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Bower JE, Lacchetti C, Alici Y, Barton DL, Bruner D, Canin BE, Escalante CP, Ganz PA, Garland SN, Gupta S, Jim H, Ligibel JA, Loh KP, Peppone L, Tripathy D, Yennu S, Zick S, Mustian K. Management of Fatigue in Adult Survivors of Cancer: ASCO-Society for Integrative Oncology Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol 2024:JCO2400541. [PMID: 38754041 DOI: 10.1200/jco.24.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To update the ASCO guideline on the management of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in adult survivors of cancer. METHODS A multidisciplinary panel of medical oncology, geriatric oncology, internal medicine, psychology, psychiatry, exercise oncology, integrative medicine, behavioral oncology, nursing, and advocacy experts was convened. Guideline development involved a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in 2013-2023. RESULTS The evidence base consisted of 113 RCTs. Exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and mindfulness-based programs led to improvements in CRF both during and after the completion of cancer treatment. Tai chi, qigong, and American ginseng showed benefits during treatment, whereas yoga, acupressure, and moxibustion helped to manage CRF after completion of treatment. Use of other dietary supplements did not improve CRF during or after cancer treatment. In patients at the end of life, CBT and corticosteroids showed benefits. Certainty and quality of evidence were low to moderate for CRF management interventions. RECOMMENDATIONS Clinicians should recommend exercise, CBT, mindfulness-based programs, and tai chi or qigong to reduce the severity of fatigue during cancer treatment. Psychoeducation and American ginseng may be recommended in adults undergoing cancer treatment. For survivors after completion of treatment, clinicians should recommend exercise, CBT, and mindfulness-based programs; in particular, CBT and mindfulness-based programs have shown efficacy for managing moderate to severe fatigue after treatment. Yoga, acupressure, and moxibustion may also be recommended. Patients at the end of life may be offered CBT and corticosteroids. Clinicians should not recommend L-carnitine, antidepressants, wakefulness agents, or routinely recommend psychostimulants to manage symptoms of CRF. There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations for or against other psychosocial, integrative, or pharmacological interventions for the management of fatigue.Additional information is available at www.asco.org/survivorship-guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yesne Alici
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Debra L Barton
- University of Tennessee, College of Nursing, Knoxville, TN
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kah Poh Loh
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Luke Peppone
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | | | | | | | - Karen Mustian
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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Cho YY, Park JH, Lee JH, Chung S. Ginsenosides Decrease β-Amyloid Production via Potentiating Capacitative Calcium Entry. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2024; 32:301-308. [PMID: 38586949 PMCID: PMC11063476 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Studies have indicated that Ca2+ dysregulation is involved in AD pathology. It is reported that decreased capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE), a refilling mechanism of intracellular Ca2+, resulting in increased Aβ production. In contrast, constitutive activation of CCE could decrease Aβ production. Panax ginseng Meyer is known to enhance memory and cognitive functions in healthy human subjects. We have previously reported that some ginsenosides decrease Aβ levels in cultured primary neurons and AD mouse model brains. However, mechanisms involved in the Aβ-lowering effect of ginsenosides remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between CCE and Aβ production by examining the effects of various ginsenosides on CCE levels. Aβ-lowering ginsenosides such as Rk1, Rg5, and Rg3 potentiated CCE. In contrast, ginsenosides without Aβ-lowering effects (Re and Rb2) failed to potentiate CCE. The potentiating effect of ginsenosides on CCE was inhibited by the presence of 2-aminoethoxydipherryl borate (2APB), an inhibitor of CCE. 2APB alone increased Aβ42 production. Furthermore, the presence of 2APB prevented the effects of ginsenosides on Aβ42 production. Our results indicate that ginsenosides decrease Aβ production via potentiating CCE levels, confirming a close relationship between CCE levels and Aβ production. Since CCE levels are closely related to Aβ production, modulating CCE could be a novel target for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Young Cho
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkwon Chung
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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3
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Shin MS, Lee Y, Cho IH, Yang HJ. Brain plasticity and ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:286-297. [PMID: 38707640 PMCID: PMC11069001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity refers to the brain's ability to modify its structure, accompanied by its functional changes. It is influenced by learning, experiences, and dietary factors, even in later life. Accumulated researches have indicated that ginseng may protect the brain and enhance its function in pathological conditions. There is a compelling need for a more comprehensive understanding of ginseng's role in the physiological condition because many individuals without specific diseases seek to improve their health by incorporating ginseng into their routines. This review aims to deepen our understanding of how ginseng affects brain plasticity of people undergoing normal aging process. We provided a summary of studies that reported the impact of ginseng on brain plasticity and related factors in human clinical studies. Furthermore, we explored researches focused on the molecular mechanisms underpinning the influence of ginseng on brain plasticity and factors contributing to brain plasticity. Evidences indicate that ginseng has the potential to enhance brain plasticity in the context of normal aging by mediating both central and peripheral systems, thereby expecting to improve age-related declines in brain function. Moreover, given modern western diet can damage neuroplasticity in the long term, ginseng can be a beneficial supplement for better brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Sook Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungJoo Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Integrative Bioscience, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Healthcare, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Feng F, Ko HA, Truong TMT, Song WJ, Ko EJ, Kang I. Ginsenoside Rg3, enriched in red ginseng extract, improves lipopolysaccharides-induced suppression of brown and beige adipose thermogenesis with mitochondrial activation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9157. [PMID: 38644456 PMCID: PMC11033271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) which is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis, and its activity is inhibited by obesity and low-grade chronic inflammation. Ginsenoside Rg3, the primary constituent of Korean red ginseng (steamed Panax ginseng CA Meyer), has shown therapeutic potential in combating inflammatory and metabolic diseases. However, it remains unclear whether Rg3 can protect against the suppression of browning or activation of BAT induced by inflammation. In this study, we conducted a screening of ginsenoside composition in red ginseng extract (RGE) and explored the anti-adipogenic effects of both RGE and Rg3. We observed that RGE (exist 0.25 mg/mL of Rg3) exhibited significant lipid-lowering effects in adipocytes during adipogenesis. Moreover, treatment with Rg3 (60 μM) led to the inhibition of triglyceride accumulation, subsequently promoting enhanced fatty acid oxidation, as evidenced by the conversion of radiolabeled 3H-fatty acids into 3H-H2O with mitochondrial activation. Rg3 alleviated the attenuation of browning in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated beige adipocytes and primary brown adipocytes by recovered by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and the oxygen consumption rate compared to the LPS-treated group. These protective effects of Rg3 on inflammation-induced inhibition of beige and BAT-derived thermogenesis were confirmed in vivo by treating with CL316,243 (a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist) and LPS to induce browning and inflammation, respectively. Consistent with the in vitro data, treatment with Rg3 (2.5 mg/kg, 8 weeks) effectively reversed the LPS-induced inhibition of brown adipocyte features in C57BL/6 mice. Our findings confirm that Rg3-rich foods are potential browning agents that counteract chronic inflammation and metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Feng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Hyun-A Ko
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Thi My Tien Truong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Inhae Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea.
