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Anorue EC, Joshua PE. Evaluation of anti-sickling effects of two varieties of Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth on sickle cell beta thalassemia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118280. [PMID: 38714239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Globally, the prevalence of sickle cell disease is on the rise, with developing countries experiencing particularly alarming mortality rate compared to developed nations. The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations (UN) have acknowledged sickle cell disease as a significant global public health concern. Unfortunately, a cure for this condition is yet to be discovered, and existing allopathic treatments, while offering relief, come with serious side effects. In recent times, there has been a growing interest in exploring the potential of medicinal plants for treating sickle cell disease due to their content of secondary metabolites that may impact the disease's mechanisms. Cajanus cajan, a crucial grain legume in rain-fed agriculture in semi-arid tropics, has been traditionally used in folk medicine to manage various illnesses and is suggested to possess anti-sickling properties. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study investigated two varieties of C. cajan for their effectiveness in treating sickle cell beta thalassemia, a variant of sickle cell disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was divided into four groups consisting of the untreated group (group 1), group treated with standard drug (group 2), group treated with white C. cajan (group 3) and group treated with brown C. cajan (group 4). The effects of the two variety of C. cajan were measured by polymerization test, reversibility test, osmotic fragility test, deoxygenation and beta globin synthesis test. RESULT The results revealed that both varieties of C. cajan demonstrated a reduction in polymerization rates, reversed sickled red blood cells, increased the oxygen affinity of Hb-S/β, elevated the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio, and maintained the membrane stability of red blood cells. Notably, the white variety exhibited superior anti-sickling properties compared to the brown variety. CONCLUSION This suggests that this significant leguminous crop could be utilized for the treatment and management of sickling disorders, particularly in low-income countries where conventional treatments may be financially inaccessible to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Chukwuemeka Anorue
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Shalom Science and Technology Academy, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Parker Elijah Joshua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, 410001, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Omar AM, Abdulmalik O, El-Say KM, Ghatge MS, Cyril-Olutayo M, Paredes S, Al-Awadh M, El-Araby ME, Safo MK. Targeted modification of furan-2-carboxaldehydes into Michael acceptor analogs yielded long-acting hemoglobin modulators with dual antisickling activities. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14371. [PMID: 37798397 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic disorder, affecting millions of people worldwide. Aromatic aldehydes, which increase the oxygen affinity of human hemoglobin to prevent polymerization of sickle hemoglobin and inhibit red blood cell (RBC) sickling, have been the subject of keen interest for the development of effective treatment against SCD. However, the aldehyde functional group metabolic instability has severly hampered their development, except for voxelotor, which was approved in 2019 for SCD treatment. To improve the metabolic stability of aromatic aldehydes, we designed and synthesized novel molecules by incorporating Michael acceptor reactive centers into the previously clinically studied aromatic aldehyde, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Eight such derivatives, referred to as MMA compounds were synthesized and studied for their functional and biological activities. Unlike 5-HMF, which forms Schiff-base interaction with αVal1 nitrogen of hemoglobin, the MMA compounds covalently interacted with βCys93, as evidenced by reverse-phase HPLC and disulfide exchange reaction, explaining their RBC sickling inhibitory activities, which at 2 mM and 5 mM, range from 0% to 21% and 9% to 64%, respectively. Additionally, the MMA compounds showed a second mechanism of sickling inhibition (12%-41% and 13%-62% at 2 mM and 5 mM, respectively) by directly destabilizing the sickle hemoglobin polymer. In vitro studies demonstrated sustained pharmacologic activities of the compounds compared to 5-HMF. These findings hold promise for advancing SCD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelsattar M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Khalid M El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mojisola Cyril-Olutayo
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven Paredes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Mohammed Al-Awadh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Moustafa E El-Araby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Kellogg GE, Cen Y, Dukat M, Ellis KC, Guo Y, Li J, May AE, Safo MK, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Desai UR. Merging cultures and disciplines to create a drug discovery ecosystem at Virginia commonwealth university: Medicinal chemistry, structural biology, molecular and behavioral pharmacology and computational chemistry. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023; 28:255-269. [PMID: 36863508 PMCID: PMC10619687 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The Department of Medicinal Chemistry, together with the Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) has evolved, organically with quite a bit of bootstrapping, into a unique drug discovery ecosystem in response to the environment and culture of the university and the wider research enterprise. Each faculty member that joined the department and/or institute added a layer of expertise, technology and most importantly, innovation, that fertilized numerous collaborations within the University and with outside partners. Despite moderate institutional support with respect to a typical drug discovery enterprise, the VCU drug discovery ecosystem has built and maintained an impressive array of facilities and instrumentation for drug synthesis, drug characterization, biomolecular structural analysis and biophysical analysis, and pharmacological studies. Altogether, this ecosystem has had major impacts on numerous therapeutic areas, such as neurology, psychiatry, drugs of abuse, cancer, sickle cell disease, coagulopathy, inflammation, aging disorders and others. Novel tools and strategies for drug discovery, design and development have been developed at VCU in the last five decades; e.g., fundamental rational structure-activity relationship (SAR)-based drug design, structure-based drug design, orthosteric and allosteric drug design, design of multi-functional agents towards polypharmacy outcomes, principles on designing glycosaminoglycans as drugs, and computational tools and algorithms for quantitative SAR (QSAR) and understanding the roles of water and the hydrophobic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen E Kellogg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0540, USA.
| | - Yana Cen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0540, USA
| | - Malgorzata Dukat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0540, USA
| | - Keith C Ellis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0540, USA
| | - Youzhong Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0540, USA
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0540, USA
| | - Aaron E May
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0540, USA
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0540, USA
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0540, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0540, USA
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0540, USA.
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Donkor AK, Pagare PP, Mughram MHAL, Safo MK. X-ray crystallography and sickle cell disease drug discovery-a tribute to Donald Abraham. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1136970. [PMID: 37293554 PMCID: PMC10244664 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1136970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray crystallography and structure-based drug discovery have played a major role in the discovery of antisickling agents that target hemoglobin (Hb) for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). Sickle cell disease, the most common inherited hematologic disorder, occurs as a result of a single point mutation of βGlu6 in normal human adult hemoglobin (HbA) to βVal6 in sickle hemoglobin (HbS). The disease is characterized by polymerization of HbS and sickling of red blood cells (RBCs), leading to several secondary pathophysiologies, including but not limited to vaso-occlusion, hemolytic anemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, stroke, pain crisis, and organ damage. Despite the fact that SCD was the first disease to have its molecular basis established, the development of therapies was for a very long time a challenge and took several decades to find therapeutic agents. The determination of the crystal structure of Hb by Max Perutz in the early 60s, and the pioneering X-ray crystallography research by Donald J. Abraham in the early 80s, which resulted in the first structures of Hb in complex with small molecule allosteric effectors of Hb, gave much hope that structure-based drug discovery (SBDD) could be used to accelerate development of antisickling drugs that target the primary pathophysiology of hypoxia-induced HbS polymerization to treat SCD. This article, which is dedicated to Donald J. Abraham, briefly reviews structural biology, X-ray crystallography and structure-based drug discovery from the perspective of Hb. The review also presents the impact of X-ray crystallography in SCD drug development using Hb as a target, emphasizing the major and important contributions by Don Abraham in this field.
