1
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Flinn BT, Radu V, Fay MW, Tyler AJ, Pitcairn J, Cliffe MJ, Weare BL, Stoppiello CT, Mather ML, Khlobystov AN. Nitrogen vacancy defects in single-particle nanodiamonds sense paramagnetic transition metal spin noise from nanoparticles on a transmission electron microscopy grid. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:6423-6434. [PMID: 38024305 PMCID: PMC10662216 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00155e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Spin-active nanomaterials play a vital role in current and upcoming quantum technologies, such as spintronics, data storage and computing. To advance the design and application of these materials, methods to link size, shape, structure, and chemical composition with functional magnetic properties at the nanoscale level are needed. In this work, we combine the power of two local probes, namely, Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) spin-active defects in diamond and an electron beam, within experimental platforms used in electron microscopy. Negatively charged NVs within fluorescent nanodiamond (FND) particles are used to sense the local paramagnetic environment of Rb0.5Co1.3[Fe(CN)6]·3.7H2O nanoparticles (NPs), a Prussian blue analogue (PBA), as a function of FND-PBA distance (order of 10 nm) and local PBA concentration. We demonstrate perturbation of NV spins by proximal electron spins of transition metals within NPs, as detected by changes in the photoluminescence (PL) of NVs. Workflows are reported and demonstrated that employ a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) finder grid to spatially correlate functional and structural features of the same unique NP studied using NV sensing, based on a combination of Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) and Magnetic Modulation (MM) of NV PL, within TEM imaging modalities. Significantly, spin-spin dipole interactions were detected between NVs in a single FND and paramagnetic metal centre spin fluctuations in NPs through a carbon film barrier of 13 nm thickness, evidenced by TEM tilt series imaging and Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), opening new avenues to sense magnetic materials encapsulated in or between thin-layered nanostructures. The measurement strategies reported herein provide a pathway towards solid-state quantitative NV sensing with atomic-scale theoretical spatial resolution, critical to the development of quantum technologies, such as memory storage and molecular switching nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley T Flinn
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Valentin Radu
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Michael W Fay
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 1QL UK
| | - Ashley J Tyler
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Jem Pitcairn
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Matthew J Cliffe
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Benjamin L Weare
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Craig T Stoppiello
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland. St Lucia 4072 Australia
| | - Melissa L Mather
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 1QL UK
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2
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Robertson IO, Scholten SC, Singh P, Healey AJ, Meneses F, Reineck P, Abe H, Ohshima T, Kianinia M, Aharonovich I, Tetienne JP. Detection of Paramagnetic Spins with an Ultrathin van der Waals Quantum Sensor. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37406158 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Detecting magnetic noise from small quantities of paramagnetic spins is a powerful capability for chemical, biochemical, and medical analysis. Quantum sensors based on optically addressable spin defects in bulk semiconductors are typically employed for such purposes, but the 3D crystal structure of the sensor inhibits sensitivity by limiting the proximity of the defects to the target spins. Here we demonstrate the detection of paramagnetic spins using spin defects hosted in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), a van der Waals material that can be exfoliated into the 2D regime. We first create negatively charged boron vacancy (VB-) defects in a powder of ultrathin hBN nanoflakes (<10 atomic monolayers thick on average) and measure the longitudinal spin relaxation time (T1) of this system. We then decorate the dry hBN nanopowder with paramagnetic Gd3+ ions and observe a clear T1 quenching under ambient conditions, consistent with the added magnetic noise. Finally, we demonstrate the possibility of performing spin measurements, including T1 relaxometry using solution-suspended hBN nanopowder. Our results highlight the potential and versatility of the hBN quantum sensor for a range of sensing applications and make steps toward the realization of a truly 2D, ultrasensitive quantum sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islay O Robertson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Sam C Scholten
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Priya Singh
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Alexander J Healey
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fernando Meneses
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Philipp Reineck
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
- Department of Materials Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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3
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Qureshi SA, Hsiao WWW, Hussain L, Aman H, Le TN, Rafique M. Recent Development of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds for Optical Biosensing and Disease Diagnosis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121181. [PMID: 36551148 PMCID: PMC9775945 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to precisely monitor the intracellular temperature directly contributes to the essential understanding of biological metabolism, intracellular signaling, thermogenesis, and respiration. The intracellular heat generation and its measurement can also assist in the prediction of the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. However, intracellular thermometry without altering the biochemical reactions and cellular membrane damage is challenging, requiring appropriately biocompatible, nontoxic, and efficient biosensors. Bright, photostable, and functionalized fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) have emerged as excellent probes for intracellular thermometry and magnetometry with the spatial resolution on a nanometer scale. The temperature and magnetic field-dependent luminescence of naturally occurring defects in diamonds are key to high-sensitivity biosensing applications. Alterations in the surface chemistry of FNDs and conjugation with polymer, metallic, and magnetic nanoparticles have opened vast possibilities for drug delivery, diagnosis, nanomedicine, and magnetic hyperthermia. This study covers some recently reported research focusing on intracellular thermometry, magnetic sensing, and emerging applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in biomedical imaging. We extend the application of FNDs as biosensors toward disease diagnosis by using intracellular, stationary, and time-dependent information. Furthermore, the potential of machine learning (ML) and AI algorithms for developing biosensors can revolutionize any future outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ahmad Qureshi
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Lal Hussain
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, King Abdullah Campus Chatter Kalas, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Neelum Campus, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Athmuqam 13230, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Aman
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics College, PIEAS, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Trong-Nghia Le