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Fu C, Shen W, Li W, Wang P, Liu L, Dong Y, He J, Fan D. Engineered β-glycosidase from Hyperthermophilic Sulfolobus solfataricus with Improved Rd-hydrolyzing Activity for Ginsenoside Compound K Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04745-x. [PMID: 37782456 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperthermophilic Sulfolobus solfataricus β-glycosidase (SS-βGly), with higher stability and activity than mesophilic enzymes, has potential for industrial ginsenosides biotransformation. However, its relatively low ginsenoside Rd-hydrolyzing activity limits the production of pharmaceutically active minor ginsenoside compound K (CK). In this study, first, we used molecular docking to predict the key enzyme residues that may hypothetically interact with ginsenoside Rd. Then, based on sequence alignment and alanine scanning mutagenesis approach, key variant sites were identified that might improve the enzyme catalytic efficiency. The enzyme catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) and substrate affinity (Km) of the N264D variant enzyme for ginsenoside Rd increased by 60% and decreased by 17.9% compared with WT enzyme, respectively, which may be due to a decrease in the binding free energy (∆G) between the variant enzyme and substrate Rd. In addition, Markov state models (MSM) analysis during the whole 1000-ns MD simulations indicated that altering N264 to D made the variant enzyme achieve a more stable SS-βGly conformational state than the wild-type (WT) enzyme and corresponding Rd complex. Under identical conditions, the relative activities and the CK conversion rates of the N264D enzyme were 1.7 and 1.9 folds higher than those of the WT enzyme. This study identified an excellent hyperthermophilic β-glycosidase candidate for industrial biotransformation of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Wenfeng Shen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Weina Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Pan Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Luo Liu
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangfang Dong
- Shaanxi Giant Biogene Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing He
- Xi'an Giant Biogene Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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Tran TNA, Son JS, Awais M, Ko JH, Yang DC, Jung SK. β-Glucosidase and Its Application in Bioconversion of Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040484. [PMID: 37106671 PMCID: PMC10136122 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a group of bioactive compounds isolated from Panax ginseng. Conventional major ginsenosides have a long history of use in traditional medicine for both illness prevention and therapy. Bioconversion processes have the potential to create new and valuable products in pharmaceutical and biological activities, making them both critical for research and highly economic to implement. This has led to an increase in the number of studies that use major ginsenosides as a precursor to generate minor ones using β-glucosidase. Minor ginsenosides may also have useful properties but are difficult to isolate from raw ginseng because of their scarcity. Bioconversion processes have the potential to create novel minor ginsenosides from the more abundant major ginsenoside precursors in a cost-effective manner. While numerous bioconversion techniques have been developed, an increasing number of studies have reported that β-glucosidase can effectively and specifically generate minor ginsenosides. This paper summarizes the probable bioconversion mechanisms of two protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) types. Other high-efficiency and high-value bioconversion processes using complete proteins isolated from bacterial biomass or recombinant enzymes are also discussed in this article. This paper also discusses the various conversion and analysis methods and their potential applications. Overall, this paper offers theoretical and technical foundations for future studies that will be both scientifically and economically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ngoc Anh Tran
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sung Son
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Kyu Jung
- Department of Horticulture, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
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Red Ginger Extract Prevents the Development of Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting the Spinal Noradrenergic System in Mice. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020432. [PMID: 36830967 PMCID: PMC9953630 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is a well-known chemotherapeutic drug that is widely used to treat colorectal cancer. However, it can induce acute side effects in up to 90% of patients. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are used as first-choice drugs; however, even SNRIs are known to be effective only in treatment and not for prevention. Therefore, finding a drug that can prevent the development of cold and mechanical forms of allodynia induced by oxaliplatin is needed. This study demonstrated that multiple oral administrations of 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of red ginger extract could significantly prevent pain development in mice. The role of the noradrenergic system was investigated as an underlying mechanism of action. Both the spinal α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors were significantly downregulated after treatment. Furthermore, the noradrenaline levels in the serum and spinal cord were upregulated and downregulated after treatment with paclitaxel and red ginger, respectively. As the active sub-component of red ginger, ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) was identified and quantified using HPLC. Moreover, multiple intraperitoneal injections of Rg3 prevented the development of pain in paclitaxel-treated mice, suggesting that RG3 may induce the effect of red ginger extract.
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Li F, Chen MM, Zhang HM, Wu QP, Han YB. Production of ginsenoside compound K by microbial cell factory using synthetic biology-based strategy: a review. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:163-174. [PMID: 36550334 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is a major intestinal bacterial metabolite of the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside family that can be absorbed in the systemic circulation. CK possesses diverse and important pharmacological properties. The low production and high cost of traditional manufacturing methods based on the extraction and biotransformation of total ginsenosides from ginseng have limited their medical application. However, considerable progress has been made in the area of de novo CK production via microbial cell factories using synthetic biology-based strategies. By introducing key enzymes responsible for CK biosynthesis into microbial cells, CK was produced via a series of in vivo enzymatic reactions that utilize the inherent precursors in microbial cells. After systematic optimization using various metabolic engineering strategies, the yield of CK increased significantly and exceeded the traditional plant extraction-biotransformation method, implying the commercial feasibility of this approach. This review summarizes recent novel advancements in the production of CK using microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Meng Meng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qing Ping Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yun Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Ye XW, Li CS, Zhang HX, Li Q, Cheng SQ, Wen J, Wang X, Ren HM, Xia LJ, Wang XX, Xu XF, Li XR. Saponins of ginseng products: a review of their transformation in processing. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1177819. [PMID: 37188270 PMCID: PMC10175582 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1177819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary processed product of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is red ginseng. As technology advances, new products of red ginseng have arisen. Red ginseng products, e.g., traditional red ginseng, sun ginseng, black ginseng, fermented red ginseng, and puffed red ginseng, are commonly used in herbal medicine. Ginsenosides are the major secondary metabolites of P. ginseng. The constituents of P. ginseng are significantly changed during processing, and several pharmacological activities of red ginseng products are dramatically increased compared to white ginseng. In this paper, we aimed to review the ginsenosides and pharmacological activities of various red ginseng products, the transformation law of ginsenosides in processing, and some clinical trials of red ginseng products. This article will help to highlight the diverse pharmacological properties of red ginseng products and aid in the future development of red ginseng industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wen Ye
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Shuai Li
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Xia Zhang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shui-Qing Cheng
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wen
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Min Ren
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Jing Xia
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Xing Wang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Fang Xu
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Fang Xu, ; Xiang-Ri Li,
| | - Xiang-Ri Li
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Fang Xu, ; Xiang-Ri Li,
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Zhang YT, Tian W, Lu YS, Li ZM, Ren DD, Zhang Y, Sha JY, Huo XH, Li SS, Sun YS. American ginseng with different processing methods ameliorate immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in mice via the MAPK signaling pathways. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085456. [PMID: 37153583 PMCID: PMC10160487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the effects of two processed forms of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide (CTX) in mice. In the CTX-induced immunosuppressive model, mice were given either steamed American ginseng (American ginseng red, AGR) or raw American ginseng (American ginseng soft branch, AGS) by intragastric administration. Serum and spleen tissues were collected, and the pathological changes in mice spleens were observed by conventional HE staining. The expression levels of cytokines were detected by ELISA, and the apoptosis of splenic cells was determined by western blotting. The results showed that AGR and AGS could relieve CTX-induced immunosuppression through the enhanced immune organ index, improved cell-mediated immune response, increased serum levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2) and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM), as well as macrophage activities including carbon clearance and phagocytic index. AGR and AGS downregulated the expression of BAX and elevated the expression of Bcl-2, p-P38, p-JNK, and p-ERK in the spleens of CTX-injected animals. Compared to AGS, AGR significantly improved the number of CD4+CD8-T lymphocytes, the spleen index, and serum levels of IgA, IgG, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The expression of the ERK/MAPK pathway was markedly increased. These findings support the hypothesis that AGR and AGS are effective immunomodulatory agents capable of preventing immune system hypofunction. Future research may investigate the exact mechanism to rule out any unforeseen effects of AGR and AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ting Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu-Shun Lu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi-Man Li
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Duo-Duo Ren
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ji-Yue Sha
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Huo
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Institute of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Shan-Shan Li, ; Yin-Shi Sun,
| | - Yin-Shi Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Shan-Shan Li, ; Yin-Shi Sun,
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Zhang J, Ai Z, Hu Y, Wang Y, Liu S, Liu Y, Nan B, Wang Y. Remarkable impact of commercial sterilizing on ginsenosides transformation in fresh ginseng pulp based on widely targeted metabolomics analysis. Food Chem X 2022; 15:100415. [PMID: 36211783 PMCID: PMC9532786 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes of terpenoids in SGP were identified by widely targeted metabolomics. 88 terpenoids compounds including 30 types of ginsenosides were changed in SGP. Conversion mechanism of ginsenosides during commercial sterilization was elucidated. Ginsenoside ST3 was detected and F4, Rg3, and Rg5 were found in fresh ginseng pulp.
Terpenoids such as ginsenosides are the most important phytochemicals and functional components in ginseng. Commercial sterilizing with high temperature and high pressure is also one of the common methods of ginseng food processing. However, the changes of terpenoids in fresh ginsengs commercially sterilized are unclear. In this study, fresh ginseng pulp (FGP) was commercially sterilized at 121℃ for 30 min, and terpenoid compounds were analyzed by widely targeted metabolomics based on UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system. The commercial sterilization induced the changes of 88 terpenoid compounds including 30 types of ginsenosides, and many minor ginsenoside Rh4, Rg6, Rk2, F4, Rs3, Rk3, Rk1, Rg5, Rg3, Rg4 were remarkably increased in fresh ginseng pulp. Importantly, the ginsenoside ST3 was detected and F4, Rg3, and Rg5 were also found in fresh ginseng pulp. Commercial sterilizing at 121℃ for 30 min will remarkably affect the species and number of ginsenosides in ginseng food.
