1
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Heilig M, Witkiewitz K, Ray LA, Leggio L. Novel medications for problematic alcohol use. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172889. [PMID: 38828724 PMCID: PMC11142745 DOI: 10.1172/jci172889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-related harm, a major cause of disease burden globally, affects people along a spectrum of use. When a harmful pattern of drinking is present in the absence of significant behavioral pathology, low-intensity brief interventions that provide information about health consequences of continued use provide large health benefits. At the other end of the spectrum, profound behavioral pathology, including continued use despite knowledge of potentially fatal consequences, warrants a medical diagnosis, and treatment is strongly indicated. Available behavioral and pharmacological treatments are supported by scientific evidence but are vastly underutilized. Discovery of additional medications, with a favorable balance of efficacy versus safety and tolerability can improve clinical uptake of treatment, allow personalized treatment, and improve outcomes. Here, we delineate the clinical conditions when pharmacotherapy should be considered in relation to the main diagnostic systems in use and discuss clinical endpoints that represent meaningful clinical benefits. We then review specific developments in three categories of targets that show promise for expanding the treatment toolkit. GPCRs remain the largest category of successful drug targets across contemporary medicine, and several GPCR targets are currently pursued for alcohol-related indications. Endocrine systems are another established category, and several promising targets have emerged for alcohol indications. Finally, immune modulators have revolutionized treatment of multiple medical conditions, and they may also hold potential to produce benefits in patients with alcohol problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, and Department of Psychiatry, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology and Center on Alcohol, Substance Use and Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lara A. Ray
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, NIH, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Richardson RS, Sulima A, Rice KC, Kucharczk JA, Janda KD, Nisbett KE, Koob GF, Vendruscolo LF, Leggio L. Pharmacological GHSR (ghrelin receptor) blockade reduces alcohol binge-like drinking in male and female mice. Neuropharmacology 2023; 238:109643. [PMID: 37369277 PMCID: PMC10513123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide that is produced by endocrine cells that are primarily localized in the stomach. Ghrelin receptors (GHSR) are expressed in the brain and periphery. Preclinical and clinical studies support a role for ghrelin in alcohol drinking and seeking. The GHSR has been suggested to be a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, the role of the ghrelin system and its potential modulation by biological sex on binge-like drinking has not been comprehensively investigated. The present study tested six GHSR antagonists in an alcohol binge-like drinking procedure in male and female mice. Systemic administration of the GHSR antagonists JMV2959, PF-5190457, PF-6870961, and HM-04 reduced alcohol intake in both male and female mice. YIL-781 decreased intake in males, and LEAP2 (likely peripherally restricted) did not reduce intake in mice of either sex. We also administered LEAP2 and JMV2959 intracerebroventricularly to investigate whether the effects of GHSR blockade on alcohol intake are mediated by central receptors. The central administration of LEAP2 and JMV2959 decreased alcohol intake, particularly in high-drinking animals. Finally, in a preliminary experiment, an anti-ghrelin vaccine was examined for its potential effect on binge-like drinking and had no effect. In all experiments, there was a lack of meaningful sex differences. These findings suggest that central GHSR mediates binge-like alcohol intake. These data reveal novel pharmacological compounds with translational potential in the treatment of AUD and provide further evidence of the GHSR as a potential treatment target for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani S Richardson
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stress & Addiction Neuroscience Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; University of North Carolina School of Medicine MD/PhD Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jed A Kucharczk
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, WIRM Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Khalin E Nisbett
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stress & Addiction Neuroscience Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Graduate College, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Stress & Addiction Neuroscience Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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3
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Gross JD, Zhou Y, Barak LS, Caron MG. Ghrelin receptor signaling in health and disease: a biased view. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:106-118. [PMID: 36567228 PMCID: PMC9852078 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As allosteric complexes, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to extracellular stimuli and pleiotropically couple to intracellular transducers to elicit signaling pathway-dependent effects in a process known as biased signaling or functional selectivity. One such GPCR, the ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a), has a crucial role in restoring and maintaining metabolic homeostasis during disrupted energy balance. Thus, pharmacological modulation of GHSR1a bias could offer a promising strategy to treat several metabolism-based disorders. Here, we summarize current evidence supporting GHSR1a functional selectivity in vivo and highlight recent structural data. We propose that precise determinations of GHSR1a molecular pharmacology and pathway-specific physiological effects will enable discovery of GHSR1a drugs with tailored signaling profiles, thereby providing safer and more effective treatments for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Gross
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lawrence S Barak
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Marc G Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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4
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Toselli F, Golding M, Nicolaï J, Gillent E, Chanteux H. Drug clearance by aldehyde oxidase: can we avoid clinical failure? Xenobiotica 2022; 52:890-903. [PMID: 36170034 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2129519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased awareness of aldehyde oxidase (AO) as a major drug-metabolising enzyme, predicting the pharmacokinetics of its substrates remains challenging. Several drug candidates have been terminated due to high clearance, which were subsequently discovered to be AO substrates. Even retrospective extrapolation of human clearance, from models more sensitive to AO activity, often resulted in underprediction.The questions of the current work thus were: Is there an acceptable degree of in vitro AO metabolism that does not result in high in vivo human clearance? And, if so, how can this be predicted?We built an in vitro/in vivo correlation using known AO substrates, combining multiple in vitro parameters to calculate the blood metabolic clearance mediated by AO (CLbAO). This value was compared with observed blood clearance (CLb-obs), establishing cut-off CLbAO values, to discriminate between low and high CLb-obs. The model was validated using additional literature compounds, and CLb-obs was predicted in the correct category.This simple, categorical, semi-quantitative yet multi-factorial model is readily applicable in drug discovery. Further, it is valuable for high-clearance compounds, as it predicts the CLb group, rather than an exact CLb value, for the substrates of this poorly-characterised enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Nicolaï
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Eric Gillent
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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Piper NBC, Whitfield EA, Stewart GD, Xu X, Furness SGB. Targeting appetite and satiety in diabetes and obesity, via G protein-coupled receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115115. [PMID: 35671790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity have reached pandemic proportions throughout the world, so much so that the World Health Organisation coined the term "Globesity" to help encapsulate the magnitude of the problem. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly tractable drug targets due to their wide involvement in all aspects of physiology and pathophysiology, indeed, GPCRs are the targets of approximately 30% of the currently approved drugs. GPCRs are also broadly involved in key physiologies that underlie type 2 diabetes and obesity including feeding reward, appetite and satiety, regulation of blood glucose levels, energy homeostasis and adipose function. Despite this, only two GPCRs are the target of approved pharmaceuticals for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this review we discuss the role of these, and select other candidate GPCRs, involved in various facets of type 2 diabetic or obese pathophysiology, how they might be targeted and the potential reasons why pharmaceuticals against these targets have not progressed to clinical use. Finally, we provide a perspective on the current development pipeline of anti-obesity drugs that target GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah B C Piper
