1
|
Li X, Wang MY, Wang Y, Yang WZ, Yang CX. Fabrication of amino- and hydroxyl dual-functionalized magnetic microporous organic network for extraction of zearalenone from traditional Chinese medicine prior to the HPLC determination. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1724:464915. [PMID: 38663319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Efficient enrichment of trace zearalenone (ZEN) from the complex traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) samples is quite difficult, but of great significance for TCM quality control. Herein, we reported a novel magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) strategy for ZEN enrichment using the amino- and hydroxyl dual-functionalized magnetic microporous organic network (Fe3O4@MON-NH2-OH) as an advanced adsorbent combined with the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination. Efficient extraction of ZEN was achieved via the possible hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, and π-π interactions between Fe3O4@MON-NH2-OH and ZEN. The adsorption capacity of Fe3O4@MON-NH2-OH for ZEN was 215.0 mg g-1 at the room temperature, which was much higher than most of the reported adsorbents. Under the optimal condition, the developed Fe3O4@MON-NH2-OH-MSPE-HPLC method exhibited wide linear range (5-2500 μg L-1), low limits of detection (1.4-35 μg L-1), less adsorbent consumption (5 mg), and large enhancement factor (95) for ZEN. The proposed method was successfully applied to detect trace ZEN from 10 kinds of real TCM samples. Conclusively, this work demonstrates the Fe3O4@MON-NH2-OH can effectively extract trace ZEN from the complex TCM matrices, which may open up a new way for the application of MONs in the enrichment and extraction of trace contaminants or active constituents from the complex TCM samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wang
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Cheng-Xiong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fan Y, Yu R, Waterhouse GIN, Wang R, Sun Y, Xu Z. Development of a capillary electrophoresis method based on magnetic solid-phase extraction for simultaneous and sensitive detection of eight biogenic amines in foods. J Sci Food Agric 2024; 104:3256-3264. [PMID: 38087413 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biogenic amines (BAs) in high concentrations are toxic and may cause a series of health symptoms. A sensitive measurement of BA levels is essential for human health. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged for the separation of eight BAs due to simple sample preparation and highly efficient separation. However, an important drawback for CE is low sensitivity. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) has become a technique of interest owing to its brief operation and low solvent consumption. Hence, MSPE as a pretreatment has great potential to improve CE sensitivity for the analysis of BAs in complex food. RESULTS Results showed that the Pt-Co-MWCNTs-COOH possessed strong magnetism, good reusability, and high adsorptive ability toward eight biogenic amines based on the hydrogen bonding between the -COOH of Pt-Co-MWCNTs-COOH and -NH2 groups of BAs. Using it as an adsorbent, a magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis (MSPE-CE) method was developed to effectively extract and sensitively analyze eight BAs. Under optimal conditions, the MSPE-CE method has wide linearities (10.0-1000.0 μg L-1 ) and low limits of detection (1.0-6.1 μg L-1 ). The accuracy of the developed method yielded recovery values from 82.07% to 102.58%. Meanwhile, the BAs contents in two samples were analyzed using the MSPE-CE method, with the results consistent with those detected by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. CONCLUSION Given those advantages, the established MSPE-CE method promises the practical guidance of monitoring a variety of BAs and provides a foundation for the detection of other food hazards. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, P. R. China
| | - Runze Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, P. R. China
| | | | - Ruiqiang Wang
- Shandong Cayon Testing Co., Ltd, Jining, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Healthy in Universities of Shandong, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao S, Zhou R, Zhang D, Zheng X, El-Seedi HR, Chen S, Niu L, Li X, Guo Z, Zou X. Magnetic nanoparticle-based immunosensors and aptasensors for mycotoxin detection in foodstuffs: An update. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13266. [PMID: 38284585 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food crops is a global challenge due to their unpredictable occurrence and severe adverse health effects on humans. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop effective tools to prevent the accumulation of mycotoxins through the food chain. The use of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-assisted biosensors for detecting mycotoxin in complex foodstuffs has garnered great interest due to the significantly enhanced sensitivity and accuracy. Within such a context, this review includes the fundamentals and recent advances (2020-2023) in the area of mycotoxin monitoring in food matrices using MNP-based aptasensors and immunosensors. In this review, we start by providing a comprehensive introduction to the design of immunosensors (natural antibody or nanobody, random or site-oriented immobilization) and aptasensors (techniques for aptamer selection, characterization, and truncation). Meanwhile, special attention is paid to the multifunctionalities of MNPs (recoverable adsorbent, versatile carrier, and signal indicator) in preparing mycotoxin-specific biosensors. Further, the contribution of MNPs to the multiplexing determination of various mycotoxins is summarized. Finally, challenges and future perspectives for the practical applications of MNP-assisted biosensors are also discussed. The progress and updates of MNP-based biosensors shown in this review are expected to offer readers valuable insights about the design of MNP-based tools for the effective detection of mycotoxins in practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ruiyun Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Focusight Technology (Jiangsu) Co., LTD, Changzhou, China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xueyun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing (Jiangsu Education Department), Zhenjiang, China
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing, China
| | - Lidan Niu
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Jiangsu Hengshun vinegar Industry Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhiming Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing (Jiangsu Education Department), Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, She L, Ding H, Chen B, Fu Z, Wang L, Zhang T, Han L. Comprehensive quality control of Qingjin Yiqi granule based on UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and UPLC-QQQ-MS. Phytochem Anal 2024; 35:184-197. [PMID: 37726965 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Qingjin Yiqi granule (QYG) is a prescription medicine of traditional Chinese medicine which is widely used clinically for the recovery of coronavirus patients. However, there is currently limited research on the quality control of QYG. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the quality of QYG qualitatively and quantitatively by making full use of advanced chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. METHODS Firstly, a multicomponent characterisation of QYG was performed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Q Exactive™ hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS) system using a rapid negative/positive switching mode. Secondly, the co-condition fingerprint analysis of constituted herbal medicines of QYG was performed to unveil active ingredients as the quality markers of QYG. Thirdly, the marker compounds in 10 batches of QYG were quantified by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Waters Xevo TQ-S triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS) system. RESULTS A comprehensive method that combined the inclusion list and data-dependent acquisition (DDA) to achieve a systematic characterisation of QYG was established by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. After analysis based on Compound Discoverer software and Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) platform, a total of 332 compounds were detected. Eleven Q-markers were determined for the quality evaluation of QYG by comparison with the fingerprint of nine constituted herbal medicines. An adjusted multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) quantification method was further established to simultaneously determine the 11 Q-markers for holistic quality evaluation of QYG. CONCLUSION This is the first study to report comprehensive multicomponent characterisation, identification, and quality assessment of QYG, which could be used for effective guarantee of the quality of QYG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Lihe She