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Enakaya NA, Jefferson A, Chew-Martinez D, Matthews JS. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Allosteric Effectors for Hemoglobin. Acc Chem Res 2023. [PMID: 36946781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder caused by a point mutation in hemoglobin (Hb), the protein in the red blood cell (RBC) responsible for the transport of oxygen (O2) throughout the body. The mutation leads to the expression of sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS). Both Hb and HbS exist in equilibrium between oxygenated and deoxygenated forms; however, deoxygenated HbS can polymerize to form long fibers which distort the shape of RBCs into the characteristic sickled shape. The misshapen RBCs can obstruct blood vessels and capillaries, resulting in a vaso-occlusive crisis. Vaso-occulsion deprives tissues and organs of O2 and can cause intense pain which often results in hospitalization. Chronic organ damage is a major cause of reduced life expectancy for SCD patients.Allosteric effectors are molecules which regulate protein function. HbS allosteric effectors can be used to decrease polymerization by stabilizing the oxygenated form of HbS, which leads to an increase in O2 uptake and a decrease in the sickling of RBCs. Allosteric effectors that have been evaluated for the treatment of SCD include vanillin, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF), and voxelotor, which was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of SCD in 2019. 5-HMF did not progress to phase III clinical trials since it suffered from rapid metabolic degradation. However, several derivatives of 5-HMF and vanillin have been synthesized and evaluated as potential candidates for SCD treatment. Derivatives of these compounds have shown promise, but their shortcomings, such as high levels of oxidative metabolism, have prevented them from progressing into marketable drugs. Our efforts have produced multiple 5-HMF derivatives which have been evaluated for their potential to treat SCD. Each derivative was evaluated for its ability to increase O2 affinity (i.e., P50, the partial pressure at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated with O2). The synthesized aryl ether derivatives were evaluated, and results suggest that compounds with multiple aromatic aldehydes may have enhanced biological properties. One such derivative, compound 5, which features two furan aldehyde rings, exhibited increased O2 affinity (P50 = 8.82 ± 1.87 mmHg) over that of unmodified Hb (P50 = 13.67 ± 0.22 mmHg). Future studies include obtaining crystal structures of the 5-HMF derivatives complexed with HbS to confirm the protein-allosteric effector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyesa A Enakaya
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Aniah Jefferson
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Danielle Chew-Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
| | - Jason S Matthews
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
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Gibson JS, Rees DC. Emerging drug targets for sickle cell disease: shedding light on new knowledge and advances at the molecular level. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:133-149. [PMID: 36803179 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2179484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In sickle cell disease (SCD), a single amino acid substitution at β6 of the hemoglobin (Hb) chain replaces glutamate with valine, forming HbS instead of the normal adult HbA. Loss of a negative charge, and the conformational change in deoxygenated HbS molecules, enables formation of HbS polymers. These not only distort red cell morphology but also have other profound effects so that this simple etiology belies a complex pathogenesis with multiple complications. Although SCD represents a common severe inherited disorder with life-long consequences, approved treatments remain inadequate. Hydroxyurea is currently the most effective, with a handful of newer treatments, but there remains a real need for novel, efficacious therapies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes important early events in pathogenesis to highlight key targets for novel treatments. EXPERT OPINION A thorough understanding of early events in pathogenesis closely associated with the presence of HbS is the logical starting point for identification of new targets rather than concentrating on more downstream effects. We discuss ways of reducing HbS levels, reducing the impact of HbS polymers, and of membrane events perturbing cell function, and suggest using the unique permeability of sickle cells to target drugs specifically into those more severely compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Gibson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Rees
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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Dimitrova YN, Gutierrez JA, Huard K. It's ok to be outnumbered - sub-stoichiometric modulation of homomeric protein complexes. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:22-46. [PMID: 36760737 PMCID: PMC9890894 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00212d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An arsenal of molecular tools with increasingly diversified mechanisms of action is being developed by the scientific community to enable biological interrogation and pharmaceutical modulation of targets and pathways of ever increasing complexity. While most small molecules interact with the target of interest in a 1 : 1 relationship, a noteworthy number of recent examples were reported to bind in a sub-stoichiometric manner to a homomeric protein complex. This approach requires molecular understanding of the physiologically relevant protein assemblies and in-depth characterization of the compound's mechanism of action. The recent literature examples summarized here were selected to illustrate methods used to identify and characterize molecules with such mechanisms. The concept of one small molecule targeting a homomeric protein assembly is not new but the subject deserves renewed inspection in light of emerging technologies and increasingly diverse target biology, to ensure relevant in vitro systems are used and valuable compounds with potentially novel sub-stoichiometric mechanisms of action aren't overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim Huard
- Genentech 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
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Xu X, Ghatge MS, Huang B, Alghamdi A, Wang H, Pierce BD, Abdulmalik O, Zhang Y, Safo MK, Venitz J. Quantitative assessment of the in-vitro binding kinetics of antisickling aromatic aldehydes with hemoglobin A: A universal HPLC-UV/Vis method to quantitate Schiff-base adduct formation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 223:115152. [PMID: 36399908 PMCID: PMC9701171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes act as allosteric effectors of hemoglobin (AEH), forming Schiff-base adducts with the protein to increase its oxygen (O2) affinity; a desirable property in sickle cell disease (SCD) treatment, as the high-O2 affinity hemoglobin (Hb) does not polymerize and subsequently prevents erythrocytes sickling. This study reports the development, validation, and application of a weak cation-exchange HPLC assay - quantifying the appearance of Hb-AEH adduct - as a "universal" method, allowing for the prioritization of AEH candidates through an understanding of their Hb binding affinity and kinetics. Concentration- and time-dependent Hb binding profiles of ten AEHs were determined with HPLC, followed by the appropriate non-linear modeling to characterize their steady-state binding affinity (KDss), and binding kinetics second-order association (kon) and first-order dissociation (koff) rate constants. Vanillin-derived AEHs exhibited enhanced binding affinity to Hb, primarily due to their faster kon. Across AEH, kon and koff values are strongly correlated (r = 0.993, n = 7), suggesting that modifications of the AEH scaffold enhanced their interactions with Hb as intended, but inadvertently increased their Hb-AEH adduct dissociation. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to provide valuable insight into Hb binding kinetics of antisickling aromatic aldehydes, and the assay will be a useful platform in screening/prioritizing drug candidates for SCD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Xu
- Division of Cardiometabolic and Endocrine Pharmacology, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US FDA, Silver spring, MD 20993, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ahmed Alghamdi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - B Daniel Pierce
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Jürgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Diyaolu OA, Oluwabusola ET, Attah AF, Olori EO, Fagbemi AA, Preet G, Soldatou S, Moody JO, Jaspars M, Ebel R. Can Crude Oil Exploration Influence the Phytochemicals and Bioactivity of Medicinal Plants? A Case of Nigerian Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238372. [PMID: 36500460 PMCID: PMC9740812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Nigerian Niger-Delta crude oil exploration often results in spills that affect indigenous medicinal plant biodiversity, likely changing the phytochemical profile of surviving species, their bioactivity or toxicity. In crude oil-rich Kokori and crude oil-free Abraka, classic examples of indigenous plants occupying the medicine-food interface include Vernonia amygdalina (VAL) and Ocimum gratissimum leaves (OGL). These plants are frequently utilised during pregnancy and in anaemia. To date, no scientific investigation has been reported on the potential changes to the phytochemical or bioactivity of the study plants. To discuss the similarities and dissimilarities in antisickling bioactivity and phytochemicals in VAL and OGL collected from Kokori (VAL-KK and OGL-KK) and Abraka (VAL-AB and OGL-AB), in silico, in vitro and comparative UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis was performed. Nine unique compounds were identified in OGL-KK, which have never been reported in the literature, while differences in antisickling potentials were observed in VAL-KK, OGL-KK and, VAL-AB, OGL-AB. Our findings show that VAL-AB and OGL-AB are richer and more diverse in phytochemicals and displayed a slightly higher antisickling activity than VAL-KK and OGL-KK. Ligand-based pharmacophore modelling was performed to understand the potential compounds better; this study may provide a basis for explaining the effect of crude oil spills on secondary metabolites and a reference for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatofunmilayo A. Diyaolu
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
- Correspondence: (O.A.D.); (R.E.)
| | - Emmanuel T. Oluwabusola
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Alfred F. Attah
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Nigeria
| | - Eric O. Olori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Adeshola A. Fagbemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lead City University, Ibadan 200255, Nigeria
| | - Gagan Preet
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Sylvia Soldatou
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Jones O. Moody
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Rainer Ebel
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
- Correspondence: (O.A.D.); (R.E.)
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Design, Synthesis, and Investigation of Novel Nitric Oxide (NO)-Releasing Aromatic Aldehyde as Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206835. [PMID: 36296435 PMCID: PMC9610770 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by a single-point mutation, and the ensuing deoxygenation-induced polymerization of sickle hemoglobin (HbS), and reduction in bioavailability of vascular nitric oxide (NO), contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. In a proof-of-concept study, we successfully incorporated nitrate ester groups onto two previously studied potent antisickling aromatic aldehydes, TD7 and VZHE039, to form TD7-NO and VZHE039-NO hybrids, respectively. These compounds are stable in buffer but demonstrated the expected release of NO in whole blood in vitro and in mice. The more promising VZHE039-NO retained the functional and antisickling activities of the parent VZHE039 molecule. Moreover, VZHE039-NO, unlike VZHE039, significantly attenuated RBC adhesion to laminin, suggesting this compound has potential in vivo RBC anti-adhesion properties relevant to vaso-occlusive events. Crystallographic studies show that, as with VZHE039, VZHE039-NO also binds to liganded Hb to make similar protein interactions. The knowledge gained during these investigations provides a unique opportunity to generate a superior candidate drug in SCD with enhanced benefits.
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Gu J, Wu Q, Zhang Q, You Q, Wang L. A decade of approved first-in-class small molecule orphan drugs: Achievements, challenges and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114742. [PMID: 36155354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade (2011-2020), there was a growing interest in the discovery and development of orphan drugs for the treatment of rare diseases. However, rare diseases only account for a population of 0.65‰-1‰ which usually occur with previously unknown biological mechanisms and lack of specific therapeutics, thus to increase the demands for the first-in-class (FIC) drugs with new biological targets or mechanisms. Considering the achievements in the past 10 years, a total of 410 drugs were approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which contained 151 FIC drugs and 184 orphan drugs, contributing to make up significant numbers of the approvals. Notably, more than 50% of FIC drugs are developed as orphan drugs and some of them have already been milestones in drug development. In this review, we aim to discuss the FIC small molecules for the development of orphan drugs case by case and highlight the R&D strategy with novel targets and scientific breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiuyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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12
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Design, Synthesis, and Antisickling Investigation of a Nitric Oxide-Releasing Prodrug of 5HMF for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050696. [PMID: 35625623 PMCID: PMC9138457 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
5-hydroxyfurfural (5HMF), an allosteric effector of hemoglobin (Hb) with an ability to increase Hb affinity for oxygen has been studied extensively for its antisickling effect in vitro and in vivo, and in humans for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). One of the downstream pathophysiologies of SCD is nitric oxide (NO) deficiency, therefore increasing NO (bio)availability is known to mitigate the severity of SCD symptoms. We report the synthesis of an NO-releasing prodrug of 5HMF (5HMF-NO), which in vivo, is expected to be bio-transformed into 5HMF and NO, with concomitant therapeutic activities. In vitro studies showed that when incubated with whole blood, 5HMF-NO releases NO, as anticipated. When incubated with sickle blood, 5HMF-NO formed Schiff base adduct with Hb, increased Hb affinity for oxygen, and prevented hypoxia-induced erythrocyte sickling, which at 1 mM concentration were 16%, 10% and 27%, respectively, compared to 21%, 18% and 21% for 5HMF. Crystal structures of 5HMF-NO with Hb showed 5HMF-NO bound to unliganded (deoxygenated) Hb, while the hydrolyzed product, 5HMF bound to liganded (carbonmonoxy-ligated) Hb. Our findings from this proof-of-concept study suggest that the incorporation of NO donor group to 5HMF and analogous molecules could be a novel beneficial strategy to treat SCD and warrants further detailed in vivo studies.