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Emily A Whitfield
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Receptor Transducer Coupling Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Pharmacology Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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6
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Péraldi-Roux S, Bayle M, M'Kadmi C, Damian M, Vaillé J, Fernandez G, Paula Cornejo M, Marie J, Banères JL, Ben Haj Salah K, Fehrentz JA, Cantel S, Perello M, Denoyelle S, Oiry C, Neasta J. Design and Characterization of a Triazole-Based Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Modulator Inhibiting the Glucoregulatory and Feeding Actions of Ghrelin. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Giorgioni G, Del Bello F, Quaglia W, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Piergentili A. Advances in the Development of Nonpeptide Small Molecules Targeting Ghrelin Receptor. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3098-3118. [PMID: 35157454 PMCID: PMC8883476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an octanoylated peptide acting by the activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, namely, GHS-R1a. The involvement of ghrelin in several physiological processes, including stimulation of food intake, gastric emptying, body energy balance, glucose homeostasis, reduction of insulin secretion, and lipogenesis validates the considerable interest in GHS-R1a as a promising target for the treatment of numerous disorders. Over the years, several GHS-R1a ligands have been identified and some of them have been extensively studied in clinical trials. The recently resolved structures of GHS-R1a bound to ghrelin or potent ligands have provided useful information for the design of new GHS-R1a drugs. This perspective is focused on the development of recent nonpeptide small molecules acting as GHS-R1a agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists, bearing classical or new molecular scaffolds, as well as on radiolabeled GHS-R1a ligands developed for imaging. Moreover, the pharmacological effects of the most studied ligands have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - E Micioni Di Bonaventura
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - M V Micioni Di Bonaventura
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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Molecular mechanism of agonism and inverse agonism in ghrelin receptor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:300. [PMID: 35027551 PMCID: PMC8758724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Much effort has been invested in the investigation of the structural basis of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activation. Inverse agonists, which can inhibit GPCRs with constitutive activity, are considered useful therapeutic agents, but the molecular mechanism of such ligands remains insufficiently understood. Here, we report a crystal structure of the ghrelin receptor bound to the inverse agonist PF-05190457 and a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the active ghrelin receptor-Go complex bound to the endogenous agonist ghrelin. Our structures reveal a distinct binding mode of the inverse agonist PF-05190457 in the ghrelin receptor, different from the binding mode of agonists and neutral antagonists. Combining the structural comparisons and cellular function assays, we find that a polar network and a notable hydrophobic cluster are required for receptor activation and constitutive activity. Together, our study provides insights into the detailed mechanism of ghrelin receptor binding to agonists and inverse agonists, and paves the way to design specific ligands targeting ghrelin receptors. Ghrelin receptor regulates energy homeostasis through constitutive activity or by the ghrelin. Here the authors report two structures of ghrelin receptor bound to agonist and inverse agonist, providing insights into the mechanism of inverse agonism, which is of interest for specific ligand design.
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Shevchouk OT, Tufvesson-Alm M, Jerlhag E. An Overview of Appetite-Regulatory Peptides in Addiction Processes; From Bench to Bed Side. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:774050. [PMID: 34955726 PMCID: PMC8695496 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.774050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a substantial need for new pharmacological treatments of addiction, and appetite-regulatory peptides are implied as possible candidates. Appetite regulation is complex and involves anorexigenic hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and amylin, and orexigenic peptides like ghrelin and all are well-known for their effects on feeding behaviors. This overview will summarize more recent physiological aspects of these peptides, demonstrating that they modulate various aspects of addiction processes. Findings from preclinical, genetic, and experimental clinical studies exploring the association between appetite-regulatory peptides and the acute or chronic effects of addictive drugs will be introduced. Short or long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists independently attenuate the acute rewarding properties of addictive drugs or reduce the chronic aspects of drugs. Genetic variation of the GLP-1 system is associated with alcohol use disorder. Also, the amylin pathway modulates the acute and chronic behavioral responses to addictive drugs. Ghrelin has been shown to activate reward-related behaviors. Moreover, ghrelin enhances, whereas pharmacological or genetic suppression of the ghrelin receptor attenuates the responses to various addictive drugs. Genetic studies and experimental clinical studies further support the associations between ghrelin and addiction processes. Further studies should explore the mechanisms modulating the ability of appetite-regulatory peptides to reduce addiction, and the effects of combination therapies or different diets on substance use are warranted. In summary, these studies provide evidence that appetite-regulatory peptides modulate reward and addiction processes, and deserve to be investigated as potential treatment target for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya T Shevchouk
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Tufvesson-Alm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sulima A, Akhlaghi F, Leggio L, Rice KC. Synthesis of PF-6870961, a major hydroxy metabolite of the novel ghrelin receptor inverse agonist PF-5190457. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 50:116465. [PMID: 34662828 PMCID: PMC9837661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and human studies have indicated involvement of the ghrelin system in alcohol-related behaviors illuminating the possibility of using ghrelin receptor blockers as a pharmacological intervention for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Preliminary data from a recently conducted phase 1b human study with a ghrelin receptor inverse agonist, PF-5190457 (2-(2-methylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3thiazol-6-yl)-1-{2-(1R)-5-(6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl]-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]non-7-ylethanone), provided evidence on the safety and tolerability of this compound when co-administered with alcohol. Furthermore, the study revealed important information on the biotransformation pathways for this compound and prompted the discovery and then synthesis of a newly identified major metabolite, PF-6870961 ((R)-1-(2-(5-(2-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl)-2-(2-methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-6-yl)ethan-1-one). The metabolite was synthesized and fully characterized through a design that enabled it to be prepared in useful quantities. The synthesis provided direct access to the recently discovered PF-6870961 and is allowing researchers to conduct additional and deeper evaluation of its in vitro and in vivo properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sulima
- Medication Development Program, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States; Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States.
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States; Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Medication Development Program, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States; Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States.
