1
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Mendonça DA, Cadima-Couto I, Buga CC, Arnaut ZA, Schaberle FA, Arnaut LG, Castanho MARB, Cruz-Oliveira C. Repurposing anti-cancer porphyrin derivative drugs to target SARS-CoV-2 envelope. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116768. [PMID: 38795638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antiviral medicines to treat COVID-19 are still scarce. Porphyrins and porphyrin derivatives (PDs) usually present broad-spectrum antiviral activity with low risk of resistance development. In fact, some PDs are clinically approved to be used in anti-cancer photodynamic therapy and repurposing clinically approved PDs might be an alternative to treat COVID-19. Here, we characterize the ability of temoporfin, verteporfin, talaporfin and redaporfin to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 infectious particles. PDs light-dependent and -independent effect on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity were evaluated. PDs photoactivation successfully inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with very low concentrations and light dose. However, only temoporfin and verteporfin inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in the dark, being verteporfin the most effective. PDs treatment reduced viral load in infected Caco-2 cells, while not inducing cytotoxicity. Furthermore, light-independent treatment with temoporfin and verteporfin act on early stages of viral infection. Using lipid vehicles as membrane models, we characterized PDs interaction to the viral envelope. Verteporfin presented the lowest IC50 for viral inactivation and the highest partition coefficients (Kp) towards lipid bilayers. Curiously, although temoporfin and redaporfin presented similar Kps, redaporfin did not present light-independent antiviral activity, and only temoporfin and verteporfin caused lipid membrane disorder. In fact, redaporfin is located closer to the bilayer surface, while temoporfin and verteporfin are located closer to the centre. Our results suggest that viral envelope affinity, with penetration and destabilization of the lipid bilayer, seems critical to mediate PDs antiviral activity. Altogether, these findings open new avenues for the off-label application of temoporfin and verteporfin in the systemic treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A Mendonça
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Iris Cadima-Couto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Carolina C Buga
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Zoe A Arnaut
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal; CQC-IMS, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal
| | - Fabio A Schaberle
- CQC-IMS, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal
| | - Luis G Arnaut
- CQC-IMS, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal.
| | - Christine Cruz-Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal.
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2
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Zhang DW, Xie L, Xu XS, Li Y, Xu X. A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Molecule, Protoporphyrin IX, Acts as a Moderator of HIV-1 Capsid Assembly by Targeting the Capsid Hexamer. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0266322. [PMID: 36475726 PMCID: PMC9927277 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02663-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The capsid protein (CA), an essential component of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), represents an appealing target for antivirals. Small molecules targeting the CAI-binding cavity in the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 CA (CA CTD) confer potent antiviral activities. In this study, we report that a small molecule, protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), targets the HIV-1 CA by binding to this pocket. PPIX was identified via in vitro drug screening, using a homogeneous and time-resolved fluorescence-based assay. CA multimerization and a biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay showed that PPIX promoted CA multimerization and bound directly to CA. The binding model of PPIX to CA CTD revealed that PPIX forms hydrogen bonds with the L211and E212 residues in the CA CTD. Moreover, the BLI assay demonstrated that this compound preferentially binds to the CA hexamer versus the monomer. The superposition of the CAI CTD-PPIX complex and the hexameric CA structure suggests that PPIX binds to the interface formed by the NTD and the CTD between adjacent protomers in the CA hexamer via the T72 and E212 residues, serving as a glue to enhance the multimerization of CA. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that PPIX, a hexamer-targeted CA assembly enhancer, should be a new chemical probe for the discovery of modulators of the HIV-1 capsid assembly. IMPORTANCE CA and its assembled viral core play essential roles in distinct steps during HIV-1 replication, including reverse transcription, integration, nuclear entry, virus assembly, and maturation through CA-CA or CA-host factor interactions. These functions of CA are fundamental for HIV-1 pathogenesis, making it an appealing target for antiviral therapy. In the present study, we identified protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) as a candidate CA modulator that can promote CA assembly and prefers binding the CA hexamer versus the monomer. PPIX, like a glue, bound at the interfaces between CA subunits to accelerate CA multimerization. Therefore, PPIX could be used as a new lead for a CA modulator, and it holds potential research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Liangxu Xie
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Yimin Li
- College of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory for Research and Development of “Qin Medicine” of Shaanxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xixian New District, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
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3
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Sengupta D, Rai M, Hoque Mazumdar Z, Sharma D, Malabika Singha K, Pandey P, Gaur R. Two cationic meso-thiophenium porphyrins and their zinc-complexes as anti-HIV-1 and antibacterial agents under non-photodynamic therapy (PDT) conditions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 65:128699. [PMID: 35341921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The anti-HIV-1 and antimicrobial activities of novel cationic meso-thiophenium porphyrins and their zinc-complex are reported under in vitro non-photodynamic (PDT) conditions. While all the cationic porphyrins led to the inhibition of de novo virus infection, the Zn(II)-complexes of T2(OH)2M (A2B2-type) and T(OH)3M (AB3-type) displayed potent inhibition of HIV-1 entry with T2(OH)2MZn displaying maximal anti-HIV activity. The Zinc complex of both the thiophenium porphyrins T2(OH)2M and T(OH)3M also depicted antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and more prominently against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Again, the antibacterial activity was more potent for T2(OH)2MZn. Our study highlighted that the presence of two thiophenium groups at the meso-positions of the A2B2-type porphyrins along with zinc strongly enhanced anti-HIV and antimicrobial properties of these novel thiophenium porphyrins under non-PDT conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India.
| | - Madhu Rai
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi 110021, India
| | | | - Debdulal Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - K Malabika Singha
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India.
| | - Ritu Gaur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi 110021, India.
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4
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The role of UV and blue light in photo-eradication of microorganisms. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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5
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Potential Antiviral Properties of Industrially Important Marine Algal Polysaccharides and Their Significance in Fighting a Future Viral Pandemic. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091817. [PMID: 34578399 PMCID: PMC8473461 DOI: 10.3390/v13091817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the decades, the world has witnessed diverse virus associated pandemics. The significant inhibitory effects of marine sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2 shows its therapeutic potential in future biomedical applications and drug development. Algal polysaccharides exhibited significant role in antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidative, antiviral, anticoagulant, antihepatotoxic and immunomodulating activities. Owing to their health benefits, the sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae are a great deal of interest globally. Algal polysaccharides such as agar, alginate, carrageenans, porphyran, fucoidan, laminaran and ulvans are investigated for their nutraceutical potential at different stages of infection processes, structural diversity, complexity and mechanism of action. In this review, we focus on the recent antiviral studies of the marine algae-based polysaccharides and their potential towards antiviral medicines.
