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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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2
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Yang L, Wang Z. Bench-to-bedside: Innovation of small molecule anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs in China. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115503. [PMID: 37229831 PMCID: PMC10193775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in millions of deaths globally, highlighting the need to develop potent prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Small molecule inhibitors (remdesivir, Paxlovid, and molnupiravir) are essential complements to vaccines and play important roles in clinical treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Many advances have been made in development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors in China, but progress in discovery and characterization of pharmacological activity, antiviral mechanisms, and clinical efficacy are limited. We review development of small molecule anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs (azvudine [approved by the NMPA of China on July 25, 2022], VV116 [approved by the NMPA of China on January 29, 2023], FB2001, WPV01, pentarlandir, and cepharanthine) in China and summarize their pharmacological activity, potential mechanisms of action, clinical trials and use, and important milestones in their discovery. The role of structural biology in drug development is also reviewed. Future studies should focus on development of diverse second-generation inhibitors with excellent oral bioavailability, superior plasma half-life, increased antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, high target specificity, minimal side effects, reduced drug-drug interactions, and improved lung histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Yang
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, PR China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Zhonglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Natural Products and Pharmaceutical Intermediates in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus, Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
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3
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Hou J, Peng Y, Liu B, Zhang Q, Wang JH, Yu W, Chang J. 4'-Ethynyl-2'-deoxy-2'-β-fluoro-2-fluoroadenosine: A Highly Potent and Orally Available Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11282-11293. [PMID: 37535016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
2'-Deoxy-2'-β-fluoroadenosines bearing 4'-azido or 4'-ethynyl groups designed for the treatment of HIV-1 infection have been synthesized. All these compounds possess nanomolar anti-HIV-1 activity, with the 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoroadenosine analog 1c (CL-197) being the most potent compound with low cytotoxicity (EC50 = 0.9 nM, CC50 > 100 μM). It also shows potent inhibitory activities on drug resistant and clinical HIV-1 strains. Oral administration of 1c to Beagle dogs resulted in high levels of its bioactive form 1c-TP in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the HIV-1 target cells, where the resulting triphosphate exhibited a long-term intracellular retention and could prevent HIV-1 infection for an extended time. 1c displayed low in vivo toxicity and favorable pharmacokinetics profiles in Sprague-Dawley rats. The preclinical data support further development of 1c as a highly potent and orally bioavailable clinical candidate to treat HIV-1 infection. Currently, CL-197 is in clinical trials in China (registration number: CXHL2200529).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hou
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Youmei Peng
- Henan Key Laboratory for Pharmacology of Liver Diseases, Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Wenquan Yu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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4
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Zhang X, Jiao F, Li G, Yu X, Pei Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Li P. Elevated INR in a COVID-19 patient after concomitant administration of azvudine and anticoagulants. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1191608. [PMID: 37274098 PMCID: PMC10235595 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1191608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Azvudine (FNC) is a promising treatment candidate for managing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, drug interactions with azvudine have been poorly studied, especially with no reported cases of azvudine with anticoagulants such as warfarin and rivaroxaban. Case summary: The patient was diagnosed with lower limb venous thrombosis and took warfarin regularly. The international normalized ratio (INR) was stable (2.0-3.0). However, the INR increased to 7.52 after administering azvudine. The patient had no other factors justifying this change. This increase in INR occurred again with the administration of azvudine in combination with rivaroxaban, and the INR increased to 18.91. After azvudine administration was stopped, the INR did not increase when rivaroxaban was used alone. Conclusion: Azvudine, warfarin, and rivaroxaban might have previously unidentified drug interactions that increased the INR. Therefore, the INR must be closely monitored when they are concomitantly administered in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengwei Jiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangrun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojia Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Pei
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chinese Communist Youth League Committee, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Research Ward/Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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5
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da Silva RM, Gebe Abreu Cabral P, de Souza SB, Arruda RF, Cabral SPDF, de Assis ALEM, Martins YPM, Tavares CADA, Viana Junior AB, Chang J, Lei P. Serial viral load analysis by DDPCR to evaluate FNC efficacy and safety in the treatment of mild cases of COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1143485. [PMID: 37007788 PMCID: PMC10053779 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1143485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has threatened the human population globally as the numbers of reinfection cases even after large-scale vaccination. Trials have been carried out to find drugs effective in fighting the disease, as COVID-19 is being considered a treatable disease only after we have antivirals. A clinical candidate originally developed for HIV treatment, AZVUDINE (FNC), is a promising drug in the treatment of COVID-19.MethodsTo predict the clinical outcome of COVID-19, we examined the course of viral load, every 48 h, by RT-PCR, and disease severity using an antiviral drug, FNC, with 281 participants. A randomized clinical trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy of FNC added to standard treatment, compared with placebo group added to standard treatment, for patients with mild COVID-19. RT-qPCR and ddPCR were applied to estimate the viral load in samples from patients. Also, the clinical improvement was evaluated as well as the liver and kidney function.Results and discussionNotably, the FNC treatment in the mild COVID-19 patients may shorten the time of the nucleic acid negative conversion (NANC) versus placebo group. In addition, the FNC was effective in reducing the viral load of these participants. The present clinical trial results showed that the FNC accelerate the elimination of the virus in and could reduce treatment time of mild patients and save a lot of medical resources, making it a strong candidate for the outpatient and home treatment of COVID-19.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05033145, identifier NCT05033145.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Gebe Abreu Cabral
- High Complexity Center, Galzu Institute, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Paula Gebe Abreu Cabral,
| | - Sávio Bastos de Souza
- High Complexity Center, Galzu Institute, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raul Ferraz Arruda
- High Complexity Center, Galzu Institute, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junbiao Chang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Pingsheng Lei
- Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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6
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Aisikaer A, Ma J, Li J, Li X. Hydroazidation of phenacylideneoxindoles: Synthesis of 3-substituted 3-azido-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-ones via anti-electron addition. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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7
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Ouyang J, Zaongo SD, Harypursat V, Li X, Routy JP, Chen Y. SARS-CoV-2 pre-exposure prophylaxis: A potential COVID-19 preventive strategy for high-risk populations, including healthcare workers, immunodeficient individuals, and poor vaccine responders. Front Public Health 2022; 10:945448. [PMID: 36003629 PMCID: PMC9393547 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.945448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 has imposed severe challenges on global health care systems. The roll-out and widespread administration of COVID-19 vaccines has been deemed a major milestone in the race to restrict the severity of the infection. Vaccines have as yet not entirely suppressed the relentless progression of the pandemic, due mainly to the emergence of new virus variants, and also secondary to the waning of protective antibody titers over time. Encouragingly, an increasing number of antiviral drugs, such as remdesivir and the newly developed drug combination, Paxlovid® (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir), as well as molnupiravir, have shown significant benefits for COVID-19 patient outcomes. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been proven to be an effective preventive strategy in high-risk uninfected people exposed to HIV. Building on knowledge from what is already known about the use of PrEP for HIV disease, and from recently gleaned knowledge of antivirals used against COVID-19, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 PrEP, using specific antiviral and adjuvant drugs against SARS-CoV-2, may represent a novel preventive strategy for high-risk populations, including healthcare workers, immunodeficient individuals, and poor vaccine responders. Herein, we critically review the risk factors for severe COVID-19 and discuss PrEP strategies against SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we outline details of candidate anti-SARS-CoV-2 PrEP drugs, thus creating a framework with respect to the development of alternative and/or complementary strategies to prevent COVID-19, and contributing to the global armamentarium that has been developed to limit SARS-CoV-2 infection, severity, and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D. Zaongo
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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8
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Seastram AC, Hareram MD, Knight TMB, Morrill LC. Electrochemical alkene azidocyanation via 1,4-nitrile migration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8658-8661. [PMID: 35822449 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02958h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical method for the azidocyanation of alkenes via 1,4-nitrile migration has been developed. This organic oxidant free method is applicable across various alkene containing cyanohydrins, and provides access to a broad range of synthetically useful 1,2-azidonitriles (28 examples). This methodology was extended to an electrochemical alkene sulfonylcyanation procedure, as well as to access a trifunctionalized hexanenitrile from a malononitrile starting material. The orthogonal derivatization of the products was also demonstrated through chemoselective transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Seastram
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Mishra Deepak Hareram
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Thomas M B Knight
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Louis C Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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9
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Li G, Wang Y, De Clercq E. Approved HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the past decade. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1567-1590. [PMID: 35847492 PMCID: PMC9279714 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors are the important components of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAARTs) for anti-HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis in clinical practice. Many RT inhibitors and their combination regimens have been approved in the past ten years, but a review on their drug discovery, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy is lacking. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of RT inhibitors (tenofovir alafenamide, rilpivirine, doravirine, dapivirine, azvudine and elsulfavirine) approved in the past decade, regarding their drug discovery, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy in randomized controlled trials. Novel RT inhibitors such as islatravir, MK-8504, MK-8507, MK8583, IQP-0528, and MIV-150 will be also highlighted. Future development may focus on the new generation of novel antiretroviral inhibitors with higher bioavailability, longer elimination half-life, more favorable side-effect profiles, fewer drug-drug interactions, and higher activities against circulating drug-resistant strains.