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13
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Chow PH, Cox CD, Pei JV, Anabaraonye N, Nourmohammadi S, Henderson SW, Martinac B, Abdulmalik O, Yool AJ. Inhibition of the Aquaporin-1 Cation Conductance by Selected Furan Compounds Reduces Red Blood Cell Sickling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:794791. [PMID: 35111062 PMCID: PMC8801817 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.794791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In sickle cell disease (SCD), the pathological shift of red blood cells (RBCs) into distorted morphologies under hypoxic conditions follows activation of a cationic leak current (Psickle) and cell dehydration. Prior work showed sickling was reduced by 5-hydroxylmethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF), which stabilized mutant hemoglobin and also blocked the Psickle current in RBCs, though the molecular basis of this 5-HMF-sensitive cation current remained a mystery. Work here is the first to test the hypothesis that Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) cation channels contribute to the monovalent component of Psickle. Human AQP1 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes were evaluated for sensitivity to 5-HMF and four derivatives known to have differential efficacies in preventing RBC sickling. Ion conductances were measured by two-electrode voltage clamp, and osmotic water permeability by optical swelling assays. Compounds tested were: 5-HMF; 5-PMFC (5-(phenoxymethyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde); 5-CMFC (5-(4-chlorophenoxymethyl)furan-2-carbaldehyde); 5-NMFC (5-(2-nitrophenoxymethyl)-furan-2-carbaldehyde); and VZHE006 (tert-butyl (5-formylfuran-2-yl)methyl carbonate). The most effective anti-sickling agent, 5-PMFC, was the most potent inhibitor of the AQP1 ion conductance (98% block at 100 µM). The order of sensitivity of the AQP1 conductance to inhibition was 5-PMFC > VZHE006 > 5-CMFC ≥ 5-NMFC, which corresponded with effectiveness in protecting RBCs from sickling. None of the compounds altered AQP1 water channel activity. Combined application of a selective AQP1 ion channel blocker AqB011 (80 µM) with a selective hemoglobin modifying agent 5-NMFC (2.5 mM) increased anti-sickling effectiveness in red blood cells from human SCD patients. Another non-selective cation channel known to be expressed in RBCs, Piezo1, was unaffected by 2 mM 5-HMF. Results suggest that inhibition of AQP1 ion channels and capacity to modify hemoglobin are combined features of the most effective anti-sickling agents. Future therapeutics aimed at both targets could hold promise for improved treatments for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Hin Chow
- Aquaporin Physiology and Drug Discovery Program, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Charles D Cox
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Jinxin V Pei
- Research School of Biology, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nancy Anabaraonye
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Saeed Nourmohammadi
- Aquaporin Physiology and Drug Discovery Program, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sam W Henderson
- Aquaporin Physiology and Drug Discovery Program, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Boris Martinac
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrea J Yool
- Aquaporin Physiology and Drug Discovery Program, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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14
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Pagare PP, Rastegar A, Abdulmalik O, Omar AM, Zhang Y, Fleischman A, Safo MK. Modulating hemoglobin allostery for treatment of sickle cell disease: current progress and intellectual property. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:115-130. [PMID: 34657559 PMCID: PMC8881396 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.1994945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a debilitating inherited disorder that affects millions worldwide. Four novel SCD therapeutics have been approved, including the hemoglobin (Hb) modulator Voxelotor. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of discovery efforts toward modulating Hb allosteric behavior as a treatment for SCD, with a focus on aromatic aldehydes that increase Hb oxygen affinity to prevent the primary pathophysiology of hypoxia-induce erythrocyte sickling. EXPERT OPINION The quest to develop small molecules, especially aromatic aldehydes, to modulate Hb allosteric properties for SCD began in the 1970s; however, early promise was dogged by concerns that stalled support for research efforts. Persistent efforts eventually culminated in the discovery of the anti-sickling agent 5-HMF in the 2000s, and reinvigorated interest that led to the discovery of vanillin analogs, including Voxelotor, the first FDA approved Hb modulator for the treatment of SCD. With burgeoning interest in the field of Hb modulation, there is a growing landscape of intellectual property, including drug candidates at various stages of preclinical and clinical investigations. Hb modulators could provide not only the best chance for a highly effective oral therapy for SCD, especially in the under-developed world, but also a way to treat a variety of other human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha P. Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Aref Rastegar
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | | | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298;,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298;,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Martin K. Safo, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298,
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15
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Small molecule protein binding to correct cellular folding or stabilize the native state against misfolding and aggregation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 72:267-278. [PMID: 34999558 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding diseases are caused by the difficulty of a protein to attain or stably maintain its native three-dimensional structure. In 2011, the first small molecule that specifically binds to the folded state of a protein was approved by a regulatory agency to treat a protein misfolding disease (tafamidis, transthyretin amyloidosis). Subsequently, folded state binders for three additional pathologies were approved. All of these molecules bind specifically to and stabilize the native state of a misfolding-prone protein and either correct cellular folding or stabilize the native state against misfolding and aggregation. We will use these four case studies to explain how protein folding coupled to small molecule binding is a promising approach to treat a variety of human maladies.
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16
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Ahmed TA, El-Say KM, Abd-Allah FI, Omar AM, El-Araby ME, Muhammad YA, Pagare PP, Zhang Y, Mohmmad KA, Abdulmalik O, Safo MK. Improving the Solubility and Oral Bioavailability of a Novel Aromatic Aldehyde Antisickling Agent (PP10) for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1148. [PMID: 34452107 PMCID: PMC8401948 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aromatic aldehydes, with their ability to increase the oxygen affinity of sickle hemoglobin, have become important therapeutic agents for sickle cell disease (SCD). One such compound, voxelotor, was recently approved for SCD treatment. Methyl 6-((2-formyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)methyl) picolinate (PP10) is another promising aromatic aldehyde, recently reported by our group. Like voxelotor, PP10 exhibits O2-dependent antisickling activity, but, unlike voxelotor, PP10 shows unique O2-independent antisickling effect. PP10, however, has limited solubility. This study therefore aimed to develop oral and parenteral formulations to improve PP10 solubility and bioavailability. METHODS Oral drug tablets with 2-hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), polyvinylpyrrolidone, or Eudragit L100-55 PP10-binary system, and an intravenous (IV) formulation with d-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) or HP-β-CD, were developed. The pharmacokinetic behavior of the formulations was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. PP10, a methylester, and its acid metabolite were also studied in vitro with sickle whole blood to determine their effect on Hb modification, Hb oxygen affinity, and sickle red blood cell inhibition. RESULTS Aqueous solubility of PP10 was enhanced ~5 times with the HP-β-CD binary system, while the TPGS aqueous micelle formulation was superior, with a drug concentration of 0.502 ± 0.01 mg/mL and a particle size of 26 ± 3 nm. The oral tablets showed relative and absolute bioavailabilities of 173.4% and 106.34%, respectively. The acid form of PP10 appeared to dominate in vivo, although both PP10 forms demonstrated pharmacologic effect. CONCLUSION Oral and IV formulations of PP10 were successfully developed using HP-β-CD binary system and TPGS aqueous micelles, respectively, resulting in significantly improved solubility and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Khalid M. El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Fathy I. Abd-Allah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.O.); (M.E.E.-A.); (Y.A.M.); (K.A.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Moustafa E. El-Araby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.O.); (M.E.E.-A.); (Y.A.M.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Yosra A. Muhammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.O.); (M.E.E.-A.); (Y.A.M.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Piyusha P. Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (P.P.P.); (Y.Z.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (P.P.P.); (Y.Z.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Khadijah A. Mohmmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.O.); (M.E.E.-A.); (Y.A.M.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (P.P.P.); (Y.Z.); (M.K.S.)
- Development, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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17
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MetAP2 inhibition modifies hemoglobin S to delay polymerization and improves blood flow in sickle cell disease. Blood Adv 2021; 5:1388-1402. [PMID: 33661300 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with hemolysis, vascular inflammation, and organ damage. Affected patients experience chronic painful vaso-occlusive events requiring hospitalization. Hypoxia-induced polymerization of sickle hemoglobin S (HbS) contributes to sickling of red blood cells (RBCs) and disease pathophysiology. Dilution of HbS with nonsickling hemoglobin or hemoglobin with increased oxygen affinity, such as fetal hemoglobin or HbS bound to aromatic aldehydes, is clinically beneficial in decreasing polymerization. We investigated a novel alternate approach to modify HbS and decrease polymerization by inhibiting methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2), which cleaves the initiator methionine (iMet) from Val1 of α-globin and βS-globin. Kinetic studies with MetAP2 show that βS-globin is a fivefold better substrate than α-globin. Knockdown of MetAP2 in human umbilical cord blood-derived erythroid progenitor 2 cells shows more extensive modification of α-globin than β-globin, consistent with kinetic data. Treatment of human erythroid cells in vitro or Townes SCD mice in vivo with selective MetAP2 inhibitors extensively modifies both globins with N-terminal iMet and acetylated iMet. HbS modification by MetAP2 inhibition increases oxygen affinity, as measured by decreased oxygen tension at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated. Acetyl-iMet modification on βS-globin delays HbS polymerization under hypoxia. MetAP2 inhibitor-treated Townes mice reach 50% total HbS modification, significantly increasing the affinity of RBCs for oxygen, increasing whole blood single-cell RBC oxygen saturation, and decreasing fractional flow velocity losses in blood rheology under decreased oxygen pressures. Crystal structures of modified HbS variants show stabilization of the nonpolymerizing high O2-affinity R2 state, explaining modified HbS antisickling activity. Further study of MetAP2 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target for SCD is warranted.