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6
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Mostashari Rad T, Saghaie L, Fassihi A. HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors: A Review of Experimental and Computational Studies. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800159. [PMID: 30027572 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 life cycle consists of different events, such as cell entry and fusion, virus replication, assembly and release of the newly formed virions. The more logical way to inhibit HIV transmission among individuals is to inhibit its entry into the immune host cells rather than targeting the intracellular viral enzymes. Both viral and host cell surface receptors and co-receptors are regarded as potential targets in anti-HIV-1 drug design process. Because of the importance of this topic it was decided to summarize recent reports on small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors that have not been considered in the latest released reviews. All the computational studies reported in the literature regarding HIV-1 entry inhibitors since 2014 was also considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Mostashari Rad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran
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7
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Sun Z, Yan L, Tang J, Qian Q, Lenberg J, Zhu D, Liu W, Wu K, Wang Y, Lu S. Brief introduction of current technologies in isolation of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies. Virus Res 2017; 243:75-82. [PMID: 29051051 PMCID: PMC7114535 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV/AIDS has become a worldwide pandemic. Before an effective HIV-1 vaccine eliciting broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnmAbs) is fully developed, passive immunization for prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection may alleviate the burden caused by the pandemic. Among HIV-1 infected individuals, about 20% of them generated cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies two to four years after infection, the details of which could provide knowledge for effective vaccine design. Recent progress in techniques for isolation of human broadly neutralizing antibodies has facilitated the study of passive immunization. The isolation and characterization of large panels of potent human broadly neutralizing antibodies has revealed new insights into the principles of antibody-mediated neutralization of HIV. In this paper, we review the current effective techniques in broadly neutralizing antibody isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Sun
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, United States.
| | - Lixin Yan
- Harbin Medical University Affiliated 2nd Hospital, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Jiansong Tang
- Department of Technical Specialist, China Bioengineering Technology Group Limited, Unit 209,Building 16W, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, HK, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Qian Qian
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, United States
| | - Jerica Lenberg
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, United States; Augustana University, 2001 S Summit Avenue, Sioux Falls, SD, 571977, United States
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Wan Liu
- Harbin Medical University Affiliated 2nd Hospital, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Kao Wu
- Glyn O. Philips Hydrocolloid Research Center at HUT, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- University of California, Irvine. 100 Pacific, Irvine, CA, 92618, United States
| | - Shiqiang Lu
- AIDS Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, No21 Sassoon Road, 999077, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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8
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Song R, Witvrouw M, Schols D, Robert A, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Bemadou J, Meunier B. Anti-HIV Activities of Anionic Metalloporphyrins and Related Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Various water-soluble polysulphonated and polycarboxylated porphyrins and some of their metallated derivatives have been prepared and their antiviral properties against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2), simian immunodeficiency virus and other viruses are reported. Besides these polyanionic compounds, two new series of porphyrins were included and studied from the perspective of bio-availability modulation: (i) acefylsulphonamido derivatives endowed with weak acidity properties (deprotonation gives the corresponding anionic derivatives in a pH range 4.5-8.5) and (ii) compounds with the anionic charge transiently masked by esterification (acetoxymethyl- and pivaloyloxymethylesters). Among the more active compounds in inhibiting HIV-induced cytopathic effects, the sulphonated and carboxylated porphyrin complexes were found to interact directly with the HIV protein gp 120 and not with the CD4 cellular receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Song
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - M Witvrouw
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Bemadou
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - B Meunier
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France
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9
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Lecerf M, Scheel T, Pashov AD, Jarossay A, Ohayon D, Planchais C, Mesnage S, Berek C, Kaveri SV, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Dimitrov JD. Prevalence and gene characteristics of antibodies with cofactor-induced HIV-1 specificity. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5203-5213. [PMID: 25564611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthy immune repertoire contains a fraction of antibodies that bind to various biologically relevant cofactors, including heme. Interaction of heme with some antibodies results in induction of new antigen binding specificities and acquisition of binding polyreactivity. In vivo, extracellular heme is released as a result of hemolysis or tissue damage; hence the post-translational acquisition of novel antigen specificities might play an important role in the diversification of the immunoglobulin repertoire and host defense. Here, we demonstrate that seronegative immune repertoires contain antibodies that gain reactivity to HIV-1 gp120 upon exposure to heme. Furthermore, a panel of human recombinant antibodies was cloned from different B cell subpopulations, and the prevalence of antibodies with cofactor-induced specificity for gp120 was determined. Our data reveal that upon exposure to heme, ∼24% of antibodies acquired binding specificity for divergent strains of HIV-1 gp120. Sequence analyses reveal that heme-sensitive antibodies do not differ in their repertoire of variable region genes and in most of the molecular features of their antigen-binding sites from antibodies that do not change their antigen binding specificity. However, antibodies with cofactor-induced gp120 specificity possess significantly lower numbers of somatic mutations in their variable region genes. This study contributes to the understanding of the significance of cofactor-binding antibodies in immunoglobulin repertoires and of the influence that the tissue microenvironment might have in shaping adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lecerf
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Tobias Scheel
- the Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastas D Pashov
- the Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria, and
| | - Annaelle Jarossay
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Ohayon
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Stephane Mesnage
- the Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Berek
- the Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Srinivas V Kaveri
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; the Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, F-75006 Paris, France,; INSERM U1138, F-75006 Paris, France,.