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Fan ML, Su WY, Liu YB, Hu JN, Zhang JT, Wang Z, Zheng SW, Li W. Ginsenoside Rk1 Induced Apoptosis in Ovarian Cancer SK-OV-3 Cells via ROS-Mediated Caspase Signaling Pathway. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.1199.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Izham I, Avin F, Raseetha S. Systematic Review: Heat Treatments on Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Sensory Quality of Malaysian Mushroom: Oyster (Pleurotus spp.) and Black Jelly (Auricularia spp.). FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.882939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus spp. and Auricularia spp. are popular species consumed by the Malaysian community. Recently, due to increased awareness, both mushrooms are also being consumed for their bioactive compounds, ergothioneine, and antioxidant properties and has been used since earlier ages as therapeutic remedies. The bioactive compounds such as phenol, flavonoid and ergothioneine found in both Pleurotus and Auricularia mushrooms were explored. Differences in heat treatments (microwave, hot air drying, and solar drying) and cooking methods may affect the content of bioactive compounds and their properties. Similarly, sensory acceptance by consumers may be affected too. Antioxidant properties using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay of both raw and heat-treated mushrooms are included. Microwave drying retained color characteristics and bioactive compounds in both mushrooms. To add value to this review, a survey on the consumption pattern of Pleurotus and Auricularia species among Malaysians has been conducted online and concluded that Pleurotus species is the most considered species compared to Auricularia mushroom and almost half of the respondents were not aware that heat may deplete nutritional contents in mushroom despite agreeing both gave beneficial health in diets.
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Ju YI, Choi HJ, Sone T. Effects of Korean red ginseng on three-dimensional trabecular bone microarchitecture and strength in growing rats: Comparison with changes due to jump exercise. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267466. [PMID: 35511775 PMCID: PMC9070934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
The preventive effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on bone loss and microarchitectural deterioration have been extensively studied in animal models. However, few results have been reported for the effects of KRG on the trabecular microarchitecture as compared to changes resulting from physiological stimuli such as exercise load. We compared the effects of KRG and jump exercise on improvements in trabecular microarchitecture and strength of the distal femoral metaphysis in rats.
Methods and materials
Eleven-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into sedentary (CON), KRG-administered (KRG), and jump-exercised (JUM) groups. Rats were orally administered KRG extract (200 mg/kg body weight/day) once a day for 6 weeks. The jump exercise protocol comprised 10 jumps/day, 5 days/week at a jump height of 40 cm. We used microcomputed tomography to assess the microarchitecture, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and fracture load as predicted by finite element analysis at the right distal femoral metaphysis. The left femur was used for the quantitative bone histomorphometry measurements.
Results
Although KRG produced significantly higher trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) than CON, BV/TV was even higher in JUM than in KRG, and differences in vBMD and fracture load were only significant between JUM and CON. In terms of trabecular microarchitecture, KRG increased trabecular number and connectivity, whereas the JUM group showed increased trabecular thickness. Bone resorption showed significant decrease by JUM and KRG group. In contrast, bone formation showed significant increase by JUM group.
Conclusions
These data show that KRG has weak but significant positive effects on bone mass and suggest that the effects on trabecular microarchitecture differ from those of jump exercise. The effects of combined KRG and jump exercise on trabecular bone mass and strength should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-In Ju
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hak-Jin Choi
- School of Sport for All, Kyungwoon University, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Teruki Sone
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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Shin KC, Kil TG, Kang SH, Oh DK. Production of Deglucose-Apiose-Xylosylated Platycosides from Glycosylated Platycosides by Crude Enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:430-436. [PMID: 35283429 PMCID: PMC9628805 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2112.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platycosides, Platycodi radix (Platycodon grandiflorus root) saponins, are used as food supplements and exert diverse pharmacological activities. Deglycosylation of saponins enhances their biological efficacy, and deglycosylated platycosides are produced mainly through enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the types of available deglycosylated platycosides remain limited because of a lack of hydrolyzing enzymes that can act on specific glycosides in glycosylated platycosides. In this study, a crude enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis converted platycoside E (PE) and polygalacin D3 (PGD3) into deglucose-apiose-xylosylated (deGAX)-platycodin D (PD) and deGAX-polygalacin D (PGD), respectively. The products were identified through LC/MS analysis by specifically hydrolyzing all glucose residues at C-3, and apiose and xylose residues at C-28 of platycoside. The hydrolytic activity of the crude enzyme obtained after the cultivation of the fungus using citrus pectin and corn steep solid as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, in culture medium was increased compared with those using other carbon and nitrogen sources. The crude enzyme from A. tubingensis was the most effective in producing deGAX platycoside at pH 5.0 and 60°C. The crude enzyme produced 0.32 mg/ml deGAX-PD and 0.34 mg/ml deGAX-PGD from 1 mg/ml PE and 1 mg/ml PGD3 (at pH 5.0 and 60°C) for 12 and 10 h, with productivities of 32.0 and 42.5 mg/l/h and molar yields of 62.1 and 59.6%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to produce deGAX platycosides from glycosylated platycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Geun Kil
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwan Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-454-3118 Fax: +82-2-444-5518 E-mail:
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16
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Li Q, Wang L, Fang X, Zhao L. Highly Efficient Biotransformation of Notoginsenoside R1 into Ginsenoside Rg1 by Dictyoglomus thermophilum β-xylosidase Xln-DT. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:447-457. [PMID: 35131955 PMCID: PMC9628812 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2111.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1 are the main active ingredients of Panax notoginseng, exhibiting anti-fatigue, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. In a previous study, a GH39 β-xylosidase Xln-DT was responsible for the bioconversion of saponin, a natural active substance with a xylose group, with high selectivity for cleaving the outer xylose moiety of notoginsenoside R1 at the C-6 position, producing ginsenoside Rg1 with potent anti-fatigue activity. The optimal bioconversion temperature, pH, and enzyme dosage were obtained by optimizing the transformation conditions. Under optimal conditions (pH 6.0, 75°C, enzyme dosage 1.0 U/ml), 1.0 g/l of notoginsenoside R1 was converted into 0.86 g/l of ginsenoside Rg1 within 30 min, with a molar conversion rate of approximately 100%. Furthermore, the in vivo anti-fatigue activity of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1 were compared using a suitable rat model. Compared with the control group, the forced swimming time to exhaustion was prolonged in mice by 17.3% in the Rg1 high group (20 mg/kg·d). Additionally, the levels of hepatic glycogen (69.9-83.3% increase) and muscle glycogen (36.9-93.6% increase) were increased. In the Rg1 group, hemoglobin levels were also distinctly increased by treatment concentrations. Our findings indicate that treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 enhances the anti-fatigue effects. In this study, we reveal a GH39 β-xylosidase displaying excellent hydrolytic activity to produce ginsenoside Rg1 in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China
| | - Xianying Fang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,Corresponding authors X. Fang Phone : +86-025-85427962 Fax : +86-025-85418873 E-mail :
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, P.R. China,
L. Zhao Phone : +86-025-85427962 Fax : +86-025-85418873 E-mail :
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The Physicochemical Properties, Volatile Compounds and Taste Profile of Black Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Cloves, Paste and Powder. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Black garlic is produced as a result of the so-called “fermentation processes” of whole heads or cloves kept under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity for several weeks. During this long-term heat treatment, garlic undergoes enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning reactions, which greatly change its taste, aroma, physicochemical, organoleptic and bioactive properties. Black garlic is most often produced in the form of cloves, and recently also in the form of paste and powder. This work focused on the comparison of functional properties of black garlic, such as volatile compounds, taste profile, total polyphenols content, antioxidant activity, color (CIE L*, a*, b*), water activity (aw), pH, soluble solids content (°Brix) and moisture content, depending on the form of its occurrence: cloves, spreading paste and powder. After long-term heat treatment, garlic was characterized by a higher content of dry matter and water-soluble solids, respectively at about 22% and 24% for spreading paste and 166% and 44% for powder. The conducted research showed significant differences in the bioactive properties of the tested garlic samples, with the lowest content of polyphenols and antioxidant properties in fresh, unprocessed garlic (6.05 ± 0.07 mg GAE/1 g d.m. and 232.95 ± 4.06 µM TEAC/1 g d.m., respectively), while in garlic subjected to long-term heat treatment, the total polyphenols content and antioxidant potential were two times higher than in the unprocessed garlic. The polyphenol content and antioxidant properties were the highest in the spread garlic (respectively, 15.16 ± 0.08 mg GAE/1 g d.m. and 638.46 ± 3.37 µM TEAC/1 g d.m.) and the lowest in the powdered samples (respectively, 11.02 ± 0.51 mg GAE/1 g d.m. and 541.71 ± 5.22 µM TEAC/1 g d.m.). Obtained black garlic samples gain completely different sensory characteristics determined using instrumental methods. In black garlic and its preparations, the intensity of unpleasant taste and aroma is reduced as a result of the appearance of metabolites during the long-term heat treatment, which in turn determined the specific, delicate sweet–sour taste and pleasant aroma, completely unrelated to the aroma of the unprocessed product. Taking into account the obtained results, it can be stated that black garlic, in the form of cloves, paste and powder, exhibits completely different properties than white garlic.