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18
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Pavan AR, Dos Santos JL. Advances in Sickle Cell Disease Treatments. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2008-2032. [PMID: 32520675 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200610175400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is an inherited disorder of red blood cells that is caused by a single mutation in the β -globin gene. The disease, which afflicts millions of patients worldwide mainly in low income countries, is characterized by high morbidity, mortality and low life expectancy. The new pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for SCD is urgent in order to promote treatments able to reduce patient's suffering and improve their quality of life. Since the FDA approval of HU in 1998, there have been few advances in discovering new drugs; however, in the last three years voxelotor, crizanlizumab, and glutamine have been approved as new therapeutic alternatives. In addition, new promising compounds have been described to treat the main SCD symptoms. Herein, focusing on drug discovery, we discuss new strategies to treat SCD that have been carried out in the last ten years to discover new, safe, and effective treatments. Moreover, non-pharmacological approaches, including red blood cell exchange, gene therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Renata Pavan
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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19
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Glaros AK, Razvi R, Shah N, Zaidi AU. Voxelotor: alteration of sickle cell disease pathophysiology by a first-in-class polymerization inhibitor. Ther Adv Hematol 2021; 12:20406207211001136. [PMID: 33796238 PMCID: PMC7983433 DOI: 10.1177/20406207211001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease, despite its recognition as a severely debilitating genetic condition affecting hundreds of thousands of neonates throughout the world each year, was not a target of pharmaceutical research focus for most of its 100-year existence in the medical consciousness. This has changed in recent years as many novel therapeutics are currently under investigation, with three new disease-modifying drugs achieving FDA approval in the last 4 years. One of these drugs, voxelotor, is especially encouraging as an inhibitor of sickling for its ability to safely improve the chronic hemolytic anemia of sickle cell disease. This was demonstrated during all clinical phases of investigation by an average improvement in hemoglobin of greater than 1 g/dL, as well as statistically significant improvements in established markers of hemolysis. While anemia itself represents a potential cause of morbidity, it is more importantly a marker of the hemolysis known to cause the long-term vascular and organ damage that makes sickle cell disease so debilitating and frequently fatal early in life. Given the recency of the approval, there has not been sufficient long-term follow-up to demonstrate improvement in the chronic sequelae of sickle cell disease as a result of voxelotor-induced improvements in hemolytic anemia. There is hope, however, based on the experience with hydroxyurea improving morbidity and mortality via reductions in sickling and improved rheology, that voxelotor may have similar long-term benefits by positively manipulating the kinetics of hemoglobin polymerization. This review aims to summarize the targeted pathobiology of sickle cell disease, the mechanism of action of voxelotor, and the safety and efficacy data from preclinical to late clinical stage investigations of this long-awaited medication, in the hopes of better informing the decision-making process behind prescribing or not prescribing it for patients in need of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Glaros
- Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Reza Razvi
- Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Ahmar U. Zaidi
- Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
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20
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Gopalsamy A, Aulabaugh AE, Barakat A, Beaumont KC, Cabral S, Canterbury DP, Casimiro-Garcia A, Chang JS, Chen MZ, Choi C, Dow RL, Fadeyi OO, Feng X, France SP, Howard RM, Janz JM, Jasti J, Jasuja R, Jones LH, King-Ahmad A, Knee KM, Kohrt JT, Limberakis C, Liras S, Martinez CA, McClure KF, Narayanan A, Narula J, Novak JJ, O'Connell TN, Parikh MD, Piotrowski DW, Plotnikova O, Robinson RP, Sahasrabudhe PV, Sharma R, Thuma BA, Vasa D, Wei L, Wenzel AZ, Withka JM, Xiao J, Yayla HG. PF-07059013: A Noncovalent Modulator of Hemoglobin for Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 64:326-342. [PMID: 33356244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder caused by a single point mutation (β6 Glu → Val) on the β-chain of adult hemoglobin (HbA) that results in sickled hemoglobin (HbS). In the deoxygenated state, polymerization of HbS leads to sickling of red blood cells (RBC). Several downstream consequences of polymerization and RBC sickling include vaso-occlusion, hemolytic anemia, and stroke. We report the design of a noncovalent modulator of HbS, clinical candidate PF-07059013 (23). The seminal hit molecule was discovered by virtual screening and confirmed through a series of biochemical and biophysical studies. After a significant optimization effort, we arrived at 23, a compound that specifically binds to Hb with nanomolar affinity and displays strong partitioning into RBCs. In a 2-week multiple dose study using Townes SCD mice, 23 showed a 37.8% (±9.0%) reduction in sickling compared to vehicle treated mice. 23 (PF-07059013) has advanced to phase 1 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariamala Gopalsamy
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ann E Aulabaugh
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amey Barakat
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin C Beaumont
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel P Canterbury
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Agustin Casimiro-Garcia
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeanne S Chang
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ming Z Chen
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chulho Choi
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert L Dow
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Olugbeminiyi O Fadeyi
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xidong Feng
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott P France
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Roger M Howard
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jay M Janz
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jayasankar Jasti
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Reema Jasuja
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lyn H Jones
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Amanda King-Ahmad
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kelly M Knee
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Kohrt
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chris Limberakis
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Spiros Liras
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Carlos A Martinez
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kim F McClure
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Arjun Narayanan
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jatin Narula
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jonathan J Novak
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas N O'Connell
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mihir D Parikh
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David W Piotrowski
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Olga Plotnikova
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ralph P Robinson
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Parag V Sahasrabudhe
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Raman Sharma
- Primary Pharmacology Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A Thuma
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dipy Vasa
- Drug Product Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Liuqing Wei
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - A Zane Wenzel
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jane M Withka
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hatice G Yayla
- Pfizer Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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21
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Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Chen Q, Musayev FN, Venitz J, Abdulmalik O, Zhang Y, Safo MK. Exploration of Structure-Activity Relationship of Aromatic Aldehydes Bearing Pyridinylmethoxy-Methyl Esters as Novel Antisickling Agents. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14724-14739. [PMID: 33205981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes elicit their antisickling effects primarily by increasing the affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen (O2). However, challenges related to weak potency and poor pharmacokinetic properties have hampered their development to treat sickle cell disease (SCD). Herein, we report our efforts to enhance the pharmacological profile of our previously reported compounds. These compounds showed enhanced effects on Hb modification, Hb-O2 affinity, and sickling inhibition, with sustained pharmacological effects in vitro. Importantly, some compounds exhibited unusually high antisickling activity despite moderate effects on the Hb-O2 affinity, which we attribute to an O2-independent antisickling activity, in addition to the O2-dependent activity. Structural studies are consistent with our hypothesis, which revealed the compounds interacting strongly with the polymer-stabilizing αF-helix could potentially weaken the polymer. In vivo studies with wild-type mice demonstrated significant pharmacologic effects. Our structure-based efforts have identified promising leads to be developed as novel therapeutic agents for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Qiukan Chen
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Faik N Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Jurgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.,The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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22
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VZHE-039, a novel antisickling agent that prevents erythrocyte sickling under both hypoxic and anoxic conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20277. [PMID: 33219275 PMCID: PMC7679387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) results from a hemoglobin (Hb) mutation βGlu6 → βVal6 that changes normal Hb (HbA) into sickle Hb (HbS). Under hypoxia, HbS polymerizes into rigid fibers, causing red blood cells (RBCs) to sickle; leading to numerous adverse pathological effects. The RBC sickling is made worse by the low oxygen (O2) affinity of HbS, due to elevated intra-RBC concentrations of the natural Hb effector, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. This has prompted the development of Hb modifiers, such as aromatic aldehydes, with the intent of increasing Hb affinity for O2 with subsequent prevention of RBC sickling. One such molecule, Voxelotor was recently approved by U.S. FDA to treat SCD. Here we report results of a novel aromatic aldehyde, VZHE-039, that mimics both the O2-dependent and O2-independent antisickling properties of fetal hemoglobin. The latter mechanism of action—as elucidated through crystallographic and biological studies—is likely due to disruption of key intermolecular contacts necessary for stable HbS polymer formation. This dual antisickling mechanism, in addition to VZHE-039 metabolic stability, has translated into significantly enhanced and sustained pharmacologic activities. Finally, VZHE-039 showed no significant inhibition of several CYPs, demonstrated efficient RBC partitioning and high membrane permeability, and is not an efflux transporter (P-gp) substrate.
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23
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Omar AM, Abdulmalik O, Ghatge MS, Muhammad YA, Paredes SD, El-Araby ME, Safo MK. An Investigation of Structure-Activity Relationships of Azolylacryloyl Derivatives Yielded Potent and Long-Acting Hemoglobin Modulators for Reversing Erythrocyte Sickling. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1508. [PMID: 33147875 PMCID: PMC7693414 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes that bind to sickle hemoglobin (HbS) to increase the protein oxygen affinity and/or directly inhibit HbS polymer formation to prevent the pathological hypoxia-induced HbS polymerization and the subsequent erythrocyte sickling have for several years been studied for the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). With the exception of Voxelotor, which was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat the disease, several other promising antisickling aromatic aldehydes have not fared well in the clinic because of metabolic instability of the aldehyde moiety, which is critical for the pharmacologic activity of these compounds. Over the years, our group has rationally developed analogs of aromatic aldehydes that incorporate a stable Michael addition reactive center that we hypothesized would form covalent interactions with Hb to increase the protein affinity for oxygen and prevent erythrocyte sickling. Although, these compounds have proven to be metabolically stable, unfortunately they showed weak to no antisickling activity. In this study, through additional targeted modifications of our lead Michael addition compounds, we have discovered other novel antisickling agents. These compounds, designated MMA, bind to the α-globin and/or β-globin to increase Hb affinity for oxygen and concomitantly inhibit erythrocyte sickling with significantly enhanced and sustained pharmacologic activities in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.M.); (M.E.E.-A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Mohini S. Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; (M.S.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Yosra A. Muhammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.M.); (M.E.E.-A.)
| | - Steven D. Paredes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; (M.S.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Moustafa E. El-Araby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (Y.A.M.); (M.E.E.-A.)
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; (M.S.G.); (S.D.P.)
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24
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Renó CO, Barbosa AR, de Carvalho SS, Pinheiro MB, Rios DR, Cortes VF, Barbosa LA, Santos HL. Oxidative stress assessment in sickle cell anemia patients treated with hydroxyurea. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:937-945. [PMID: 32166377 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-03987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU) is used as a therapy in sickle cell anemia (SCA). Many studies have established that HU improves patient quality of life by reducing symptoms. However, the effect of HU on erythrocytes is not well-described. We evaluated several parameters related to oxidative stress and total lipid content of erythrocytes in patients with SCA. The patient cohort consisted of 7 SCA patients treated with HU, 17 untreated SCA patients, and 15 healthy subjects. Erythrocytes from patients with SCA displayed increased oxidative stress relative to the control group, including higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), Fe3+ content, and osmotic fragility, and decreased total cholesterol. We observed that treatment of SCA patients with HU increased Fe3+ content and activity of glutathione peroxidase, and decreased glutathione reductase activity, glutathione levels, total cholesterol, and phospholipid content comaperaded to patients untreated with HU. Thus, HU alters biochemical characteristics of erythrocytes; future studies will determine whether they are beneficial or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane O Renó
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Amanda Rodrigues Barbosa
- Laboratório de Hematologia Clínica, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Sara Santos de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Hematologia Clínica, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Melina B Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Danyelle Romana Rios
- Laboratório de Hematologia Clínica, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Vanessa F Cortes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Leandro A Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Hérica L Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil.