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Key Words
- 3TC, (−)-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (common name, lamivudine)
- ABC, abacavir
- ATV, atazanavir
- AZT, 3′-azido-3′-deoxy-thymidine (common name, zidovudine)
- BIC, bictegravir
- CAB, cabotegravir
- CC50, the 50% cytotoxic concentration
- COBI, cobicistat
- Clinical efficacy
- DOR, doravirine
- DPV, dapivirine
- DRV, darunavir
- DTG, dolutegravir
- EACS, European AIDS Clinical Society
- EC50, half maximal effective concentration
- EFV, efavirenz
- ESV, elsulfavirine
- EVG, elvitegravir
- F, bioavailability
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- FTC, (−)-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3′-thiacytidine (common name, emtricitabine)
- HAART
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy
- HIV treatment
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IAS-USA, International Antiviral Society-USA
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration
- MSM, men who have sex with men
- NNRTI
- NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- NRTI
- NRTI, nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- RPV, rilpivirine
- TAF, tenofovir alafenamide
- TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
- t1/2, elimination half-life
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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10
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Chang J. 4'-Modified Nucleosides for Antiviral Drug Discovery: Achievements and Perspectives. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:565-578. [PMID: 35077644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modified nucleosides show therapeutic promise for antiviral therapies. However, issues including the emergence of drug resistance, toxicity, and coinfections have posed new challenges for nucleoside-based antiviral drug discovery, particularly in the era of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Chemical manipulation could impact the antiviral potency, safety, and drug resistance of nucleosides. Generally, modified nucleosides are difficult to recognize by intracellular important enzymes as substrates and thus exhibit low toxicity. 4'-Modified nucleosides represent an important subclass of modified nucleosides for antiviral therapies. To prevent the occurrence of drug resistance, 4'-modified nucleosides should have 3'-OH, which should also be chemically unreactive for proviral DNA biosynthesis. The absence of 3'-OH may explain the occurrence of drug resistance for censavudine. The introduction of 4'-substituents improves enzymatic and acidic stability and makes the nucleosides more lipophilic, thus improving cell permeability and bioavailability. Steric hindrance between the 4'-substituent and 3'-OH changes the furanose conformation to the 3'-endo type, in which the oxygen lone pair on the furanose ring could not form an oxocarbonium ion for glycolysis. Currently, seven 4'-modified nucleoside drug candidates such as azvudine (also known as FNC), islatravir, censavudine, balapiravir, lumicitabine, AL-335, and 4-azidothymidine have progressed into clinical stages for treating viral infections. Of note, FNC was officially approved by NMPA in July 2021 for use in adult patients with high HIV-1 virus loads (nos. H20210035 and H20210036), providing an alternative therapeutic for patients with HIV-1. The long-term cellular retention of FNC suggests its potential as a long-lasting pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) agent for preventing HIV-1 infection. Mechanistically, FNC not only inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcription and replication but also restored A3G expression in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells in HIV-1 patients receiving FNC. The 4'-azido group in azvudine stabilizes the 3'-C-endo (north) conformation by steric effects and the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the 3'-OH group, thus decreasing the nucleophilicity of 3'-OH. The north conformation may also enhance the phosphorylation efficiency of FNC by cellular kinases. Encouragingly, FNC, islatravir, and balapiravir show promise for the treatment of coronaviruses, of which FNC has advanced to phase 3 clinical trials in different countries to treat patients with COVID-19 (clinical trial numbers: NCT04668235 and NCT04425772). FNC cured the COVID-19 disease in almost all patients and showed better therapeutic efficacy than remdesivir. In this Account, we provide an overview of 4'-modified nucleoside analogs in clinical stages for antiviral therapies, highlighting the drug discovery strategies, structure-activity relationship studies, and preclinical/clinical studies and also give our perspectives on nucleoside-based antiviral drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbiao Chang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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11
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Fayzullina D, Kharwar RK, Acharya A, Buzdin A, Borisov N, Timashev P, Ulasov I, Kapomba B. FNC: An Advanced Anticancer Therapeutic or Just an Underdog? Front Oncol 2022; 12:820647. [PMID: 35223502 PMCID: PMC8867032 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.820647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Azvudine (FNC) is a novel cytidine analogue that has both antiviral and anticancer activities. This minireview focuses on its underlying molecular mechanisms of suppressing viral life cycle and cancer cell growth and discusses applications of this nucleoside drug for advanced therapy of tumors and malignant blood diseases. FNC inhibits positive-stand RNA viruses, like HCV, EV, SARS-COV-2, HBV, and retroviruses, including HIV, by suppressing their RNA-dependent polymerase enzymes. It may also inhibit such enzyme (reverse transcriptase) in the human retrotransposons, including human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). As the activation of retrotransposons can be the major factor of ongoing cancer genome instability and consequently higher aggressiveness of tumors, FNC has a potential to increase the efficacy of multiple anticancer therapies. Furthermore, FNC also showed other aspects of anticancer activity by inhibiting adhesion, migration, invasion, and proliferation of malignant cells. It was also reported to be involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, thereby inhibiting the progression of cancer through different pathways. To the date, the grounds of FNC effects on cancer cells are not fully understood and hence additional studies are needed for better understanding molecular mechanisms of its anticancer activities to support its medical use in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Fayzullina
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rajesh Kumar Kharwar
- Endocrine Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Kutir Post Graduate College, Chakkey, Jaunpur, India
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anton Buzdin
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicolas Borisov
- Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Peter Timashev
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Byron Kapomba
- Department of General Surgery, Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals, Harare, Zimbabwe,*Correspondence: Byron Kapomba,
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12
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Rajasekhar S, Das S, Balamurali MM, Chanda K. Therapeutic Inhibitory Activities of
N
‐Hydroxy Derived Cytidines: A Patent Overview. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreerama Rajasekhar
- Department of Chemistry School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 India
| | - Soumyadip Das
- Department of Chemistry School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 India
| | - M. M. Balamurali
- Division of Chemistry School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai campus Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road Chennai 600 127 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry School of Advanced Sciences Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 India
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13