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Rafique
- Department of Physics, King Abdullah Campus Chatter Kalas, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan
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4
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Sigaeva A, Shirzad H, Martinez FP, Nusantara AC, Mougios N, Chipaux M, Schirhagl R. Diamond-Based Nanoscale Quantum Relaxometry for Sensing Free Radical Production in Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105750. [PMID: 36169083 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diamond magnetometry makes use of fluorescent defects in diamonds to convert magnetic resonance signals into fluorescence. Because optical photons can be detected much more sensitively, this technique currently holds several sensitivity world records for room temperature magnetic measurements. It is orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting magnetic resonances. Here, the use of diamond magnetometry to detect free radical production in single living cells with nanometer resolution is experimentally demonstrated. This measuring system is first optimized and calibrated with chemicals at known concentrations. These measurements serve as benchmarks for future experiments. While conventional MRI typically has millimeter resolution, measurements are performed on individual cells to detect nitric oxide signaling at the nanoscale, within 10-20 nm from the internalized particles localized with a diffraction limited optical resolution. This level of detail is inaccessible to the state-of-the-art techniques. Nitric oxide is detected and the dynamics of its production and inhibition in the intra- and extracellular environment are followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Sigaeva
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Hoda Shirzad
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Felipe Perona Martinez
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Anggrek Citra Nusantara
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Nikos Mougios
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Mayeul Chipaux
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
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5
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Sun L, Yang L, Dou JH, Li J, Skorupskii G, Mardini M, Tan KO, Chen T, Sun C, Oppenheim JJ, Griffin RG, Dincă M, Rajh T. Room-Temperature Quantitative Quantum Sensing of Lithium Ions with a Radical-Embedded Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19008-19016. [PMID: 36201712 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in quantum sensing have sparked transformative detection technologies with high sensitivity, precision, and spatial resolution. Owing to their atomic-level tunability, molecular qubits and ensembles thereof are promising candidates for sensing chemical analytes. Here, we show quantum sensing of lithium ions in solution at room temperature with an ensemble of organic radicals integrated in a microporous metal-organic framework (MOF). The organic radicals exhibit electron spin coherence and microwave addressability at room temperature, thus behaving as qubits. The high surface area of the MOF promotes accessibility of the guest analytes to the organic qubits, enabling unambiguous identification of lithium ions and quantitative measurement of their concentration through relaxometric and hyperfine spectroscopic methods based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The sensing principle presented in this work is applicable to other metal ions with nonzero nuclear spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Luming Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Jin-Hu Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm10044, Sweden
| | - Grigorii Skorupskii
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Michael Mardini
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Kong Ooi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Chenyue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Julius J Oppenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Robert G Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Tijana Rajh
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States.,The School for Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85281, United States
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6
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Tan Y, Hu X, Hou Y, Chu Z. Emerging Diamond Quantum Sensing in Bio-Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:957. [PMID: 36295716 PMCID: PMC9609316 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bio-membranes exhibit complex but unique mechanical properties as communicative regulators in various physiological and pathological processes. Exposed to a dynamic micro-environment, bio-membranes can be seen as an intricate and delicate system. The systematical modeling and detection of their local physical properties are often difficult to achieve, both quantitatively and precisely. The recent emerging diamonds hosting quantum defects (i.e., nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center) demonstrate intriguing optical and spin properties, together with their outstanding photostability and biocompatibility, rendering them ideal candidates for biological applications. Notably, the extraordinary spin-based sensing enable the measurements of localized nanoscale physical quantities such as magnetic fields, electrical fields, temperature, and strain. These nanoscale signals can be optically read out precisely by simple optical microscopy systems. Given these exclusive properties, NV-center-based quantum sensors can be widely applied in exploring bio-membrane-related features and the communicative chemical reaction processes. This review mainly focuses on NV-based quantum sensing in bio-membrane fields. The attempts of applying NV-based quantum sensors in bio-membranes to investigate diverse physical and chemical events such as membrane elasticity, phase change, nanoscale bio-physical signals, and free radical formation are fully overviewed. We also discuss the challenges and future directions of this novel technology to be utilized in bio-membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayin Tan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xinhao Hu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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7
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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8
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Abendroth JM, Herb K, Janitz E, Zhu T, Völker LA, Degen CL. Single-Nitrogen-Vacancy NMR of Amine-Functionalized Diamond Surfaces. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7294-7303. [PMID: 36069765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging with shallow nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offers an exciting route toward sensitive and localized chemical characterization at the nanoscale. Remarkable progress has been made to combat the degradation in coherence time and stability suffered by near-surface NV centers using suitable chemical surface termination. However, approaches that also enable robust control over adsorbed molecule density, orientation, and binding configuration are needed. We demonstrate a diamond surface preparation for mixed nitrogen- and oxygen-termination that simultaneously improves NV center coherence times for <10 nm-deep emitters and enables direct and recyclable chemical functionalization via amine-reactive cross-linking. Using this approach, we probe single NV centers embedded in nanopillar waveguides to perform 19F NMR sensing of covalently bound fluorinated molecules with detection on the order of 100 molecules. This work signifies an important step toward nuclear spin localization and structure interrogation at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tianqi Zhu