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Ding K, Tabuchi Y, Makino T. Effect of steam-processing of the Panax ginseng root on its inducible activity on granulocyte-colony stimulating factor secretion in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 287:114927. [PMID: 34954265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng root has been used as tonic in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and traditional Japanese Kampo medicine. Steam processing of Panax ginseng root is carried out to enhance its nourishing effects on qi. AIM OF THE STUDY In order to explore the mechanism of these beneficial effects behind the steam processing of the P. ginseng root, we evaluated effectiveness of processing on the granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) secretion in intestinal epithelial cell-like MCE301 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected P. ginseng root samples in the markets of China and Japan. Fresh or dried samples were steamed for different time lengths and subsequently dried and extracted. MCE301 cells were incubated with the medium containing various P. ginseng root extracts, while the concentration of G-CSF in the medium was measured. We also investigated the active ingredients by size exclusion HPLC. RESULTS The extracts of fresh P. ginseng hairy root samples steamed for more than 6 h significantly induced G-CSF secretion, and the maximum activity was recorded at a 9-h steaming. The same activity was noted when already dried P. ginseng hairy root samples were steamed. The extracts of fresh P. ginseng hairy root without steam processing and those of fresh P. ginseng root body samples with steam processing exhibited no activities. The active ingredients of steamed P. ginseng hairy root samples were high-molecular-weight compounds with an average molecular weight of 758 kDa, and the activity was mediated by the toll-like receptor (TLR) 9. CONCLUSIONS Our results shed on more light on the mechanism underlying the appearance of immunostimulatory activity of the P. ginseng hairy root induced by steam processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewen Ding
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, Toyama University, 2630, Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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Ikeuchi S, Minamida M, Nakamura T, Konishi M, Kamioka H. Exploratory Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Panax Genus Plant Ingestion Evaluation in Exercise Endurance. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061185. [PMID: 35334841 PMCID: PMC8950061 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Many studies that use food containing Panax genus plants (PGPs) have been conducted but most of them have not mentioned the effective compounds ginsenosides and their composition. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of time to exhaustion as an index of exercise endurance with ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides to reveal their effects. Methods: We performed a systematic review with a comprehensive and structured literature search using seven literature databases, four clinical trial databases, and three general web search engines during 15–22 March 2021. A random-effects model was applied to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as the difference between the mean in the treatment and placebo groups. We evaluated the risk of bias of individual studies along with the risk of bias tool in the Cochrane handbook. This study was funded by Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (Hiroshima, Japan). The protocol for this study was registered with the UMIN-CTR (No. UMIN000043341). Results: Five studies met the inclusion criteria. The number of total participants was 90, with 59 in the ingestion-PGPs group and 64 in the control group, because three studies were crossover-design trials. We found that ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides significantly improved exercise endurance (SMD [95% CI]: 0.58 [0.22–0.95], I2 = 0%). It was suggested that ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) and PGPs extract containing Rg1 were significantly effective in improving exercise endurance (SMD [95% CI]: 0.70 [0.14–1.27], I2 = 30%) by additional analysis. Conclusions: This systematic review suggests that the ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides, especially Rg1, is effective in improving exercise endurance in healthy adults. However, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are required because imprecision and publication bias cannot be ignored in this systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Ikeuchi
- Research & Development Division, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Hiroshima 729-3102, Japan; (M.M.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-847-52-6262
| | - Mika Minamida
- Research & Development Division, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Hiroshima 729-3102, Japan; (M.M.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Touma Nakamura
- Research & Development Division, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Hiroshima 729-3102, Japan; (M.M.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Masatoshi Konishi
- Research & Development Division, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Hiroshima 729-3102, Japan; (M.M.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Hiroharu Kamioka
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan;
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Liu J, Wang Y, Yu Z, Lv G, Huang X, Lin H, Ma C, Lin Z, Qu P. Functional Mechanism of Ginsenoside Compound K on Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221101203. [PMID: 35615883 PMCID: PMC9152193 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, as the most important constituents of ginseng, have been extensively investigated in cancer chemoprevention and therapeutics. Among the ginsenosides, Compound K (CK), a rare protopanaxadiol type of ginsenoside, has been most broadly used for cancer treatment due to its high anticancer bioactivity. However, the functional mechanism of CK in cancer is not well known. This review describes the structure, transformation and pharmacological activity of CK and discusses the functional mechanisms of CK and its metabolites, which regulate signaling pathways related to tumor growth and metastasis. CK inhibits tumor growth by inducing tumor apoptosis and tumor cell differentiation, regulates the tumor microenvironment by suppressing tumor angiogenesis-related proteins, and downregulates the roles of immunosuppressive cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). There is currently much research on the potential development of CK as a new strategy when administered alone or in combination with other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhun Yu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangfu Lv
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - He Lin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Qu
- National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
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21
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Yang D, Jeong H, Hwang SM, Kim JW, Moon HW, Lee YE, Oh HB, Park CB, Kim B. Oral administration of Jinan Red Ginseng and licorice extract mixtures ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by modulating lipogenesis. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:126-137. [PMID: 35058729 PMCID: PMC8753527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the main chronic liver diseases. NASH is identified by lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis. Jinan Red Ginseng (JRG) and licorice have been widely used because of their anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. Hence, this study assessed JRG and licorice extract mixtures' effects on NASH progression. Methods Palmitic acid (PA) and the western diet (WD) plus, high glucose-fructose water were used to induce in vitro and in vivo NASH. Mice were orally administered with JRG-single (JRG-S) and JRG-mixtures (JRG-M; JRG-S + licorice) at 0, 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg/day once a day during the last half-period of diet feeding. Results JRG-S and JRG-M reduced NASH-related pathologies in WD-fed mice. JRG-S and JRG-M consistently decreased the mRNA level of genes related with inflammation, fibrosis, and lipid metabolism. The treatment of JRG-S and JRG-M also diminished the SREBP-1c protein levels and the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio. The FAS protein levels were decreased by JRG-M treatment both in vivo and in vitro but not JRG-S. Conclusion JRG-M effectively reduced lipogenesis by modulating AMPK downstream signaling. Our findings suggest that this mixture can be used as a prophylactic or therapeutic alternative for the remedy of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daram Yang
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuneui Jeong
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Mi Hwang
- Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Won Moon
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Lee
- Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bin Oh
- Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-berm Park
- Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, 41 Hongsamhanbang-ro, Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55442, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabukdo, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Vinayagam R, Eun Lee K, Ambati RR, Gundamaraju R, Fawzy Ramadan M, Gu Kang S. Recent development in black garlic: Nutraceutical applications and health-promoting phytoconstituents. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2012797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Vinayagam
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, The Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, The Republic of Korea
- Stemforce, Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ranga Rao Ambati
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology, and Research Deemed to be University, Guntur, India
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan
- Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, The Republic of Korea
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Kim HI, Chon SJ, Seon KE, Seo SK, Choi YR. Clinical Effects of Korean Red Ginseng in Postmenopausal Women With Hand Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:745568. [PMID: 34858175 PMCID: PMC8630590 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.745568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although many menopausal Asian women use herbal remedies for joint pain, there are no studies evaluating the efficacy of Korean red ginseng on osteoarthritis symptoms in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study is to analyze antioxidant enzyme activity, oxidative stress markers, and pain scores before and after red ginseng consumption, to assess its effect in postmenopausal women. Methods. This prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial enrolled 52 postmenopausal women who presented with hand edema and/or pain and were diagnosed as degenerative arthritis of the hand. Patients were randomly assigned to the red ginseng (RG) group (supplemented with 3 g/d of RG for 12 weeks) or the placebo group. Changes in pain and Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) scores, antioxidant enzyme, oxidative stress markers, serum estradiol levels, and endometrial thickness were analyzed. Results. The pain score and DASH score were significantly improved in the RG group (both p < 0.05). The improvement of pain score at rest, during work or sport, and DASH score was significant compared to that of the placebo group. The superoxide dismutase level increased (p < 0.05) and the malondialdehyde level decreased (p < 0.05) significantly in the RG group, while none of the antioxidative factors showed a significant change in the placebo group. Serum estradiol levels and endometrial thickness were not affected by RG supplementation. Conclusion. RG may be an effective dietary supplement for postmenopausal women with degenerative osteoarthritis of the hand. It may relieve pain and improve antioxidative activity without the risk of endometrial thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye In Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Joo Chon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gil Hospital, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Inchon, South Korea