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Shoaib A, Azmi L, Shukla I, Alqahtani SS, Alsarra IA, Shakeel F. Properties of Ethnomedicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds: Possible Use for COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1579-1587. [PMID: 33155905 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201106092021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the global scenario. To date, there are no treatment or preventive options. The discovery of a new drug will take time. In addition, the new drug will have side effects, and the virus will gradually become resistant to it. Therefore, it is important to search for a drug with a natural origin. OBJECTIVE In this review, we analyzed and summarized various ethnomedicinal plants and their bioactive compounds as a source of antiviral agents for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. METHODS From the literature, we selected different natural compounds that can act as potential targets at low cost with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. RESULTS Of the 200 Chinese herbal extracts tested for their possible role against SARS-CoV, Lycoris radiata, Artemisia annua, Pyrrosia lingua, and Lindera aggregate showed anti-SARS-CoV effects with the median effective concentration = 2.4-88.2 μg/mL. CONCLUSION Ethnomedicinal herbs can be used as an alternative source of novel, promising antiviral agents that might directly or indirectly inhibit the COVID-19 progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Shoaib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubna Azmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ila Shukla
- Department of Pharmacology, Jivika College of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saad S Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Alsarra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Mackman RL, Hui HC, Perron M, Murakami E, Palmiotti C, Lee G, Stray K, Zhang L, Goyal B, Chun K, Byun D, Siegel D, Simonovich S, Du Pont V, Pitts J, Babusis D, Vijjapurapu A, Lu X, Kim C, Zhao X, Chan J, Ma B, Lye D, Vandersteen A, Wortman S, Barrett KT, Toteva M, Jordan R, Subramanian R, Bilello JP, Cihlar T. Prodrugs of a 1'-CN-4-Aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine C-Nucleoside Leading to the Discovery of Remdesivir (GS-5734) as a Potent Inhibitor of Respiratory Syncytial Virus with Efficacy in the African Green Monkey Model of RSV. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5001-5017. [PMID: 33835812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A discovery program targeting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) identified C-nucleoside 4 (RSV A2 EC50 = 530 nM) as a phenotypic screening lead targeting the RSV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Prodrug exploration resulted in the discovery of remdesivir (1, GS-5734) that is >30-fold more potent than 4 against RSV in HEp-2 and NHBE cells. Metabolism studies in vitro confirmed the rapid formation of the active triphosphate metabolite, 1-NTP, and in vivo studies in cynomolgus and African Green monkeys demonstrated a >10-fold higher lung tissue concentration of 1-NTP following molar normalized IV dosing of 1 compared to that of 4. A once daily 10 mg/kg IV administration of 1 in an African Green monkey RSV model demonstrated a >2-log10 reduction in the peak lung viral load. These early data following the discovery of 1 supported its potential as a novel treatment for RSV prior to its development for Ebola and approval for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Mackman
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hon C Hui
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michel Perron
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Christopher Palmiotti
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Gary Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kirsten Stray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bindu Goyal
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kwon Chun
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Daniel Byun
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Dustin Siegel
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Scott Simonovich
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Venice Du Pont
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jared Pitts
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Darius Babusis
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Arya Vijjapurapu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Xianghan Lu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Cynthia Kim
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Julie Chan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Diane Lye
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Adelle Vandersteen
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Sarah Wortman
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kimberly T Barrett
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Maria Toteva
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Robert Jordan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Raju Subramanian
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - John P Bilello
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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15
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Meyer TH, Samanta RC, Del Vecchio A, Ackermann L. Mangana(iii/iv)electro-catalyzed C(sp 3)-H azidation. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2890-2897. [PMID: 34164055 PMCID: PMC8179422 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05924b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganaelectro-catalyzed azidation of otherwise inert C(sp3)-H bonds was accomplished using most user-friendly sodium azide as the nitrogen-source. The operationally simple, resource-economic C-H azidation strategy was characterized by mild reaction conditions, no directing group, traceless electrons as the sole redox-reagent, Earth-abundant manganese as the catalyst, high functional-group compatibility and high chemoselectivity, setting the stage for late-stage azidation of bioactive compounds. Detailed mechanistic studies by experiment, spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry provided strong support for metal-catalyzed aliphatic radical formation, along with subsequent azidyl radical transfer within a manganese(iii/iv) manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjark H Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany.,Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Ramesh C Samanta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany.,Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Antonio Del Vecchio
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany.,Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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16
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Wang Y, Jiang S, Chang M, Dong C. The solid-state and solution conformations of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-4'-substituted nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 40:212-221. [PMID: 33336618 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1861288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The conformational features of drugs are important with respect to their biological activity. In this report, we confirmed the solid-state conformation of 1-(4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl) cytosine using single-crystal X-ray crystallography and the conformations of three 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-4'-substituted nucleosides in solution using Altona-Haasnoot's equations and Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). Furthermore, we compared the preferred solid-state and solution conformation of these nucleosides with thermodynamics cycles to obtain more evidence of their conformations. The results showed 1-(4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl) cytosine was south type conformation (C-3'-exo) in solid-state and three 4'-substituted nucleosides were north type conformations (C-3'-endo) in solution. The north type conformations in solution indicated these compounds were steady to acidic and enzymatic N-glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Wang
- Scientific Research Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute of Henan, Zhengzhou, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiqing Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingxiu Chang
- Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute of Henan, Zhengzhou, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Scientific Research Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Chan SW. Current and Future Direct-Acting Antivirals Against COVID-19. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:587944. [PMID: 33262747 PMCID: PMC7688518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.587944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented global crisis. The etiological agent is a new virus called the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of October, 2020 there have been 45.4 million confirmed cases with a mortality rate of 2.6% globally. With the lack of a vaccine and effective treatments, the race is on to find a cure for the virus infection using specific antivirals. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, proteases, spike protein-host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 binding and fusion have presented as attractive targets for pan-coronavirus and broad spectrum direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). This review presents a perspective on current re-purposing treatments and future DAAs.
