stability of AFB1 in milk and that the Vero cell model can be used to determine the presence of bioactive AFB1 in spiked beef, lamb and turkey meat. The implication of the results for the cumulative effects of low amounts of AFB1 in numerous foods is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (B.H.); (X.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-510-559-6478; Fax: +1-510-559-6162
| | - Bradley Hernlem
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (B.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mails: (B.H.); (X.H.)
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|