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11
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Liang Y, Yin W, Yin Y, Zhang W. Ghrelin Based Therapy of Metabolic Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2565-2576. [PMID: 32538716 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200615152804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin, a unique 28 amino acid peptide hormone secreted by the gastric X/A like cells, is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin-GHSR signaling has been found to exert various physiological functions, including stimulation of appetite, regulation of body weight, lipid and glucose metabolism, and increase of gut motility and secretion. This system is thus critical for energy homeostasis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to highlight the strategies of ghrelin-GHSR based intervention for therapy of obesity and its related metabolic diseases. RESULTS Therapeutic strategies of metabolic disorders targeting the ghrelin-GHSR pathway involve neutralization of circulating ghrelin by antibodies and RNA spiegelmers, antagonism of ghrelin receptor by its antagonists and inverse agonists, inhibition of ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), as well as potential pharmacological approach to decrease ghrelin synthesis and secretion. CONCLUSION Various compounds targeting the ghrelin-GHSR system have shown promising efficacy for the intervention of obesity and relevant metabolic disorders in animals and in vitro. Further clinical trials to validate their efficacy in human beings are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenzhen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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12
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Liu J, Zhao C. Lactic Acid-Catalyzed Transamidation Reactions of Carboxamides with Amines. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Spirocyclic scaffolds are incorporated in various approved drugs and drug candidates. The increasing interest in less planar bioactive compounds has given rise to the development of synthetic methodologies for the preparation of spirocyclic scaffolds. In this Perspective, we summarize the diverse synthetic routes to obtain spirocyclic systems. The impact of spirocycles on potency and selectivity, including the aspect of stereochemistry, is discussed. Furthermore, we examine the changes in physicochemical properties as well as in in vitro and in vivo ADME using selected studies that compare spirocyclic compounds to their nonspirocyclic counterparts. In conclusion, the value of spirocyclic scaffolds in medicinal chemistry is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hiesinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Cobbina E, Lee MR, Leggio L, Akhlaghi F. A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of PF-5190457, a Novel Ghrelin Receptor Inverse Agonist in Healthy Volunteers and in Heavy Alcohol Drinkers. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 60:471-484. [PMID: 33155163 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) is a potential target for alcohol use disorders. PF-5190457 is the first inverse agonist of GHS-R1a to progress to clinical development with potential to treat alcohol use disorder. We present a population pharmacokinetic model for PF-5190457 in non-heavy (alcohol consumption status = 0) and heavy alcohol drinkers (alcohol consumption status = 1), and identify relevant factors that can influence its pharmacokinetics. METHODS Plasma concentration-time data from non-heavy (n = 35) and heavy drinkers (n = 12) were pooled for the population pharmacokinetic model development. The influence of various covariates including alcohol consumption status was evaluated. The accuracy, precision, and robustness of the model were also evaluated using bootstrapping and visual predictive checks. RESULTS A two-compartment model best described the pharmacokinetics of PF-5190457. The apparent volume of distribution of 44.5 L, apparent clearance of 72.0 L/h, apparent peripheral volume of distribution of 271 L, apparent distributional clearance of 28.7 L/h, and first-order absorption rate constant of 0.27/h were accurate and precise. The apparent volume of distribution was 3.8-fold higher (169 L) in heavy drinkers, and correlated with a lower maximum plasma concentration in heavy drinkers compared with non-heavy drinkers at the same dose; and a corresponding reduced incidence of somnolence in heavy drinkers at doses > 50 mg. CONCLUSIONS This work provides an accurate, precise, and robust two-compartment model that describes the pharmacokinetics of PF-5190457 and suggests a possible link of PF-5190457 pharmacokinetics with somnolence. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier numbers NCT01247896 and NCT02039349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Cobbina
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Office 495 A, Avedisian Hall, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Office 495 A, Avedisian Hall, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
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15
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Lee MR, Tapocik JD, Ghareeb M, Schwandt ML, Dias AA, Le AN, Cobbina E, Farinelli LA, Bouhlal S, Farokhnia M, Heilig M, Akhlaghi F, Leggio L. The novel ghrelin receptor inverse agonist PF-5190457 administered with alcohol: preclinical safety experiments and a phase 1b human laboratory study. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:461-475. [PMID: 29728704 PMCID: PMC6215751 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rodent studies indicate that ghrelin receptor blockade reduces alcohol consumption. However, no ghrelin receptor blockers have been administered to heavy alcohol drinking individuals. Therefore, we evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD) and behavioral effects of a novel ghrelin receptor inverse agonist, PF-5190457, when co-administered with alcohol. We tested the effects of PF-5190457 combined with alcohol on locomotor activity, loss-of-righting reflex (a measure of alcohol sedative actions), and on blood PF-5190457 concentrations in rats. Then, we performed a single-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject human study with PF-5190457 (placebo/0 mg b.i.d., 50 mg b.i.d., 100 mg b.i.d.). Twelve heavy drinkers during three identical visits completed an alcohol administration session, subjective assessments, and an alcohol cue-reactivity procedure, and gave blood samples for PK/PD testing. In rats, PF-5190457 did not interact with the effects of alcohol on locomotor activity or loss-of-righting reflex. Alcohol did not affect blood PF-5190457 concentrations. In humans, all adverse events were mild or moderate and did not require discontinuation or dose reductions. Drug dose did not alter alcohol concentration or elimination, alcohol-induced stimulation or sedation, or mood during alcohol administration. Potential PD markers of PF-5190457 were acyl-to-total ghrelin ratio and insulin-like growth factor-1. PF-5190457 (100 mg b.i.d.) reduced alcohol craving during the cue-reactivity procedure. This study provides the first translational evidence of safety and tolerability of the ghrelin receptor inverse agonist PF-5190457 when co-administered with alcohol. PK/PD/behavioral findings support continued research of PF-5190457 as a potential pharmacological agent to treat alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenica D Tapocik
- Section on Molecular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mwlod Ghareeb
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Melanie L Schwandt
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra A Dias
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - April N Le
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Enoch Cobbina
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lisa A Farinelli
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sofia Bouhlal
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Markus Heilig
- Section on Molecular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Neasta J, Darcq E, Jeanblanc J, Carnicella S, Ben Hamida S. GPCR and Alcohol-Related Behaviors in Genetically Modified Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:17-42. [PMID: 31919661 PMCID: PMC7007453 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest class of cell surface signaling receptors and regulate major neurobiological processes. Accordingly, GPCRs represent primary targets for the treatment of brain disorders. Several human genetic polymorphisms affecting GPCRs have been associated to different components of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Moreover, GPCRs have been reported to contribute to several features of alcohol-related behaviors in animal models. Besides traditional pharmacological tools, genetic-based approaches mostly aimed at deleting GPCR genes provided substantial information on how key GPCRs drive alcohol-related behaviors. In this review, we summarize the alcohol phenotypes that ensue from genetic manipulation, in particular gene deletion, of key GPCRs in rodents. We focused on GPCRs that belong to fundamental neuronal systems that have been shown as potential targets for the development of AUD treatment. Data are reviewed with particular emphasis on alcohol reward, seeking, and consumption which are behaviors that capture essential aspects of AUD. Literature survey indicates that in most cases, there is still a gap in defining the intracellular transducers and the functional crosstalk of GPCRs as well as the neuronal populations in which their signaling regulates alcohol actions. Further, the implication of only a few orphan GPCRs has been so far investigated in animal models. Combining advanced pharmacological technologies with more specific genetically modified animals and behavioral preclinical models is likely necessary to deepen our understanding in how GPCR signaling contributes to AUD and for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Neasta
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Montpellier, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Jérôme Jeanblanc
- Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences-INSERM U1247, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Sebastien Carnicella
- INSERM U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), University of Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sami Ben Hamida
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada.