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Hui Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Biying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhifei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Liming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lou Y, Xu Q, Chen J, Yang S, Zhu Z, Chen D. Advancements in Sample Preparation Methods for the Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Determination of Zearalenone and Its Metabolites in Food: An Overview. Foods 2023; 12:3558. [PMID: 37835213 PMCID: PMC10572225 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone and its metabolites are mycotoxins generated by Fusarium species while crops are growing and can typically be found in various foods, posing a risk to human health. Governments have implemented stricter regulations concerning the permissible levels of zearalenone in food products to safeguard public health. Stricter regulations on zearalenone levels in food have been implemented. However, detecting zearalenone and its metabolites remains challenging due to sample complexity and interference. Surprisingly few reviews of sample preparation methods for zearalenone in food have appeared in the past decade. In this overview, we outline the most recent developments in the sample pre-treatment technology of zearalenone and its metabolites in food samples based on chromatography-mass spectrometry methods since 2012. This review covers some prominent technologies, such as liquid-liquid extraction-based methods, solid-phase extraction-based methods, and QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction, providing valuable insights into their advantages and limitations for potential applications. The assessment of the methods discussed, along with an overview of current challenges and prospects, will guide researchers in advancing the field and ensuring safer food quality for consumers worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.L.); (Q.X.); (J.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Qingyang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.L.); (Q.X.); (J.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.L.); (Q.X.); (J.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.L.); (Q.X.); (J.C.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.L.); (Q.X.); (J.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Di Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.L.); (Q.X.); (J.C.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu S, Jiang S, Yao Z, Liu M. Aflatoxin detection technologies: recent advances and future prospects. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:79627-79653. [PMID: 37322403 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins have posed serious threat to food safety and human health. Therefore, it is important to detect aflatoxins in samples rapidly and accurately. In this review, various technologies to detect aflatoxins in food are discussed, including conventional ones such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), as well as emerging ones (e.g., biosensors, molecular imprinting technology, surface plasmon resonance). Critical challenges of these technologies include high cost, complex processing procedures and long processing time, low stability, low repeatability, low accuracy, poor portability, and so on. Critical discussion is provided on the trade-off relationship between detection speed and detection accuracy, as well as the application scenario and sustainability of different technologies. Especially, the prospect of combining different technologies is discussed. Future research is necessary to develop more convenient, more accurate, faster, and cost-effective technologies to detect aflatoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenqi Liu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shanxue Jiang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Minhua Liu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Ling Y, Zhang Y, Feng X, Zhang F. Synthesis of a magnetic covalent organic framework for extraction and separation of ultraviolet filters in beverage samples. Food Chem 2023; 410:135323. [PMID: 36608551 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel magnetic covalent organic framework (Fe3O4@TAPB-BTT) was successfully synthesized under mild conditions. The prepared magnetic COF exhibited large surface area (876.3 m2 g-1), porous feature as well as sizeable π-conjugated network structure. Due to the above advantages, Fe3O4@TAPB-BTT showed good adsorptive performance for ultraviolet (UV) filters with adsorption capacities ranging from 80.8 to 120.1 mg g-1. Then the adsorbent was applied to magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of UV filters in beverage samples, followed by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The established method showed good accuracy, precision, and reproducibility with satisfactory recoveries (76.9-95.6 %), low limits of detection (0.001-0.15 µg/L), and low relative standard deviations (<9.8 %). Besides, the adsorbent can be reutilized at least ten times, demonstrating satisfactory reusability. This work provided an effective method for the analysis and determination of UV filters in drinks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China; School of Pharmacy China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuesong Feng
- School of Pharmacy China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou F, Deng H, Emiezi Agarry I, Hu J, Xu D, Feng H, Kan J, Cai T, Chen K. Determination of multiple mycotoxins in chili powder using cold-induced liquid-liquid extraction and Fe 3O 4@MWCNTs-NH 2 coupled with UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Food Chem 2023; 423:136291. [PMID: 37178595 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Food matrix interference is still a big challenge in analyzing multiclass mycotoxins. Herein, a novel cold-induced liquid-liquid extraction-magnetic solid phase extraction (CI-LLE-MSPE) coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) method was explored for the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins in chili powders. Fe3O4@MWCNTs-NH2 nanomaterials were prepared and characterized, and the factors affecting the MSPE process were investigated. Based on this, the CI-LLE-MSPE-UPLC-Q-TOF/MS method was established for determining ten mycotoxins in chili powders. The proffered technique eliminated the matrix interference effectively and demonstrated strong linearity (0.5-500 µg/kg, R2 ≥ 0.999), high sensitivity (limit of quantification was 0.5-1.5 µg/kg), and the recovery was 70.6%-111.7%. The extraction process is simpler than conventional methods, as the adsorbent can be separated using magnets, and reusable adsorbents are beneficial in reducing costs. In addition, the method can provide a valuable reference for pretreatment procedures for other complex matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenglan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Huiling Deng
- Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Building B, No. 2, Yangliu Road, North New Area, Chongqing 401121, PR China
| | - Israel Emiezi Agarry
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jiang Hu
- Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Building B, No. 2, Yangliu Road, North New Area, Chongqing 401121, PR China
| | - Donghui Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St., Haidian District, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hui Feng
- Shandong Huge Grand Testing Technology Co., Ltd., No.1003 Gangxing Sanlu, Licheng Dist, Jinan 250000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jianquan Kan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Tian Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Kewei Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Specialty Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