| | - Ki Eun Seon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Kyo Seo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Rak Choi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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24
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Yang F, Hou W, Zhu D, Tang Y, Yu B. A Stereoselective Glycosylation Approach to the Construction of 1,2-trans-β-d-Glycosidic Linkages and Convergent Synthesis of Saponins. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104002. [PMID: 34859514 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Conventional syntheses of 1,2-trans-β-d- or α-l-glycosidic linkages rely mainly on neighboring group participation in the glycosylation reactions. The requirement for a neighboring participation group (NPG) excludes direct glycosylation with (1→2)-linked glycan donors, thus only allowing stepwise assembly of glycans and glycoconjugates containing this type of common motif. Here, a robust glycosylation protocol for the synthesis of 1,2-trans-β-d- or α-l-glycosidic linkages without resorting to NPG is disclosed; it employs an optimal combination of glycosyl N-phenyltrifluroacetimidates as donors, FeCl3 as promoter, and CH2 Cl2 /nitrile as solvent. A broad substrate scope has been demonstrated by glycosylations with 12 (1→2)-linked di- and trisaccharide donors and 13 alcoholic acceptors including eight complex triterpene derivatives. Most of the glycosylation reactions are high yielding and exclusively 1,2-trans selective. Ten representative, naturally occurring triterpene saponins were thus synthesized in a convergent manner after deprotection of the coupled glycosides. Intensive mechanistic studies indicated that this glycosylation proceeds by SN 2-type substitution of the glycosyl α-nitrilium intermediates. Importantly, FeCl3 dissociates and coordinates with nitrile into [Fe(RCN)n Cl2 ]+ and [FeCl4 ]- , and the ferric cationic species coordinates with the alcoholic acceptor to provide a protic species that activates the imidate, meanwhile the poor nucleophilicity of [FeCl4 ]- ensures an uninterruptive role for the glycosidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Wu Hou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
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25
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Le DD, Kim W, Lim S, Kim SC, Choi G. Identification of three groups of ginsenoside biosynthetic UDP-glycosyltransferases from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111069. [PMID: 34763860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are glycosylated dammarene-type triterpenes that have been identified in distantly related Panax ginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum. The phylogenetic relatedness of the ginsenoside biosynthetic genes in the two species was previously unknown. The final steps of ginsenoside biosynthesis are the glycosylations of hydroxylated triterpenes, protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT), and their glycosylated forms by UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Ginsenoside biosynthetic UGTs have been identified in Panax but not in Gynostemma. Through a biochemical screening of Gynostemma UGTs (GpUGTs), we herein identified three groups of ginsenoside biosynthetic GpUGTs. These groups comprise: two GpUGTs that belong to the UGT71 family and glucosylate the C20-OH positions of PPD- and PPT-type ginsenosides; one GpUGT that belongs to the UGT74 family and glucosylates the C3-OH position of PPD-type ginsenosides; and two GpUGTs that belong to the UGT94 family and add a glucose to the C3-O-glucosides of PPD-type ginsenosides. These GpUGTs belong to the same UGT families as the ginsenoside biosynthetic Panax UGTs (PgUGTs). However, GpUGTs and PgUGTs belong to different subfamilies. Furthermore, cucumber UGTs orthologous to GpUGTs do not glucosylate ginsenosides. These results collectively suggest that, during evolution, P. ginseng and G. pentaphyllum independently opted to use the same UGT families to synthesize ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Duy Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohwan Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Shin KC, Kim DW, Oh YJ, Seo MJ, Na CS, Kim YS. Improved production of deglucosylated platycodin D from saponins from balloon flower leaf by a food-grade enzyme using high hydrostatic pressure. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08104. [PMID: 34660923 PMCID: PMC8503635 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, saponins contained in balloon flower, which have been used as food health supplements for respiratory diseases, have diverse pharmacological effects. Platycosides exhibit better pharmacological activity by hydrolyzing their own sugars. However, to date, there have been no studies on the production of deglucosylated platycodin D suitable for food applications. In this study, Pluszyme 2000P, which was derived from Aspergillus niger, a food-grade microorganism, was used to completely convert platycoside E into deglucosylated platycodin D. For an efficient and economical production of deglucosylated platycodin D, the productivity was improved approximately 2.4 times by application of high hydrostatic pressure and the discarded balloon flower leaf was used as a substrate. As a result, deglucosylated platycodin D was produced with the highest concentration (3.49 mg/mL) and productivity (581.7 mg/L/h) reported so far. Our results contribute to functional saponin production and the related food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Wook Kim
- Department of Wild Plants and Seeds Conservation, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Oh
- Department of Wild Plants and Seeds Conservation, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Chae Sun Na
- Department of Wild Plants and Seeds Conservation, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Su Kim
- Department of Wild Plants and Seeds Conservation, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea
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Jin D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Duan L, Zhou R, Duan Y, Sun Y, Lian F, Tong X. Panax Ginseng C.A.Mey. as Medicine: The Potential Use of Panax Ginseng C.A.Mey. as a Remedy for Kidney Protection from a Pharmacological Perspective. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:734151. [PMID: 34512359 PMCID: PMC8426624 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. has been widely consumed as food/diet supplements from natural sources, and its therapeutic properties have also aroused widespread concern. Therapeutic properties of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. such as anti-inflammatory, ameliorating chronic inflammation, enhancing the immunity, resisting the oxidation again, and regulating the glucose and lipid metabolism have been widely reported. Recent years, lots of interesting studies have reported the potential use of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. in the management of DKD. DKD has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide, which increases the risk of premature death and poses a serious financial burden. Although DKD is somehow controllable with different drugs such as Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI), Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB) and lowering-glucose agents, modern dietary changes associated with DKD have facilitated research to assess the preventive and therapeutic merits of diet supplements from natural sources as medicine including Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. Findings from many scientific evidences have suggested that Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. can relieve the pathological status in cellular and animal models of DKD. Moreover, a few studies showed that alleviation of clinical phenotype such as reducing albuminuria, serum creatinine and renal anemia in DKD patients after application or consumption of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the effectiveness of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. as medicine for targeting pathological phenotypes in DKD from a pharmacological perspective. This review will provide new insights into the potential understanding use of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. in the management of DKD in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyun Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyin Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Alsayari A, Muhsinah AB, Almaghaslah D, Annadurai S, Wahab S. Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134095. [PMID: 34279434 PMCID: PMC8271507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are underestimated, as they are mild and generally not incapacitating. In clinical medicine, however, these infections are considered a prevalent problem. By 2030, the third most comprehensive reason for death worldwide will be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to the World Health Organization. The current arsenal of anti-inflammatory drugs shows little or no benefits against COPD. For thousands of years, herbal drugs have been used to cure numerous illnesses; they exhibit promising results and enhance physical performance. Ginseng is one such herbal medicine, known to alleviate pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) formed by macrophages and epithelial cells. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of ginsenoside are still not fully understood. Various clinical trials of ginseng have exhibited a reduction of repeated colds and the flu. In this review, ginseng’s structural features, the pathogenicity of microbial infections, and the immunomodulatory, antiviral, and anti-bacterial effects of ginseng were discussed. The focus was on the latest animal studies and human clinical trials that corroborate ginseng’s role as a therapy for treating respiratory tract infections. The article concluded with future directions and significant challenges. This review would be a valuable addition to the knowledge base for researchers in understanding the promising role of ginseng in treating respiratory tract infections. Further analysis needs to be re-focused on clinical trials to study ginseng’s efficacy and safety in treating pathogenic infections and in determining ginseng-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sivakumar Annadurai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: or