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Rane V. Harnessing Electron Spin Hyperpolarization in Chromophore-Radical Spin Probes for Subcellular Resolution in Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging: Concept and Feasibility. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2715-2728. [PMID: 35353514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c10920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining a subcellular resolution for biological samples doped with stable radicals at room temperature (RT) is a long-sought goal in electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI). The spatial resolution in current EPRI methods is constrained either because of low electron spin polarization at RT or the experimental limitations associated with the field gradients and the radical linewidth. Inspired by the recent demonstration of a large electron spin hyperpolarization in chromophore-nitroxyl spin probe molecules, the present work proposes a novel optically hyperpolarized EPR imaging (OH-EPRI) method, which combines the optical method of two-photon confocal microscopy for hyperpolarization generation and the rapid scan (RS) EPR method for signal detection. An important aspect of OH-EPRI is that it is not limited by the abovementioned restrictions of conventional EPRI since the large hyperpolarization in the spin probes overcomes the poor thermal spin polarization at RT, and the use of two-photon optical excitation of the chromophore naturally generates the required spatial resolution, without the need for any magnetic field gradient. Simulations based on time-dependent Bloch equations, which took into account both the RS field modulation and the hyperpolarization generation by optical means, were performed to examine the feasibility of OH-EPRI. The simulation results revealed that a spatial resolution of up to 2 fL can be achieved in OH-EPRI at RT under in vitro conditions. Notably, the majority of the requirements for an OH-EPRI experiment can be fulfilled by the currently available technologies, thereby paving the way for its easy implementation. Thus, the proposed method could potentially bridge the sensitivity gap between the optical and magnetic imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Rane
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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10
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Yanagi T, Kaminaga K, Suzuki M, Abe H, Yamamoto H, Ohshima T, Kuwahata A, Sekino M, Imaoka T, Kakinuma S, Sugi T, Kada W, Hanaizumi O, Igarashi R. All-Optical Wide-Field Selective Imaging of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds in Cells, In Vivo and Ex Vivo. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12869-12879. [PMID: 34339180 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging is a critical tool to understand the spatial distribution of biomacromolecules in cells and in vivo, providing information on molecular dynamics and interactions. Numerous valuable insights into biological systems have been provided by the specific detection of various molecular species. However, molecule-selective detection is often hampered by background fluorescence, such as cell autofluorescence and fluorescence leakage from molecules stained by other dyes. Here we describe a method for all-optical selective imaging of fluorescent nanodiamonds containing nitrogen-vacancy centers (NVCs) for wide-field fluorescence bioimaging. The method is based on the fact that the fluorescence intensity of NVCs strictly depends on the configuration of ground-state electron spins, which can be controlled by changing the pulse recurrence intervals of microsecond excitation laser pulses. Therefore, by using regulated laser pulses, we can oscillate the fluorescence from NVCs in a nanodiamond, while oscillating other optical signals in the opposite phase to NVCs. As a result, we can reconstruct a selective image of a nanodiamond by using a series of oscillated fluorescence images. We demonstrate application of the method to the selective imaging of nanodiamonds in live cells, in microanimals, and on a hippocampal slice culture obtained from a rat. Our approach potentially enables us to achieve high-contrast images of nanodiamond-labeled biomolecules with a signal-to-background ratio improved by up to 100-fold over the standard fluorescence image, thereby providing a more powerful tool for the investigation of molecular dynamics in cells and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamami Yanagi
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Division of Electronics and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Kiichi Kaminaga
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Michiyo Suzuki
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamamoto
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohshima
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kuwahata
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masaki Sekino
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takuma Sugi
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Wataru Kada
- Division of Electronics and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Osamu Hanaizumi
- Division of Electronics and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Ryuji Igarashi
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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11
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Zhang T, Pramanik G, Zhang K, Gulka M, Wang L, Jing J, Xu F, Li Z, Wei Q, Cigler P, Chu Z. Toward Quantitative Bio-sensing with Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2077-2107. [PMID: 34038091 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The long-dreamed-of capability of monitoring the molecular machinery in living systems has not been realized yet, mainly due to the technical limitations of current sensing technologies. However, recently emerging quantum sensors are showing great promise for molecular detection and imaging. One of such sensing qubits is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center, a photoluminescent impurity in a diamond lattice with unique room-temperature optical and spin properties. This atomic-sized quantum emitter has the ability to quantitatively measure nanoscale electromagnetic fields via optical means at ambient conditions. Moreover, the unlimited photostability of NV centers, combined with the excellent diamond biocompatibility and the possibility of diamond nanoparticles internalization into the living cells, makes NV-based sensors one of the most promising and versatile platforms for various life-science applications. In this review, we will summarize the latest developments of NV-based quantum sensing with a focus on biomedical applications, including measurements of magnetic biomaterials, intracellular temperature, localized physiological species, action potentials, and electronic and nuclear spins. We will also outline the main unresolved challenges and provide future perspectives of many promising aspects of NV-based bio-sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Goutam Pramanik
- UGC DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Sector III, LB-8, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michal Gulka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jixiang Jing
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, China
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Perona Martínez F, Nusantara AC, Chipaux M, Padamati SK, Schirhagl R. Nanodiamond Relaxometry-Based Detection of Free-Radical Species When Produced in Chemical Reactions in Biologically Relevant Conditions. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3862-3869. [PMID: 33269596 PMCID: PMC8651177 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Diamond
magnetometry is a quantum sensing method involving detection
of magnetic resonances with nanoscale resolution. For instance, T1
relaxation measurements, inspired by equivalent concepts in magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), provide a signal that is equivalent to T1
in conventional MRI but in a nanoscale environment. We use nanodiamonds