García-Nicolás M, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Campillo N, Reyes-Palomo C, Sanz-Fernández S, Fenoll J, Rodríguez-Estévez V, Viñas P. Use of polypyrrole ferrite microparticles and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for testing natural grass contamination by multiclass mycotoxins. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:178. [PMID: 37022520 PMCID: PMC10079724 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
An analytical methodology based on the combination of dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction (DMSPE) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is proposed to explore the occurrence of 13 mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, G1, B2, and G2; deoxynivalenol; T-2 toxin; ochratoxin A; HT-2 toxin; enniatins A, A1, B, and B2; and beauvericin) and their derivatives in natural grass samples. Magnetic microparticles (Fe3O4) coated with polypyrrole (PPy) polymer were used in DMSPE sample treatment as adsorbent phase, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy have been used for its characterization. The experimental parameters influencing the adsorption and desorption steps of DMSPE have been optimized. Method validation has been carried out obtaining limits of quantification between 0.07 and 92 μg kg-1 corresponding to enniatin B or A1 and DON, respectively. A total of 83 natural grass samples from 8 dehesa farms were analysed. Enniatin B was found in all the samples (0.29 to 488 μg kg-1 concentration range) followed by enniatin B1 (92.8% of the samples) with a 0.12-137 μg kg-1 concentration range. Moreover, co-occurrence of mycotoxins was studied and between 2 and 5 mycotoxins appeared simultaneously in 97.6% of the samples. Distribution of the contamination according to natural grass location was also investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María García-Nicolás
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carolina Reyes-Palomo
- Department of Animal Production, UIC ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Santos Sanz-Fernández
- Department of Animal Production, UIC ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Fenoll
- Sustainability and Quality Group of Fruit and Vegetable Products, Murcia Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Development, C/Mayor s/n. La Alberca, 30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez
- Department of Animal Production, UIC ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen M, Qileng A, Liang H, Lei H, Liu W, Liu Y. Advances in immunoassay-based strategies for mycotoxin detection in food: From single-mode immunosensors to dual-mode immunosensors. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1285-1311. [PMID: 36717757 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination in foods and other goods has become a broad issue owing to serious toxicity, tremendous threat to public safety, and terrible loss of resources. Herein, it is necessary to develop simple, sensitive, inexpensive, and rapid platforms for the detection of mycotoxins. Currently, the limitation of instrumental and chemical methods cannot be massively applied in practice. Immunoassays are considered one of the best candidates for toxin detection due to their simplicity, rapidness, and cost-effectiveness. Especially, the field of dual-mode immunosensors and corresponding assays is rapidly developing as an advanced and intersected technology. So, this review summarized the types and detection principles of single-mode immunosensors including optical and electrical immunosensors in recent years, then focused on developing dual-mode immunosensors including integrated immunosensors and combined immunosensors to detect mycotoxins, as well as the combination of dual-mode immunosensors with a portable device for point-of-care test. The remaining challenges were discussed with the aim of stimulating future development of dual-mode immunosensors to accelerate the transformation of scientific laboratory technologies into easy-to-operate and rapid detection platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aori Qileng
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Liang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingju Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- The Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li X, Yang Z, Gao Y, Xiong H. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method for quantitative evaluation of the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of caffeic acid. OPEN CHEM 2023; 21. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this report, the stoichiometric ratio (R) for the interaction of diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with the antioxidant was employed as an evaluation index for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of antioxidants. This evaluation index was related only to the stoichiometric relationship of DPPH radicals with the antioxidant and had no relationship with the initial DPPH amount and the sample volume, which could offer a solution to the problem of poor comparability of EC50 values under different conditions. A novel electrochemical micro-titration method was proposed for the determination of the stoichiometric ratio (R) for the interaction of DPPH radicals with the antioxidant. This electrochemical micro-titration model was verified using caffeic acid as the DPPH radical scavenger, with the stoichiometric ratio (R) of DPPH radicals to caffeic acid determined to be in the range of 2.003–2.046. The calculated EC50 values were 0.513, 1.011, and 1.981 × 10–5 mol/L for 2.10, 4.05, and 8.02 × 10–7 moL of added DPPH radicals, respectively. The proposed method showed no differences from the conventional method, but had better precision and reliability, and used a smaller amount of sample.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang XS, Zhao J, Ma TT, Li ZY, Wang LL, Ji SL, Sun MY, Liu YS, Hu ZH, Liu QW, Jin CW, Sun SY, Gong HS. Magnetic covalent organic framework for effective solid-phase extraction and HPLC determination of ochratoxin A in food. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
|
13
|
Li J, Zhao B, Hao L, Liu W, Wang C, Wang Z, Wu Q. Preparation of magnetic hyper-crosslinked polymer for high efficient preconcentration of four aflatoxins in rice and sorghum samples. Food Chem 2023; 404:134688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
14
|
Zhang T, Cao Y, Chen M, Xie L. Recent advances in CNTs-based sensors for detecting the quality and safety of food and agro-product. Food Measure 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-023-01850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
15
|
García-Nicolás M, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Viñas P. Dispersive Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction as a Novelty Sample Treatment for the Determination of the Main Aflatoxins in Paprika. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:160. [PMID: 36828474 PMCID: PMC9959555 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction (DMSPE) technique is proposed as a new sensitive and effective sample treatment method for the determination of aflatoxins in paprika samples. DMSPE was followed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-HRMS) using a non-targeted acquisition mode for the detection of main aflatoxins (aflatoxin G1, G2, B1 and B2) and derivatives. DMSPE was based on the use of magnetic nanocomposite coated with polypyrrole (PPy) polymer and the main experimental parameters influencing the extraction efficiency in adsorption and desorption steps have been studied and optimized. Analyses were performed using 250 µL magnetic PPy nanocomposite into the sample solution, adsorbing the analytes in 30 min and desorbing them with ethyl acetate (2 mL) in 15 min. The method has been validated, obtaining quantification limits between 3.5 and 4.7 µg kg-1 and recoveries between 89.5-97.7%. The high recovery rate, wide detection range and the use for the first time of the reusable Fe3O4@PPy nanomaterial in suspension for solid food matrices, guarantee the usefulness of the method developed for adequate control of aflatoxins levels in paprika. The proposed methodology was applied for the analysis of 31 samples (conventional and organic) revealing the absence of aflatoxins in the samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang W, Liu T, Wang Y, Mu G, Zhang F, Yang Q, Hou X. Hydrophilic Covalent Organic Frameworks Coated Steel Sheet As a Mass Spectrometric Ionization Source for the Direct Determination of Zearalenone and Its Derivatives. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:12211-12219. [PMID: 36100997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone has attracted worldwide attention due to its toxic properties and threat to public health. A rapid determination method for zearalenone and its derivatives by hydrophilic covalent organic frameworks coated steel sheet (HCOFCS) combined with ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) was developed. The HCOFCS behaved as both a tip for solid-phase microextraction and a solid substrate for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). To evaluate the HCOFCS-ESI-MS method, five zearalenone and its derivatives in milk samples were determined, including zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), and β-zearalanol (β-ZAL). After the extraction procedure, the HCOFCS was directly added with a high voltage for ESI-MS, and the analysis could be completed within 1 min. The developed method showed good linearity in the range 0.1-100 μg/L with a coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.9991. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 and 0.2 to 0.3 μg/L, respectively. The results demonstrated that the HCOFCS combined with ESI-MS can be used for the rapid and sensitive determination of trace ZEA and its derivatives in milk samples with satisfactory recoveries from 80.58% to 109.98% and reproducibility with relative standard deviations (RSDs) no more than 11.18%. Furthermore, HCOFCS showed good reusability, which could reuse at least 10 extraction cycles with satisfactory adsorption performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Wang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Youfa Wang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Guodong Mu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qingli Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Xiudan Hou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ben Hassouna K, Ben Salah-Abbès J, Chaieb K, Abbès S. Mycotoxins occurrence in milk and cereals in North African countries - a review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:619-635. [PMID: 36723615 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2157703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
North African countries; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia suffer from mycotoxin contamination. Various studies have indicated the presence of mycotoxins in raw milk and cereals (i.e. wheat, barley, maize and cereal-based products). Aflatoxins (AFs), Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), Ochratoxin A (OTA), Fumonisin (FB1) and Zearalenone (ZEN)-mycotoxin are the most detected due to climatic change in the region. In this review, we will present the kind of foods and feeds cereals and milk based products contaminated and the level of their contaminated mycotoxin. On the other hand, researchers try to find biologic methods to remove/mitigate mycotoxins in food and feed using bio-products. But the research works concerning legislations and mycotoxin risk assessment still rare. Therefore, it appears necessary to make review on the current status of mycotoxins in North African countries in order to explore data related to contamination of basic food in this region and to highlight the problem to the policy-makers to establish a serious legislation on this matter. On the other hand, to give more information to the worldwide readers about the impact of climate change on the food and feed pollution on mycotoxins in the Mediterranean Sea region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Ben Hassouna
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Kamel Chaieb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,High Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen J, Ye J, Li L, Wu Y, Liu H, Xuan Z, Chen M, Wang S. One-step automatic sample pretreatment for rapid, simple, sensitive, and efficient determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk by immunomagnetic beads coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
19
|
Zeng C, Xu C, Tian H, Shao K, Song Y, Yang X, Che Z, Huang Y. Determination of aflatoxin B1 in Pixian Douban based on aptamer magnetic solid-phase extraction. RSC Adv 2022; 12:19528-19536. [PMID: 35865604 PMCID: PMC9258682 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02763a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is considered as the most prevalent and toxic mycotoxin in food, and is the indispensable index in the monitoring of Pixian Douban, a traditional chinese fermented bean paste from Sichuan. However, the effeciency of AFB1 detection in Pixian Douban is influenced by the traditional extraction, which is usually complex and time consuming. Therefore, an aptamer-based magnetic solid-phase extraction method was designed for the pretreatment of AFB1 in this sample, for which Fe3O4 was synthesized via the solvothermal method and then a Fe3O4@SiO2–NH2 with a core–shell structure was prepared, followed by an AFB1-aptamer attachment. The validation was performed via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared with HPLC-MS/MS. The linearity range of this method was 0.5–2.0 ng mL −1 with R2 of 0.981, and recoveries of AFB1 ranged from 80.19% to 113.92% with RSDs below 7.28% with no significant differences compared to HPLC-MS/MS. The three-time reusability efficiencies of aptamer-MNPs were averaged at 78.24%. The results proved that aptamer-MNPs were high-performance adsorbents for extracting and enriching AFB1, facilitating quick and effective detection of AFB1 in Pixian DouBan samples. An aptamer-based magnetic solid-phase extraction method was designed for the pretreatment of AFB1 from a Pixian Douban sample. It was developed based on aptamer–Fe3O4@SiO2–NH2 with subsequent ELISA validation, showing an efficient result.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Zeng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China .,Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Assumption University Bangkok 10240 Thailand
| | - Chi Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - Hongyun Tian
- Shandong Institute of Food and Drug Control Jinan 250101 China
| | - Kun Shao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - Yaning Song
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - Xiao Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China
| | - Zhenming Che
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China .,Key Laboratory of Food Non Thermal Processing, Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Non Thermal Processing, Yibin Xihua University Research Institute Yibin 644004 China
| | - Yukun Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Xihua University Chengdu 610039 China .,Key Laboratory of Food Non Thermal Processing, Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Non Thermal Processing, Yibin Xihua University Research Institute Yibin 644004 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lin X, Yu W, Tong X, Li C, Duan N, Wang Z, Wu S. Application of Nanomaterials for Coping with Mycotoxin Contamination in Food Safety: From Detection to Control. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:355-388. [PMID: 35584031 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2076063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, which are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi, are harmful to humans. Mycotoxin-induced contamination has drawn attention worldwide. Consequently, the development of reliable and sensitive detection methods and high-efficiency control strategies for mycotoxins is important to safeguard food industry safety and public health. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, many novel nanomaterials that provide tremendous opportunities for greatly improving the detection and control performance of mycotoxins because of their unique properties have emerged. This review comprehensively summarizes recent trends in the application of nanomaterials for detecting mycotoxins (fluorescence, colorimetric, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, electrochemical, and point-of-care testing) and controlling mycotoxins (inhibition of fungal growth, mycotoxin absorption, and degradation). These detection methods possess the advantages of high sensitivity and selectivity, operational simplicity, and rapidity. With research attention on the control of mycotoxins and the gradual excavation of the properties of nanomaterials, nanomaterials are also employed for the inhibition of fungal growth, mycotoxin absorption, and mycotoxin degradation, and impressive controlling effects are obtained. This review is expected to provide the readers insight into this state-of-the-art area and a reference to design nanomaterials-based schemes for the detection and control of mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenyan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinyu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Changxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Nuo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li Y, Xu X, Guo H, Bian Y, Li J, Zhang F. Magnetic graphene oxide−based covalent organic frameworks as novel adsorbent for extraction and separation of triazine herbicides from fruit and vegetable samples. Anal Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