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25
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Abstract
This chapter reviews how allosteric (heterotrophic) effectors and natural mutations impact hemoglobin (Hb) primary physiological function of oxygen binding and transport. First, an introduction about the structure of Hb is provided, including the ensemble of tense and relaxed Hb states and the dynamic equilibrium of Hb multistate. This is followed by a brief review of Hb variants with altered Hb structure and oxygen binding properties. Finally, a review of different endogenous and exogenous allosteric effectors of Hb is presented with particular emphasis on the atomic interactions of synthetic ligands with altered allosteric function of Hb that could potentially be harnessed for the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa H Ahmed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.,Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA. .,Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA.
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26
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Mahran MA, Ismail MT, Abdelkader EH. 100 years of sickle cell disease research: etiology, pathophysiology and rational drug design (part 1). BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-019-0016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundSickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic hemolytic disease caused by an altered hemoglobin molecule (HbS) and was first termed as a molecular disease. Glutamic acid in the normal hemoglobin molecule (HbA), was replaced by valine in HbS at the sixth position of both β-chains. This alteration was proved to be due to a single point mutation GTG instead of GAG in the genetic code. Since the discovery of sickle cell disease in 1910, great efforts have been done to study this disease on a molecular level. These efforts aimed to identify the disease etiology, pathophysiology, and finally to discover efficient treatment. Despite the tremendous work of many research groups all over the world, the only approved drug up to this moment, for the treatment of SCD is the hydroxyurea.Main textIn this review, the antisickling pharmaco-therapeutics will be classified into two major groups: hemoglobin site directed modifiers and ex-hemoglobin effectors. The first class will be discussed in details, here in, focusing on the most important figures in the way of the rational drug design for SCD treatment aiming to help scientists solve the mystery of this problem and to get clear vision toward possible required therapy for SCD.ConclusionDespite the large number of the antisickling candidates that have been reached clinical studies yet, none of them has been introduced to the market. This may be due to the fact that hemoglobin is a large molecule with different target sites, which requires highly potent therapeutic agent. With this potency, these drugs should be safe, with acceptable oral pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Such ideal drug candidate needs more efforts to be developed.
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27
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Omar AM, David T, Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Chen Q, Mehta A, Zhang Y, Abdulmalik O, Naghi AH, El-Araby ME, Safo MK. Structural modification of azolylacryloyl derivatives yields a novel class of covalent modifiers of hemoglobin as potential antisickling agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1900-1906. [PMID: 32206236 PMCID: PMC7069400 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular polymerization and the concomitant sickling processes, central to the pathology of sickle cell disease, can be mitigated by increasing the oxygen affinity of sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Attempts to develop azolylacryloyl derivatives to covalently interact with βCys93 and destabilize the low-O2-affinity T-state (deoxygenated) HbS to the polymer resistant high-O2-affinity R-state (liganded) HbS were only partially successful. This was likely due to the azolylacryloyls carboxylate moiety directing the compounds to also bind in the central water cavity of deoxygenated Hb and stabilizing the T-state. We now report a second generation of KAUS compounds (KAUS-28, KAUS-33, KAUS-38, and KAUS-39) without the carboxylate moiety designed to bind exclusively to βCys93. As expected, the compounds showed reactivity with both free amino acid l-Cys and the Hb βCys93. At 2 mM concentrations, the compounds demonstrated increased Hb affinity for oxygen (6% to 15%) in vitro, while the previously reported imidazolylacryloyl carboxylate derivative, KAUS-15 only showed 4.5% increase. The increased O2 affinity effects were sustained through the experimental period of 12 h for KAUS-28, KAUS-33, and KAUS-38, suggesting conserved pharmacokinetic profiles. When incubated at 2 mM with red blood cells from patients with homozygous SS, the compounds inhibited erythrocyte sickling by 5% to 9%, respectively in correlation with the increase Hb-O2 affinity. These values compare to 2% for KAUS-15. When tested with healthy mice, KAUS-38 showed very low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Alsulaymanyah , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia .
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Azhar University , Cairo 11884 , Egypt
| | - T David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - P P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - M S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - Q Chen
- Division of Hematology , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA
| | - A Mehta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
| | - O Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA
| | - A H Naghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Alsulaymanyah , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia .
| | - M E El-Araby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , King Abdulaziz University , Alsulaymanyah , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia .
| | - M K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology , Drug Discovery and Development , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23219 , USA .
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28
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Kassa T, Wood F, Strader MB, Alayash AI. Antisickling Drugs Targeting βCys93 Reduce Iron Oxidation and Oxidative Changes in Sickle Cell Hemoglobin. Front Physiol 2019; 10:931. [PMID: 31396101 PMCID: PMC6668304 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder caused by a single point mutation in the β globin gene where glutamic acid is replaced by valine at the sixth position of the β chain of hemoglobin (Hb). At low oxygen tension, the polymerization of deoxyHbS into fibers occurs in red blood cells (RBCs) leading to an impaired blood vessel transit. Sickle cell hemoglobin (HbS), when oxidized with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), stays longer in a highly oxidizing ferryl (Fe4+) form causing irreversible oxidation of βCys93 to a destabilizing cysteic acid. We have previously reported that an antisickling drug can be designed to bind specifically to βCys93 and effectively protect against its irreversible oxidation by H2O2. Here, we report oxygen dissociation, oxidation, and polymerization kinetic reactions for four antisickling drugs (under different preclinical/clinical developmental stages) that either site-specifically target βCys93 or other sites on the HbS molecule. Molecules that specifically bind to or modify βCys93, such as 4,4′-di(1,2,3-triazolyl) disulfide (TD-3) and hydroxyurea (HU) were contrasted with molecules that target other sites on Hb including 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) and L-glutamine. All reagents induced a left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve (ODC) except L-glutamine. In the presence of H2O2 (2.5:1, H2O2:heme), both TD-3 and HU reduced the ferryl heme by 22 and 37%, respectively, which corresponded to a 3- to 2-fold reduction in the levels of βCys93 oxidation as verified by mass spectrometry. Increases in the delay times prior to polymerization of HbS under hypoxia were in the following order: TD-3 > HU > 5-HMF = L-glutamine. Designing antisickling agents that can specifically target βCys93 may provide a dual antioxidant and antisickling therapeutic benefits in treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigist Kassa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Francine Wood
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Michael Brad Strader
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Abdu I Alayash
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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29
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Abstract
Covalent inhibitors are widely used in drug discovery and chemical biology. Although covalent inhibitors are frequently designed to react with noncatalytic cysteines, many ligand binding sites lack an accessible cysteine. Here, we review recent advances in the chemical biology of lysine-targeted covalent inhibitors and chemoproteomic probes. By analyzing crystal structures of proteins bound to common metabolites and enzyme cofactors, we identify a large set of mostly unexplored lysines that are potentially targetable with covalent inhibitors. In addition, we describe mass spectrometry-based approaches for determining proteome-wide lysine ligandability and lysine-reactive chemoproteomic probes for assessing drug-target engagement. Finally, we discuss the design of amine-reactive inhibitors that form reversible covalent bonds with their protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Cuesta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; ,
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; ,
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30
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Deshpande TM, Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Chen Q, Musayev FN, Venitz J, Zhang Y, Abdulmalik O, Safo MK. Rational modification of vanillin derivatives to stereospecifically destabilize sickle hemoglobin polymer formation. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2018; 74:956-964. [PMID: 30289405 PMCID: PMC6173052 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318009919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen represents a feasible and promising therapeutic approach for sickle cell disease by mitigating the primary pathophysiological event, i.e. the hypoxia-induced polymerization of sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) and the concomitant erythrocyte sickling. Investigations on a novel synthetic antisickling agent, SAJ-310, with improved and sustained antisickling activity have previously been reported. To further enhance the biological effects of SAJ-310, a structure-based approach was employed to modify this compound to specifically inhibit Hb S polymer formation through interactions which perturb the Hb S polymer-stabilizing αF-helix, in addition to primarily increasing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. Three compounds, TD-7, TD-8 and TD-9, were synthesized and studied for their interactions with hemoglobin at the atomic level, as well as their functional and antisickling activities in vitro. X-ray crystallographic studies with liganded hemoglobin in complex with TD-7 showed the predicted mode of binding, although the interaction with the αF-helix was not as strong as expected. These findings provide important insights and guidance towards the development of molecules that would be expected to bind and make stronger interactions with the αF-helix, resulting in more efficacious novel therapeutics for sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi M. Deshpande
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Piyusha P. Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Mohini S. Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Qiukan Chen
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Faik N. Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Jurgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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31
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Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Musayev FN, Deshpande TM, Chen Q, Braxton C, Kim S, Venitz J, Zhang Y, Abdulmalik O, Safo MK. Rational design of pyridyl derivatives of vanillin for the treatment of sickle cell disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2530-2538. [PMID: 29655608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced polymerization of sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) is the principal phenomenon that underlays the pathophysiology and morbidity associated with sickle cell disease (SCD). Opportunely, as an allosteric protein, hemoglobin (Hb) serves as a convenient and potentially critical druggable target. Consequently, molecules that prevent Hb S polymerization (Hb modifiers), and the associated erythrocyte sickling have been investigated-and retain significant interest-as a viable therapeutic strategy for SCD. This group of molecules, including aromatic aldehydes, form high oxygen affinity Schiff-base adducts with Hb S, which are resistant to polymerization. Here, we report the design and synthesis of novel potent antisickling agents (SAJ-009, SAJ-310 and SAJ-270) based on the pharmacophore of vanillin and INN-312, a previously reported pyridyl derivative of vanillin. These novel derivatives exhibited superior in vitro binding and pharmacokinetic properties compared to vanillin, which translated into significantly enhanced allosteric and antisickling properties. Crystal structure studies of liganded Hb in the R2 quaternary state in complex with SAJ-310 provided important insights into the allosteric and antisickling properties of this group of compounds. While these derivatives generally show similar in vitro biological potency, significant structure-dependent differences in their biochemical profiles would help predict the most promising candidates for successful in vivo pre-clinical translational studies and inform further structural modifications to improve on their pharmacologic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Mohini S Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Faik N Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Tanvi M Deshpande
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Qiukan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Courtney Braxton
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Solyi Kim
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jürgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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32
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Shapla UM, Solayman M, Alam N, Khalil MI, Gan SH. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) levels in honey and other food products: effects on bees and human health. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:35. [PMID: 29619623 PMCID: PMC5884753 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An organic compound known as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is formed from reducing sugars in honey and various processed foods in acidic environments when they are heated through the Maillard reaction. In addition to processing, storage conditions affect the formation HMF, and HMF has become a suitable indicator of honey quality. HMF is easily absorbed from food through the gastrointestinal tract and, upon being metabolized into different derivatives, is excreted via urine. In addition to exerting detrimental effects (mutagenic, genotoxic, organotoxic and enzyme inhibitory), HMF, which is converted to a non-excretable, genotoxic compound called 5-sulfoxymethylfurfural, is beneficial to human health by providing antioxidative, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypoxic, anti-sickling, and anti-hyperuricemic effects. Therefore, HMF is a neo-forming contaminant that draws great attention from scientists. This review compiles updated information regarding HMF formation, detection procedures, mitigation strategies and effects of HMF on honey bees and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummay Mahfuza Shapla
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Bio-medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md Solayman
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Bio-medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh. .,Department of Biochemistry, Primeasia University, Banani, 1213, Bangladesh.