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10
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Dimitrov JD, Planchais C, Scheel T, Ohayon D, Mesnage S, Berek C, Kaveri SV, Lacroix-Desmazes S. A cryptic polyreactive antibody recognizes distinct clades of HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 by an identical binding mechanism. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17767-79. [PMID: 24802758 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.556266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyreactive antibodies play an important role for neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In addition to intrinsic polyreactive antibodies, the immune system of healthy individuals contains antibodies with cryptic polyreactivity. These antibodies acquire promiscuous antigen binding potential post-translationally, after exposure to various redox-active substances such as reactive oxygen species, iron ions, and heme. Here, we characterized the interaction of a prototypic human antibody that acquires binding potential to glycoprotein (gp) 120 after exposure to heme. The kinetic and thermodynamic analyses of interaction of the polyreactive antibody with distinct clades of gp120 demonstrated that the antigen-binding promiscuity of the antibody compensates for the molecular heterogeneity of the target antigen. Thus, the polyreactive antibody recognized divergent gp120 clades with similar values of the binding kinetics and quantitatively identical changes in the activation thermodynamic parameters. Moreover, this antibody utilized the same type of noncovalent forces for formation of complexes with gp120. In contrast, HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals, F425 B4a1 and b12, demonstrated different binding behavior upon interaction with distinct variants of gp120. This study contributes to a better understanding of the physiological role and binding mechanism of antibodies with cryptic polyreactivity. Moreover, this study might be of relevance for understanding the basic aspects of HIV-1 interaction with human antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Dimitrov
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138, 75006 Paris, France, the Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138, Paris, France, INSERM U1138, 75006 Paris, France,
| | - Cyril Planchais
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138, 75006 Paris, France, the Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138, Paris, France, INSERM U1138, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Tobias Scheel
- the Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 13092 Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Delphine Ohayon
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138, 75006 Paris, France, the Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138, Paris, France, INSERM U1138, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Stephane Mesnage
- the Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Berek
- the Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 13092 Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Srinivas V Kaveri
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138, 75006 Paris, France, the Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138, Paris, France, INSERM U1138, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes
- From the Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138, 75006 Paris, France, the Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche S 1138, Paris, France, INSERM U1138, 75006 Paris, France
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11
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Bell NM, L'Hernault A, Murat P, Richards JE, Lever AML, Balasubramanian S. Targeting RNA-protein interactions within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 lifecycle. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9269-74. [PMID: 24358934 PMCID: PMC3928988 DOI: 10.1021/bi401270d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
RNA–protein
interactions are vital throughout the HIV-1
life cycle for the successful production of infectious virus particles.
One such essential RNA–protein interaction occurs between the
full-length genomic viral RNA and the major structural protein of
the virus. The initial interaction is between the Gag polyprotein
and the viral RNA packaging signal (psi or Ψ), a highly conserved
RNA structural element within the 5′-UTR of the HIV-1 genome,
which has gained attention as a potential therapeutic target. Here,
we report the application of a target-based assay to identify small
molecules, which modulate the interaction between Gag and Ψ.
We then demonstrate that one such molecule exhibits potent inhibitory
activity in a viral replication assay. The mode of binding of the
lead molecules to the RNA target was characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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12
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Zhang H, Curreli F, Waheed AA, Mercredi PY, Mehta M, Bhargava P, Scacalossi D, Tong X, Lee S, Cooper A, Summers MF, Freed EO, Debnath AK. Dual-acting stapled peptides target both HIV-1 entry and assembly. Retrovirology 2013; 10:136. [PMID: 24237936 PMCID: PMC3842668 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previously, we reported the conversion of the 12-mer linear and cell-impermeable peptide CAI to a cell-penetrating peptide NYAD-1 by using an i,i + 4 hydrocarbon stapling technique and confirmed its binding to the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein with an improved affinity (Kd ~ 1 μM) compared to CAI (Kd ~ 15 μM). NYAD-1 disrupts the formation of both immature- and mature-like virus particles in in vitro and cell-based assembly assays. In addition, it displays potent anti-HIV-1 activity in cell culture against a range of laboratory-adapted and primary HIV-1 isolates. Results In this report, we expanded the study to i,i + 7 hydrocarbon-stapled peptides to delineate their mechanism of action and antiviral activity. We identified three potent inhibitors, NYAD-36, -66 and -67, which showed strong binding to CA in NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies and disrupted the formation of mature-like particles. They showed typical α-helical structures and penetrated cells; however, the cell penetration was not as efficient as observed with the i,i + 4 peptides. Unlike NYAD-1, the i,i + 7 peptides did not have any effect on virus release; however, they impaired Gag precursor processing. HIV-1 particles produced in the presence of these peptides displayed impaired infectivity. Consistent with an effect on virus entry, selection for viral resistance led to the emergence of two mutations in the gp120 subunit of the viral envelope (Env) glycoprotein, V120Q and A327P, located in the conserved region 1 (C1) and the base of the V3 loop, respectively. Conclusion The i,i + 7 stapled peptides derived from CAI unexpectedly target both CA and the V3 loop of gp120. This dual-targeted activity is dependent on their ability to penetrate cells as well as their net charge. This mechanistic revelation will be useful in further modifying these peptides as potent anti-HIV-1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Asim K Debnath
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Drug Design, Lindsley F, Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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13
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Schmidt WN, Mathahs MM, Zhu Z. Heme and HO-1 Inhibition of HCV, HBV, and HIV. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:129. [PMID: 23060790 PMCID: PMC3463857 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis B virus are chronic viral infections that cause considerable morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In the decades following the identification and sequencing of these viruses, in vitro experiments demonstrated that heme oxygenase-1, its oxidative products, and related compounds of the heme oxygenase system inhibit replication of all 3 viruses. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate and summarize the seminal studies that described and characterized this remarkable behavior. It will also discuss more recent work that discovered the antiviral mechanisms and target sites of these unique antiviral agents. In spite of the fact that these viruses are diverse pathogens with quite profound differences in structure and life cycle, it is significant that heme and related compounds show striking similarity for viral target sites across all three species. Collectively, these findings strongly indicate that we should move forward and develop heme and related tetrapyrroles into versatile antiviral agents that could be used therapeutically in patients with single or multiple viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren N Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine and Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Roy G. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA
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14
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Costa L, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Cunha Â, Almeida A. Photodynamic inactivation of mammalian viruses and bacteriophages. Viruses 2012; 4:1034-74. [PMID: 22852040 PMCID: PMC3407894 DOI: 10.3390/v4071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been used to inactivate microorganisms through the use of photosensitizers. The inactivation of mammalian viruses and bacteriophages by photosensitization has been applied with success since the first decades of the last century. Due to the fact that mammalian viruses are known to pose a threat to public health and that bacteriophages are frequently used as models of mammalian viruses, it is important to know and understand the mechanisms and photodynamic procedures involved in their photoinactivation. The aim of this review is to (i) summarize the main approaches developed until now for the photodynamic inactivation of bacteriophages and mammalian viruses and, (ii) discuss and compare the present state of the art of mammalian viruses PDI with phage photoinactivation, with special focus on the most relevant mechanisms, molecular targets and factors affecting the viral inactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Costa
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (L.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Maria Amparo F. Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
| | - Maria Graça P. M. S. Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.)
| | - Ângela Cunha
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (L.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (L.C.); (A.C.)
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15
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Abstract
The synthesis of three novel axial dinucleosides was successfully accomplished. The compounds are 5″- O , 5″- O -dithymidylphosphorus(V)-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin, 5″- O , 3″- O -dithymi-dylphosphorus(V)-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin, and 3″- O , 3″- O -dithymidylphosphorus(V)tetraphenylporo-phyrin. These compounds could provide a lead toward the synthesis of an oligo-porphyrinyl DNA analogue that represents a system containing phosphorus(V)porphine units axially connected through the 5″- O -thymidine-3″- O bridges.