(between 40 and 120 nm) containing ensembles of specific defects called
nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. To perform a T1 relaxation measurement,
we pump the NV center in the ground state (using a laser at 532 nm)
and observe how long the NV center can remain in this state. Here,
we use this method to provide real-time measurements of free radicals
when they are generated in a chemical reaction. Specifically, we focus
on the photolysis of H2O2 as well as the so-called
Haber–Weiss reaction. Both of these processes are important
reactions in biological environments. Unlike other fluorescent probes,
diamonds are able to determine spin noise from different species in
real time. We also investigate different diamond probes and their
ability to sense gadolinium spin labels. Although this study was performed
in a clean environment, we take into account the effects of salts
and proteins that are present in a biological environment. We conduct
our experiments with nanodiamonds, which are compatible with intracellular
measurements. We perform measurements between 0 and 108 nM, and we are able to reach detection limits down to the nanomolar
range and typically find T1 times of a few 100 μs. This is an
important step toward label-free nano-MRI signal quantification in
biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Perona Martínez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anggrek Citra Nusantara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mayeul Chipaux
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandeep Kumar Padamati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Barton J, Gulka M, Tarabek J, Mindarava Y, Wang Z, Schimer J, Raabova H, Bednar J, Plenio MB, Jelezko F, Nesladek M, Cigler P. Nanoscale Dynamic Readout of a Chemical Redox Process Using Radicals Coupled with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Nanodiamonds. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12938-12950. [PMID: 32790348 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible nanoscale probes for sensitive detection of paramagnetic species and molecules associated with their (bio)chemical transformations would provide a desirable tool for a better understanding of cellular redox processes. Here, we describe an analytical tool based on quantum sensing techniques. We magnetically coupled negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds (NDs) with nitroxide radicals present in a bioinert polymer coating of the NDs. We demonstrated that the T1 spin relaxation time of the NV centers is very sensitive to the number of nitroxide radicals, with a resolution down to ∼10 spins per ND (detection of approximately 10-23 mol in a localized volume). The detection is based on T1 shortening upon the radical attachment, and we propose a theoretical model describing this phenomenon. We further show that this colloidally stable, water-soluble system can be used dynamically for spatiotemporal readout of a redox chemical process (oxidation of ascorbic acid) occurring near the ND surface in an aqueous environment under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Barton
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 166 10 Prague, Czechia
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Michal Gulka
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna sq. 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czechia
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jan Tarabek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 166 10 Prague, Czechia
| | - Yuliya Mindarava
- Institute for Quantum Optics and IQST, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jiri Schimer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 166 10 Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Raabova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 166 10 Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Bednar
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, UMR 5309, Allée des Alpes, 38700 la Tronche, France
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin B Plenio
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and IQST, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics and IQST, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Milos Nesladek
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna sq. 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czechia
- IMOMEC Division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, 166 10 Prague, Czechia
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14
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Broadband multi-magnon relaxometry using a quantum spin sensor for high frequency ferromagnetic dynamics sensing. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5229. [PMID: 33067420 PMCID: PMC7568545 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of sensitive local probes of magnon dynamics is essential to further understand the physical processes that govern magnon generation, propagation, scattering, and relaxation. Quantum spin sensors like the NV center in diamond have long spin lifetimes and their relaxation can be used to sense magnetic field noise at gigahertz frequencies. Thus far, NV sensing of ferromagnetic dynamics has been constrained to the case where the NV spin is resonant with a magnon mode in the sample meaning that the NV frequency provides an upper bound to detection. In this work we demonstrate ensemble NV detection of spinwaves generated via a nonlinear instability process where spinwaves of nonzero wavevector are parametrically driven by a high amplitude microwave field. NV relaxation caused by these driven spinwaves can be divided into two regimes; one- and multi-magnon NV relaxometry. In the one-magnon NV relaxometry regime the driven spinwave frequency is below the NV frequencies. The driven spinwave undergoes four-magnon scattering resulting in an increase in the population of magnons which are frequency matched to the NVs. The dipole magnetic fields of the NV-resonant magnons couple to and relax nearby NV spins. The amplitude of the NV relaxation increases with the wavevector of the driven spinwave mode which we are able to vary up to 3 × 106 m-1, well into the part of the spinwave spectrum dominated by the exchange interaction. Increasing the strength of the applied magnetic field brings all spinwave modes to higher frequencies than the NV frequencies. We find that the NVs are relaxed by the driven spinwave instability despite the absence of any individual NV-resonant magnons, suggesting that multiple magnons participate in creating magnetic field noise below the ferromagnetic gap frequency which causes NV spin relaxation.
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15
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Nanodiamonds: Synthesis and Application in Sensing, Catalysis, and the Possible Connection with Some Processes Occurring in Space. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the unique characteristics of nanodiamonds (NDs) and the fluorescence properties of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers has lead to a tool with quantum sensing capabilities and nanometric spatial resolution; this tool is able to operate in a wide range of temperatures and pressures and in harsh chemical conditions. For the development of devices based on NDs, a great effort has been invested in researching cheap and easily scalable synthesis techniques for NDs and NV-NDs. In this review, we discuss the common fluorescent NDs synthesis techniques as well as the laser-assisted production methods. Then, we report recent results regarding the applications of fluorescent NDs, focusing in particular on sensing of the environmental parameters as well as in catalysis. Finally, we underline that the highly non-equilibrium processes occurring in the interactions of laser-materials in controlled laboratory conditions for NDs synthesis present unique opportunities for investigation of the phenomena occurring under extreme thermodynamic conditions in planetary cores or under warm dense matter conditions.