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Development and validation of an assay for a novel ghrelin receptor inverse agonist PF-5190457 and its major hydroxy metabolite (PF-6870961) by LC-MS/MS in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1130-1131:121820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lee MR, Farokhnia M, Cobbina E, Saravanakumar A, Li X, Battista JT, Farinelli LA, Akhlaghi F, Leggio L. Endocrine effects of the novel ghrelin receptor inverse agonist PF-5190457: Results from a placebo-controlled human laboratory alcohol co-administration study in heavy drinkers. Neuropharmacology 2019; 170:107788. [PMID: 31557492 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Both animal and human work suggests that the ghrelin system may be involved in the mechanisms that regulate the development and maintenance of alcohol use disorder. Previously, in a Phase 1b study, we tested pharmacological blockade of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a, also known as the ghrelin receptor), in heavy drinking individuals with PF-5190457, an orally bioavailable, potent and selective GHS-R1a inverse agonist. We report here the effects of PF-5190457 on endocrine blood concentrations of amylin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, insulin, leptin, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, thyroid stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), cortisol, prolactin, and glucose during PF-5190457 dosing, as compared to placebo, in absence of alcohol as well as during an alcohol challenge when PF-5190457 was on steady-state. Blood hormone levels were largely unaffected by PF-5190457, both during dosing and in the context of alcohol challenge. The safety-related relevance of these findings to further develop PF-5190547 in alcohol use disorder is discussed. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT02039349. This article is part of the special issue on 'Neuropeptides'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Enoch Cobbina
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Anitha Saravanakumar
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Xiaobai Li
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jillian T Battista
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Farinelli
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is affecting over 600 million adults worldwide and has numerous negative effects on health. Since ghrelin positively regulates food intake and body weight, targeting its signaling to induce weight loss under conditions of obesity seems promising. Thus, the present work reviews and discusses different possibilities to alter ghrelin signaling. RECENT FINDINGS Ghrelin signaling can be altered by RNA Spiegelmers, GHSR/Fc, ghrelin-O-acyltransferase inhibitors as well as antagonists, and inverse agonists of the ghrelin receptor. PF-05190457 is the first inverse agonist of the ghrelin receptor tested in humans shown to inhibit growth hormone secretion, gastric emptying, and reduce postprandial glucose levels. Effects on body weight were not examined. Although various highly promising agents targeting ghrelin signaling exist, so far, they were mostly only tested in vitro or in animal models. Further research in humans is thus needed to further assess the effects of ghrelin antagonism on body weight especially under conditions of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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20
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Adusumalli S, Jamwal R, Obach RS, Ryder TF, Leggio L, Akhlaghi F. Role of Molybdenum-Containing Enzymes in the Biotransformation of the Novel Ghrelin Receptor Inverse Agonist PF-5190457: A Reverse Translational Bed-to-Bench Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:874-882. [PMID: 31182423 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
(R)-2-(2-methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-6-yl)-1-(2-(5-(6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-2,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-7-yl)ethan-1-one (PF-5190457) was identified as a potent and selective inverse agonist of the ghrelin receptor [growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a)]. The present translational bed-to-bench work characterizes the biotransformation of this compound in vivo and then further explores in vitro metabolism in fractions of human liver and primary hepatocytes. Following oral administration of PF-5190457 in a phase 1b clinical study, hydroxyl metabolites of the compound were observed, including one that had not been observed in previously performed human liver microsomal incubations. PF-6870961 was biosynthesized using liver cytosol, and the site of hydroxylation was shown to be on the pyrimidine using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The aldehyde oxidase (AO) inhibitor raloxifene and the xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat inhibited the formation of PF-6870961 in human liver cytosol, suggesting both enzymes were involved in the metabolism of the drug. However, greater inhibition was observed with raloxifene, indicating AO is a dominant enzyme in the biotransformation. The intrinsic clearance of the drug in human liver cytosol was estimated to be 0.002 ml/min per milligram protein. This study provides important novel information at three levels: 1) it provides additional new information on the recently developed novel compound PF-5190457, the first GHS-R1a blocker that has moved to development in humans; 2) it provides an example of a reverse translational approach where a discovery in humans was brought back, validated, and further investigated at the bench level; and 3) it demonstrates the importance of considering the molybdenum-containing oxidases during the development of new drug entities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: PF-5190457 is a novel ghrelin receptor inverse agonist that is currently undergoing clinical development for treatment of alcohol use disorder. PF-6870961, a major hydroxyl metabolite of the compound, was observed in human plasma, but was absent in human liver microsomal incubations. PF-6870961 was biosynthesized using liver cytosol, and the site of hydroxylation on the pyrimidine ring was characterized. Inhibitors of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase inhibited the formation of PF-6870961 in human liver cytosol, suggesting both enzymes were involved in the metabolism of the drug. This information is important for patient selection in subsequent clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravani Adusumalli
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (S.A., R.J., F.A.); Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., T.F.R.); Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland (L.L.); Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L.); and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (L.L.)
| | - Rohitash Jamwal
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (S.A., R.J., F.A.); Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., T.F.R.); Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland (L.L.); Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L.); and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (L.L.)
| | - R Scott Obach
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (S.A., R.J., F.A.); Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., T.F.R.); Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland (L.L.); Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L.); and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (L.L.)
| | - Tim F Ryder
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (S.A., R.J., F.A.); Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., T.F.R.); Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland (L.L.); Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L.); and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (L.L.)
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (S.A., R.J., F.A.); Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., T.F.R.); Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland (L.L.); Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L.); and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (L.L.)
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (S.A., R.J., F.A.); Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., T.F.R.); Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland (L.L.); Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (L.L.); and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (L.L.)