| | - Nadia Alam
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Md Ibrahim Khalil
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Bio-medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.,School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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33
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Lu X, Galarneau MM, Higgins JM, Wood DK. A microfluidic platform to study the effects of vascular architecture and oxygen gradients on sickle blood flow. Microcirculation 2018; 24. [PMID: 28129479 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Our goal was to develop a model of the microvasculature that would allow us to quantify changes in the rheology of sickle blood as it traverses the varying vessel sizes and oxygen tensions in the microcirculation. We designed and implemented a microfluidic model of the microcirculation that comprises a branching microvascular network and physiologic oxygen gradients. We used computational modeling to determine the parameters necessary to generate stable, linear gradients in our devices. Sickle blood from six unique patients was perfused through the microvascular network and subjected to varying oxygen gradients while we observed and quantified blood flow. We found that all sickle blood samples fully occluded the microvascular network when deoxygenated, and we observed that sickle blood could cause vaso-occlusions under physiologic oxygen gradients during the microvascular transit time. The number of occlusions observed under five unique oxygen gradients varied among the patient samples, but we generally observed that the number of occlusions decreased with increasing inlet oxygen tension. The model system we have developed is a valuable tool to address fundamental questions about where in the circulation sickle-cell vaso-occlusions are most likely to occur and to test new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michelle M Galarneau
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - John M Higgins
- Department of Pathology, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David K Wood
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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34
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Xu GG, Pagare PP, Ghatge MS, Safo RP, Gazi A, Chen Q, David T, Alabbas AB, Musayev FN, Venitz J, Zhang Y, Safo MK, Abdulmalik O. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Ester and Ether Derivatives of Antisickling Agent 5-HMF for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3499-3511. [PMID: 28858508 PMCID: PMC5871537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Candidate drugs to counter intracellular polymerization of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) continue to represent a promising approach to mitigating the primary cause of the pathophysiology associated with sickle cell disease (SCD). One such compound is the naturally occurring antisickling agent, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF), which has been studied in the clinic for the treatment of SCD. As part of our efforts to develop novel efficacious drugs with improved pharmacologic properties, we structurally modified 5-HMF into 12 ether and ester derivatives. The choice of 5-HMF as a pharmacophore was influenced by a combination of its demonstrated attractive hemoglobin modifying and antisickling properties, well-known safety profiles, and its reported nontoxic major metabolites. The derivatives were investigated for their time- and/or dose-dependent effects on important antisickling parameters, such as modification of hemoglobin, corresponding changes in oxygen affinity, and inhibition of red blood cell sickling. The novel test compounds bound and modified Hb and concomitantly increased the protein affinity for oxygen. Five of the derivatives exhibited 1.5- to 4.0-fold higher antisickling effects than 5-HMF. The binding mode of the compounds with Hb was confirmed by X-ray crystallography and, in part, helps explain their observed biochemical properties. Our findings, in addition to the potential therapeutic application, provide valuable insights and potential guidance for further modifications of these (and similar) compounds to enhance their pharmacologic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan G. Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Piyusha P. Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mohini S. Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Ronni P. Safo
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Aheema Gazi
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Qiukan Chen
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Tanya David
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Alhumaidi B. Alabbas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Faik N. Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Jürgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- The Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery, and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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35
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Erukainure OL, Ajiboye JA, Abbah UA, Asieba GO, Mamuru S, Zaruwa MZ, Manhas N, Singh P, Islam MS. Monodora myristica (African nutmeg) modulates redox homeostasis and alters functional chemistry in sickled erythrocytes. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:458-467. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327117712385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidative effect of Monodora myristica seed acetone extract and its effect on chemical functional groups were investigated in sickled erythrocytes as well as molecular modeling of the antisickling potentials of its secondary metabolites. The extract was subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to identify the compounds present, which were then docked into the allosteric-binding site of deoxy-hemoglobin. The extract was incubated with sickled erythrocytes at 37°C for 6, 12, and 24 h and were subjected to antioxidative analysis for reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Chemical functional group of the treated cells was analyzed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The predominant compounds identified were 17-octadecynoic acid; oleic acid, androstan-3-one, 17-hydroxy-2-methyl- (2.beta.,5.beta.,17.beta.)-; estran-3-one, 17-(acetyloxy)-2-methyl-, (2.alpha., 5.alpha., 17.beta.), and (+)-3-carene, 10-(acetylmethyl)-. They all fitted well within the active site of Hb with good binding affinity, as evidenced by the negative CDocker interaction energies of their complexes ranging between −54.4 and −26.7 kcal/mol. Treatment with the extract exacerbated SOD and catalase activities as well as GSH level, while LPO was suppressed. This antioxidative activity was time and/or dose dependent, with 6 and 12 h incubation showing the optimum activity. FTIR analysis of the treated cells showed the presence of hydrophobic functional groups. The synergetic molecular interaction of the major compounds of the extract with the α-dimer of Hb depicts an antisickling effect of M. myristica acetone extract. This is accompanied by exacerbation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes activity and modification of the functional chemistry of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- OL Erukainure
- Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - JA Ajiboye
- Department of Biochemistry, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria
| | - UA Abbah
- Department of Biochemistry, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria
| | - GO Asieba
- Analytical Division, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - S Mamuru
- Department of Chemistry, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria
| | - MZ Zaruwa
- Department of Chemistry, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria
| | - N Manhas
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - P Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - MS Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu–Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
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36
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Metcalf B, Chuang C, Dufu K, Patel MP, Silva-Garcia A, Johnson C, Lu Q, Partridge JR, Patskovska L, Patskovsky Y, Almo SC, Jacobson MP, Hua L, Xu Q, Gwaltney SL, Yee C, Harris J, Morgan BP, James J, Xu D, Hutchaleelaha A, Paulvannan K, Oksenberg D, Li Z. Discovery of GBT440, an Orally Bioavailable R-State Stabilizer of Sickle Cell Hemoglobin. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:321-326. [PMID: 28337324 PMCID: PMC5346980 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
We
report the discovery of a new potent allosteric effector of
sickle cell hemoglobin, GBT440 (36), that increases the
affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and consequently inhibits its polymerization
when subjected to hypoxic conditions. Unlike earlier allosteric activators
that bind covalently to hemoglobin in a 2:1 stoichiometry, 36 binds with a 1:1 stoichiometry. Compound 36 is orally
bioavailable and partitions highly and favorably into the red blood
cell with a RBC/plasma ratio of ∼150. This partitioning onto
the target protein is anticipated to allow therapeutic concentrations
to be achieved in the red blood cell at low plasma concentrations.