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16
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Cooper A, Sun WKC, Jaskula JC, Cappellaro P. Identification and Control of Electron-Nuclear Spin Defects in Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:083602. [PMID: 32167360 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.083602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate an approach to scale up quantum devices by harnessing spin defects in the environment of a quantum probe. We follow this approach to identify, locate, and control two electron-nuclear spin defects in the environment of a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. By performing spectroscopy at various orientations of the magnetic field, we extract the unknown parameters of the hyperfine and dipolar interaction tensors, which we use to locate the two spin defects and design control sequences to initialize, manipulate, and readout their quantum state. Finally, we create quantum coherence among the three electron spins, paving the way for the creation of genuine tripartite entanglement. This approach will be useful in assembling multispin quantum registers for applications in quantum sensing and quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Cooper
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Research Lab of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Won Kyu Calvin Sun
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Research Lab of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Jaskula
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Research Lab of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Research Lab of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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17
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Bucher DB, Aude Craik DPL, Backlund MP, Turner MJ, Ben Dor O, Glenn DR, Walsworth RL. Quantum diamond spectrometer for nanoscale NMR and ESR spectroscopy. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2707-2747. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Chan MS, Landig R, Choi J, Zhou H, Liao X, Lukin MD, Park H, Lo PK. Stepwise Ligand-induced Self-assembly for Facile Fabrication of Nanodiamond-Gold Nanoparticle Dimers via Noncovalent Biotin-Streptavidin Interactions. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2020-2026. [PMID: 30779590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamond-gold nanoparticle (ND-AuNP) dimers constitute a potent tool for controlled thermal heating of biological systems on the nanoscale, by combining a local light-induced heat source with a sensitive local thermometer. Unfortunately, previous solution-based strategies to build ND-AuNP conjugates resulted in large nanoclusters or a broad population of multimers with limited separation efficiency. Here, we describe a new strategy to synthesize discrete ND-AuNP dimers via the synthesis of biotin-labeled DNA-AuNPs through thiol chemistry and its immobilization onto the magnetic bead (MB) surface, followed by reacting with streptavidin-labeled NDs. The dimers can be easily released from MB via a strand displacement reaction and separated magnetically. Our method is facile, convenient, and scalable, ensuring high-throughput formation of very stable dimer structures. This ligand-induced self-assembly approach enables the preparation of a wide variety of dimers of designated sizes and compositions, thus opening up the possibility that they can be deployed in many biological actuation and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miu Shan Chan
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pik Kwan Lo
- Department of Chemistry , City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong SAR , China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Care , Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518057 , China
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19
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Zopes J, Cujia KS, Sasaki K, Boss JM, Itoh KM, Degen CL. Three-dimensional localization spectroscopy of individual nuclear spins with sub-Angstrom resolution. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4678. [PMID: 30410050 PMCID: PMC6224602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful method for analyzing the chemical composition and molecular structure of materials. At the nanometer scale, NMR has the prospect of mapping the atomic-scale structure of individual molecules, provided a method that can sensitively detect single nuclei and measure inter-atomic distances. Here, we report on precise localization spectroscopy experiments of individual 13C nuclear spins near the central electronic sensor spin of a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in a diamond chip. By detecting the nuclear free precession signals in rapidly switchable external magnetic fields, we retrieve the three-dimensional spatial coordinates of the nuclear spins with sub-Angstrom resolution and for distances beyond 10 Å. We further show that the Fermi contact contribution can be constrained by measuring the nuclear g-factor enhancement. The presented method will be useful for mapping atomic positions in single molecules, an ambitious yet important goal of nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zopes
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K S Cujia
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Sasaki
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - J M Boss
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - C L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Shi F, Kong F, Zhao P, Zhang X, Chen M, Chen S, Zhang Q, Wang M, Ye X, Wang Z, Qin Z, Rong X, Su J, Wang P, Qin PZ, Du J. Single-DNA electron spin resonance spectroscopy in aqueous solutions. Nat Methods 2018; 15:697-699. [PMID: 30082898 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of single biomolecules under near-physiological conditions could substantially advance understanding of their biological function, but this approach remains very challenging. Here we used nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamonds to detect electron spin resonance spectra of individual, tethered DNA duplexes labeled with a nitroxide spin label in aqueous buffer solutions at ambient temperatures. This work paves the way for magnetic resonance studies on single biomolecules and their intermolecular interactions in native-like environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Pengju Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Sanyou Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Zhecheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Zhuoyang Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Jihu Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, China.,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Peter Z Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China. .,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, USTC, Hefei, China. .,Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, USTC, Hefei, China.