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16
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Validation of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model for photosensitizer activity prediction. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:8626-44. [PMID: 22272096 PMCID: PMC3257093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12128626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a relatively new treatment method for cancer which utilizes a combination of oxygen, a photosensitizer and light to generate reactive singlet oxygen that eradicates tumors via direct cell-killing, vasculature damage and engagement of the immune system. Most of photosensitizers that are in clinical and pre-clinical assessments, or those that are already approved for clinical use, are mainly based on cyclic tetrapyrroles. In an attempt to discover new effective photosensitizers, we report the use of the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) method to develop a model that could correlate the structural features of cyclic tetrapyrrole-based compounds with their photodynamic therapy (PDT) activity. In this study, a set of 36 porphyrin derivatives was used in the model development where 24 of these compounds were in the training set and the remaining 12 compounds were in the test set. The development of the QSAR model involved the use of the multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) method. Based on the method, r2 value, r2 (CV) value and r2 prediction value of 0.87, 0.71 and 0.70 were obtained. The QSAR model was also employed to predict the experimental compounds in an external test set. This external test set comprises 20 porphyrin-based compounds with experimental IC50 values ranging from 0.39 μM to 7.04 μM. Thus the model showed good correlative and predictive ability, with a predictive correlation coefficient (r2 prediction for external test set) of 0.52. The developed QSAR model was used to discover some compounds as new lead photosensitizers from this external test set.
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17
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Andrianov AM. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 gp120 V3 loop for anti-acquired immune deficiency syndrome drug discovery: computer-aided approaches to the problem solving. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:419-35. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.560603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Andrianov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich Street 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Republic of Belarus +375 17 2678263 ; +375 17 2241214 ;
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18
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Watanabe K, Negi S, Sugiura Y, Kiriyama A, Honbo A, Iga K, Kodama E, Naitoh T, Matsuoka M, Kano K. Binding of Multivalent Anionic Porphyrins to V3 Loop Fragments of an HIV-1 Envelope and Their Antiviral Activity. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:825-34. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Dehe D, Lothschütz C, Thiel WR. Novel pyrazole functionalized phthalocyanines and their first row transition metal complexes. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9nj00485h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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The phthalocyanine prototype derivative Alcian Blue is the first synthetic agent with selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity due to its gp120 glycan-binding potential. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4852-9. [PMID: 19721061 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00811-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcian Blue (AB), a phthalocyanine derivative, is able to prevent infection by a wide spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus strains in various cell types [T cells, (co)receptor-transfected cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells]. With the exception of herpes simplex virus, AB is inactive against a broad variety of other (DNA and RNA) viruses. Time-of-addition studies show that AB prevents HIV-1 infection at the virus entry stage, exactly at the same time as carbohydrate-binding agents do. AB also efficiently prevents fusion between persistently HIV-1-infected HUT-78 cells and uninfected (CD4(+)) lymphocytes, DC-SIGN-directed HIV-1 capture, and subsequent transmission to uninfected (CD4(+)) T lymphocytes. Prolonged passaging of HIV-1 at dose-escalating concentrations of AB resulted in the selection of mutant virus strains in which several N-glycans of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope were deleted and in which positively charged amino acid mutations in both gp120 and gp41 appeared. A mutant virus strain in which four N-glycans were deleted showed a 10-fold decrease in sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of AB. These data suggest that AB is likely endowed with carbohydrate-binding properties and can be considered an important lead compound in the development of novel synthetic nonpeptidic antiviral drugs targeting the glycans of the envelope of HIV.
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21
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Mosinger J, Slavetínská L, Lang K, Coufal P, Kubát P. Cyclodextrin carriers of positively charged porphyrin sensitizers. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3797-804. [PMID: 19707685 DOI: 10.1039/b908772a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cationic sensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (TMPyP) forms supramolecular complexes with native, per-methylated, sulfonated and dimethyl-sulfonated cyclodextrins (CDs). Binding interactions were proved by NMR, mass spectra, capillary zone electrophoresis, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The 2D-NMR experiments on native CDs indicate that the interaction of TMPyP with the external CD surface is the dominant binding mode. The high binding affinity of TMPyP towards sulfonated CDs is due to electrostatic interactions. Binding is accompanied by an increase of the TMPyP basicity. Whereas betaCD does not affect the lifetime of the TMPyP triplet states, binding with sulfonated CDs causes the protonation of the TMPyP triplet states even in neutral solution. The diprotonated anionic sensitizer 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPSH(2)(2+)) forms host-guest complexes with native betaCD and gammaCD, similarly as in its non-protonated state. The positive charge of pyrrole nitrogen atoms does not significantly influence the mode of the interaction. In contrast to TMPyP, the lifetimes of the triplet states of bound TPPSH(2)(2+) to native CDs increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirí Mosinger
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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22
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Mittal R, McKinnon R, Sorich M. The Effect of Molecular Fields, Lattice Spacing and Analysis Options on CoMFA Predictive Ability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200860128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Predicting anti-HIV activity of 1,1,3-trioxo[1,2,4]-thiadiazine (TTD) derivatives: 3D QSAR approach. Med Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-008-9145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Reisner HM, Lundblad RL. Identifying residues in antigenic determinants by chemical modification. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 524:103-117. [PMID: 19377940 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-450-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modification of the side chains of amino acid residues was one of the first methods developed to investigate epitopes in protein antigens. The principle of the method is that alteration of the structure of a key residue of an epitope by a chemical modification will alter reactivity with antibody by affecting either specificity or avidity or both. Chemical modification has the advantage that it can be applied to discontinuous as well as continuous epitopes and may be of value in identifying cryptic epitopes. We consider here the several recent studies that have applied site-specific chemical modification to the identification of epitopes on antigens, including the use of formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and acid anhydrides, to produce allergoids where determinants important to reaction with IgE are modified but the ability to elicit an IgG response is retained. It is noteworthy that modification of amino groups with charge reversal appears to be the most useful approach. The approach to the use of site-specific chemical modification as a tool for the study of protein function is discussed, and emphasis is placed on the necessity to (1) validate the specificity of modification and (2) assess potential conformational change that may occur secondary to modification. Finally, a list of chemical reagents used for protein modification is presented, together with properties and references to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard M Reisner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, PO Box 16695, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