GBT440 (36) is in Phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment
of sickle cell disease (NCT03036813).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Metcalf
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chihyuan Chuang
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kobina Dufu
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mira P. Patel
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Abel Silva-Garcia
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Johnson
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Qing Lu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James R. Partridge
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Larysa Patskovska
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Yury Patskovsky
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Lan Hua
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Qing Xu
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Stephen L. Gwaltney
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Calvin Yee
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jason Harris
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bradley P. Morgan
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joyce James
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donghong Xu
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Athiwat Hutchaleelaha
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kumar Paulvannan
- Tandem Sciences, Inc., Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Donna Oksenberg
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhe Li
- Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc., South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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37
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Oder E, Safo MK, Abdulmalik O, Kato GJ. New developments in anti-sickling agents: can drugs directly prevent the polymerization of sickle haemoglobin in vivo? Br J Haematol 2016; 175:24-30. [PMID: 27605087 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of sickle cell disease is the polymerization of sickle haemoglobin due to a point mutation in the β-globin gene (HBB). Under low oxygen saturation, sickle haemoglobin assumes the tense (T-state) deoxygenated conformation that can form polymers, leading to rigid erythrocytes with impaired blood vessel transit, compounded or initiated by adhesion of erythrocytes to endothelium, neutrophils and platelets. This process results in vessel occlusion and ischaemia, with consequent acute pain, chronic organ damage, morbidity and mortality. Pharmacological agents that stabilize the higher oxygen affinity relaxed state (R-state) and/or destabilize the lower oxygen affinity T-state of haemoglobin have the potential to delay the sickling of circulating red cells by slowing polymerization kinetics. Relevant classes of agents include aromatic aldehydes, thiol derivatives, isothiocyanates and acyl salicylates derivatives. The aromatic aldehyde, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) increases oxygen affinity of sickle haemoglobin and reduces hypoxia-induced sickling in vitro and protects sickle cell mice from effects of hypoxia. It has completed pre-clinical testing and has entered clinical trials as treatment for sickle cell disease. A related molecule, GBT440, has shown R-state stabilization and increased oxygen affinity in preclinical testing. Allosteric modifiers of haemoglobin as direct anti-sickling agents target the fundamental pathophysiological mechanism of sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Oder
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gregory J Kato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and the Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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38
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Aryloxyalkanoic Acids as Non-Covalent Modifiers of the Allosteric Properties of Hemoglobin. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081057. [PMID: 27529207 PMCID: PMC5453642 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) modifiers that stereospecifically inhibit sickle hemoglobin polymer formation and/or allosterically increase Hb affinity for oxygen have been shown to prevent the primary pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD), specifically, Hb polymerization and red blood cell sickling. Several such compounds are currently being clinically studied for the treatment of SCD. Based on the previously reported non-covalent Hb binding characteristics of substituted aryloxyalkanoic acids that exhibited antisickling properties, we designed, synthesized and evaluated 18 new compounds (KAUS II series) for enhanced antisickling activities. Surprisingly, select test compounds showed no antisickling effects or promoted erythrocyte sickling. Additionally, the compounds showed no significant effect on Hb oxygen affinity (or in some cases, even decreased the affinity for oxygen). The X-ray structure of deoxygenated Hb in complex with a prototype compound, KAUS-23, revealed that the effector bound in the central water cavity of the protein, providing atomic level explanations for the observed functional and biological activities. Although the structural modification did not lead to the anticipated biological effects, the findings provide important direction for designing candidate antisickling agents, as well as a framework for novel Hb allosteric effectors that conversely, decrease the protein affinity for oxygen for potential therapeutic use for hypoxic- and/or ischemic-related diseases.
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39
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Xu GG, Deshpande TM, Ghatge MS, Mehta AY, Omar ASM, Ahmed MH, Venitz J, Abdulmalik O, Zhang Y, Safo MK. Design, Synthesis, and Investigation of Novel Nitric Oxide (NO)-Releasing Prodrugs as Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Ischemic Disorders: Insights into NO-Releasing Prodrug Biotransformation and Hemoglobin-NO Biochemistry. Biochemistry 2015; 54:7178-92. [PMID: 26582149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed novel nitric oxide (NO)-releasing prodrugs of efaproxiral (RSR13) for their potential therapeutic applications in a variety of diseases with underlying ischemia. RSR13 is an allosteric effector of hemoglobin (Hb) that decreases the protein's affinity for oxygen, thereby increasing tissue oxygenation. NO, because of its vasodilatory property, in the form of ester prodrugs has been found to be useful in managing several cardiovascular diseases by increasing blood flow and oxygenation in ischemic tissues. We synthesized three NO-donor ester derivatives of RSR13 (DD-1, DD-2, and DD-3) by attaching the NO-releasing moieties nitrooxyethyl, nitrooxypropyl, and 1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate, respectively, to the carboxylate of RSR13. In vitro studies demonstrated that the compounds released NO in a time-dependent manner upon being incubated with l-cysteine (1.8-9.3%) or human serum (2.3-52.5%) and also reduced the affinity of Hb for oxygen in whole blood (ΔP50 of 4.9-21.7 mmHg vs ΔP50 of 25.4-32.1 mmHg for RSR13). Crystallographic studies showed RSR13, the hydrolysis product of the reaction between DD-1 and deoxygenated Hb, bound to the central water cavity of Hb. Also, the hydrolysis product, NO, was observed exclusively bound to the two α hemes, the first such HbNO structure to be reported, capturing the previously proposed physiological bis-ligated nitrosylHb species. Finally, nitrate was observed bound to βHis97. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the compounds incubated with matrices used for the various studies demonstrated the presence of the predicted reaction products. Our findings, beyond the potential therapeutic application, provide valuable insights into the biotransformation of NO-releasing prodrugs and their mechanism of action and into hemoglobin-NO biochemistry at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Abdel Sattar M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University , Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University , Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | | | | | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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40
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Omar AM, Mahran MA, Ghatge MS, Chowdhury N, Bamane FHA, El-Araby ME, Abdulmalik O, Safo MK. Identification of a novel class of covalent modifiers of hemoglobin as potential antisickling agents. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6353-70. [PMID: 25974708 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00367a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes and ethacrynic acid (ECA) exhibit antipolymerization properties that are beneficial for sickle cell disease therapy. Based on the ECA pharmacophore and its atomic interaction with hemoglobin, we designed and synthesized several compounds - designated as KAUS (imidazolylacryloyl derivatives) - that we hypothesized would bind covalently to βCys93 of hemoglobin and inhibit sickling. The compounds surprisingly showed weak allosteric and antisickling properties. X-ray studies of hemoglobin in complex with representative KAUS compounds revealed an unanticipated mode of Michael addition between the β-unsaturated carbon and the N-terminal αVal1 nitrogen at the α-cleft of hemoglobin, with no observable interaction with βCys93. Interestingly, the compounds exhibited almost no reactivity with the free amino acids, L-Val, L-His and L-Lys, but showed some reactivity with both glutathione and L-Cys. Our findings provide a molecular level explanation for the compounds biological activities and an important framework for targeted modifications that would yield novel potent antisickling agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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41
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Nakagawa A, Lui FE, Wassaf D, Yefidoff-Freedman R, Casalena D, Palmer MA, Meadows J, Mozzarelli A, Ronda L, Abdulmalik O, Bloch KD, Safo MK, Zapol WM. Identification of a small molecule that increases hemoglobin oxygen affinity and reduces SS erythrocyte sickling. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2318-25. [PMID: 25061917 PMCID: PMC4205001 DOI: 10.1021/cb500230b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Small
molecules that increase the oxygen affinity of human hemoglobin
may reduce sickling of red blood cells in patients with sickle cell
disease. We screened 38 700 compounds using small molecule
microarrays and identified 427 molecules that bind to hemoglobin.
We developed a high-throughput assay for evaluating the ability of
the 427 small molecules to modulate the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
We identified a novel allosteric effector of hemoglobin, di(5-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)disulfide
(TD-1). TD-1 induced a greater increase in oxygen affinity of human
hemoglobin in solution and in red blood cells than did 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural
(5-HMF), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), or diformamidine disulfide. The three-dimensional
structure of hemoglobin complexed with TD-1 revealed that monomeric
units of TD-1 bound covalently to β-Cys93 and β-Cys112,
as well as noncovalently to the central water cavity of the hemoglobin
tetramer. The binding of TD-1 to hemoglobin stabilized the relaxed
state (R3-state) of hemoglobin. TD-1 increased the oxygen affinity
of sickle hemoglobin and inhibited in vitro hypoxia-induced
sickling of red blood cells in patients with sickle cell disease without
causing hemolysis. Our study indicates that TD-1 represents a novel
lead molecule for the treatment of patients with sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Nakagawa
- Anesthesia Center
for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care,
and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Francine E. Lui
- Anesthesia Center
for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care,
and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Dina Wassaf
- The Broad Institute
of MIT and Harvard, Chemical Biology Platform, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Revital Yefidoff-Freedman
- Anesthesia Center
for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care,
and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Dominick Casalena
- The Broad Institute
of MIT and Harvard, Chemical Biology Platform, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michelle A. Palmer
- The Broad Institute
of MIT and Harvard, Chemical Biology Platform, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jacqueline Meadows
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug
Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ronda
- Department
of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology,
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Bloch
- Anesthesia Center
for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care,
and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug
Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Warren M. Zapol
- Anesthesia Center
for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care,
and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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42
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Hannemann A, Cytlak UM, Rees DC, Tewari S, Gibson JS. Effects of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural on the volume and membrane permeability of red blood cells from patients with sickle cell disease. J Physiol 2014; 592:4039-49. [PMID: 25015917 PMCID: PMC4198013 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.277681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterocyclic aldehyde 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5HMF) interacts allosterically with the abnormal form of haemoglobin (Hb), HbS, in red blood cells (RBCs) from patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), thereby increasing oxygen affinity and decreasing HbS polymerization and RBC sickling during hypoxia. We hypothesized that should 5HMF also inhibit the main cation pathways implicated in the dehydration of RBCs from SCD patients - the deoxygenation-induced cation pathway (Psickle), the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel (the Gardos channel) and the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (KCC) - it would have a synergistic effect in protection against sickling, directly through interacting with HbS, and indirectly through maintaining hydration and reducing [HbS]. This study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of 5HMF on RBC volume and K(+) permeability in vitro. 5HMF markedly reduced the deoxygenation-induced dehydration of RBCs whether in response to maintained deoxygenation or to cyclical deoxygenation/re-oxygenation. 5HMF was found to inhibit Psickle, an effect which correlated with its effects on sickling. Deoxygenation-induced activation of the Gardos channel and exposure of phosphatidylserine were also inhibited, probably indirectly via reduced entry of Ca(2+) through the Psickle pathway. Effects of 5HMF on KCC were more modest with a slight inhibition in N-ethylmaleimide (NEM, 1 mm)-treated RBCs and stimulation in RBCs untreated with NEM. These findings support the hypothesis that 5HMF may also be beneficial through effects on RBC ion and water homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hannemann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Urszula M Cytlak