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18
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Ge L, Chiou MF, Li Y, Bao H. Radical azidation as a means of constructing C(sp3)-N3 bonds. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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19
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Elawar F, Oraby AK, Kieser Q, Jensen LD, Culp T, West FG, Marchant DJ. Pharmacological targets and emerging treatments for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107712. [PMID: 33121940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RSV infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants is the leading cause of pediatric hospitalizations and second to malaria in causing infant deaths worldwide. RSV also causes substantial morbidity in immunocompromised and elderly populations. The only available therapeutic is a prophylactic drug called Palivizumab that is a humanized monoclonal antibody, given to high-risk infants. However, this intervention is expensive and has a limited impact on annual hospitalization rates caused by RSV. No vaccine is available, nor are efficacious antivirals to treat an active infection, and there is still no consensus on how infants with bronchiolitis should be treated during hospital admission. In this comprehensive review, we briefly outline the function of the RSV proteins and their suitability as therapeutic targets. We then discuss the most promising drug candidates, their inhibitory mechanisms, and whether they are in the process of clinical trials. We also briefly discuss the reasons for some of the failures in RSV therapeutics and vaccines. In summary, we provide insight into current antiviral development and the considerations toward producing licensed antivirals and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Elawar
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Ahmed K Oraby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science &Technology, Al-Motamayez District, 6th of October City, P.O. Box 77, Egypt
| | - Quinten Kieser
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Lionel D Jensen
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tyce Culp
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Frederick G West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - David J Marchant
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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20
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Ren Z, Luo H, Yu Z, Song J, Liang L, Wang L, Wang H, Cui G, Liu Y, Wang J, Li Q, Zeng Z, Yang S, Pei G, Zhu Y, Song W, Yu W, Song C, Dong L, Hu C, Du J, Chang J. A Randomized, Open-Label, Controlled Clinical Trial of Azvudine Tablets in the Treatment of Mild and Common COVID-19, a Pilot Study. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:e2001435. [PMID: 35403380 PMCID: PMC7404576 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide. To date, no specific drug for COVID-19 has been developed. Thus, this randomized, open-label, controlled clinical trial (ChiCTR2000029853) was performed in China. A total of 20 mild and common COVID-19 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive azvudine and symptomatic treatment (FNC group), or standard antiviral and symptomatic treatment (control group). The mean times of the first nucleic acid negative conversion (NANC) of ten patients in the FNC group and ten patients in the control group are 2.60 (SD 0.97; range 1-4) d and 5.60 (SD 3.06; range 2-13) d, respectively (p = 0.008). The mean times of the first NANC of four newly diagnosed subjects in the FNC group and ten subjects in the control group are 2.50 (SD 1.00; range 2-4) d and 9.80 (SD 4.73; range 3-19) d, respectively (starting from the initial treatment) (p = 0.01). No adverse events occur in the FNC group, while three adverse events occur in the control group (p = 0.06). The preliminary results show that FNC treatment in the mild and common COVID-19 may shorten the NANC time versus standard antiviral treatment. Therefore, clinical trials of FNC treating COVID-19 with larger sample size are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450052China
- Guangshan County People's HospitalGuangshan CountyXinyang465450China
| | - Hong Luo
- Guangshan County People's HospitalGuangshan CountyXinyang465450China
| | - Zujiang Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450052China
| | - Jingchao Song
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryHenan Provincial Chest HospitalZhengzhou450008China
- Medical DepartmentXixian people's HospitalXixianXinyang464300China
| | - Lan Liang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug InnovationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal UniversityXinxiang453007China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryHenan Provincial Chest HospitalZhengzhou450008China
| | - Haiyu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450052China
| | - Guangying Cui
- Department of Infectious Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450052China
| | - Yong Liu
- Henan Genuine Biotech Co., Ltd.10 Fuxing Road, Xincheng DistrictPingdingshanHenan467036China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of OrthopedicsHuangchuan County People's HospitalHuangchuan CountyXinyang465150China
| | - Qingquan Li
- Medical DepartmentXixian people's HospitalXixianXinyang464300China
| | - Zhaohai Zeng
- Guangshan County People's HospitalGuangshan CountyXinyang465450China
| | - Shengkun Yang
- Guangshan County People's HospitalGuangshan CountyXinyang465450China
| | - Guangzhong Pei
- Guangshan County People's HospitalGuangshan CountyXinyang465450China
| | - Yonghui Zhu
- Guangshan County People's HospitalGuangshan CountyXinyang465450China
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryHenan Provincial Chest HospitalZhengzhou450008China
| | - Wenbin Song
- Guangshan County People's HospitalGuangshan CountyXinyang465450China
| | - Wenquan Yu
- Henan new drug creation and drug safety evaluation Collaborative Innovation CenterZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Chuanjun Song
- Henan new drug creation and drug safety evaluation Collaborative Innovation CenterZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Lihong Dong
- Henan new drug creation and drug safety evaluation Collaborative Innovation CenterZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Chuansong Hu
- Guangshan County People's HospitalGuangshan CountyXinyang465450China
| | - Jinfa Du
- Henan Genuine Biotech Co., Ltd.10 Fuxing Road, Xincheng DistrictPingdingshanHenan467036China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug InnovationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal UniversityXinxiang453007China
- Henan new drug creation and drug safety evaluation Collaborative Innovation CenterZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
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21
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The Pyrimidine Analog FNC Potently Inhibits the Replication of Multiple Enteroviruses. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00204-20. [PMID: 32075935 PMCID: PMC7163137 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00204-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (EVs), including coxsackieviruses, the numbered enteroviruses, and echoviruses, cause a wide range of diseases, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), encephalitis, myocarditis, acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), pneumonia, and bronchiolitis. Therefore, broad-spectrum anti-EV drugs are urgently needed to treat EV infection. Here, we demonstrate that FNC (2'-deoxy-2'-β-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine), a small nucleoside analog inhibitor that has been demonstrated to be a potent inhibitor of HIV and entered into a clinical phase II trial in China, potently inhibits the viral replication of a multitude of EVs, including enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackievirus A16 (CA16), CA6, EVD68, and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), at the nanomolar level. The antiviral mechanism of FNC involves mainly positive- and negative-strand RNA synthesis inhibition by targeting and competitively inhibiting the activity of EV71 viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3Dpol), as demonstrated through quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR), in vitro 3Dpol activity, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments. We further demonstrated that FNC treatment every 2 days with 1 mg/kg of body weight in EV71 and CA16 infection neonatal mouse models successfully protected mice from lethal challenge with EV71 and CA16 viruses and reduced the viral load in various tissues. These findings provide important information for the clinical development of FNC as a broad-spectrum inhibitor of human EV pathogens.IMPORTANCE Human enterovirus (EV) pathogens cause various contagious diseases such as hand, foot, and mouth disease, encephalitis, myocarditis, acute flaccid myelitis, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis, which have become serious health threats. However, except for the EV71 vaccine on the market, there are no effective strategies to prevent and treat other EV pathogen infections. Therefore, broad-spectrum anti-EV drugs are urgently needed. In this study, we demonstrated that FNC, a small nucleoside analog inhibitor that has been demonstrated to be a potent inhibitor of HIV and entered into a clinical phase II trial in China, potently inhibits the viral replication of a multitude of EVs at the nanomolar level. Further investigation revealed that FNC inhibits positive- and negative-strand RNA synthesis of EVs by interacting and interfering with the activity of EV71 viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3Dpol). Our findings demonstrate for the first time that FNC is an effective broad-spectrum inhibitor for human EV pathogens.