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Godlewski G, Cinar R, Coffey NJ, Liu J, Jourdan T, Mukhopadhyay B, Chedester L, Liu Z, Osei-Hyiaman D, Iyer MR, Park JK, Smith RG, Iwakura H, Kunos G. Targeting Peripheral CB 1 Receptors Reduces Ethanol Intake via a Gut-Brain Axis. Cell Metab 2019; 29:1320-1333.e8. [PMID: 31105045 PMCID: PMC6551287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids acting on the cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) or ghrelin acting on its receptor (GHS-R1A) both promote alcohol-seeking behavior, but an interaction between the two signaling systems has not been explored. Here, we report that the peripheral CB1R inverse agonist JD5037 reduces ethanol drinking in wild-type mice but not in mice lacking CB1R, ghrelin peptide or GHS-R1A. JD5037 treatment of alcohol-drinking mice inhibits the formation of biologically active octanoyl-ghrelin without affecting its inactive precursor desacyl-ghrelin. In ghrelin-producing stomach cells, JD5037 reduced the level of the substrate octanoyl-carnitine generated from palmitoyl-carnitine by increasing fatty acid β-oxidation. Blocking gastric vagal afferents abrogated the ability of either CB1R or GHS-R1A blockade to reduce ethanol drinking. We conclude that blocking CB1R in ghrelin-producing cells reduces alcohol drinking by inhibiting the formation of active ghrelin and its signaling via gastric vagal afferents. Thus, peripheral CB1R blockade may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nathan J Coffey
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tony Jourdan
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bani Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee Chedester
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Douglas Osei-Hyiaman
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua K Park
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roy G Smith
- Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hiroshi Iwakura
- Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Farokhnia M, Faulkner ML, Piacentino D, Lee MR, Leggio L. Ghrelin: From a gut hormone to a potential therapeutic target for alcohol use disorder. Physiol Behav 2019; 204:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mani BK, Shankar K, Zigman JM. Ghrelin's Relationship to Blood Glucose. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1247-1261. [PMID: 30874792 PMCID: PMC6482034 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Much effort has been directed at studying the orexigenic actions of administered ghrelin and the potential effects of the endogenous ghrelin system on food intake, food reward, body weight, adiposity, and energy expenditure. Although endogenous ghrelin's actions on some of these processes remain ambiguous, its glucoregulatory actions have emerged as well-recognized features during extreme metabolic conditions. The blood glucose-raising actions of ghrelin are beneficial during starvation-like conditions, defending against life-threatening falls in blood glucose, but they are seemingly detrimental in obese states and in certain monogenic forms of diabetes, contributing to hyperglycemia. Also of interest, blood glucose negatively regulates ghrelin secretion. This article reviews the literature suggesting the existence of a blood glucose-ghrelin axis and highlights the factors that mediate the glucoregulatory actions of ghrelin, especially during metabolic extremes such as starvation and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath K Mani
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Correspondence: Jeffrey M. Zigman, MD, PhD, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390. E-mail:
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Li B, Li R, Dorff P, McWilliams JC, Guinn RM, Guinness SM, Han L, Wang K, Yu S. Deprotection of N-Boc Groups under Continuous-Flow High-Temperature Conditions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4846-4855. [PMID: 30620880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The scope of thermolytic, N-Boc deprotection was studied on 26 compounds from the Pfizer compound library, representing a diverse set of structural moieties. Among these compounds, 12 substrates resulted in clean (≥95% product) deprotection, and an additional three compounds gave ≥90% product. The thermal de-Boc conditions were found to be compatible with a large number of functional groups. A combination of computational modeling, statistical analysis, and kinetic model fitting was used to support an initial, slow, and concerted proton transfer with release of isobutylene, followed by a rapid decarboxylation. A strong correlation was found to exist between the electrophilicity of the N-Boc carbonyl group and the reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Li
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Ruizhi Li
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Peter Dorff
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - J Christopher McWilliams
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Robert M Guinn
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Steven M Guinness
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Lu Han
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Ke Wang
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Shu Yu
- Medicinal Science, Worldwide Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
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Daina A, Giuliano C, Pietra C, Wang J, Chi Y, Zou Z, Li F, Yan Z, Zhou Y, Guainazzi A, Garcia Rubio S, Zoete V. Rational Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of Novel Ghrelin Receptor Inverse Agonists as Potential Treatment against Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases. J Med Chem 2018; 61:11039-11060. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Daina
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Giuliano
- Research and Preclinical Development Department, Helsinn Healthcare, CH-6912 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Pietra
- Research and Preclinical Development Department, Helsinn Healthcare, CH-6912 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Junbo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Sundia MediTech, 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yushi Chi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Sundia MediTech, 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zack Zou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Sundia MediTech, 388 Jialilue Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fugang Li
- Department of Discovery Biology, HD Biosciences, 590 Ruiqing Road Zhangjiang East Campus, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Zhonghua Yan
- Department of Discovery Biology, HD Biosciences, 590 Ruiqing Road Zhangjiang East Campus, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Discovery Biology, HD Biosciences, 590 Ruiqing Road Zhangjiang East Campus, Shanghai 201201, China
| | - Angelo Guainazzi
- Research and Development Department, Helsinn Therapeutics (US), Inc., Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United-States
| | - Silvina Garcia Rubio
- Research and Development Department, Helsinn Therapeutics (US), Inc., Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United-States
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Lausanne University, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Route de la Corniche 9A, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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Poher AL, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. Ghrelin regulation of glucose metabolism. Peptides 2018; 100:236-242. [PMID: 29412824 PMCID: PMC5805851 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The a 28-amino acid peptide ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as a growth hormone (GH) releasing peptide. Soon after its discovery, ghrelin was found to increase body weight and adiposity by acting on the hypothalamic melanocortinergic system. Subsequently, ghrelin was found to exert a series of metabolic effects, overall testifying ghrelin a pleiotropic nature of broad pharmacological interest. Ghrelin acts through the growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (GHS-R), a seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor with high expression in the anterior pituitary, pancreatic islets, thyroid gland, heart and various regions of the brain. Among ghrelins numerous metabolic effects are the most prominent the stimulation of appetite via activation of orexigenic hypothalamic neurocircuits and the food-intake independent stimulation of lipogenesis, which both together lead to an increase in body weight and adiposity. Ghrelin effects beyond the regulation of appetite and GH secretion include the regulation of gut motility, sleep-wake rhythm, taste sensation, reward seeking behaviour, and the regulation of glucose metabolism. The latter received recently increasing recognition because pharmacological inhibition of ghrelin signaling might be of therapeutic value to improve insuin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this review we highlight the multifaceted nature of ghrelin and summarize its glucoregulatory action and discuss the pharmacological value of ghrelin pathway inhibition for the treatment of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Poher
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München and German National Diabetes Center (DZD), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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The Chemistry of Sulfur-Containing [5,5]-Fused Ring Systems With a Bridgehead Nitrogen. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Mani BK, Zigman JM. Ghrelin as a Survival Hormone. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:843-854. [PMID: 29097101 PMCID: PMC5777178 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin administration induces food intake and body weight gain. Based on these actions, the ghrelin system was initially proposed as an antiobesity target. Subsequent studies using genetic mouse models have raised doubts about the role of the endogenous ghrelin system in mediating body weight homeostasis or obesity. However, this is not to say that the endogenous ghrelin system is not important metabolically or otherwise. Here we review an emerging concept in which the endogenous ghrelin system serves an essential function during extreme nutritional and psychological challenges to defend blood glucose, protect body weight, avoid exaggerated depression, and ultimately allow survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath K Mani
- Divisions of Hypothalamic Research and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Divisions of Hypothalamic Research and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA.