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Kim IK, Lee KY, Kang J, Park JS, Jeong J. Immune-modulating Effect of Korean Red Ginseng by Balancing the Ratio of Peripheral T Lymphocytes in Bile Duct or Pancreatic Cancer Patients With Adjuvant Chemotherapy. In Vivo 2021; 35:1895-1900. [PMID: 33910879 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM We aimed to clarify the clinical effect of Korean Red ginseng administered with adjuvant chemotherapy on the immune function of patients with bile duct or pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial conducted at a single tertiary center. Twenty-six consecutive patients who underwent curative resection for bile duct or pancreatic cancer followed by 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin or gemcitabine chemotherapy were included. They were randomized 1:1 to the ginseng and control groups. Immune and inflammatory markers were assayed in peripheral blood samples during and after chemotherapy. RESULTS Intergroup differences in immune-related parameters before and during chemotherapy were not significant. After chemotherapy, the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher in the ginseng group than in the control group (42.01% vs. 33.69%, p=0.048). The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes was also higher in the ginseng group (2.03 vs. 1.28, p=0.027). Neutropenia and liver dysfunction prevalence did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION The ginseng group, which received Korean Red ginseng daily during adjuvant chemotherapy, showed higher levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Im-Kyung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Young Lee
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Kang
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seong Park
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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You L, Cho JY. The regulatory role of Korean ginseng in skin cells. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:363-370. [PMID: 34025129 PMCID: PMC8134839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the largest organ in our body, the skin acts as a barrier against external stress and damages. There are various cell types of skin, such as keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblasts, and skin stem cells. Korean ginseng, which is one of the biggest distributions of ginseng worldwide, is processed into different products, such as functional food, cosmetics, and medical supplies. This review aims to introduce the functional role of Korean ginseng on different dermal cell types, including the impact of Korean ginseng in anti-photodamaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-melanogenic, and wound healing activities, etc. We propose that this information could form the basis of future research of ginseng-derived components in skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long You
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Luong Huynh D, Nguyen NH, Nguyen CT. Pharmacological properties of ginsenosides in inflammation-derived cancers. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3329-3340. [PMID: 33900512 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is commonly used as an herbal medicine for improvement of life quality. It is also used as a supplemental medication with anti-cancer drugs to enhance chemotherapy efficacy and shows some beneficial effects. Ginsenosides, also known as saponins, are the major active pharmacological compounds found in ginseng and have been extensively using in treatment of not only cancers but also the other inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, acute lung injury, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases. The anti-cancer activities of ginsengs and ginsenosides in different types of cancers have been well studied experimentally and clinically. The major anti-cancer mechanisms of ginseng compounds include inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis as well as induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Herein, we review and summarize the current knowledge on the pharmacological effects of ginsengs and ginseng-derived compounds in the treatment of cancers. Moreover, the molecular and cellular mechanism(s) by which ginsengs and ginsenosides modulate the immune response in cancer diseases as well as ginsengs-drugs interaction are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Luong Huynh
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, 97 Vo Van Tan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cuong Thach Nguyen
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Highly regioselective hydrolysis of the glycosidic bonds in ginsenosides catalyzed by snailase. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tian M, Li LN, Zheng RR, Yang L, Wang ZT. Advances on hormone-like activity of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:526-535. [PMID: 32616193 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been paid much attentions due to the prevention and treatment of steroid hormone disorders. Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae), is one of the most valuable herbs in complementary and alternative medicines around the world. A series of dammarane triterpenoid saponins, also known as phytosteroids, were reported as the primary ingredients of Ginseng, and indicated broad spectral pharmacological actions, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and anti-fatigue. The skeletons of the dammarane triterpenoid aglycone are structurally similar to the steroid hormones. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that Ginseng and its active ingredients have beneficial hormone-like role in hormonal disorders. This review thus summarizes the structural similarities between hormones and dammarane ginsenosides and integrates the analogous effect of Ginseng and ginsenosides on prevention and treatment of hormonal disorders published in recent twenty years (1998-2018). The review may provide convenience for anticipate structure-function relationship between saponins structure and hormone-like effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tian
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin-Nan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rui-Rong Zheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Evaluation of Bioactive and Physicochemical Properties of White and Black Garlic (Allium sativum L.) from Conventional and Organic Cultivation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactive and physicochemical properties of white and black garlic (Allium sativum L.) from conventional and organic cultivation. Both white conventional (G) and organic (EG) garlic were processed during 45 days heat treatment at 70 °C temperature and 80% relative humidity. In black garlic (BG) samples the content of soluble solids, total reducing sugars, total polyphenol as well as antioxidant activity significantly (p < 0.05) increased (by about 33.5%, 60.5%, 118.4%, 125.8%, respectively), while a pH significantly (p < 0.05) decreased (by about 41.1%) as compared to white garlic samples. The study showed significant differences between colour of white and black garlic, both in the L*a*b* and RGB colour space, especially in the case of the L* parameter, indicating that the colour of garlic changed from white to dark brown or black during the thermal processing. All organic garlic samples had improved bioactive ingredients and antioxidant activity compared to conventional garlic for both fresh (unprocessed) and heat-treated black garlic. The production of black garlic, especially organic (EBG), allows one to obtain a product with higher amount of bioactive compounds, which can be widely used in the design of health-promoting functional food.
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Ryu J, Yoon J, Lee YW. Kinetic study of the thermal conversion of ginsenosides using lumped groups in steaming, hydrothermal reactions, and CO2-assisted hydrothermal reactions. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Phu HT, Thuan DTB, Nguyen THD, Posadino AM, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Slowing Aging and Aging-associated Conditions: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Safety. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:369-393. [PMID: 31418664 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190715121939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging and aging-associated diseases are issues with unsatisfactory answers in the medical field. Aging causes important physical changes which, even in the absence of the usual risk factors, render the cardiovascular system prone to some diseases. Although aging cannot be prevented, slowing down the rate of aging is entirely possible to achieve. In some traditional medicine, medicinal herbs such as Ginseng, Radix Astragali, Ganoderma lucidum, Ginkgo biloba, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum are recognized by the "nourishing of life" and their role as anti-aging phytotherapeutics is increasingly gaining attention. By mainly employing PubMed here we identify and critically analysed 30 years of published studies focusing on the above herbs' active components against aging and aging-associated conditions. Although many plant-based compounds appear to exert an anti-aging effect, the most effective resulted in being flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and polysaccharides, which include astragaloside, ginkgolide, ginsenoside, and gypenoside specifically covered in this review. Their effects as antiaging factors, improvers of cognitive impairments, and reducers of cardiovascular risks are described, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned effects along with their potential safety. Telomere and telomerase, PPAR-α, GLUTs, FOXO1, caspase-3, bcl-2, along with SIRT1/AMPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 pathways appear to be their preferential targets. Moreover, their ability to work as antioxidants and to improve the resistance to DNA damage is also discussed. Although our literature review indicates that these traditional herbal medicines are safe, tolerable, and free of toxic effects, additional well-designed, large-scale randomized control trials need to be performed to evaluate short- and long-term effects and efficacy of these medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa T Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Duong T B Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Thi H D Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Anna M Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Influence of Thermal Processing on the Bioactive, Antioxidant, and Physicochemical Properties of Conventional and Organic Agriculture Black Garlic (Allium sativum L.). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10238638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effect of fermentation processes (70 °C temperature; 80% humidity; 45 days) on the content of bioactive compounds (total polyphenols, selected phenolic acids, and flavonoids), antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties of conventional and organic garlic (Allium sativum L.). Raw garlic from conventional cultivation (GR) showed significantly lower content of phenolic components and antioxidant activity compared to raw garlic from organic cultivation (GREcol) (by 22.8% and 25.1%, respectively). The fermentation processes of the garlic from both the conventional (BG) and organic (BGEcol) cultivation significantly increased the content of total polyphenols (more than two times), phenolic acids (more than 1.5 times) and flavonoids (1.5 and 1.3 times, respectively). The garlic fermentation process also significantly increased antioxidant potential: two times for BG and three times for BGEcol. The content of bioactive compounds (total polyphenols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in organic black garlic (BGEcol) compared to conventional black garlic (BG). Heat treatment leading to changes in both the physicochemical, organoleptic and health-promoting properties allowed to obtain a new product gaining in sensory attractiveness and enabling a wide range of applications.