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21
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Stark A, Aharon N, Unden T, Louzon D, Huck A, Retzker A, Andersen UL, Jelezko F. Narrow-bandwidth sensing of high-frequency fields with continuous dynamical decoupling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1105. [PMID: 29051547 PMCID: PMC5648921 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art methods for sensing weak AC fields are only efficient in the low frequency domain (<10 MHz). The inefficiency of sensing high-frequency signals is due to the lack of ability to use dynamical decoupling. In this paper we show that dynamical decoupling can be incorporated into high-frequency sensing schemes and by this we demonstrate that the high sensitivity achieved for low frequency can be extended to the whole spectrum. While our scheme is general and suitable to a variety of atomic and solid-state systems, we experimentally demonstrate it with the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. For a diamond with natural abundance of 13C, we achieve coherence times up to 1.43 ms resulting in a smallest detectable magnetic field strength of 4 nT at 1.6 GHz. Attributed to the inherent nature of our scheme, we observe an additional increase in coherence time due to the signal itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Stark
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
| | - Nati Aharon
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Thomas Unden
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Daniel Louzon
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Alexander Huck
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Alex Retzker
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Ulrik L Andersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQst), Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
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22
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Chen M, Meng C, Zhang Q, Duan C, Shi F, Du J. Quantum metrology with single spins in diamond under ambient conditions. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The detection of single quantum systems can reveal information that would be averaged out in traditional techniques based on ensemble measurements. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have shown brilliant prospects of performance as quantum bits and atomic sensors under ambient conditions, such as ultra-long coherence time, high fidelity control and readout of the spin state. In particular, the sensitivity of the NV center spin levels to external environmental changes makes it a versatile detector capable of measuring various physical quantities, such as temperature, strain, electric fields and magnetic fields. In this paper, we review recent progress in NV-based quantum metrology, and speculate on its future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changkui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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23
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Electron paramagnetic resonance microscopy using spins in diamond under ambient conditions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:458. [PMID: 28878240 PMCID: PMC5587709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is one of the most important tools in chemical and bio-medical research. However, sensitivity limitations typically restrict imaging resolution to ~ 10 µm. Here we bring quantum control to the detection of chemical systems to demonstrate high-resolution electron spin imaging using the quantum properties of an array of nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. Our electron paramagnetic resonance microscope selectively images electronic spin species by precisely tuning a magnetic field to bring the quantum probes into resonance with the external target spins. This provides diffraction limited spatial resolution of the target spin species over a field of view of 50 × 50 µm2 with a spin sensitivity of 104 spins per voxel or ∼100 zmol. The ability to perform spectroscopy and dynamically monitor spin-dependent redox reactions at these scales enables the development of electron spin resonance and zepto-chemistry in the physical and life sciences.Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy has important scientific and medical uses but improving the resolution of conventional methods requires cryogenic, vacuum environments. Simpson et al. show nitrogen vacancy centres can be used for sub-micronmetre imaging with improved sensitivity in ambient conditions.
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24
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Microwave-free nuclear magnetic resonance at molecular scales. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15950. [PMID: 28671183 PMCID: PMC5500877 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at the nanoscale is a major challenge, as the resolution of conventional methods is limited to mesoscopic scales. Approaches based on quantum spin probes, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond, have achieved nano-NMR under ambient conditions. However, the measurement protocols require application of complex microwave pulse sequences of high precision and relatively high power, placing limitations on the design and scalability of these techniques. Here we demonstrate NMR on a nanoscale organic environment of proton spins using the NV centre while eliminating the need for microwave manipulation of either the NV or the environmental spin states. We also show that the sensitivity of our significantly simplified approach matches that of existing techniques using the NV centre. Removing the requirement for coherent manipulation while maintaining measurement sensitivity represents a significant step towards the development of robust, non-invasive nanoscale NMR probes. Nitrogen vacancy centres can be used for nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance detection but this typically involves strong microwave control pulses, making practical realizations difficult. Here the authors demonstrate a microwave-free spectroscopic protocol that can detect spins in external samples.
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25
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26
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Chan MS, Liu LS, Leung HM, Lo PK. Cancer-Cell-Specific Mitochondria-Targeted Drug Delivery by Dual-Ligand-Functionalized Nanodiamonds Circumvent Drug Resistance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11780-11789. [PMID: 28291330 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a nanotechnology approach for the development of cancer-cell-specific subcellular organelle-targeted drug nanocarriers based on photostable nanodiamonds (ND) functionalized with folic acid and mitochondrial localizing sequence (MLS) peptides. We showed that these multifunctional NDs not only distinguish between cancer cells and normal cells, and transport the loaded drugs across the plasma membrane of cancer cells, but also selectively deliver them to mitochondria and induce significant cytotoxicity and cell death compared with free Dox localized in lysosomes. Importantly, the cellular uptake of Dox was dramatically increased in a resistant model of MCF-7 cells, which contributed to the significant circumvention of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance. Our work provides a novel method of designing nanodiamond-based carriers for targeted delivery and for circumventing drug resistance in doxorubicin-resistant human breast adenocarcinoma cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miu Shan Chan
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ling Sum Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Care, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Hoi Man Leung
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Care, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Pik Kwan Lo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
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27
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Rendler T, Neburkova J, Zemek O, Kotek J, Zappe A, Chu Z, Cigler P, Wrachtrup J. Optical imaging of localized chemical events using programmable diamond quantum nanosensors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14701. [PMID: 28317922 PMCID: PMC5364376 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of multifunctional nanoscale sensors working under physiological conditions enables monitoring of intracellular processes that are important for various biological and medical applications. By attaching paramagnetic gadolinium complexes to nanodiamonds (NDs) with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres through surface engineering, we developed a hybrid nanoscale sensor that can be adjusted to directly monitor physiological species through a proposed sensing scheme based on NV spin relaxometry. We adopt a single-step method to measure spin relaxation rates enabling time-dependent measurements on changes in pH or redox potential at a submicrometre-length scale in a microfluidic channel that mimics cellular environments. Our experimental data are reproduced by numerical simulations of the NV spin interaction with gadolinium complexes covering the NDs. Considering the versatile engineering options provided by polymer chemistry, the underlying mechanism can be expanded to detect a variety of physiologically relevant species and variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Rendler
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jitka Neburkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zemek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kotek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Zappe
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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Abstract
Recent advances in engineering and control of nanoscale quantum sensors have opened new paradigms in precision metrology. Unfortunately, hardware restrictions often limit the sensor performance. In nanoscale magnetic resonance probes, for instance, finite sampling times greatly limit the achievable sensitivity and spectral resolution. Here we introduce a technique for coherent quantum interpolation that can overcome these problems. Using a quantum sensor associated with the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond, we experimentally demonstrate that quantum interpolation can achieve spectroscopy of classical magnetic fields and individual quantum spins with orders of magnitude finer frequency resolution than conventionally possible. Not only is quantum interpolation an enabling technique to extract structural and chemical information from single biomolecules, but it can be directly applied to other quantum systems for superresolution quantum spectroscopy.