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22
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Liu Y, Ding N, Tan X, Li X, Zhao Z. Iron(ii)-chloride-catalyzed regioselective azidation of allenamides with TMSN3. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7507-7510. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc10056c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first report of iron catalyzed azidation of allenamides via radical process to provide an efficient route for accessing allyl azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering
- Southwest Minzu University
- Chengdu 610041
- People's Republic of China
| | - Na Ding
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering
- Southwest Minzu University
- Chengdu 610041
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoju Tan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering
- Southwest Minzu University
- Chengdu 610041
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering
- Southwest Minzu University
- Chengdu 610041
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering
- Southwest Minzu University
- Chengdu 610041
- People's Republic of China
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23
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Zandi K, Bassit L, Amblard F, Cox BD, Hassandarvish P, Moghaddam E, Yueh A, Libanio Rodrigues GO, Passos I, Costa VV, AbuBakar S, Zhou L, Kohler J, Teixeira MM, Schinazi RF. Nucleoside Analogs with Selective Antiviral Activity against Dengue Fever and Japanese Encephalitis Viruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e00397-19. [PMID: 31061163 PMCID: PMC6591611 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00397-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are important arthropod-borne viruses from the Flaviviridae family. DENV is a global public health problem with significant social and economic impacts, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. JEV is a neurotropic arbovirus endemic to east and southeast Asia. There are no U.S. FDA-approved antiviral drugs available to treat or to prevent DENV and JEV infections, leaving nearly one-third of the world's population at risk for infection. Therefore, it is crucial to discover potent antiviral agents against these viruses. Nucleoside analogs, as a class, are widely used for the treatment of viral infections. In this study, we discovered nucleoside analogs that possess potent and selective anti-JEV and anti-DENV activities across all serotypes in cell-based assay systems. Both viruses were susceptible to sugar-substituted 2'-C-methyl analogs with either cytosine or 7-deaza-7-fluoro-adenine nucleobases. Mouse studies confirmed the anti-DENV activity of these nucleoside analogs. Molecular models were assembled for DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2) and JEV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase replication complexes bound to nucleotide inhibitors. These models show similarities between JEV and DENV-2, which recognize the same nucleotide inhibitors. Collectively, our findings provide promising compounds and a structural rationale for the development of direct-acting antiviral agents with dual activity against JEV and DENV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Zandi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leda Bassit
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bryan D Cox
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ehsan Moghaddam
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Andrew Yueh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Gisele Olinto Libanio Rodrigues
- Center for Research and Drug Development, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ingredy Passos
- Center for Research and Drug Development, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vivian V Costa
- Center for Research and Drug Development, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Kohler
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Research and Drug Development, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Liu Y, Ebadi AG, Youseftabar-Miri L, Hassanpour A, Vessally E. Methods for direct C(sp2)–H bonds azidation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25199-25215. [PMID: 35528700 PMCID: PMC9069887 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct functionalization of C–H bonds has attracted great attention in recent years from the perspectives of atom and step economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Science
- North China University of Science and Technology
- Tangshan 063210
- China
| | | | - Leila Youseftabar-Miri
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Tehran Medical Sciences
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
| | - Akbar Hassanpour
- Department of Chemistry
- Marand Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Marand
- Iran
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25
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Lo MK, Jordan PC, Stevens S, Tam Y, Deval J, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. Susceptibility of paramyxoviruses and filoviruses to inhibition by 2'-monofluoro- and 2'-difluoro-4'-azidocytidine analogs. Antiviral Res 2018; 153:101-113. [PMID: 29601894 PMCID: PMC6066796 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ebolaviruses, marburgviruses, and henipaviruses are zoonotic pathogens belonging to the Filoviridae and Paramyxoviridae families. They exemplify viruses that continue to spill over into the human population, causing outbreaks characterized by high mortality and significant clinical sequelae in survivors of infection. There are currently no approved small molecule therapeutics for use in humans against these viruses. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of the nucleoside analog 4'-azidocytidine (4'N3-C, R1479) and its 2'-monofluoro- and 2'-difluoro-modified analogs (2'F-4'N3-C and 2'diF-4'N3-C) against representative paramyxoviruses (Nipah virus, Hendra virus, measles virus, and human parainfluenza virus 3) and filoviruses (Ebola virus, Sudan virus, and Ravn virus). We observed enhanced antiviral activity against paramyxoviruses with both 2'diF-4'N3-C and 2'F-4'N3-C compared to R1479. On the other hand, while R1479 and 2'diF-4'N3-C inhibited filoviruses similarly to paramyxoviruses, we observed 10-fold lower filovirus inhibition by 2'F-4'N3-C. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the susceptibility of paramyxoviruses and filoviruses to R1479 and its 2'-fluoro-modified analogs. The activity of these compounds against negative-strand RNA viruses endorses the development of 4'-modified nucleoside analogs as broad-spectrum therapeutics against zoonotic viruses of public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Lo
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Paul C Jordan
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Stevens
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuen Tam
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., a Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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26
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Lin C, Yu J, Hussain M, Zhou Y, Duan A, Pan W, Yuan J, Zhang J. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 7-deazapurine nucleoside derivatives as potential anti-dengue virus agents. Antiviral Res 2018; 149:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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28
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Hotard AL, He B, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF, Lo MK. 4'-Azidocytidine (R1479) inhibits henipaviruses and other paramyxoviruses with high potency. Antiviral Res 2017. [PMID: 28629988 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The henipaviruses Nipah virus and Hendra virus are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses which have caused fatal outbreaks of encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans. Despite the availability of a licensed equine Hendra virus vaccine and a neutralizing monoclonal antibody shown to be efficacious against henipavirus infections in non-human primates, there remains no approved therapeutics or vaccines for human use. To explore the possibility of developing small-molecule nucleoside inhibitors against henipaviruses, we evaluated the antiviral activity of 4'-azidocytidine (R1479), a drug previously identified to inhibit flaviviruses, against henipaviruses along with other representative members of the family Paramyxoviridae. We observed similar levels of R1479 antiviral activity across the family, regardless of virus genus. Our brief study expands the documented range of viruses susceptible to R1479, and provides the basis for future investigation and development of 4'-modified nucleoside analogs as potential broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics across both positive and negative-sense RNA virus families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Hotard
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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29
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Fearns R, Deval J. New antiviral approaches for respiratory syncytial virus and other mononegaviruses: Inhibiting the RNA polymerase. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:63-76. [PMID: 27575793 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised people. No vaccine or effective antiviral treatment is available. RSV is a member of the non-segmented, negative-strand (NNS) group of RNA viruses and relies on its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate its genome. Because of its essential nature and unique properties, the RSV polymerase has proven to be a good target for antiviral drugs, with one compound, ALS-8176, having already achieved clinical proof-of-concept efficacy in a human challenge study. In this article, we first provide an overview of the role of the RSV polymerase in viral mRNA transcription and genome replication. We then review past and current approaches to inhibiting the RSV polymerase, including use of nucleoside analogs and non-nucleoside inhibitors. Finally, we consider polymerase inhibitors that hold promise for treating infections with other NNS RNA viruses, including measles and Ebola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., Part of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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30