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Lee JY, Choi HY, Park CS, Kim DH, Yune TY. Total saponin extract, ginsenoside Rb1, and compound K alleviate peripheral and central neuropathic pain through estrogen receptors on rats. Phytother Res 2020; 35:2119-2132. [PMID: 33205558 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether total saponin extract (TSE), ginsenoside Rb1, and Rb1 metabolite compound K, which are isolated from red ginseng, have antinociceptive effects on peripheral and central neuropathic pain (PNP and CNP, respectively). PNP and CNP were induced by tail nerve injury (TNI) at S1 and by contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) at T9 in male Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively. Two weeks after TNI or 4 weeks after SCI, pain-induced rats were orally administered vehicle, TSE (50 mg/kg), Rb1 (12.5 mg/kg), compound K (7 mg/kg), or gabapentin (GBP, 60 mg/kg), and the antinociceptive effects were examined by von Frey filament, cold/warm water, and hot plate analyses. Allodynia and hyperalgesia were significantly alleviated by TSE, Rb1, and GBP 1 hr after drug administration. The immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR results showed that the activation of microglia/astrocytes and the expression of inflammatory mediators such as Il-1β, Il-6, iNOS, and Cox-2 were also significantly inhibited in L4-L5 spinal cord of CNP-induced rats 1 hr after drug administration. Furthermore, the antinociceptive effects of TSE and Rb1 were reversed by treatment with the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI182780. In particular, compound K also significantly alleviated both PNP and CNP. Therefore, our results indicate that TSE, Rb1, and compound K have potential antinociceptive effects against neuropathic pain that might be mediated through the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Youn Lee
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae Young Choi
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan Sol Park
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Young Yune
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Piao XM, Huo Y, Kang JP, Mathiyalagan R, Zhang H, Yang DU, Kim M, Yang DC, Kang SC, Wang YP. Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies. Molecules 2020; 25:E4390. [PMID: 32987784 PMCID: PMC7582514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a traditional medicinal herb commonly consumed world-wide owing to its unique family of saponins called ginsenosides. The absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides mainly depend on an individual's gastrointestinal bioconversion abilities. There is a need to improve ginseng processing to predictably increase the pharmacologically active of ginsenosides. Various types of ginseng, such as fresh, white, steamed, acid-processed, and fermented ginsengs, are available. The various ginseng processing methods produce a range ginsenoside compositions with diverse pharmacological properties. This review is intended to summarize the properties of the ginsenosides found in different Panax species as well as the different processing methods. The sugar moiety attached to the C-3, C-6, or C-20 deglycosylated to produce minor ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd→Rg3, F2, Rh2; Re, Rf→Rg1, Rg2, F1, Rh1. The malonyl-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd were demalonylated into ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd by dehydration. Dehydration also produces minor ginsenosides such as Rg3→Rk1, Rg5, Rz1; Rh2→Rk2, Rh3; Rh1→Rh4, Rk3; Rg2→Rg6, F4; Rs3→Rs4, Rs5; Rf→Rg9, Rg10. Acetylation of several ginsenosides may generate acetylated ginsenosides Rg5, Rk1, Rh4, Rk3, Rs4, Rs5, Rs6, and Rs7. Acid processing methods produces Rh1→Rk3, Rh4; Rh2→Rk1, Rg5; Rg3→Rk2, Rh3; Re, Rf, Rg2→F1, Rh1, Rf2, Rf3, Rg6, F4, Rg9. Alkaline produces Rh16, Rh3, Rh1, F4, Rk1, ginsenoslaloside-I, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rh1-60-acetate, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh19, zingibroside-R1 through hydrolysis, hydration addition reactions, and dehydration. Moreover, biological processing of ginseng generates the minor ginsenosides of Rg3, F2, Rh2, CK, Rh1, Mc, compound O, compound Y through hydrolysis reactions, and synthetic ginsenosides Rd12 and Ia are produced through glycosylation. This review with respect to the properties of particular ginsenosides could serve to increase the utilization of ginseng in agricultural products, food, dietary supplements, health supplements, and medicines, and may also spur future development of novel highly functional ginseng products through a combination of various processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Min Piao
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.M.P.); (H.Z.); (D.C.Y.)
| | - Yue Huo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Jong Pyo Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.M.P.); (H.Z.); (D.C.Y.)
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Dong Uk Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Mia Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular and Neurologic Diseases, College of Korea Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 100011, Korea;
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.M.P.); (H.Z.); (D.C.Y.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (Y.H.); (J.P.K.); (R.M.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Ying Ping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.M.P.); (H.Z.); (D.C.Y.)
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40
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Karmazyn M, Gan XT. Chemical components of ginseng, their biotransformation products and their potential as treatment of hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:333-347. [PMID: 32940821 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is an ancient perennial herb belonging to the family Araliaceae and genus Panax which has been used for medical therapeutics for thousands of years, particularly in China and other Asian cultures although increasing interest in ginseng has recently emerged in western societies. Ginseng is a complex substance containing dozens of bioactive and potentially effective therapeutic compounds. Among the most studied are the ginsenosides, which are triterpene saponins possessing a wide array of potential therapeutic effects for many conditions. The quantity and type of ginsenoside vary greatly depending on ginseng species and their relative quantity in a given ginseng species is greatly affected by extraction processes as well as by subjecting ginseng to various procedures such as heating. Adding to the complexity of ginsenosides is their ability to undergo biotransformation to bioactive metabolites such as compound K by enteric bacteria following ingestion. Many ginsenosides exert vasodilatating effects making them potential candidates for the treatment of hypertension. Their vascular effects are likely dependent on eNOS activation resulting in the increased production of NO. One proposed end-mechanism involves the activation of calcium-activated potassium channels in vascular smooth cells resulting in reduced calcium influx and a vasodilatating effect, although other mechanisms have been proposed as discussed in this review.
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41
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Zhang X, Gao Y, Zang P, Zhao Y, Zhu H, He Z. Effects of four new processing technologies on pesticide residues and saponins content in ginseng. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jilin Agricultural University Chang Chun China
| | - Yugang Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jilin Agricultural University Chang Chun China
| | - Pu Zang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jilin Agricultural University Chang Chun China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jilin Agricultural University Chang Chun China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jilin Agricultural University Chang Chun China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jilin Agricultural University Chang Chun China
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Hu JN, Xu XY, Jiang S, Liu Y, Liu Z, Wang YP, Gong XJ, Li KK, Ren S, Li W. Protective effect of ginsenoside Rk1, a major rare saponin from black ginseng, on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in HEK-293 cells. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2020; 36:732-740. [PMID: 32374939 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin, as one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents, its clinical use is limited by serious side effect of nephrotoxicity. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity is closely related to apoptosis induction and activation of caspase. The present study aimed to explore the potential protective effect of ginsenoside Rk1 (Rk1), a rare ginsenoside generated during steaming ginseng, on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells. Our results showed that the reduced cell viability induced by cisplatin could significantly recover by Rk1. Furthermore, glutathione (GSH) as an oxidative index, was elevated and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly decreased after Rk1 treatment compared to the cisplatin group. Additionally, Rk1 can also decrease the ROS fluorescence expression and increase the protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) compared to the cisplatin group, which suggested a suppression of oxidative response. More importantly, the cisplatin-induced elevated protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and decreased protein level of Bcl-2 were reversed after treatment with Rk1. Our results elucidated the possible protective mechanism of Rk1 for the first time, which may involve in its anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nan Hu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xing-Yue Xu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Gong
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China
| | - Ke-Ke Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China
| | - Shen Ren
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun, China
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Fermented Wild Ginseng by Rhizopus oligosporus Improved l-Carnitine and Ginsenoside Contents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092111. [PMID: 32365963 PMCID: PMC7249200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted this study to investigate the beneficial effects of Rhizopus oligosporus fermentation of wild ginseng on ginsenosides, l-carnitine contents and its biological activity. The Rhizopus oligosporus fermentation of wild ginseng was carried out at 30 °C for between 1 and 14 days. Fourteen ginsenosides and l-carnitine were analyzed in the fermented wild ginseng by the ultra high pressure liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) system. Our results showed that the total amount of ginsenosides in ginseng increased from 3274 to 5573 mg/kg after 14 days of fermentation. Among the 14 ginsenosides tested, the amounts of 13 ginsenosides (Rg1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, compound K, F1 and F2) increased, whereas ginsenoside Rb1 decreased, during the fermentation. Furthermore, l-carnitine (630 mg/kg) was newly synthesized in fermented ginseng extract after 14 days. In addition, both total phenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities showed an increase in the fermented ginseng with respect to non-fermented ginseng. These results show that the fermentation process reduced the cytotoxicity of wild ginseng against RAW264.7 cells. Both wild and fermented wild ginseng showed anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells.