22
|
Tang Z, Liu F, Fang F, Ding X, Han Q, Tan Y, Peng C. Solid-phase extraction techniques based on nanomaterials for mycotoxin analysis: An overview for food and agricultural products. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2273-2300. [PMID: 35389521 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination is a globally concerned problem for food and agricultural products since it may directly or indirectly induce severe threats to human health. Sensitive and selective screening is an efficient strategy to prevent or reduce human and animal exposure to mycotoxins. However, enormous challenges exist in the determination of mycotoxins, arising from complex sample matrices, trace-level analytes, and the co-occurrence of diverse mycotoxins. Appropriate sample preparation is essential to isolate, purify, and enrich mycotoxins from complicated matrices, thus decreasing sample matrix effects and lowering detection limits. With the cross-disciplinary development, new solid-phase extraction strategies have been exploited and integrated with nanotechnology to meet the challenges of mycotoxin analysis. This review summarizes the advance and progress of solid-phase extraction techniques as the methodological solutions for mycotoxin analysis. Emphases are paid on nanomaterials fabricated as trapping media of SPE techniques, including carbonaceous nanoparticles, metal/metal oxide-based nanoparticles, and nanoporous materials. Advantages and limitations are discussed, along with the potential prospects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Technology Center of Chengdu Customs District P. R. China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Urumqi Customs District P. R. China, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuelu Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingrong Han
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tang Z, Han Q, Yu G, Liu F, Tan Y, Peng C. Fe
3
O
4
@PDA/MIL‐101(Cr) as magnetic solid‐phase extraction sorbent for mycotoxins in licorice prior to ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:2224-2235. [PMID: 35844918 PMCID: PMC9281945 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic solid‐phase extraction (MSPE) strategy based on the Fe3O4@PDA/MIL‐101(Cr) has been proposed to separate and purify five common mycotoxins in licorice, including aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin G1, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A. Integrating the MSPE and solid–liquid extraction/partitioning, a modified QuEChERS was established to adapt to the complex licorice samples. The Fe3O4@PDA/MIL‐101(Cr) was successfully synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. Sorbents with superior advantages for exclusion of matrix interference and extraction of target analytes in a short time were obtained, according to their ability of magnetic separation, high surface area (287.75 m2/g), large pore volume (0.61 cm3/g), and nanosized structure with mesopores. Prior to analysis with ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS), several key parameters that would affect the sorbents’ extraction efficiency were extensively investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the practicality of the developed method for analysis of mycotoxins in licorice samples was confirmed by adequate linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9967), high sensitivity (LODs and LOQs, respectively, in the ranges 0.01–0.09 and 0.02–0.30 μg/kg), acceptable recovery (78.53%–116.28%), satisfactory reusability, and good interbatch precision of the sorbents (RSDs in the ranges 6.70%–11.20% and 6.02%–10.35%, respectively). The results indicated that the established method was feasible and reliable for the environment‐friendly and rapid screening of mycotoxins in complex licorice samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Qingrong Han
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Gang Yu
- Technology Center of Chengdu Customs District P.R. China Chengdu China
| | - Fei Liu
- Technology Center of Chengdu Customs District P.R. China Chengdu China
| | - Yuzhu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources School of Pharmacy Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fan Y, Liu F, He W, Qin Q, Hu D, Wu A, Jiang W, Wang C. Screening of multi-mycotoxins in fruits by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 368:130858. [PMID: 34425334 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction procedure combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatographic separation and ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed to determine the presence of 20 mycotoxins (i.e., Alternaria toxins, ochratoxin, patulin, aflatoxin and trichothecenes) in fruit samples from Xinjiang. A complete platform, including screening via an in-house library, confirmation and quantification using reference standards, was established, which provided accurate MS data and complete spectra containing the fragment ions for each analyte. To evaluate the performance of the developed method, satisfactory validation parameters, such as linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9992), precision (RSDs ≤ 9.8%), recovery (81.2-99.2%), LOD (0.06-2.22 µg kg-1), and LOQ (0.2-7.39 µg kg-1), were obtained. The analysis of 130 fruit samples revealed nonnegligible contamination with mycotoxins; specifically, the highest levels of three Alternaria toxins were detected in jujube, wolfberries and raisins.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ri HC, Piao J, Cai L, Jin X, Piao X, Jin X, Jon CS, Liu L, Zhao J, Shang HB, Li D. A reciprocating magnetic field assisted on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of trace tetracyclines in water. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1182:338957. [PMID: 34602203 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A reciprocating magnetic-field-assisted on-line solid-phase extraction (RMF-SPE) method coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for continuous enrichment of trace chemicals in water samples. Under the assist of the reciprocating magnetic field, carboxyl-modified magnetic nanoparticles (CMNPs) were applied to prepare microcolumn with even dispersion by periodical motion, instead of traditional compaction as extraction sorbents. When water sample passed through the extraction region, dynamic sorbents generates an advantage of countless contacts between sorbents and targets without blocking for high efficient extraction. In this study, the on-line RMF-SPE method was established and evaluated by determination of tetracyclines (TCs) from water samples as analysis models, including oxytetracycline, tetracycline, demeclocycline, metacycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline. Experimental conditions have been investigated such as flow rate, reciprocating speed, elution time, and so on. The method showed high relative recovery (95.4-111.1%) and good repeatability with RSD from 2.9 to 11.8% for the 200 mL water sample. The linearity range, limits of detection (LODs), and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.5-200 μg L-1 (chlortetracycline) and 0.1-200 μg L-1 (other TCs), 12.0-74.1 ng L-1, and 40.1-247 ng L-1, respectively. More importantly, the high enrichment factors in a range of 204 (chlortetracycline) to 276 (demeclocycline) indicate that a small amount of dynamic sorbents (only 10 mg) give full play to extraction attributing to the reciprocating movement, especially for trace analysis and continuous extraction, which is significant for water samples from sea, river and domestic waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyok-Chol Ri
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Jishou Piao
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Long Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Xuejun Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Xiangfan Piao
- Engineering College, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Xiangzi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Chol-San Jon
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China.