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25
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Guo YJ, Chao JB, Pan JH. Study on the interaction of 5-pyridine-10,15,20-tris-(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin with cyclodextrins and DNA by spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 68:231-6. [PMID: 17270489 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of 5-pyridine-10,15,20-tris-(p-chlorophenyl)porphyrin (PyTPP) with beta-CD and TM-beta-CD were examined by UV-vis absorption, fluorescence and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. PyTPP prefers to form the 1:1 inclusion complex with TM-beta-CD but hardly form inclusion complex with beta-CD. An inclusion constant (K) for the formation of PyTPP-TM-beta-CD inclusion complex has been evaluated to be 4.4x10(3)L/mol from the absorbance changes. This K value is nearly the same as that 4.5x10(3)L/mol obtained from the fluorescence intensity changes. Compared to beta-CD, the inclusion ability of TM-beta-CD with PyTPP is stronger. It indicates that the hydrophobic effect plays an important role in the inclusion procedure. The mechanism of inclusion interaction was carried out by 1H NMR technique. Furthermore, the interaction of PyTPP with DNA is shown here. It can bind DNA by out-side stacking along the DNA helix but not by intercalation because of the high electron density in the porphyrin core. The binding constant and binding number of PyTPP to DNA are 4.3x10(3) and 1.3, respectively. The interaction of PyTPP with DNA was further carried out in the presence of TM-beta-CD. The significant decrease of the binding constant and binding number were observed and the interaction of porphyrin-bound DNA has been inhibited, which was due to the fact that PyTPP inter into the cavity of TM-beta-CD and influence binding affinity of PyTPP to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
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26
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Vanyúr R, Héberger K, Kövesdi I, Jakus J. Prediction of Tumoricidal Activity and Accumulation of Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy Using Multiple Linear Regression and Artificial Neural Networks¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750471potaaa2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Ravichandran V, Agrawal RK. Predicting anti-HIV activity of PETT derivatives: CoMFA approach. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2197-202. [PMID: 17307357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1) is the pathogenic retrovirus and causative agent of AIDS. HIV-1 RT is one of the key enzymes in the duplication of HIV-1. Inhibitors of HIV-1 RT are classified as NNRTIs and NRTIs. NNRTIs bind in a region not associated with the active site of the enzyme. Within the NNRTIs category, there is a set of inhibitors commonly referred to as phenyl ethyl thiazolyl thiourea (PETT) derivatives. The present 3D QSAR study attempts to explore the structural requirements of phenyl ethyl thiazolyl thiourea (PETT) derivatives for anti-HIV activity. Based on the structures and biodata of previous PETT analogs, 3D-QSAR (CoMFA) study has been performed with a training set consisting of 60 molecules, which resulted in a reliable computational model with q(2)=0.657, S(PRESS)=0.957, r(2)=0.938, and standard error of estimation (SEE)=0.270 with the number of partial least square (PLS) components being 5. It is shown that the steric and electrostatic properties predicted by CoMFA contours can be related to the anti-HIV activity. The predictive ability of the resultant model was evaluated using a test set comprised of 11 molecules and the predicted r(2)=0.893. This model is a more significant guide to trace the features that really matter especially with respect to the design of novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ravichandran
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, MP 470 003, India.
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28
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Sondhi SM, Verma RP, Sharma VK, Singhal N, Kraus JL, Camplo M, Chermann JC. SYNTHESIS AND ANTI-HIV SCREENING OF SOME HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509708043511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sham M. Sondhi
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Roorkee , Roorkee, 247667, U.P, India
| | - Rajeshwar P. Verma
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Roorkee , Roorkee, 247667, U.P, India
| | - Vinay K. Sharma
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Roorkee , Roorkee, 247667, U.P, India
| | - Nidhi Singhal
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Roorkee , Roorkee, 247667, U.P, India
| | - Jean L. Kraus
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, INSERM u-322 Rétrovirus et Maladies Associées , Campus Universitaire de Luminy BP 33, 13273, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Michel Camplo
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, INSERM u-322 Rétrovirus et Maladies Associées , Campus Universitaire de Luminy BP 33, 13273, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Claude Chermann
- b Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, INSERM u-322 Rétrovirus et Maladies Associées , Campus Universitaire de Luminy BP 33, 13273, Marseille Cedex 9, France
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Vzorov AN, Bozja J, Dixon DW, Marzilli LG, Compans RW. Parameters of inhibition of HIV-1 infection by small anionic microbicides. Antiviral Res 2006; 73:60-8. [PMID: 16949681 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonated porphyrins and phthalocyanines have been shown to have anti-HIV activity and are under consideration as microbicides. Both categories of compounds are small negatively charged molecules and both were previously shown to inhibit cell fusion induced by the HIV Env protein and to block binding of gp120 to the CD4 receptor. In the present study we show that these compounds inhibit transmission of cell-associated HIV, inactivate a broad range of HIV-1 primary isolates and are active against DS polyanion-resistant virus. The compounds tested are active over a range of pH values, and possess no detectable activity against normal bacterial flora. These results support the conclusion that anionic tetrapyrroles are promising candidates as microbicides for HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei N Vzorov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Room 3001, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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30
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Mosinger J, Janošková M, Lang K, Kubát P. Light-induced aggregation of cationic porphyrins. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Zhao Q, Ma L, Jiang S, Lu H, Liu S, He Y, Strick N, Neamati N, Debnath AK. Identification of N-phenyl-N'-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-oxalamides as a new class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors that prevent gp120 binding to CD4. Virology 2005; 339:213-25. [PMID: 15996703 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have identified two N-phenyl-N'-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yl)-oxalamide analogs as a novel class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry inhibitors that block the gp120-CD4 interaction, using database screening techniques. The lead compounds, NBD-556 and NBD-557, are small molecule organic compounds with drug-like properties. These compounds showed potent cell fusion and virus-cell fusion inhibitory activity at low micromolar levels. A systematic study showed that these compounds target viral entry by inhibiting the binding of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the cellular receptor CD4 but did not inhibit reverse transcriptase, integrase, or protease, indicating that they do not target the later stages of the HIV-1 life cycle to inhibit HIV-1 infection. These compounds were equally potent inhibitors of both X4 and R5 viruses tested in CXCR4 and CCR5 expressing cell lines, respectively, indicating that their anti-HIV-1 activity is not dependent on the coreceptor tropism of the virus. A surface plasmon resonance study, which measures binding affinity, clearly demonstrated that these compounds bind to unliganded HIV-1 gp120 but not to the cellular receptor CD4. NBD-556 and NBD-557 were active against HIV-1 laboratory-adapted strains including an AZT-resistant strain and HIV-1 primary isolates, indicating that these compounds can potentially be further modified to become potent HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design of the Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of The New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Liu J, Shi S, Ji LN, Mei WJ. Investigation on DNA Binding and Photo-Cleavage Properties of Water-Soluble Porphyrin and Metalloporphyrins. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-005-5273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Dixon DW, Gill AF, Giribabu L, Vzorov AN, Alam AB, Compans RW. Sulfonated naphthyl porphyrins as agents against HIV-1. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 99:813-21. [PMID: 15708803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonated 5,10,15,20-tetra(1-naphthyl)porphyrin (T1NapS) and 5,10,15,20-tetra(2-naphthyl)porphyrin (T2NapS) and their copper and iron chelates show activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). The porphyrins were prepared by sulfonation of the parent structures with sulfuric acid. More highly sulfonated structures were prepared by sulfonation for longer times. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry showed species with as many as eight sulfonates. Some of the mass spectral peaks for the copper chelates were consistent with loss of water, apparently from intramolecular sulfone formation between two adjacent naphthalene rings that took place during copper insertion. The compounds could be separated using capillary electrophoresis; addition of beta- or gamma-cyclodextrin gave substantially better separation of the components. Activity against HIV was evaluated using an epithelial HeLa-CD4-CCR5 cell line; EC50 values for HIV-1 IIIB and HIV-1 JR-FL ranged from 1 to 15 microg/ml. The compounds exhibit low toxicity for human epithelial cells and have potential as microbicides which might be used to provide protection against sexual transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabney W Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Zhao Q, He Y, Alespeiti G, Debnath AK. A novel assay to identify entry inhibitors that block binding of HIV-1 gp120 to CCR5. Virology 2004; 326:299-309. [PMID: 15321703 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Revised: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is initiated by the interaction of the envelope glycoprotein gp120 with the cellular receptor CD4 that triggers conformational changes in gp120 necessary for subsequent interaction with a coreceptor CCR5 (or CXCR4). The CD4-induced (CD4i) conformation of gp120 can be mimicked by a full-length single chain (FLSC) protein consisting of gp120 linked with the D1D2 domains of CD4 by a 20-amino-acid linker. We have used this protein to establish a flow cytometry-based assay and an ELISA-based assay to identify inhibitors that block the binding of gp120 to CCR5. Both assays are specific for detecting the known CCR5 antagonist TAK-779, but the ELISA-based assay was more sensitive, simple, inexpensive, and rapid; thus, it can be adapted to high throughput screening (HTS). The ELISA-based method was validated with a diverse set of known antagonists, for example, TAK-779, AOP-RANTES, PSC-RANTES, and several mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of The New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Zhou Z, Madura JD. Relative free energy of binding and binding mode calculations of HIV-1 RT inhibitors based on dock-MM-PB/GS. Proteins 2004; 57:493-503. [PMID: 15382241 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydroimidazo-[4,5,l-jk][1,4]-benzodiazepin-2-(1H)-one (TIBO) derivatives are important nonnucleoside human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI). Several TIBO derivatives have shown high potency to inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT) and one (Tivirapine) has entered into clinical trials. The free energy of binding (FEB) is a numerical way to express the binding affinity of a ligand to its receptor and has been applied in screening candidates in rational drug design. In this work, the FEB of 42 TIBOs in RT was studied. Relative FEB is expressed in the form of a linear combination of vdW, electrostatic, solvation, and nonpolar solvation energy terms. The predicted FEB activity of the TIBOs studied has a good correlation (r(2) = 0.8680, q(2) = 0.8298) with respect to the experimental activity (pIC(50)). Based on the data reported here, the Finite Difference Poisson Boltzmann with a Gaussian Smooth Dielectric Constant Function method (PB/GS) solvation energy term is very important in predicting the binding affinity of TIBOs in RT. In summary, the Dock-Molecular Mechanics (MM)-PB/GS method is a promising technique in predicting ligand/receptor binding affinity and it can be used to screen relatively large sets of molecules in a reasonable amount of computer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
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36
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Lang K, Mosinger J, Wagnerová D. Photophysical properties of porphyrinoid sensitizers non-covalently bound to host molecules; models for photodynamic therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chen-Collins ARM, Dixon DW, Vzorov AN, Marzilli LG, Compans RW. Prevention of poxvirus infection by tetrapyrroles. BMC Infect Dis 2003; 3:9. [PMID: 12773208 PMCID: PMC166128 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2002] [Accepted: 05/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevention of poxvirus infection is a topic of great current interest. We report inhibition of vaccinia virus in cell culture by porphyrins and phthalocyanines. Most previous work on the inhibition of viruses with tetrapyrroles has involved photodynamic mechanisms. The current study, however, investigates light-independent inhibition activity. METHODS The Western Reserve (WR) and International Health Department-J (IHD-J) strains of vaccinia virus were used. Virucidal and antiviral activities as well as the cytotoxicity of test compounds were determined. RESULTS Examples of active compounds include zinc protoporphyrin, copper hematoporphyrin, meso(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, the sulfonated tetra-1-naphthyl and tetra-1-anthracenylporphyrins, selected sulfonated derivatives of halogenated tetraphenyl porphyrins and the copper chelate of tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine. EC50 values for the most active compounds are as low as 0.05 microg/mL (40 nM). One of the most active compounds was the neutral meso(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin, indicating that the compounds do not have to be negatively charged to be active. CONCLUSIONS Porphyrins and phthalocyanines have been found to be potent inhibitors of infection by vaccinia virus in cell culture. These tetrapyrroles were found to be active against two different virus strains, and against both enveloped and non-enveloped forms of the virus, indicating that these compounds may be broadly effective in their ability to inhibit poxvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dabney W Dixon
- Department of Chemistry Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Andrei N Vzorov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Luigi G Marzilli
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Richard W Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Vzorov AN, Dixon DW, Trommel JS, Marzilli LG, Compans RW. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by porphyrins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:3917-25. [PMID: 12435696 PMCID: PMC132794 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.12.3917-3925.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity of a series of natural and synthetic porphyrins to identify compounds that could potentially be used as microbicides to provide a defense against infection by sexually transmitted virus. For assays we used an epithelial HeLa-CD4 cell line with an integrated long terminal repeat-beta-galactosidase gene. For structure-activity analysis, we divided the porphyrins tested into three classes: (i) natural porphyrins, (ii) metallo-tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonate (metallo-TPPS4) derivatives, and (iii) sulfonated tetra-arylporphyrin derivatives. None of the natural porphyrins studied reduced infection by more than 80% at a concentration of 5 micro g/ml in these assays. Some metal chelates of TPPS4 were more active, and a number of sulfonated tetra-aryl derivatives showed significantly higher activity. Some of the most active compounds were the sulfonated tetranaphthyl porphyrin (TNapPS), sulfonated tetra-anthracenyl porphyrin (TAnthPS), and sulfonated 2,6-difluoro-meso-tetraphenylporphine [TPP(2,6-F2)S] and its copper chelate [TPP(2,6-F2)S,Cu], which reduced infection by 99, 96, 94, and 96%, respectively. Our observations indicate that at least some of these compounds are virucidal, i.e., that they render the virus noninfectious. The active compounds were found to inhibit binding of the HIV type 1 gp120 to CD4 and also to completely inhibit the ability of Env proteins expressed from recombinant vectors to induce cell fusion with receptor-bearing target cells. These results support the conclusion that modified porphyrins exhibit substantial activity against HIV and that their target is the HIV Env protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei N Vzorov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Kubát P, Lang K, Král V, Anzenbacher P. Preprogramming of Porphyrin−Nucleic Acid Assemblies via Variation of the Alkyl/Aryl Substituents of Phosphonium Tetratolylporphyrins. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014405x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubát