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Berlanga-Acosta J, Abreu-Cruz A, Herrera DGDB, Mendoza-Marí Y, Rodríguez-Ulloa A, García-Ojalvo A, Falcón-Cama V, Hernández-Bernal F, Beichen Q, Guillén-Nieto G. Synthetic Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides (GHRPs): A Historical Appraisal of the Evidences Supporting Their Cytoprotective Effects. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2017; 11:1179546817694558. [PMID: 28469491 PMCID: PMC5392015 DOI: 10.1177/1179546817694558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) constitute a group of small synthetic peptides that stimulate the growth hormone secretion and the downstream axis activity. Mounting evidences since the early 1980s delineated unexpected pharmacological cardioprotective and cytoprotective properties for the GHRPs. However, despite intense basic pharmacological research, alternatives to prevent cell and tissue demise before lethal insults have remained as an empty niche in the clinical armamentarium. Here, we have rigorously reviewed the investigational development of GHRPs and their clinical niching perspectives. METHODOLOGY PubMed/MEDLINE databases, including original research and review articles, were explored. The search design was date escalated from 1980 and included articles in English only. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS GHRPs bind to two different receptors (GHS-R1a and CD36), which redundantly or independently exert relevant biological effects. GHRPs' binding to CD36 activates prosurvival pathways such as PI-3K/AKT1, thus reducing cellular death. Furthermore, GHRPs decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) spillover, enhance the antioxidant defenses, and reduce inflammation. These cytoprotective abilities have been revealed in cardiac, neuronal, gastrointestinal, and hepatic cells, representing a comprehensive spectrum of protection of parenchymal organs. Antifibrotic effects have been attributed to some of the GHRPs by counteracting fibrogenic cytokines. In addition, GHRP family members have shown a potent myotropic effect by promoting anabolia and inhibiting catabolia. Finally, GHRPs exhibit a broad safety profile in preclinical and clinical settings. Despite these fragmented lines incite to envision multiple pharmacological uses for GHRPs, especially as a myocardial reperfusion damage-attenuating candidate, this family of "drugable" peptides awaits for a definitive clinical niche.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angel Abreu-Cruz
- Cardiology Unit, Center for Medical and Surgical Research, Siboney, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Yssel Mendoza-Marí
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cubanacán, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Ariana García-Ojalvo
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cubanacán, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Viviana Falcón-Cama
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cubanacán, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Qu Beichen
- Xinkexian Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Steinert RE, Feinle-Bisset C, Asarian L, Horowitz M, Beglinger C, Geary N. Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): Secretory Controls and Physiological Roles in Eating and Glycemia in Health, Obesity, and After RYGB. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:411-463. [PMID: 28003328 PMCID: PMC6151490 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB) and other bariatric surgeries in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and novel developments in gastrointestinal (GI) endocrinology have renewed interest in the roles of GI hormones in the control of eating, meal-related glycemia, and obesity. Here we review the nutrient-sensing mechanisms that control the secretion of four of these hormones, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY(3-36)], and their contributions to the controls of GI motor function, food intake, and meal-related increases in glycemia in healthy-weight and obese persons, as well as in RYGB patients. Their physiological roles as classical endocrine and as locally acting signals are discussed. Gastric emptying, the detection of specific digestive products by small intestinal enteroendocrine cells, and synergistic interactions among different GI loci all contribute to the secretion of ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36). While CCK has been fully established as an endogenous endocrine control of eating in healthy-weight persons, the roles of all four hormones in eating in obese persons and following RYGB are uncertain. Similarly, only GLP-1 clearly contributes to the endocrine control of meal-related glycemia. It is likely that local signaling is involved in these hormones' actions, but methods to determine the physiological status of local signaling effects are lacking. Further research and fresh approaches are required to better understand ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36) physiology; their roles in obesity and bariatric surgery; and their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Steinert
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Lori Asarian
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Michael Horowitz
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Nori Geary
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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Reilly SW, Bryan NW, Mach RH. Pd-catalyzed arylation of linear and angular spirodiamine salts under aerobic conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2016; 58:466-469. [PMID: 31762498 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Application of Buchwald-Hartwig catalysis for development of biologically relevant arylspirodiamine compounds is reported. This synthetic methodology requires no inert atmosphere and affords yields up to 93% in just 20 min. Linear and sterically hindered angular spirodiamines in salt and free-base form are coupled with electron-rich and -withdrawing aryl chlorides, demonstrating a broad scope and applicability of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Reilly
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nikaela W Bryan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Denney WS, Sonnenberg GE, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Tuthill T, Jackson VM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PF-05190457: The first oral ghrelin receptor inverse agonist to be profiled in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:326-338. [PMID: 27621150 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of oral PF-05190457, an oral ghrelin receptor inverse agonist, in healthy adults. METHODS Single (SAD) and multiple ascending dose (MAD) studies were randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies. Thirty-five healthy men (age 38.2 ± 10.4 years; body mass index 24.8 ± 3.1 kg m-2 [mean ± standard deviation]) received ≥1 dose (2, 10, 40 [divided], 50, 100, 150, and 300 [single or divided] mg) of PF-05190457 and/or placebo in the SAD. In the MAD study, 35 healthy men (age 39.7 ± 10.1 years; body mass index 25.9 ± 3.3 kg m-2 ) received ≥1 dose (2, 10, 40 and 100 mg twice daily) of PF-05190457 and/or placebo daily for 2 weeks. RESULTS PF-05190457 absorption was rapid with a Tmax of 0.5-3 hours and a half-life between 8.2-9.8 hours. PF-05190457 dose-dependently blocked ghrelin (1 pmol kg-1 min-1 )-induced growth hormone (GH) release with (mean [90% confidence interval]) 77% [63-85%] inhibition at 100 mg. PF-05190457 (150 mg) delayed gastric emptying lag time by 30% [7-58%] and half emptying time by 20% [7-35%] with a corresponding decrease in postprandial glucose by 9 mg dL-1 . The most frequent adverse event reported by 30 subjects at doses ≥50 mg was somnolence. PF-05190457 plasma concentrations also increased heart rate up to 13.4 [4.8-58.2] beats min-1 and, similar to the effect on glucose and ghrelin-induced GH, was lost within 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS PF-05190457 is a well-tolerated first-in-class ghrelin receptor inverse agonist with acceptable pharmacokinetics for oral daily dosing. Blocking ghrelin receptors inhibits ghrelin-induced GH, and increases heart rate, effects that underwent tachyphylaxis with chronic dosing. PF-051940457 has the potential to treat centrally-acting disorders such as insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Denney
- Biotherapeutics Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Gabriele E Sonnenberg
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Santos Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Theresa Tuthill
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - V Margaret Jackson
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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Smith AC, Cabral S, Kung DW, Rose CR, Southers JA, García-Irizarry CN, Damon DB, Bagley SW, Griffith DA. The Synthesis of Methyl-Substituted Spirocyclic Piperidine-Azetidine (2,7-Diazaspiro[3.5]nonane) and Spirocyclic Piperidine-Pyrrolidine (2,8-Diazaspiro[4.5]decane) Ring Systems. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3509-19. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Smith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shawn Cabral