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Ciceri S, Ciuffreda P, Grisenti P, Ferraboschi P. Synthesis of the antitumoral nucleoside capecitabine through a chemo-enzymatic approach. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Zhao C, Wang Y, Ma S. Recent advances on the synthesis of hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:188-214. [PMID: 26276434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a viral liver infection considered as the major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The HCV NS5B polymerase, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is essential for HCV replication, which is able to catalyze the synthesis of positive (genomic) and negative (template) strand HCV RNA, but has no functional equivalent in mammalian cells. Therefore, the NS5B polymerase has emerged as an attractive target for the development of specifically targeted antiviral therapy for HCV (DAA, for direct-acting antivirals). Recently, a growing number of compounds have been reported as the NS5B polymerase inhibitors, some of which especially have been licensed in clinical trials. This review describes recent advances on the synthesis of the NS5B polymerase inhibitors, focusing on the merits and demerits of their synthetic methods. In particular, inspiration from the synthesis and the future direction of the NS5B polymerase inhibitors are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Yinhu Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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32
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Kim S, Kim E, Hong JH. Synthesis of novel 4'α-trifluoromethyl-2'β-C-methyl-carbodine analogs as anti-hepatitis C virus agents. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 34:79-91. [PMID: 25621702 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2014.960977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel 4 'α-trifluoromethyl-2 'β-methyl carbocyclic nucleoside analogs have been prepared and evaluated for inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA replication in cell cultures. Construction of cyclopentene intermediate 10a was achieved via sequential Johnson-Claisen orthoester rearrangement and ring-closing metathesis starting from the α-trifluoromethyl-α,β-unsaturated ester 5. Stereoselective dihydroxylation and desilylation yielded the target carbodine analogs. The synthesized nucleoside analogs mentioned above (18 and 19) were assayed for their ability to inhibit HCV RNA replication in a subgenomic replicon Huh7 cell line (LucNeo#2). However, the synthesized nucleosides showed neither significant antiviral activity nor toxicity up to 50 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Kim
- a BK21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy , Chosun University , Kwangju , Republic of Korea
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33
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Noell BC, Besur SV, deLemos AS. Changing the face of hepatitis C management - the design and development of sofosbuvir. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:2367-74. [PMID: 25987834 PMCID: PMC4422286 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s65255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The availability of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy has launched a new era in the management of chronic hepatitis C. Sofosbuvir, a uridine nucleotide analog that inhibits the hepatitis C RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is the backbone of chronic hepatitis C therapy. Acting at the catalytic site of the polymerase, sofosbuvir is highly potent in suppressing viral replication and has a high genetic barrier to resistance. Sofosbuvir is effective across all hepatitis C genotypes, and is a mainstay of interferon-free combination therapy. In Phase II and III studies, genotype 1 patients who took sofosbuvir in combination with another DAA such as the NS3-4A protease inhibitor, simeprevir, or the NS5A replication complex inhibitors, ledipasvir or daclatasvir, achieved a sustained virologic response rate of over 90%. Harvoni®, a combination tablet of sofosbuvir and ledipasvir, dosed once daily is recommended for 24 weeks for treatment-experienced genotype 1 patients with cirrhosis, but 12 weeks of therapy is sufficient for all other populations. While genotype 2 (12 weeks or 16 weeks) and treatment-naïve genotype 3 patients (24 weeks) have excellent response rates with sofosbuvir and ribavirin, treatment-experienced cirrhotic genotype 3 patients may need the addition of another DAA such as daclatasvir. Sofosbuvir is efficacious in special populations such as HIV–hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients and liver transplant recipients and has already made a profound impact in these groups. Since it is renally eliminated, patients with advanced kidney disease or on dialysis must await dosing recommendations. Sofosbuvir-based regimens appear to be well tolerated with headache and fatigue being the most common side effects. The opportunity to cure patients with hepatitis C with sofosbuvir combination therapy is likely to change the future for our patients, particularly if the emphasis shifts to identifying those patients unaware that they are infected and providing affordable access to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett C Noell
- Department of Medicine, Center for Liver Diseases and Transplantation, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Siddesh V Besur
- Department of Medicine, Center for Liver Diseases and Transplantation, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Andrew S deLemos
- Department of Medicine, Center for Liver Diseases and Transplantation, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA
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34
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Wang G, Deval J, Hong J, Dyatkina N, Prhavc M, Taylor J, Fung A, Jin Z, Stevens SK, Serebryany V, Liu J, Zhang Q, Tam Y, Chanda SM, Smith DB, Symons JA, Blatt LM, Beigelman L. Discovery of 4'-chloromethyl-2'-deoxy-3',5'-di-O-isobutyryl-2'-fluorocytidine (ALS-8176), a first-in-class RSV polymerase inhibitor for treatment of human respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1862-78. [PMID: 25667954 DOI: 10.1021/jm5017279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading pathogen of childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To date, ribavirin is the only approved small molecule drug, which has limited use. The only other RSV drug is palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody, which is used for RSV prophylaxis. Clearly, there is an urgent need for small molecule RSV drugs. This article reports the design, synthesis, anti-RSV activity, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of a series of 4'-substituted cytidine nucleosides. Among tested compounds 4'-chloromethyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine (2c) exhibited the most promising activity in the RSV replicon assay with an EC50 of 0.15 μM. The 5'-triphosphate of 2c (2c-TP) inhibited RSV polymerase with an IC50 of 0.02 μM without appreciable inhibition of human DNA and RNA polymerases at 100 μM. ALS-8176 (71), the 3',5'-di-O-isobutyryl prodrug of 2c, demonstrated good oral bioavailability and a high level of 2c-TP in vivo. Compound 71 is a first-in-class nucleoside RSV polymerase inhibitor that demonstrated excellent anti-RSV efficacy and safety in a phase 2 clinical RSV challenge study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Wang
- Alios BioPharma, Inc. , 260 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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35
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Li H, Dou H, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wang R, Chang J. Studies of the interaction between FNC and human hemoglobin: a spectroscopic analysis and molecular docking. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 136 Pt B:416-422. [PMID: 25448944 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
FNC (2'-deoxy-2'-bfluoro-4'-azidocytidine) is a novel nucleoside analogue with pharmacologic effects on several human diseases. In this work, the binding of FNC to human hemoglobin (HHb) have been investigated by absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching technique, synchronous fluorescence, three-dimensional fluorescence and molecular modeling methods. Analysis of fluorescence data showed that the binding of FNC to HHb occurred via a static quenching mechanism. Thermodynamic analysis and molecular modeling suggest that hydrogen bond and van der Waals force are the mainly binding force in the binding of FNC to HHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Li
- Chinese Pharmacopeia Commission, Beijing 100061, China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Huanjing Dou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuhai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ruiyong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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36
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Kirschberg TA, Mish MR, Zhang L, Squires NH, Wang KY, Cho A, Feng JY, Fenaux M, Babusis D, Park Y, Ray AS, Kim CU. Synthesis and characterization of 1'-C-cyano-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl pyrimidine nucleosides as HCV polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1040-3. [PMID: 25650256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of 1'-C-CN, 2'-F, 2'-C-Me pyrimidines is described. Anti-HCV activity was assessed and compared to the 1'-C-CN, 2'-C-Me as well as the 2'-F, 2'-C-Me pyrimidines. A phosphoramidate prodrug of the cytidine derivative showed activity in the low micromolar range against HCV replicons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael R Mish
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Neil H Squires
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Ke-Yu Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Aesop Cho
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Martijn Fenaux
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Darius Babusis
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Yeojin Park
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Choung U Kim
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
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37
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Deval J, Symons JA, Beigelman L. Inhibition of viral RNA polymerases by nucleoside and nucleotide analogs: therapeutic applications against positive-strand RNA viruses beyond hepatitis C virus. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 9:1-7. [PMID: 25194816 PMCID: PMC7102778 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New therapies for infections caused by positive-strand RNA viruses are needed. Novel nucleoside and nucleotide analogs that inhibit HCV have been developed. Some of these molecules also inhibit other positive-strand RNA viruses. Optimization of antiviral potency and/or target delivery is necessary.