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 182 23 Praha 8, Czech Republic, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic, Institute of Chemical Technology at Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Overman Hall, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
| | - Kamil Lang
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 182 23 Praha 8, Czech Republic, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic, Institute of Chemical Technology at Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Overman Hall, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
| | - Vladimír Král
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 182 23 Praha 8, Czech Republic, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic, Institute of Chemical Technology at Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Overman Hall, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 182 23 Praha 8, Czech Republic, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic, Institute of Chemical Technology at Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic, and Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Overman Hall, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403
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Vanyrúr R, Héberger K, Kövesdi I, Jakus J. Prediction of tumoricidal activity and accumulation of photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy using multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 75:471-8. [PMID: 12017472 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)075<0471:potaaa>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The biological activities of a congeneric series of pyropheophorbides used as sensitizers in photodynamic therapy have been predicted on the basis of their molecular structures, using multiple linear regression and artificial neural network (ANN) computations. Theoretical descriptors (a total of 81) were calculated by the 3DNET program based on the three-dimensional structure (3D) of the geometry-optimized molecules. These input descriptors were tested as independent variables and used for model building. Systematic descriptor selections yielded models with one, two or three descriptors with good cross-validation results. The predictive abilities of the best fitting models were checked by shuffling and cross-validation procedures. ANN was suitable for building models for both linear and nonlinear relationships. Lipophilicity was sufficient to predict the accumulation of the sensitizers in the target tissue. Weighted holistic invariant molecular descriptors weighted by atomic mass, Van der Waals volume or electronegativity were also needed to predict photodynamic activity properly. Our models were able to predict the biological activities of 13 pyropheophorbide derivatives solely on the basis of their 3D molecular structures. Moreover, linear and nonlinear variable selection methods were compared in models built linearly and nonlinearly. It is expedient to use the same method (linear or nonlinear) for variable selection as for parameter estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vanyrúr
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.
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41
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Lauceri R, Campagna T, Raudino* A, Purrello* R. Porphyrin binding and self-aggregation onto polymeric matrix: a combined spectroscopic and modelling approach. Inorganica Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(01)00329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Abstract
A large number of natural and synthetic porphyrins of diverse chemical compositions and characteristics can be isolated from nature or synthesised in the laboratory. Antimicrobial and antiviral activities of porphyrins are based on their ability to catalyse peroxidase and oxidase reactions, absorb photons and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and partition into lipids of bacterial membranes. Light-dependent, photodynamic activity of natural and synthetic porphyrins and pthalocyanines against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria has been well demonstrated. Some non-iron metalloporphyrins (MPs) possess a powerful light-independent antimicrobial activity that is based on the ability of these compounds to increase the sensitivity of bacteria to ROS or directly produce ROS. MPs mimic haem in their molecular structure and are actively accumulated by bacteria via high affinity haem-uptake systems. The same uptake systems can be used to deliver antibiotic-porphyrin and antibacterial peptide-porphyrin conjugates. Haemin, the most well known natural porphyrin, possesses a significant antibacterial activity that is augmented by the presence of physiological concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or a reducing agent. Natural and synthetic porphyrins have relatively low toxicity in vitro and in vivo. The ability for numerous chemical modifications and the large number of different mechanisms by which porphyrins affect microbial and viral pathogens place porphyrins into a group of compounds with an outstanding potential for discovery of novel agents, procedures and materials active against pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Stojiljkovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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43
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Kwong PD, Wyatt R, Sattentau QJ, Sodroski J, Hendrickson WA. Oligomeric modeling and electrostatic analysis of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2000; 74:1961-72. [PMID: 10644369 PMCID: PMC111674 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.4.1961-1972.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/1999] [Accepted: 11/17/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoproteins, gp120 and gp41, function in cell entry by binding to CD4 and a chemokine receptor on the cell surface and orchestrating the direct fusion of the viral and target cell membranes. On the virion surface, three gp120 molecules associate noncovalently with the ectodomain of the gp41 trimer to form the envelope oligomer. Although an atomic-level structure of a monomeric gp120 core has been determined, the structure of the oligomer is unknown. Here, the orientation of gp120 in the oligomer is modeled by using quantifiable criteria of carbohydrate exposure, occlusion of conserved residues, and steric considerations with regard to the binding of the neutralizing antibody 17b. Applying similar modeling techniques to influenza virus hemagglutinin suggests a rotational accuracy for the oriented gp120 of better than 10 degrees. The model shows that CD4 binds obliquely, such that multiple CD4 molecules bound to the same oligomer have their membrane-spanning portions separated by at least 190 A. The chemokine receptor, in contrast, binds to a sterically restricted surface close to the trimer axis. Electrostatic analyses reveal a basic region which faces away from the virus, toward the target cell membrane, and is conserved on core gp120. The electrostatic potentials of this region are strongly influenced by the overall charge, but not the precise structure, of the third variable (V3) loop. This dependence on charge and not structure may make electrostatic interactions between this basic region and the cell difficult to target therapeutically and may also provide a means of viral escape from immune system surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Kwong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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45
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Song R, Robert A, Bernadou J, Meunier B. Sulfonated and acetamidosulfonylated tetraarylporphyrins as biomimetic oxidation catalysts under aqueous conditions. Inorganica Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(97)05944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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46