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel W. Kung
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Colin R. Rose
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James A. Southers
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Carmen N. García-Irizarry
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David B. Damon
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott W. Bagley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A. Griffith
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Kong J, Chuddy J, Stock IA, Loria PM, Straub SV, Vage C, Cameron KO, Bhattacharya SK, Lapham K, McClure KF, Zhang Y, Jackson VM. Pharmacological characterization of the first in class clinical candidate PF-05190457: a selective ghrelin receptor competitive antagonist with inverse agonism that increases vagal afferent firing and glucose-dependent insulin secretion ex vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1452-64. [PMID: 26784385 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ghrelin increases growth hormone secretion, gastric acid secretion, gastric motility and hunger but decreases glucose-dependent insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in humans. Antagonizing the ghrelin receptor has potential as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the aim was to pharmacologically characterize the novel small-molecule antagonist PF-05190457 and assess translational pharmacology ex vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Radioligand binding in filter and scintillation proximity assay formats were used to evaluate affinity, and europium-labelled GTP to assess functional activity. Rat vagal afferent firing and calcium imaging in dispersed islets were used as native tissues underlying food intake and insulin secretion respectively. KEY RESULTS PF-05190457 was a potent and selective inverse agonist on constitutively active ghrelin receptors and acted as a competitive antagonist of ghrelin action, with a human Kd of 3 nM requiring 4 h to achieve equilibrium. Potency of PF-05190457 was similar across different species. PF-05190457 increased intracellular calcium within dispersed islets and increased vagal afferent firing in a concentration-dependent manner with similar potency but was threefold less potent as compared with the in vitro Ki in recombinant overexpressing cells. The effect of PF-05190457 on rodent islets was comparable with glibenclamide, but glucose-dependent and additive with the insulin secretagogue glucagon-like peptide-1. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Together, these data provide the pharmacological in vitro and ex vivo characterization of the first ghrelin receptor inverse agonist, which has advanced into clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic potential of blocking ghrelin receptors in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - J Chuddy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - I A Stock
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - P M Loria
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - S V Straub
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - C Vage
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - K O Cameron
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - S K Bhattacharya
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - K Lapham
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - K F McClure
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - V M Jackson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the major source of the related hormones ghrelin and motilin, which act on structurally similar G protein-coupled receptors. Nevertheless, selective receptor agonists are available. The primary roles of endogenous ghrelin and motilin in the digestive system are to increase appetite or hedonic eating (ghrelin) and initiate phase III of gastric migrating myoelectric complexes (motilin). Ghrelin and motilin also both inhibit nausea. In clinical trials, the motilin receptor agonist camicinal increased gastric emptying, but at lower doses reduced gastroparesis symptoms and improved appetite. Ghrelin receptor agonists have been trialled for the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis because of their ability to increase gastric emptying, but with mixed results; however, relamorelin, a ghrelin agonist, reduced nausea and vomiting in patients with this disorder. Treatment of postoperative ileus with a ghrelin receptor agonist proved unsuccessful. Centrally penetrant ghrelin receptor agonists stimulate defecation in animals and humans, although ghrelin itself does not seem to control colorectal function. Thus, the most promising uses of motilin receptor agonists are the treatment of gastroparesis or conditions with slow gastric emptying, and ghrelin receptor agonists hold potential for the reduction of nausea and vomiting, and the treatment of constipation. Therapeutic, gastrointestinal roles for receptor antagonists or inverse agonists have not been identified.
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Takahashi B, Funami H, Iwaki T, Maruoka H, Nagahira A, Koyama M, Kamiide Y, Matsuo T, Muto T, Annoura H. 2-Aminoalkyl nicotinamide derivatives as pure inverse agonists of the ghrelin receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2707-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Orally active ghrelin receptor inverse agonists and their actions on a rat obesity model. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4792-4803. [PMID: 26100441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2-alkylamino nicotinamide analogs was prepared as orally active ghrelin receptor (ghrelinR) inverse agonists. Starting from compound 1, oral bioavailability was improved by modifying metabolically unstable sites and reducing molecular weight. Brain-permeable compound 33 and compound 24 with low brain permeability were tested in rat models of obesity; 30 mg/kg of compound 33 suppressed weight gain. PK/PD analysis revealed that the anti-obesity effect of ghrelinR inverse agonists depends on their brain concentrations.
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38
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Ghareeb M, Leggio L, El-Kattan A, Akhlaghi F. Development and validation of an UPLC-MS/MS assay for quantitative analysis of the ghrelin receptor inverse agonist PF-5190457 in human or rat plasma and rat brain. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5603-13. [PMID: 25943263 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PF-5190457 is a ghrelin receptor inverse agonist that is currently undergoing clinical development for the treatment of alcoholism. Our aim was to develop and validate a simple and sensitive assay for quantitative analysis of PF-5190457 in human or rat plasma and rat brain using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analyte and stable isotope internal standard were extracted from 50 μL plasma or rat brain homogenate by protein precipitation using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. Chromatography was carried out on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 50 mm) column with 1.7 μm particle size and 130 Å pore size. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min and total chromatographic run time was 2.2 min. The mobile phase consisted of a gradient mixture of water: acetonitrile 95:5% (v/v) containing 0.1% formic acid (solvent A) and 100% acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid (solvent B). Multiple reaction monitoring was carried out in positive electro-spray ionization mode using m/z 513.35 → 209.30 for PF-5190457 and m/z 518.47 → 214.43 for the internal standard. The recovery ranged from 102 to 118% with coefficient of variation (CV) less than 6% for all matrices. The calibration curves for all matrices were linear over the studied concentration range (R(2) ≥ 0.998, n = 3). The lower limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL in rat or human plasma and 0.75 ng/g in rat brain. Intra- and inter-run mean percent accuracies were between 85 and 115% and percent imprecision was ≤15%. The assays were successfully utilized to measure the concentration of PF-5190457 in pre-clinical and clinical pharmacology studies of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwlod Ghareeb
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 495A College of Pharmacy, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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39
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Abstract
After many years of research, obesity is still a disease with an unmet medical need. Very few compounds have been approved, acting mainly on neuromediators; researches, in recent years, pointed toward compounds potentially safer than first-generation antiobesity drugs, able to interact with one or more (multitarget therapy) receptors for substances produced by the gut, adipose tissue and other targets outside CNS. Other holistic approaches, such as those involving gut microbiota and plant extracts, appeared recently in the literature, and undoubtedly will contribute to the discovery of a valuable therapy for this disease. This review deals with the positive results and the pitfalls obtained following these approaches, with a view on their clinical trial studies.