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Rees
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Tewari
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John S Gibson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Hannemann A, Cytlak UMC, Gbotosho OT, Rees DC, Tewari S, Gibson JS. Effects of o-vanillin on K⁺ transport of red blood cells from patients with sickle cell disease. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2014; 53:21-6. [PMID: 24594314 PMCID: PMC4039999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes like o-vanillin were designed to reduce the complications of sickle cell disease (SCD) by interaction with HbS, to reduce polymerisation and RBC sickling. Present results show that o-vanillin also directly affects RBC membrane permeability. Both the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (KCC) and the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel (or Gardos channel) were inhibited with IC50 of about 0.3 and 1 mM, respectively, with activities almost completely abolished by 5 mM. Similar effects were observed in RBCs treated with the thiol reacting reagent N-ethylmaleimide or with the Ca(2+) ionophore A23187, to circumvent any action via HbS polymerisation. The deoxygenation-induced cation conductance (sometimes termed P(sickle)) was partially inhibited, whilst deoxygenation-induced exposure of phosphatidylserine was completely abrogated. Na(+)/K(+) pump activity was also reduced. Notwithstanding, o-vanillin stimulated K(+) efflux through an unidentified pathway and resulted in reduction in cell volume (as measured by wet weight-dry weight). These actions are relevant to understanding how aromatic aldehydes may affect RBC membrane permeability per se as well as HbS polymerisation and thereby inform design of compounds most efficacious in ameliorating the complications of SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hannemann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - U M C Cytlak
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - O T Gbotosho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - D C Rees
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - S Tewari
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - J S Gibson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of sickle cell disease involves the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin in its T state, which develops under low oxygen saturation. One therapeutic strategy is to develop pharmacologic agents to stabilize the R state of hemoglobin, which has higher oxygen affinity and is expected to have slower kinetics of polymerization, potentially delaying the sickling of red cells during circulation. This strategy has stimulated the investigation of aromatic aldehydes, aspirin derivatives, thiols, and isothiocyanates that can stabilize the R state of hemoglobin in vitro. One representative aromatic aldehyde agent, 5-hydoxymethyl-2-furfural, protects sickle cell mice from the effects of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, P.O. Box 980540, Richmond, VA 23219-1540, USA
| | - Gregory J Kato
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, BST E1240, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Sun Y, Wen X, Zhao Y, Shen T, Liu Z, Gao H, Qiu S, Chen Y. Yeast exposure in the preparation of steamed rehmannia root improving its effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:514-520. [PMID: 24041459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. has been used in China for more than 2000 years to treat various diseases including diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Steamed rehmannia root (SRR) is one of the mainly used forms. During its preparation, the material has the chance to be exposed to microorganisms, particularly yeast. The aim of this study is to verify the effect of SRR on diabetes complications and the necessity of yeast exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Water extract of SRR was incubated with alcohol yeast to obtain fermented SRR (FSRR). Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were administrated with medicated animal chows for 8 weeks. Urine volume, fasted blood glucose and food intake were monitored, and open field test and tail immersion test were conducted in the last week, plasma and urine samples were subjected to biochemical examinations. RESULTS In DM rats, defecation in open field test was found reduced, and tail flick latency in tail immersion test increased. In the meantime, urinary excretions of Na(+), K(+), aldosterone, albumin and creatinine increased, and plasma concentrations of Na(+), K(+) and creatinine reduced and those of aldosterone, TXB₂/6-Keto-PGF(1α) and urea nitrogen elevated. Most of these indicators were significantly improved by FSRR administration, but the effects of SRR were relatively inferior in several aspects. However, SRR and FSRR could not improve the typical symptoms of DM. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that both SRR and FSRR have no obvious hypoglycemic effect, but have the potential to prevent the onset and development of diabetes complications, and this function can be improved by yeast exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Sun
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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Safo MK, Ko TP, Abdulmalik O, He Z, Wang AHJ, Schreiter ER, Russell JE. Structure of fully liganded Hb ζ2β2s trapped in a tense conformation. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:2061-71. [PMID: 24100324 PMCID: PMC3792644 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913019197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A variant Hb ζ2β2(s) that is formed from sickle hemoglobin (Hb S; α2β2(s)) by exchanging adult α-globin with embryonic ζ-globin subunits shows promise as a therapeutic agent for sickle-cell disease (SCD). Hb ζ2β2(s) inhibits the polymerization of deoxygenated Hb S in vitro and reverses characteristic features of SCD in vivo in mouse models of the disorder. When compared with either Hb S or with normal human adult Hb A (α2β2), Hb ζ2β2(s) exhibits atypical properties that include a high oxygen affinity, reduced cooperativity, a weak Bohr effect and blunted 2,3-diphosphoglycerate allostery. Here, the 1.95 Å resolution crystal structure of human Hb ζ2β2(s) that was expressed in complex transgenic knockout mice and purified from their erythrocytes is presented. When fully liganded with carbon monoxide, Hb ζ2β2(s) displays a central water cavity, a ζ1-β(s)2 (or ζ2-β(s)1) interface, intersubunit salt-bridge/hydrogen-bond interactions, C-terminal βHis146 salt-bridge interactions, and a β-cleft, that are highly unusual for a relaxed hemoglobin structure and are more typical of a tense conformation. These quaternary tense-like features contrast with the tertiary relaxed-like conformations of the ζ1β(s)1 dimer and the CD and FG corners, as well as the overall structures of the heme cavities. This crystallographic study provides insights into the altered oxygen-transport properties of Hb ζ2β2(s) and, moreover, decouples tertiary- and quaternary-structural events that are critical to Hb ligand binding and allosteric function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K. Safo
- Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, and the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhenning He
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew H.-J. Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Eric R. Schreiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - J. Eric Russell
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Background. Patients in West Africa where sickle cell anemia (SCA) is endemic have for ages been treated with natural products, especially herbs, as, is still the case in rural communities. Objective. In this paper we look closely at some of these herbs to see if there are any lessons to be learnt or clues to be found for optimizing the treatments based on them, as had been done in the case of NIPRISAN, which was developed from herbs in Nigeria based on Yoruba Medicine. Methods. Select publications on SCA, its molecular biology and pathology, and actual and experimental cases of herbal treatment were perused in search of molecular clues that can be linked to chemical constituents of the herbs involved. Results. The study revealed that during the last 2-3 decades, much progress was made in several aspects of SCA pharmacology, especially the approval of hydroxyurea. As for SCA herbalism, this paper revealed that antisickling herbs abound in West Africa and that the most promising may yet be found. Three new antisickling herbs (Entandrophragma utile, Chenopodium ambrosioides, and Petiveria alliacea) were reported in May 2011. At NIPRD, where NIPRISAN was developed, three other recipes are currently awaiting development. Conclusion. The study raised the hope that the search in the Tropics for more effective herbal recipes for managing sickle cell anaemia will be more fruitful with time and effort.
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Tucker MH, Crisci AJ, Wigington BN, Phadke N, Alamillo R, Zhang J, Scott SL, Dumesic JA. Acid-Functionalized SBA-15-Type Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas and Their Use in the Continuous Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300303v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark H. Tucker
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706-1607, United States
| | - Anthony J. Crisci
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Bethany N. Wigington
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Neelay Phadke
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706-1607, United States
| | - Ricardo Alamillo
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706-1607, United States
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science,
Suzhou, China 215125
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara,
California 93106-5080, United States
| | - James A. Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706-1607, United States
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In silico-screening approaches for lead generation: identification of novel allosteric modulators of human-erythrocyte pyruvate kinase. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 796:351-67. [PMID: 22052500 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-334-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Identification of allosteric binding site modulators have gained increased attention lately for their potential to be developed as selective agents with a novel chemotype and targeting perhaps a new and unique binding site with probable fewer side effects. Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (R-PK) is an important glycolytic enzyme that can be pharmacologically modulated through its allosteric effectors for the treatment of hemolytic anemia, sickle-cell anemia, hypoxia-related diseases, and other disorders arising from erythrocyte PK malfunction. An in-silico screening approach was applied to identify novel allosteric modulators of pyruvate kinase. A small-molecules database of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), was virtually screened based on structure/ligand-based pharmacophore. The virtual screening campaign led to the identification of several compounds with similar pharmacophoric features as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), the natural allosteric activator of the kinase. The compounds were subsequently docked into the FBP-binding site using the programs FlexX and GOLD, and their interactions with the protein were analyzed with the energy-scoring function of HINT. Seven promising candidates were obtained from the NCI and subjected to kinetics analysis, which revealed both activators and inhibitors of the R-isozyme of PK (R-PK).
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50
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Abdulmalik O, Ghatge MS, Musayev FN, Parikh A, Chen Q, Yang J, Nnamani I, Danso-Danquah R, Eseonu DN, Asakura T, Abraham DJ, Venitz J, Safo MK. Crystallographic analysis of human hemoglobin elucidates the structural basis of the potent and dual antisickling activity of pyridyl derivatives of vanillin. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2011; 67:920-8. [PMID: 22101818 PMCID: PMC3211971 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911036353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vanillin has previously been studied clinically as an antisickling agent to treat sickle-cell disease. In vitro investigations with pyridyl derivatives of vanillin, including INN-312 and INN-298, showed as much as a 90-fold increase in antisickling activity compared with vanillin. The compounds preferentially bind to and modify sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) to increase the affinity of Hb for oxygen. INN-312 also led to a considerable increase in the solubility of deoxygenated Hb S under completely deoxygenated conditions. Crystallographic studies of normal human Hb with INN-312 and INN-298 showed that the compounds form Schiff-base adducts with the N-terminus of the α-subunits to constrain the liganded (or relaxed-state) Hb conformation relative to the unliganded (or tense-state) Hb conformation. Interestingly, while INN-298 binds and directs its meta-positioned pyridine-methoxy moiety (relative to the aldehyde moiety) further down the central water cavity of the protein, that of INN-312, which is ortho to the aldehyde, extends towards the surface of the protein. These studies suggest that these compounds may act to prevent sickling of SS cells by increasing the fraction of the soluble high-affinity Hb S and/or by stereospecific inhibition of deoxygenated Hb S polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osheiza Abdulmalik
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mohini S. Ghatge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Faik N. Musayev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Apurvasena Parikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Qiukan Chen
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jisheng Yang
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ijeoma Nnamani
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Richmond Danso-Danquah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Dorothy N. Eseonu
- Department of Natural and Physical Sciences, School of Mathematics, Science and Technology, Virginia Union University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
| | - Toshio Asakura
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donald J. Abraham
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jurgen Venitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Martin K. Safo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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