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29
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Jensen K, Kehayias P, Budker D. Magnetometry with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. SMART SENSORS, MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34070-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Nanodiamond-based nanostructures for coupling nitrogen-vacancy centres to metal nanoparticles and semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11820. [PMID: 27273426 PMCID: PMC4899845 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to control the interaction between nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond and photonic and/or broadband plasmonic nanostructures is crucial for the development of solid-state quantum devices with optimum performance. However, existing methods typically employ top-down fabrication, which restrict scalable and feasible manipulation of nitrogen-vacancy centres. Here, we develop a general bottom-up approach to fabricate an emerging class of freestanding nanodiamond-based hybrid nanostructures with external functional units of either plasmonic nanoparticles or excitonic quantum dots. Precise control of the structural parameters (including size, composition, coverage and spacing of the external functional units) is achieved, representing a pre-requisite for exploring the underlying physics. Fine tuning of the emission characteristics through structural regulation is demonstrated by performing single-particle optical studies. This study opens a rich toolbox to tailor properties of quantum emitters, which can facilitate design guidelines for devices based on nitrogen-vacancy centres that use these freestanding hybrid nanostructures as building blocks. The coupling of nitrogen-vacancy centres with plasmonic and photonic nanostructures is usually studied by top-down preparation. Here, Gong et al. use a bottom-up approach to grow metallic and semiconducting nanoparticles on nanodiamonds, controlling the nanoparticle coverage, size and composition.
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31
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Wu Y, Jelezko F, Plenio MB, Weil T. Diamond Quantum Devices in Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6586-98. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Wu
- Institut für Organische Chemie III; Universität Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institut für Quantenoptik; Universität Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Martin B Plenio
- Institut für Theoretische Physik; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89069 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institut für Organische Chemie III; Universität Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Wu
- Institut für Organische Chemie III; Universität Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institut für Quantenoptik; Universität Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Martin B Plenio
- Institut für Theoretische Physik; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89069 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institut für Organische Chemie III; Universität Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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33
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Lovchinsky I, Sushkov AO, Urbach E, de Leon NP, Choi S, De Greve K, Evans R, Gertner R, Bersin E, Müller C, McGuinness L, Jelezko F, Walsworth RL, Park H, Lukin MD. Nuclear magnetic resonance detection and spectroscopy of single proteins using quantum logic. Science 2016; 351:836-41. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad8022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Lovchinsky
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - A. O. Sushkov
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - E. Urbach
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - N. P. de Leon
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S. Choi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - K. De Greve
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - R. Evans
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - R. Gertner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - E. Bersin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - C. Müller
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - L. McGuinness
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - F. Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - R. L. Walsworth
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - H. Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - M. D. Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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34
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Tetienne JP, Lombard A, Simpson DA, Ritchie C, Lu J, Mulvaney P, Hollenberg LCL. Scanning Nanospin Ensemble Microscope for Nanoscale Magnetic and Thermal Imaging. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:326-33. [PMID: 26709529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensors based on solid-state spins provide tremendous opportunities in a wide range of fields from basic physics and chemistry to biomedical imaging. However, integrating them into a scanning probe microscope to enable practical, nanoscale quantum imaging is a highly challenging task. Recently, the use of single spins in diamond in conjunction with atomic force microscopy techniques has allowed significant progress toward this goal, but generalization of this approach has so far been impeded by long acquisition times or by the absence of simultaneous topographic information. Here, we report on a scanning quantum probe microscope which solves both issues by employing a nanospin ensemble hosted in a nanodiamond. This approach provides up to an order of magnitude gain in acquisition time while preserving sub-100 nm spatial resolution both for the quantum sensor and topographic images. We demonstrate two applications of this microscope. We first image nanoscale clusters of maghemite particles through both spin resonance spectroscopy and spin relaxometry, under ambient conditions. Our images reveal fast magnetic field fluctuations in addition to a static component, indicating the presence of both superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic particles. We next demonstrate a new imaging modality where the nanospin ensemble is used as a thermometer. We use this technique to map the photoinduced heating generated by laser irradiation of a single gold nanoparticle in a fluid environment. This work paves the way toward new applications of quantum probe microscopy such as thermal/magnetic imaging of operating microelectronic devices and magnetic detection of ion channels in cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Tetienne
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Institute and School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alain Lombard
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
- Département de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan , 94235 Cachan, France
| | - David A Simpson
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Cameron Ritchie
- Bio21 Institute and School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jianing Lu
- Bio21 Institute and School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Mulvaney
- Bio21 Institute and School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lloyd C L Hollenberg
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Institute and School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
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35
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Detection of nanoscale electron spin resonance spectra demonstrated using nitrogen-vacancy centre probes in diamond. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10211. [PMID: 26728001 PMCID: PMC4728402 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR) describes a suite of techniques for characterizing electronic systems with applications in physics, chemistry, and biology. However, the requirement for large electron spin ensembles in conventional ESR techniques limits their spatial resolution. Here we present a method for measuring ESR spectra of nanoscale electronic environments by measuring the longitudinal relaxation time of a single-spin probe as it is systematically tuned into resonance with the target electronic system. As a proof of concept, we extracted the spectral distribution for the P1 electronic spin bath in diamond by using an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centres, and demonstrated excellent agreement with theoretical expectations. As the response of each nitrogen-vacancy spin in this experiment is dominated by a single P1 spin at a mean distance of 2.7 nm, the application of this technique to the single nitrogen-vacancy case will enable nanoscale ESR spectroscopy of atomic and molecular spin systems.