| | - Donghao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji, 133002, Jilin Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang B, Liu W, Liu Z, Fu X, Du D. High-performance liquid chromatography for the sensitive zearalenone determination by the automated immunomagnetic beads purifier for one-step sample pre-treatment. Eur Food Res Technol 2022; 248:109-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
27
|
Pi J, Jin P, Zhou S, Wang L, Wang H, Huang J, Gan L, Yuan T, Fan H. Combination of Ultrasonic-assisted Aqueous Two-phase Extraction with Solidifying Organic Drop-dispersive Liquid–liquid Microextraction for Simultaneous Determination of Nine Mycotoxins in Medicinal and Edible Foods by HPLC with In-series DAD and FLD. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
28
|
Li X, Gao Y, Xiong H, Yang Z. The electrochemical redox mechanism and antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds based on inlaid multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified graphite electrode. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The electrochemical redox mechanism of polyphenolic compounds (gallic acid [GA], caffeic acid [CA], ferulic acid [FA], and vanillic acid [VA]) were investigated by electrochemical methods at the inlaid multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified graphite electrode (MWCNTs/GCE). The obtained micro-information such as the number of electrons and protons were used to deduce the electrochemical oxidation mechanism of four polyphenolic compounds. The antioxidation activities of these compounds were also studied by two methods. The radical scavenging activity followed the order: GA > CA > FA > VA, which was in agreement with the result from the spectrophotometry method. The result indicated that compounds with lower oxidation peak potential (E
pa) showed stronger antioxidation activity. At the same time, compounds with high E
pa showed lower antioxidant activity. The greater the number of hydroxyls linked to the aromatic ring, the greater the antioxidation activities of four compounds. Structural analysis of these phenolic-based compounds suggested that multiple OH substitutions and conjugations determine their free radical scavenging activity and electrochemical behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Li
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Yunnan Minzu University , Kunming 650500 , People’s Republic of China
- Joint Research Centre for International Cross-border Ethnic Regions Biomass Clean Utilization in Yunnan , Kunming , 650500 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Gao
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Yunnan Minzu University , Kunming 650500 , People’s Republic of China
- Joint Research Centre for International Cross-border Ethnic Regions Biomass Clean Utilization in Yunnan , Kunming , 650500 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Huabin Xiong
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Yunnan Minzu University , Kunming 650500 , People’s Republic of China
- Joint Research Centre for International Cross-border Ethnic Regions Biomass Clean Utilization in Yunnan , Kunming , 650500 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Yunnan Minzu University , Kunming 650500 , People’s Republic of China
- Joint Research Centre for International Cross-border Ethnic Regions Biomass Clean Utilization in Yunnan , Kunming , 650500 , People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liao Y, Huang X, Wang Z, Gan R. [Research progress in the application of magnetic solid phase extraction based on carbon based magnetic materials in food analysis]. Se Pu 2021; 39:368-75. [PMID: 34227756 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2020.05038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace toxic substances in food pose a serious threat to human health, and need to be detected and analyzed to ensure food safety. However, there are many kinds of toxic substances in food, with small amounts and complex matrices, making it necessary to select an appropriate sample pretreatment technology for extraction and purification. There are some disadvantages to sample pretreatment methods such as solid phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction, in terms of poor selectivity, significant influence of matrix interference, large sample requirement, long extraction time, use of a large amount of harmful organic solvents, and cumbersome and time-consuming operation. Magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) combines the advantages of magnetic separation and traditional SPE technology, avoids time-consuming column loading, and can extract the target analyte efficiently. Because of its advantages, in that it has simple operation, is time-saving and fast, requires no centrifugal filtration, and is environmentally friendly, it is considered an efficient sample pretreatment technology and applied in food analysis. The adsorption capacity and selectivity of the magnetic adsorbent used in MSPE are the key factors affecting the extraction efficiency and selectivity of MSPE, and play a key role in the accuracy of the established method. Carbon-based magnetic materials are a type of new functional magnetic materials prepared by the co-precipitation of carbon-based materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal-organic framework-derived carbon, or activated carbon) and magnetic materials. In order to endow carbon-based magnetic materials with the advantages of both, carbon materials and magnetic materials, while also reflecting the advantages of high specific surface area, good stability, low cost, environmental friendliness, excellent physical and chemical properties, high porosity, and high adsorption capacity, proper functional modification is needed. Carbon-based magnetic materials modified by functionalization can efficiently enrich organic and inorganic analytes with different properties, and have seen significant progress in environmental analysis, biological detection, pollution control, and other fields. In recent years, MSPE technology based on carbon-based magnetic materials has been gradually applied in food analysis and pretreatment, but its use is still in infancy and holds immense application potential. Reference to more than 50 papers published in SCI and Chinese core journals over the past four years reveals that carbon-based materials include carbon nanotubes modified by functional groups, reagents, or materials; graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide; carbon derived from a gold organic framework; activated carbon biochar; and nanodiamond. The harmful substances in food samples include esters, mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, antibiotics, alkaloids, phenols, vitamins, and antibiotics. Based on the classification of carbon-based materials, this review reveals that carbon-based magnetic materials have good preconcentration ability for harmful substances in food samples. MSPE can be combined with GC-MS, liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS), ultra high performance liquid chromatography-Q-Exactive high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive HRMS), high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), gas chromatography micro-electron capture detection (GC-μECD), high performance liquid chromatography fluorescence with post-column photochemical derivatization (HPLC-PCD-FLD), and HPLC-UV to analyze food samples. These combined technologies have high accuracy and recovery. However, the synthesis methods of carbon-based magnetic materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, incur high energy consumption and high cost, and involve complex processes, which limit their application. Therefore, a carbon-based magnetic adsorbent with low cost, high selectivity, and high extraction efficiency was developed by further exploring functional modification with biochar as a carbon base. This is a very promising direction to develop MSPE technology utilizing biochar-based magnetic materials for food sample pretreatment. This review provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the wide application of carbon-based magnetic materials in MSPE technology for food analysis.