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Shaito A, Thuan DTB, Phu HT, Nguyen THD, Hasan H, Halabi S, Abdelhady S, Nasrallah GK, Eid AH, Pintus G. Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:422. [PMID: 32317975 PMCID: PMC7155419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially life-threatening adverse effects, and possible herb–drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials that have been conducted using these four medicinal herbs with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Duong Thi Bich Thuan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Phu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hieu Dung Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Hiba Hasan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Halabi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Jeon BM, Baek JI, Kim MS, Kim SC, Cui CH. Characterization of a Novel Ginsenoside MT1 Produced by an Enzymatic Transrhamnosylation of Protopanaxatriol-Type Ginsenosides Re. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E525. [PMID: 32244263 PMCID: PMC7226242 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenosides, triterpene saponins of Panax species, are considered the main active ingredients responsible for various pharmacological activities. Herein, a new protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside called "ginsenoside MT1" is described; it was accidentally found among the enzymatic conversion products of ginsenoside Re. METHOD We analyzed the conversion mechanism and found that recombinant β-glucosidase (MT619) transglycosylated the outer rhamnopyranoside of Re at the C-6 position to glucopyranoside at C-20. The production of MT1 by trans-rhamnosylation was optimized and pure MT1 was obtained through various chromatographic processes. RESULTS The structure of MT1 was elucidated based on spectral data: (20S)-3β,6α,12β,20-tetrahydroxydammarene-20-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside]. This dammarane-type triterpene saponin was confirmed as a novel compound. CONCLUSION Based on the functions of ginsenosides with similar structures, we believe that this ginsenoside MT1 may have great potential in the development of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical or cosmeceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Min Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Jong-In Baek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Chang-Hao Cui
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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46
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Iqbal H, Rhee DK. Ginseng alleviates microbial infections of the respiratory tract: a review. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:194-204. [PMID: 32148400 PMCID: PMC7031735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The detrimental impact of air pollution as a result of frequent exposure to fine particles posed a global public health risk mainly to the pulmonary disorders in pediatric and geriatric population. Here, we reviewed the current literature regarding the role of ginseng and/or its components as antimicrobials, especially against pathogens that cause respiratory infections in animal and in vitro models. Some of the possible mechanisms for ginseng-mediated viral inhibition suggested are improvements in systemic and mucosa-specific antibody responses, serum hemagglutinin inhibition, lymphocyte proliferation, cell survival rate, and viral clearance in the lungs. In addition, ginseng reduces the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) and chemokines produced by airway epithelial cells and macrophages, thus preventing weight loss. In case of bacterial infections, ginseng acts by alleviating inflammatory cytokine production, increasing survival rates, and activating phagocytes and natural killer cells. In addition, ginseng inhibits biofilm formation and induces the dispersion and dissolution of mature biofilms. Most clinical trials revealed that ginseng, at various dosages, is a safe and effective method of seasonal prophylaxis, relieving the symptoms and reducing the risk and duration of colds and flu. Taken together, these findings support the efficacy of ginseng as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for respiratory infections.
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Key Words
- ARI, acute respiratory illness
- Bacteria
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Clinical trials
- GSLS, ginseng stem–leaf saponins
- Ginseng
- HRV, human rhinovirus
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- PD, protopanaxadiol
- PT, protopanaxatriol
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RSV, respiratory syncytial virus
- RTIs, respiratory tract infections
- Respiratory tract infections
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- Virus
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Ginseng for an eye: effects of ginseng on ocular diseases. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:1-7. [PMID: 32095091 PMCID: PMC7033367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sense of vision is the primary means by which we gather information from our surroundings, and vision loss, therefore, severely compromises the life of the affected individuals, their families, and society. Loss of vision becomes more frequent with age, and diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, and glaucoma are the major causes of vision impairment. To find active pharmacological compounds that might prevent or ameliorate the vision-threatening eye diseases, numerous studies have been performed, and some botanical compounds, including those extracted from ginseng, have been shown to possess beneficial effects in the treatment or prevention of common ocular diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent reports investigating the therapeutic effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on diverse ocular diseases and discuss their therapeutic potential.
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Nan W, Zhao F, Zhang C, Ju H, Lu W. Promotion of compound K production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by glycerol. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:41. [PMID: 32075645 PMCID: PMC7029525 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenoside compound K (CK), one of the primary active metabolites of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, is produced by the intestinal flora that degrade ginseng saponins and exhibits diverse biological properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic properties. However, it is less abundant in plants. Therefore, enabling its commercialization by construction of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell factory is of considerable significance. RESULTS We induced overexpression of PGM2, UGP1, and UGT1 genes in WLT-MVA5, and obtained a strain that produces ginsenoside CK. The production of CK at 96 h was 263.94 ± 2.36 mg/L, and the conversion rate from protopanaxadiol (PPD) to ginsenoside CK was 64.23 ± 0.41%. Additionally, it was observed that the addition of glycerol was beneficial to the synthesis of CK. When 20% glucose (C mol) in the YPD medium was replaced by the same C mol glycerol, CK production increased to 384.52 ± 15.23 mg/L, which was 45.68% higher than that in YPD medium, and the PPD conversion rate increased to 77.37 ± 3.37% as well. As we previously observed that ethanol is beneficial to the production of PPD, ethanol and glycerol were fed simultaneously in the 5-L bioreactor fed fermentation, and the CK levels reached 1.70 ± 0.16 g/L. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we constructed an S. cerevisiae cell factory that efficiently produced ginsenoside CK. Glycerol effectively increased the glycosylation efficiency of PPD to ginsenoside CK, guiding higher carbon flow to the synthesis of ginsenosides and effectively improving CK production. CK production attained in a 5-L bioreactor was 1.7 g/L after simultaneous feeding of glycerol and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Nan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanglong Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanbo Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300350 People’s Republic of China
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Shin EJ, Jo S, Choi S, Cho CW, Lim WC, Hong HD, Lim TG, Jang YJ, Jang M, Byun S, Rhee Y. Red Ginseng Improves Exercise Endurance by Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Myoblast Differentiation. Molecules 2020; 25:E865. [PMID: 32079067 PMCID: PMC7070955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng has been reported to elicit various therapeutic effects relevant to cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory diseases. However, the effect of red ginseng on exercise endurance and skeletal muscle function remains unclear. Herein, we sought to investigate whether red ginseng could affect exercise endurance and examined its molecular mechanism. Mice were fed with red ginseng extract (RG) and undertook swimming exercises to determine the time to exhaustion. Animals fed with RG had significantly longer swimming endurance. RG treatment was also observed to enhance ATP production levels in myoblasts. RG increased mRNA expressions of mitochondrial biogenesis regulators, NRF-1, TFAM, and PGC-1α, which was accompanied by an elevation in mitochondrial DNA, suggesting an enhancement in mitochondrial energy-generating capacity. Importantly, RG treatment induced phosphorylation of p38 and AMPK and upregulated PGC1α expression in both myoblasts and in vivo muscle tissue. In addition, RG treatment also stimulated C2C12 myogenic differentiation. Our findings show that red ginseng improves exercise endurance, suggesting that it may have applications in supporting skeletal muscle function and exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Shin
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Seongin Jo
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (S.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Sungbin Choi
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (S.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Won-Chul Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Young Jin Jang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Mi Jang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (S.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Youngkyung Rhee
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (E.J.S.); (C.-W.C.); (W.-C.L.); (H.-D.H.); (T.-G.L.); (Y.J.J.); (M.J.)
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Shin KC, Kim DW, Woo HS, Oh DK, Kim YS. Conversion of Glycosylated Platycoside E to Deapiose-Xylosylated Platycodin D by Cytolase PCL5. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041207. [PMID: 32054089 PMCID: PMC7072768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, the saponins abundant in Platycodi radix (the root of Platycodon grandiflorum), have diverse pharmacological activities and have been used as food supplements. Since deglycosylated saponins exhibit higher biological activity than glycosylated saponins, efforts are on to enzymatically convert glycosylated platycosides to deglycosylated platycosides; however, the lack of diversity and specificities of these enzymes has limited the kinds of platycosides that can be deglycosylated. In the present study, we examined the enzymatic conversion of platycosides and showed that Cytolase PCL5 completely converted platycoside E and polygalacin D3 into deapiose-xylosylated platycodin D and deapiose-xylosylated polygalacin D, respectively, which were identified by LC-MS analysis. The platycoside substrates were hydrolyzed through the following novel hydrolytic pathways: platycoside E → platycodin D3 → platycodin D → deapiosylated platycodin D → deapiose-xylosylated platycodin D; and polygalacin D3 → polygalacin D → deapiosylated polygalacin D → deapiose-xylosylated polygalacin D. Our results show that cytolast PCL5 may have a potential role in the development of biologically active platycosides that may be used for their diverse pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Research Institute of Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.-C.S.); (D.-K.O.)
| | - Dae Wook Kim
- Forest Plant Industry Department, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea; (D.W.K.); (H.S.W.)
| | - Hyun Sim Woo
- Forest Plant Industry Department, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea; (D.W.K.); (H.S.W.)
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Research Institute of Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.-C.S.); (D.-K.O.)
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yeong-Su Kim
- Forest Plant Industry Department, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea; (D.W.K.); (H.S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-679-2740; Fax: +82-54-679-0636
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