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36
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Arai K, Belthangady C, Zhang H, Bar-Gill N, DeVience SJ, Cappellaro P, Yacoby A, Walsworth RL. Fourier magnetic imaging with nanoscale resolution and compressed sensing speed-up using electronic spins in diamond. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:859-864. [PMID: 26258549 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Optically detected magnetic resonance using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) colour centres in diamond is a leading modality for nanoscale magnetic field imaging, as it provides single electron spin sensitivity, three-dimensional resolution better than 1 nm (ref. 5) and applicability to a wide range of physical and biological samples under ambient conditions. To date, however, NV-diamond magnetic imaging has been performed using 'real-space' techniques, which are either limited by optical diffraction to ∼250 nm resolution or require slow, point-by-point scanning for nanoscale resolution, for example, using an atomic force microscope, magnetic tip, or super-resolution optical imaging. Here, we introduce an alternative technique of Fourier magnetic imaging using NV-diamond. In analogy with conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we employ pulsed magnetic field gradients to phase-encode spatial information on NV electronic spins in wavenumber or 'k-space' followed by a fast Fourier transform to yield real-space images with nanoscale resolution, wide field of view and compressed sensing speed-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Arai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Belthangady
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - H Zhang
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - N Bar-Gill
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S J DeVience
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - P Cappellaro
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Yacoby
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R L Walsworth
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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37
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Schmid-Lorch D, Häberle T, Reinhard F, Zappe A, Slota M, Bogani L, Finkler A, Wrachtrup J. Relaxometry and Dephasing Imaging of Superparamagnetic Magnetite Nanoparticles Using a Single Qubit. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:4942-4947. [PMID: 26218205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To study the magnetic dynamics of superparamagnetic nanoparticles, we use scanning probe relaxometry and dephasing of the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond, characterizing the spin noise of a single 10 nm magnetite particle. Additionally, we show the anisotropy of the NV sensitivity's dependence on the applied decoherence measurement method. By comparing the change in relaxation (T1) and dephasing (T2) time in the NV center when scanning a nanoparticle over it, we are able to extract the nanoparticle's diameter and distance from the NV center using an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model for the nanoparticle's fluctuations. This scanning probe technique can be used in the future to characterize different spin label substitutes for both medical applications and basic magnetic nanoparticle behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lapo Bogani
- §Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 16 Parks Road, OX1 3PH, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- ∥Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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38
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Li L, Chen EH, Zheng J, Mouradian SL, Dolde F, Schröder T, Karaveli S, Markham ML, Twitchen DJ, Englund D. Efficient photon collection from a nitrogen vacancy center in a circular bullseye grating. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1493-7. [PMID: 25714414 DOI: 10.1021/nl503451j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Efficient collection of the broadband fluorescence from the diamond nitrogen vacancy (NV) center is essential for a range of applications in sensing, on-demand single photon generation, and quantum information processing. Here, we introduce a circular "bullseye" diamond grating which enables a collected photon rate of (2.7 ± 0.09) × 10(6) counts per second from a single NV with a spin coherence time of 1.7 ± 0.1 ms. Back-focal-plane studies indicate efficient redistribution of the NV photoluminescence into low-NA modes by the bullseye grating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luozhou Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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39
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Shi F, Zhang Q, Wang P, Sun H, Wang J, Rong X, Chen M, Ju C, Reinhard F, Chen H, Wrachtrup J, Wang J, Du J. Single-protein spin resonance spectroscopy under ambient conditions. Science 2015; 347:1135-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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40
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DeVience SJ, Pham LM, Lovchinsky I, Sushkov AO, Bar-Gill N, Belthangady C, Casola F, Corbett M, Zhang H, Lukin M, Park H, Yacoby A, Walsworth RL. Nanoscale NMR spectroscopy and imaging of multiple nuclear species. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:129-34. [PMID: 25559712 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide non-invasive information about multiple nuclear species in bulk matter, with wide-ranging applications from basic physics and chemistry to biomedical imaging. However, the spatial resolution of conventional NMR and MRI is limited to several micrometres even at large magnetic fields (>1 T), which is inadequate for many frontier scientific applications such as single-molecule NMR spectroscopy and in vivo MRI of individual biological cells. A promising approach for nanoscale NMR and MRI exploits optical measurements of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) colour centres in diamond, which provide a combination of magnetic field sensitivity and nanoscale spatial resolution unmatched by any existing technology, while operating under ambient conditions in a robust, solid-state system. Recently, single, shallow NV centres were used to demonstrate NMR of nanoscale ensembles of proton spins, consisting of a statistical polarization equivalent to ∼100-1,000 spins in uniform samples covering the surface of a bulk diamond chip. Here, we realize nanoscale NMR spectroscopy and MRI of multiple nuclear species ((1)H, (19)F, (31)P) in non-uniform (spatially structured) samples under ambient conditions and at moderate magnetic fields (∼20 mT) using two complementary sensor modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J DeVience
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Linh M Pham
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Igor Lovchinsky
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Alexander O Sushkov
- 1] Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nir Bar-Gill
- Department of Applied Physics and Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chinmay Belthangady
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Francesco Casola
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Madeleine Corbett
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 15 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mikhail Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- 1] Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [3] Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Amir Yacoby
- 1] Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 15 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- 1] Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [3] Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [4] Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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