A number of important human infections are caused by positive-strand RNA viruses, yet almost none can be treated with small molecule antiviral therapeutics. One exception is the chronic infection caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV), against which new generations of potent inhibitors are being developed. One of the main molecular targets for anti-HCV drugs is the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, NS5B. This review summarizes the search for nucleoside and nucleotide analogs that inhibit HCV NS5B, which led to the FDA approval of sofosbuvir in 2013. Advances in anti-HCV therapeutics have also stimulated efforts to develop nucleoside analogs against other positive-strand RNA viruses. Although it remains to be validated in the clinic, the prospect of using nucleoside analogs to treat acute infections caused by RNA viruses represents an important paradigm shift and a new frontier for future antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., 260 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Julian A Symons
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., 260 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Leo Beigelman
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., 260 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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38
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Peng Y, Cheng T, Dong L, Zhang Y, Chen X, Jiang J, Zhang J, Guo X, Guo M, Chang J, Wang Q. Quantification of 2′-deoxy-2′-β-fluoro-4′-azidocytidine in rat and dog plasma using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry: Application to bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:379-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Azvudine, a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor showed good drug combination features and better inhibition on drug-resistant strains than lamivudine in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105617. [PMID: 25144636 PMCID: PMC4140803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Azvudine is a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antiviral activity on human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus. Here we reported the in vitro activity of azvudine against HIV-1 and HIV-2 when used alone or in combination with other antiretroviral drugs and its drug resistance features. Azvudine exerted highly potent inhibition on HIV-1 (EC50s ranging from 0.03 to 6.92 nM) and HIV-2 (EC50s ranging from 0.018 to 0.025 nM). It also showed synergism in combination with six approved anti-HIV drugs on both C8166 and PBMC. In combination assay, the concentrations of azvudine used were 1000 or 500 fold lower than other drugs. Azvudine also showed potent inhibition on NRTI-resistant strains (L74V and T69N). Although M184V caused 250 fold reduction in susceptibility, azvudine remained active at nanomolar range. In in vitro induced resistant assay, the frequency of M184I mutation increased with induction time which suggests M184I as the key mutation in azvudine treatment. As control, lamivudine treatment resulted in a higher frequency of M184I/V given the same induction time and higher occurrence of M184V was found. Molecular modeling analysis suggests that steric hindrance is more pronounced in mutant M184I than M184V due to the azido group of azvudine. The present data demonstrates the potential of azvudine as a complementary drug to current anti-HIV drugs. M184I should be the key mutation, however, azvudine still remains active on HIV-1LAI-M184V at nanomolar range.
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40
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Martínez-Montero S, Deleavey GF, Kulkarni A, Martín-Pintado N, Lindovska P, Thomson M, González C, Götte M, Damha MJ. Rigid 2',4'-difluororibonucleosides: synthesis, conformational analysis, and incorporation into nascent RNA by HCV polymerase. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5627-35. [PMID: 24873952 DOI: 10.1021/jo500794v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and conformational properties of 2'-deoxy-2',4'-difluorouridine (2',4'-diF-rU) and cytidine (2',4'-diF-rC) nucleosides. NMR analysis and quantum mechanical calculations show that the strong stereoelectronic effects induced by the two fluorines essentially "lock" the conformation of the sugar in the North region of the pseudorotational cycle. Our studies also demonstrate that NS5B HCV RNA polymerase was able to accommodate 2',4'-diF-rU 5'-triphosphate (2',4'-diF-rUTP) and to link the monophosphate to the RNA primer strand. 2',4'-diF-rUTP inhibited RNA synthesis in dinucleotide-primed reactions, although with relatively high half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50 > 50 μM). 2',4'-diF-rU/C represents rare examples of "locked" ribonucleoside mimics that lack a bicyclic ring structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Martínez-Montero
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC Canada H3A 0B8
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41
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Labroli MA, Dwyer MP, Shen R, Popovici-Muller J, Pu Q, Wyss D, McCoy M, Barrett D, Davis N, Seghezzi W, Shanahan F, Taricani L, Beaumont M, Malinao MC, Parry D, Guzi TJ. The identification of novel 5'-amino gemcitabine analogs as potent RRM1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2303-10. [PMID: 24588962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzyme is a heteromer of RRM1 and RRM2 subunits. The active enzyme catalyzes de novo reduction of ribonucleotides to generate deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs), which are required for DNA replication and DNA repair processes. Complexity in the generation of physiologically relevant, active RRM1/RRM2 heterodimers was perceived as limiting to the identification of selective RRM1 inhibitors by high-throughput screening of compound libraries and led us to seek alternative methods to identify lead series. In short, we found that gemcitabine, as its diphosphate metabolite, represents one of the few described active site inhibitors of RRM1. We herein describe the identification of novel 5'-amino gemcitabine analogs as potent RRM1 inhibitors through in-cell phenotypic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Labroli
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ruichao Shen
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, BMB-3, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Qinglin Pu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, BMB-3, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Wyss
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Mark McCoy
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Dianah Barrett
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Nicole Davis
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Wolfgang Seghezzi
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Frances Shanahan
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Lorena Taricani
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Maribel Beaumont
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - David Parry
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Timothy J Guzi
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, BMB-3, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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Labroli MA, Dwyer MP, Shen R, Popovici-Muller J, Pu Q, Richard J, Rosner K, Paruch K, Guzi TJ. Syntheses of 5′-amino-2′,5′-dideoxy-2′,2′-difluorocytidine derivatives as novel anticancer nucleoside analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Khalil A, Ishita K, Ali T, Tiwari R, Riachy R, Toppino A, Hasabelnaby S, Sayfullin N, Oliver AG, Gallucci J, Huang Z, Tjarks W. Iodine monochloride facilitated deglycosylation, anomerization, and isomerization of 3-substituted thymidine analogues. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 33:786-99. [PMID: 25372994 PMCID: PMC4266569 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2014.945648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of thymidine, 3-mono-, and 3,3',5'-trialkylsubstitued thymidine analogues with iodine monochloride (ICl) was investigated. Treatment with ICl resulted in rapid deglycosylation, anomerization, and isomerization of thymidine and 3-substituted thymidine analogues under various reaction conditions leading to the formation of the nucleobases as the major products accompanied by minor formation of α-furanosidic-, α-pyranosidic-, and β-pyranosidic nucleosides. On the other hand, 3,3',5'-trisubstitued thymidine analogues were only deglycosylated and anomerized. These results are similar to those observed for the acidic hydrolysis of the glycoside bond in nucleosides, but were presumably caused by the Lewis acid character of an iodine electrophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khalil
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Keisuke Ishita
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tehane Ali
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rohit Tiwari
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Ramy Riachy
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Antonio Toppino
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Chimica Organica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sherifa Hasabelnaby
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naum Sayfullin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Allen G. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Judith Gallucci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Zhenguo Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Werner Tjarks