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Wheeler G, Miskovsky P, Jancura D, Chinsky L. A study of metalloporphyrin-polynucleotide interactions by microcalorimetry and circular dichroism. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1998; 15:967-85. [PMID: 9619518 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.1998.10508217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we examine the interactions of Calf Thymus DNA and the model polynucleotides poly(dA).poly(dT), poly(dAdT)2 and poly(dG.dC)2 with a group of metalloporphyrins derived from the freebase porphyrin tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine, H2(TMpy-P4), by means of ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy and microcalorimetry. We have studied the interactions of the copper, cobalt, nickel and zinc derivatives of H2(TMpy-P4) in addition to the free base porphyrin itself. We have found strong evidence for an external self-stacking interaction of the Cu(TMpy-P4) and Zn(TMpy-P4) derivatives with poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dAdT)2 even at low concentrations of porphyrin, and all of the porphyrin derivatives studied appear to display such a self-stacking in interaction with poly(dA.dT)2 at sufficiently high ratios of porphyrin to polynucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wheeler
- LPBC, Université Paris VI, Paris, France
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47
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Fowler DA, Xie MY, Sommadossi JP. Protection and rescue from 2',3'-dideoxypyrimidine nucleoside analog toxicity by hemin in human bone marrow progenitor cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:191-5. [PMID: 8787904 PMCID: PMC163081 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.1.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term therapy of AIDS patients with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) remains of concern because of resulting hematopoietic toxicity. While the mechanism(s) of this toxicity remains elusive, alternative strategies are being developed to reduce these toxic effects, including combination therapy with nonmyelotoxic antihuman immunodeficiency virus drugs and/or administration of protective or rescue agents, including cytokines and growth factors. By using a particularly relevant human CD34+ liquid culture system, the unique profiles of dideoxynucleoside (ddN) toxicities to both proliferation and differentiation were demonstrated, with decreased potencies in the order of 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (FLT) = 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine (AMT) = 2',3'-dideoxycytidine > AZT for inhibition of proliferation and in the order of FLT = AMT > AZT >> 2',3'-dideoxycytidine for inhibition of hemoglobin synthesis. Hemin selectively protected erythroid-lineage human burst-forming unit-erythroid cells from AZT- and AMT-induced inhibition but had no effect on FLT toxicity under similar conditions. Myeloid-lineage human CFU-granulocyte-macrophages were also not protected by hemin against all three ddN analogs. The simultaneous exposure of cells to hemin and AZT resulted in a complete protection of both cell proliferation and hemoglobin synthesis. In contrast, in reversal studies only the inhibition of the percentage of hemoglobin-synthesizing cells returned to control levels, but the inhibition of proliferation of cells previously exposed to AZT was not reversed by hemin. These studies further define the unique and multifactorial mechanism(s) of ddN-induced toxic effects during hematopoietic development of pluripotent stem cells and suggest that the use of hemin could be beneficial in alleviating the toxicity of certain ddN analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA
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48
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Grandadam M, Ingrand D, Huraux JM, Aveline B, Delgado O, Vever-Bizet C, Brault D. Photodynamic inactivation of cell-free HIV strains by a red-absorbing chlorin-type photosensitizer. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1995; 31:171-7. [PMID: 8583284 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(95)07201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the photodynamic activity of a new chlorin-type photosensitizer on a reference human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain, two wild-type HIV-1 isolates and two drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates. This chlorin was highly effective for the inactivation of free viruses, as assessed by two different quantitative cell culture assays. In the absence of blood components, all the HIV strains, including wild-type and drug-resistant mutant isolates, were totally inactivated using 30 micrograms ml-1 of chlorin and 0.75 J cm-2 of 661 nm light. Successful killing of HIV-1 strains in either plasma or whole blood was also obtained by increasing the chlorin concentration moderately. Our results demonstrate the antiviral efficiency of this chlorin, suggesting the potential application of dye-sensitized photoirradiation to decontaminate blood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grandadam
- Laboratoire de Virologie du CERVI, CNRS EP 57, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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49
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Neurath AR, Strick N, Debnath AK. Structural requirements for and consequences of an antiviral porphyrin binding to the V3 loop of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp120. J Mol Recognit 1995; 8:345-57. [PMID: 9052975 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.300080604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several porphyrin derivatives were reported to have anti-HIV-1 activity. Among them, meso-teta(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine (MTCPP) and other carboxyphenyl derivatives were the most potent inhibitors (EC50 <0.7 mu M). MTCPP bound to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and to full-length V3 loop peptides corresponding to several HIV-1 isolates but not to other peptides from gp120 + gp41. However, it remained possible that MTCPP bound to regions on gp120 which cannot be mimicked by peptides. Further characterization of the binding domain for MTCPP is important for understanding the antiviral activity of porphyrins and for the design of anti-HIV-1 drugs interfering with functions of the virus envelope. Results presented here show that: (i) deletion of the V3 loop from the gp120 sequence resulted in drastically diminished MTCPP binding, suggesting that the V3 loop is the dominant if not the only target site on gp120; (ii) this site was only partially mimicked by full-length V3 loop peptides; (iii) MTCPP binding to the gp120 V3 loop elicited allosteric effects resulting in decreased accessibility of the CD4 receptor binding site; (iv) the binding site for MTCPP lies within the central portion of the V3 loop (KSIHIGPGRAFY for the HIV-1 subtype B consensus sequence) and does not involve directly the GPG apex of the loop. These results may help in designing antiviral compounds with improved activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Neurath
- Laboratory of Biochemical Virology, The Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center 10021, USA
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50
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Neurath AR, Debnath AK, Strick N, Li YY, Lin K, Jiang S. Blocking of CD4 cell receptors for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by chemically modified bovine milk proteins: potential for AIDS prophylaxis. J Mol Recognit 1995; 8:304-16. [PMID: 8619951 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.300080504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The chemical transformation of synthetic combinatorial libraries to increase the diversity of compounds of medicinal interest was reported recently. Chemical modification of natural products represents a complementary approach to accomplish this aim. Modification of lysines by aromatic acid anhydrides, preferentially by 3-hydroxyphthalic and trimellitic anhydrides and trimellitic anhydride chloride, converted commonly available proteins (human and bovine serum albumin and casein) into potent inhibitors of (i) binding between the HIV-1 gp 120 envelope glycoprotein and the CD4 cell receptor, probably owing to their binding to CD4, and (ii) infection by HIV-1. Modified bovine milk proteins are also potent HIV-1 inhibitors and may have potential for anti-HIV-1 prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Neurath
- Laboratory of Biochemical Virology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, New York 10021, USA
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