Collapse
|
30
|
Targuma S, Njobeh PB, Ndungu PG. Current Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials for Extraction of Mycotoxins, Pesticides, and Pharmaceuticals in Food Commodities. Molecules 2021; 26:4284. [PMID: 34299560 PMCID: PMC8303358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants, such as mycotoxins, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals, are a group of contaminates that occur naturally, while others are produced from anthropogenic sources. With increased research on the adverse ecological and human health effects of these pollutants, there is an increasing need to regularly monitor their levels in food and the environment in order to ensure food safety and public health. The application of magnetic nanomaterials in the analyses of these pollutants could be promising and offers numerous advantages relative to conventional techniques. Due to their ability for the selective adsorption, and ease of separation as a result of magnetic susceptibility, surface modification, stability, cost-effectiveness, availability, and biodegradability, these unique magnetic nanomaterials exhibit great achievement in the improvement of the extraction of different analytes in food. On the other hand, conventional methods involve longer extraction procedures and utilize large quantities of environmentally unfriendly organic solvents. This review centers its attention on current applications of magnetic nanomaterials and their modifications in the extraction of pollutants in food commodities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarem Targuma
- Energy, Sensors and Multifunctional Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Patrick B. Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Patrick G. Ndungu
- Energy, Sensors and Multifunctional Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang YF, Mu GD, Wang XJ, Zhang F, Li YL, Lu DJ, Chen FM, Yang ML, He MY, Liu T. Fast construction of core-shell structured magnetic covalent organic framework as sorbent for solid-phase extraction of zearalenone and its derivatives prior to their determination by UHPLC-MS/MS. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:246. [PMID: 34235593 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic covalent organic framework nanocomposite denoted as Fe3O4@TAPB-Tp with core-shell structure was fabricated via a simple template-mediated precipitation polymerization method at mild conditions. The polyimine network shell was created through the polymerization of 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)-benzene (TAPB) and 1,3,5-triformyl-phloroglucinol (Tp) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) by the Schiff-base reaction. Featuring with large specific surface area (163.19 m2 g-1), good solution dispersibility, and high stability, the obtained Fe3O4@TAPB-Tp exhibited high adsorption capacities and fast adsorption for zearalenone and its derivatives (ZEAs). The adsorption isotherms showed multilayer adsorption dominated at low concentration and monolayer adsorption at high concentration between the interface of ZEAs and Fe3O4@TAPB-Tp. With the Fe3O4@TAPB-Tp as sorbent, a magnetic solid-phase extraction-ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was established for simultaneous adsorption and detection of five ZEAs in complex samples. The proposed method displayed favorable linearity, low limits of detection (0.003 ~ 0.018 μg kg-1), and good repeatability (2.37~10.4%). The developed method has been applied for real sample analysis, with recoveries of 81.27~90.26%. These results showed that Fe3O4@TAPB-Tp has a good application potential for the adsorption of ZEAs in food samples. Magnetic covalent organic framework nanocomposite (Fe3O4@TAPB-Tp) were quickly fabricated at mild conditions and used as effective adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of zearalenone and its derivatives (ZEAs) from food samples prior to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Fa Wang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.,School of Light Work and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Guo-Dong Mu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.,School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Wang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Yin-Long Li
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Deng-Jun Lu
- School of Light Work and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Feng-Ming Chen
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Min-Li Yang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Mu-Yi He
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gao J, He S, Nag A, Wong JWC. A Review of the Use of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene-Based Sensors for the Detection of Aflatoxin M1 Compounds in Milk. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:3602. [PMID: 34064254 PMCID: PMC8196808 DOI: 10.3390/s21113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the detection of aflatoxin compounds using carbon allotrope-based sensors. Although aflatoxin M1 and its derivative aflatoxin B1 compounds have been primarily found in milk and other food products, their presence above a threshold concentration causes disastrous health-related anomalies in human beings, such as growth impairment, underweight and even carcinogenic and immunosuppressive effects. Among the many sensors developed to detect the presence of these compounds, the employment of certain carbon allotropes, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, has been highly preferred due to their enhanced electromechanical properties. These conductive nanomaterials have shown excellent quantitative performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity for the chosen aflatoxin compounds. This paper elucidates some of the significant examples of the CNTs and graphene-based sensors measuring Aflatoxin M1 (ATM1) and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) compounds at low concentrations. The fabrication technique and performance of each of the sensors are shown here, as well as some of the challenges existing with the current sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Gao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Shan He
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Anindya Nag
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 251600, China
| | - Jonathan Woon Chung Wong
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China;
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ma S, Pan LG, You T, Wang K. g-C 3N 4/Fe 3O 4 Nanocomposites as Adsorbents Analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS for Highly Sensitive Simultaneous Determination of 27 Mycotoxins in Maize: Aiming at Increasing Purification Efficiency and Reducing Time. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:4874-4882. [PMID: 33861062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