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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44
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Abstract
This review highlights ten "hot topics" in current antiviral research: (i) new nucleoside derivatives (i.e., PSI-352938) showing high potential as a direct antiviral against hepatitis C virus (HCV); (ii) cyclopropavir, which should be further pursued for treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections; (iii) North-methanocarbathymidine (N-MCT), with a N-locked conformation, showing promising activity against both α- and γ-herpesviruses; (iv) CMX001, an orally bioavailable prodrug of cidofovir with broad-spectrum activity against DNA viruses, including polyoma, adeno, herpes, and pox; (v) favipiravir, which is primarily pursued for the treatment of influenza virus infections, but also inhibits the replication of other RNA viruses, particularly (-)RNA viruses such as arena, bunya, and hanta; (vi) newly emerging antiarenaviral compounds which should be more effective (and less toxic) than the ubiquitously used ribavirin; (vii) antipicornavirus agents in clinical development (pleconaril, BTA-798, and V-073); (viii) natural products receiving increased attention as potential antiviral drugs; (ix) antivirals such as U0126 targeted at specific cellular kinase pathways [i.e., mitogen extracellular kinase (MEK)], showing activity against influenza and other viruses; and (x) two structurally unrelated compounds (i.e., LJ-001 and dUY11) with broad-spectrum activity against virtually all enveloped RNA and DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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45
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Du J, Chun BK, Mosley RT, Bansal S, Bao H, Espiritu C, Lam AM, Murakami E, Niu C, Micolochick Steuer HM, Furman PA, Sofia MJ. Use of 2′-Spirocyclic Ethers in HCV Nucleoside Design. J Med Chem 2013; 57:1826-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401224y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfa Du
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Byoung-Kwon Chun
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ralph T. Mosley
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Shalini Bansal
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Haiying Bao
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Christine Espiritu
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Angela M. Lam
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Congrong Niu
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | | | - Phillip A. Furman
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Michael J. Sofia
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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46
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Ivanov MA, Aleksandrova LA. [Bicyclic furano[2,3-D] derivatives of pyrimidine nucleosides--synthesis and antiviral properties]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013; 39:26-45. [PMID: 23844505 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162013010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The methods of synthesis of furano- and pyrrolo[2,3-dlpyrimidine nucleosides as well as structure activity relationship of obtained compounds towards viruses of varicella zoster, hepatitis C, bovine viral diarrhea and some others are reviewed.
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47
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Huybrechts T, Hermans M, Van Hoof B, Winderickx G, De Neef C, Hostyn S, Vrielynck S, Vermeulen W. Photochemical stability of 4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-methylcytidine hydrochloride: structural elucidation of major degradation products by LC-MS and NMR analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 70:231-44. [PMID: 22841557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical stability of (1'R,2'S,3'S,4'R)-4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-methylcytidine hydrochloride, a new anti-HCV agent, was investigated. Aqueous solutions and bulk drug powder of the drug candidate were exposed to UV-visible light, complying with ICH requirements. The nucleoside analog decomposed via loss of nitrogen to yield products derived from a highly reactive azide intermediate. Major photolysis products were identified by LC-MS and NMR analysis, revealing three main photodegradation pathways. The first one led to the formation of a ring-expanded imidate ester. The other degradation pathways involved exocyclic or endocyclic bond cleavage with imine or imino lactone formation. The latter were prone to rapid hydrolysis, eventually resulting in the release of cytosine, 2-methyl malonaldehyde and (E)-cytosyl-2-methylpropenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Huybrechts
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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48
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Du J, Bao D, Chun BK, Jiang Y, Reddy PG, Zhang HR, Ross BS, Bansal S, Bao H, Espiritu C, Lam AM, Murakami E, Niu C, Micolochick Steuer HM, Furman PA, Otto MJ, Sofia MJ. β-D-2'-α-F-2'-β-C-Methyl-6-O-substituted 3',5'-cyclic phosphate nucleotide prodrugs as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus replication: a structure-activity relationship study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5924-9. [PMID: 22892115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 3',5'-cyclic phosphate prodrug 9-[β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methylribofuranosyl]-2-amino-6-ethoxypurine, PSI-352938 1, has demonstrated promising anti-HCV efficacy in vitro and in human clinical trials. A structure-activity relationship study of the nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate series of β-d-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methylribofuranosyl nucleoside prodrugs was undertaken and the anti-HCV activity and in vitro safety profile were assessed. Cycloalkyl 3',5'-cyclic phosphate prodrugs were shown to be significantly more potent as inhibitors of HCV replication than branched and straight chain alkyl 3',5'-cyclic phosphate prodrugs. No cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity for prodrugs 12, 13 and 19 were observed at concentrations up to 100 μm in vitro. Cycloalkyl esters of 3',5'-cyclic phosphate nucleotide prodrugs demonstrated the ability to produce high levels of active triphosphate in clone-A cells and primary human hepatocytes. Compounds 12, 13 and 19 also demonstrated the ability to effectively deliver in vivo high levels of active nucleoside phosphates to rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfa Du
- Pharmasset, Inc., Princeton 303A College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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49
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Nilsson M, Kalayanov G, Winqvist A, Pinho P, Sund C, Zhou XX, Wähling H, Belfrage AK, Pelcman M, Agback T, Benckestock K, Wikström K, Boothee M, Lindqvist A, Rydegård C, Jonckers THM, Vandyck K, Raboisson P, Lin TI, Lachau-Durand S, de Kock H, Smith DB, Martin JA, Klumpp K, Simmen K, Vrang L, Terelius Y, Samuelsson B, Rosenquist S, Johansson NG. Discovery of 4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-C-methyl cytidine and prodrugs thereof: a potent inhibitor of Hepatitis C virus replication. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3265-8. [PMID: 22472694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
4'-Azido-2'-deoxy-2'-methylcytidine (14) is a potent nucleoside inhibitor of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, displaying an EC(50) value of 1.2 μM and showing moderate in vivo bioavailability in rat (F=14%). Here we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of 4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-methylcytidine and prodrug derivatives thereof.
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50
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Chen KX, Lesburg CA, Vibulbhan B, Yang W, Chan TY, Venkatraman S, Velazquez F, Zeng Q, Bennett F, Anilkumar GN, Duca J, Jiang Y, Pinto P, Wang L, Huang Y, Selyutin O, Gavalas S, Pu H, Agrawal S, Feld B, Huang HC, Li C, Cheng KC, Shih NY, Kozlowski JA, Rosenblum SB, Njoroge FG. A novel class of highly potent irreversible hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2089-101. [PMID: 22247956 DOI: 10.1021/jm201322r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starting from indole-based C-3 pyridone HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor 2, structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigations of the indole N-1 benzyl moiety were performed. This study led to the discovery of irreversible inhibitors with p-fluoro-sulfone- or p-fluoro-nitro-substituted N-1 benzyl groups which achieved breakthrough replicon assay potency (EC(50) = 1 nM). The formation of a covalent bond with adjacent cysteine-366 thiol was was proved by mass spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structure studies. The C-5 ethyl C-2 carboxylic acid derivative 47 had an excellent oral area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 18 μM·h (10 mg/kg). Its oral exposure in monkeys and dogs was also very good. The NMR ALARM assay, mass spectroscopy experiments, in vitro counter screening, and toxicology assays demonstrated that the covalent bond formation between compound 47 and the protein was highly selective and specific. The overall excellent profile of 47 made it an interesting candidate for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin X Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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