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40
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Orr STM, Beveridge R, Bhattacharya SK, Cameron KO, Coffey S, Fernando D, Hepworth D, Jackson MV, Khot V, Kosa R, Lapham K, Loria PM, McClure KF, Patel J, Rose C, Saenz J, Stock IA, Storer G, von Volkenburg M, Vrieze D, Wang G, Xiao J, Zhang Y. Evaluation and synthesis of polar aryl- and heteroaryl spiroazetidine-piperidine acetamides as ghrelin inverse agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:156-61. [PMID: 25699143 DOI: 10.1021/ml500414n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several polar heteroaromatic acetic acids and their piperidine amides were synthesized and evaluated as ghrelin or type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) inverse agonists. Efforts to improve pharmacokinetic and safety profile was achieved by modulating physicochemical properties and, more specifically, emphasizing increased polarity of our chemical series. ortho-Carboxamide containing compounds provided optimal physicochemical, pharmacologic, and safety profile. pH-dependent chemical stability was also assessed with our series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T. M. Orr
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 10770
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ramsay Beveridge
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Samit K. Bhattacharya
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kimberly O. Cameron
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Steven Coffey
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dilinie Fernando
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Hepworth
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Margaret V. Jackson
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vishal Khot
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Rachel Kosa
- Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kimberly Lapham
- Pharmacokinetics,
Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Paula M. Loria
- Primary
Pharmacology Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kim F. McClure
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jigna Patel
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Colin Rose
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610
Main St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James Saenz
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ingrid A. Stock
- Primary
Pharmacology Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory Storer
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Maria von Volkenburg
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Derek Vrieze
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 550
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Mear Y, Blanchard MP, Defilles C, Brue T, Figarella-Branger D, Graillon T, Manavela M, Barlier A, Enjalbert A, Thirion S. Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) and its constitutive activity in somatotroph adenomas: a new co-targeting therapy using GHS-R1a inverse agonists and somatostatin analogs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E2463-71. [PMID: 25272306 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The ghrelin receptor GHS-R1a is highly expressed in human somatotroph adenomas and exhibits unusually high basal signaling activity. In humans, the suppression of this constitutive activity by mutation induces a short stature. OBJECTIVE Using a GHS-R1a inverse agonist, modified substance P (MSP), we explored the role of GHS-R1a constitutive activity in GH hypersecretion from somatotroph adenomas and as a putative therapeutic target. DESIGN The effects of MSP were assessed on GH secretion from 19 human somatotroph tumors in vitro. Moreover, these effects were compared with those of octreotide (somatostatin receptor subtype 2 [sst2] agonist) and with the combination of both drugs. Expression and localization of GHS-R1a and sst2 were studied. RESULTS For all tumors, MSP inhibited GH secretion in a dose-dependent manner from 13 to 64%. Moreover, MSP enhanced octreotide-induced GH inhibition. For five tumors, the effects of combined MSP plus octreotide treatment were significantly higher than the sum of effects of each drug alone. MSP increased the membrane localization of GHS-R1a and of microdomains colocalizing sst2-GHS-R1a, highlighting the cooperation between the two drugs. CONCLUSIONS The GHS-R1a inverse agonist could open new therapeutic options for acromegalic patients, particularly patients partially sensitive to octreotide whose GH secretion is not completely controlled by the sst2 agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Mear
- Aix-Marseille University (Y.M., M.-P.B., C.D., T.B., T.G., A.B., A.E., S.T.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CRN2M UMR7286, 13344 Marseille, France; APHM, Conception (A.B., A.E.), Laboratory of Molecular Biology, 13385 Marseille, France; APHM, Timone, Department of Endocrinology (T.B.), Department of Neurosurgery (T.G.), and Laboratory of Neuropathology (D.F.-B.), 13385 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University (D.F.-B.), INSERM, CRO2 UMR911, 13385 Marseille, France; and Buenos Aires University (M.M.), Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clinicas, Buenos Aires 1120, Argentina
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Callaghan B, Furness JB. Novel and Conventional Receptors for Ghrelin, Desacyl-Ghrelin, and Pharmacologically Related Compounds. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:984-1001. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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43
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Cameron KO, Bhattacharya SK, Loomis AK. Small Molecule Ghrelin Receptor Inverse Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8671-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5003183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly O. Cameron
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samit K. Bhattacharya
- Worldwide
Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - A. Katrina Loomis
- Pharmatherapeutics
Precision Medicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern
Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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44
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The use of spirocyclic scaffolds in drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3673-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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45
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past 3 years, several patents appeared dealing with the discovery of compounds able to modulate ghrelin actions: agonists for the treatment of cachexia, as diagnostic agents for GH deficiency or for the increase in gastrointestinal motility, antagonists and inverse agonists as anorexigenic agents for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. This research has been conducted by several pharmaceutical companies and some compounds have entered clinical trials, but, to date, compounds acting on the ghrelin receptor do not represent clinical options yet. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive description and categorization of patents related to each type of compounds is provided, together with data related to these compounds that appeared in the scientific literature. EXPERT OPINION Ghrelin appears to mediate a myriad of actions, and some of these appear to be due to unknown mechanisms (a second putative ghrelin receptor, putative receptors for unacylated ghrelin); several agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists at ghrelin receptor have been developed but their mechanism of action into CNS is poorly understood. The therapeutic potential of compounds acting on ghrelin receptor is still to be fully assessed, but the results obtained to date are encouraging for the successful clinical translation of compounds able to treat several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Costantino
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita , Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena , Italy +39 059 2055749 ; +39 059 2055131 ;
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46
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McCoull W, Barton P, Brown AJH, Bowker SS, Cameron J, Clarke DS, Davies RDM, Dossetter AG, Ertan A, Fenwick M, Green C, Holmes JL, Martin N, Masters D, Moore JE, Newcombe NJ, Newton C, Pointon H, Robb GR, Sheldon C, Stokes S, Morgan D. Identification, Optimization, and Pharmacology of Acylurea GHS-R1a Inverse Agonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6128-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500610n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William McCoull
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Peter Barton
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | | | - Jennifer Cameron
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David S. Clarke
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | | | - Anne Ertan
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Mark Fenwick
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Clive Green
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Jane L. Holmes
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Nathaniel Martin
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David Masters
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Jane E. Moore
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | - Claire Newton
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Helen Pointon
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Graeme R. Robb
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | | | - Stephen Stokes
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - David Morgan
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, U.K
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