According to known studies, numerous mycotoxins have been found simultaneously in foods and have a certain expansion toxicity, so the simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins is absolutely critical. In this article, multifunctional magnetic g-C3N4/Fe3O4 nanocomposites have been fabricated to employ as modified QuEChERS adsorbents. In addition, they were also used in conjunction with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), an accurate quantitative approach, to analyze 27 mycotoxins in maize. The improved method not only has a powerful adsorption effect on the complex matrix by g-C3N4/Fe3O4 but also enables magnetic separation from the sample solution. Experiments proved that this method can exhibit good linearity under the appropriate and optimal external environment (r2 ≥ 0.9954), high sensitivity (the threshold of detection limit is 0.0004-0.6226 μg kg-1, and the threshold of quantification limit is 0.0014-2.0753 μg kg-1), adequate recoveries (77.81-115.21%), and excellent repeatability (with a threshold of intraday precision of 1.5-10.8% and interday precision in the range of 2.9-12.5%). In practice this method has been used to evaluate a variety of mycotoxins in maize specimens, and certain actual outcomes have been achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shu guang hua yuan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, P.R. China
| | - Li Gang Pan
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shu guang hua yuan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, P.R. China
| | - Tianyan You
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jia M, Liao X, Fang L, Jia B, Liu M, Li D, Zhou L, Kong W. Recent advances on immunosensors for mycotoxins in foods and other commodities. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 136:116193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
35
|
Vargas Medina DA, Bassolli Borsatto JV, Maciel EVS, Lanças FM. Current role of modern chromatography and mass spectrometry in the analysis of mycotoxins in food. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 135:116156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
36
|
Huang L, Shen R, Liu R, Xu S, Shuai Q. Facile fabrication of magnetic covalent organic frameworks for magnetic solid-phase extraction of diclofenac sodium in milk. Food Chem 2021; 347:129002. [PMID: 33482486 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A robust magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method based on magnetic covalent organic framework (MCOF) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet (UV)/mass spectrometry (MS) was proposed for the determination of trace diclofenac sodium (DS) in milk. The prepared MCOF exhibited high extraction efficiency, which can be attributed to its high specific surface area as well as strong π-π and hydrophobic interactions between MCOF and DS. In addition, the potential influencing factors, including sample volume, adsorbent dosage, extraction time, and elution parameters, were fully estimated. The experimental results demonstrated that the established method was sensitive for the quantification of DS with high accuracy. Remarkably, the detection limit of DS was found to be 10 ng/kg under the optimal conditions. More impressively, the developed method was successfully applied to monitor trace DS in milk, demonstrating its outstanding durability and practical potential as an appealing method to regular monitor trace pharmaceutical contaminants in real food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Rujia Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Shengrui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Xinlian College, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, PR China
| | - Qin Shuai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gao L, Sun Y, He L, Zhao W, Xiang G, Jiang X, Zhang S. A polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes/dual ligands-based magnetic adsorbent for effective extraction of aflatoxins in cereals via multiple interactions. Microchem J 2021; 160:105626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
38
|
Li N, Qiu J, Qian Y. Polyethyleneimine-modified magnetic carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the analysis of multi-class mycotoxins in milk via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:636-644. [PMID: 33216431 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyethyleneimine-modified magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes were developed to extract 10 mycotoxins. Simple modification of polyethyleneimine was achieved on the magnetic substrate by using an epoxy-containing silane agent as a linker. The resultant magnetic adsorbent was integrated with reverse phase and anion exchange interaction sites. Under optimal extraction conditions, only 20.0 mg adsorbent was used to extract the mycotoxins from 50.0 mL loading solution. The maximum adsorption capacities of the adsorbent toward the mycotoxins ranged from 4.9 to 10.2 mg/g. Adsorption and desorption were completed within 3.0 and 2.0 min, respectively. The adsorbent could be used for six repeated runs without evident change in extraction performance. The adsorbent combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied further to analyze the mycotoxins in milk. The absolute recoveries of the 10 mycotoxins ranged from 88.3 to 103.5% with relative standard deviations that ranged from 2.4 to 6.5%, and their limits of detection were 0.003 to 0.442 μg/kg. The proposed adsorbent has great potential in the routine analysis of mycotoxins in ordinary analytical chemistry laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yan XT, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li GH, Feng XS. Technical Overview of Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Its Application to the Detection of Small Molecules in Food (Update Since 2012). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:593-626. [PMID: 32880479 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1815168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Food safety and quality issues are becoming increasingly important and attract much attention, requiring the development of better analytical platforms. For example, high-resolution (especially Orbitrap) mass spectrometry simultaneously offers versatile functions such as targeted/non-targeted screening while providing qualitative and quantitative information on an almost unlimited number of analytes to facilitate routine analysis and even allows for official surveillance in the food field. This review covers the current state of Orbitrap mass spectrometry (OMS) usage in food analysis based on research reported in 2012-2019, particularly highlighting the technical aspects of OMS application and the achievement of OMS-based screening and quantitative analysis in the food field. The gained insights enhance our understanding of state-of-the-art high-resolution mass spectrometry and highlight the challenges and directions of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ting Yan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fan J, Liu Z, Li J, Zhou W, Gao H, Zhang S, Lu R. PEG-modified magnetic Schiff base network-1 materials for the magnetic solid phase extraction of benzoylurea pesticides from environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
41
|
Tang Y, Mu L, Cheng J, Du Z, Yang Y. Determination of Multi-Class Mycotoxins in Apples and Tomatoes by Combined Use of QuEChERS Method and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020; 13:1381-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
42
|
Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E137. [PMID: 32012820 PMCID: PMC7074356 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (E.S.); (T.V.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|