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Goldspink G. Alterations in Myofibril Size and Structure During Growth, Exercise, and Changes in Environmental Temperature. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zeiger U, Mitchell CH, Khurana TS. Superior calcium homeostasis of extraocular muscles. Exp Eye Res 2010; 91:613-22. [PMID: 20696159 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Extraocular muscles (EOMs) are a unique group of skeletal muscles with unusual physiological properties such as being able to undergo rapid twitch contractions over extended periods and escape damage in the presence of excess intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). Enhanced Ca(2+) buffering has been proposed as a contributory mechanism to explain these properties; however, the mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated mechanisms modulating Ca(2+) levels in EOM and tibialis anterior (TA) limb muscles. Using Fura-2 based ratiometric Ca(2+) imaging of primary myotubes we found that EOM myotubes reduced elevated Ca(2+) ˜2-fold faster than TA myotubes, demonstrating more efficient Ca(2+) buffering. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting revealed higher expression of key components of the Ca(2+) regulation system in EOM, such as the cardiac/slow isoforms sarcoplasmic Ca(2+)-ATPase 2 (Serca2) and calsequestrin 2 (Casq2). Interestingly EOM expressed monomeric rather than multimeric forms of phospholamban (Pln), which was phosphorylated at threonine 17 (Thr17) but not at the serine 16 (Ser16) residue. EOM Pln remained monomeric and unphosphorylated at Ser16 despite protein kinase A (PKA) treatment, suggesting differential signalling and modulation cascades involving Pln-mediated Ca(2+) regulation in EOM. Increased expression of Ca(2+)/SR mRNA, proteins, differential post-translational modification of Pln and superior Ca(2+) buffering is consistent with the improved ability of EOM to handle elevated intracellular Ca(2+) levels. These characteristics provide mechanistic insight for the potential role of superior Ca(2+) buffering in the unusual physiology of EOM and their sparing in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Zeiger
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Yokoyama T, Huard J, Pruchnic R, Yoshimura N, Qu Z, Cao B, de Groat WC, Kumon H, Chancellor MB. Muscle-derived cell transplantation and differentiation into lower urinary tract smooth muscle. Urology 2001; 57:826-31. [PMID: 11306423 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(00)01083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the feasibility of primary skeletal muscle-derived cell (MDC)-based tissue engineering and gene transfer into the lower urinary tract and to explore whether the injected primary skeletal MDCs can persist and differentiate into myotubes and myofibers in the bladder wall. METHODS Primary MDCs isolated from normal mice were first transduced with adenovirus encoding the expression of the beta-galactosidase reporter gene. Adult severe combined immunodeficiency mice (n = 12) were used in this study. The MDCs were injected into the right and left lateral bladder walls with a 10-microL Hamilton microsyringe. The amount of injected MDCs ranged from 1 to 1.5 x 10(6) cells. The tissue was harvested after 5, 35, and 70 days, sectioned, stained for fast myosin heavy chain, and assayed for beta-galactosidase expression. RESULTS We observed a large number of cells expressing beta-galactosidase in the bladder wall at each time point. Many myotubes and myofibers expressing beta-galactosidase and positively stained for fast myosin heavy chain were also seen in the bladder wall at 35 and 70 days after injection. Additionally, the size of the injected MDCs significantly increased during the course of the study (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the long-term survival and beta-galactosidase expression of MDCs injected into the bladder wall. Moreover, our results suggest that some injected MDCs can differentiate into myofibers. These results suggest that MDCs can be a desirable substance for tissue engineering and an ex vivo method for gene transfer into the lower urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yokoyama
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Abstract
Myosatellite cells are myoblasts found between the basal lamina and sarcolemma of myofibers of postnatal mice. The extent to which these cells are programmed, upon differentiation, to express isoforms of contractile protein genes specific to the type of fiber with which they are associated has been evaluated in vitro using myosatellite cells derived from the soleus and the extensor digitorum longus muscles (EDL) of 4-day-old and adult transgenic mice, which express nuclear localizing beta-galactosidase (nlsbeta-gal) under the control of the promoter and 3' enhancer of the gene encoding fast myosin light chain 3F (MLC3F) (Kelly et al. [1995] J. Cell Biol. 129:383-396). Cultures were allowed to differentiate either as myocytes (mononucleated cells), to prevent possible modification of the myosatellite phenotype by other myonuclei in mosaic myotubes, or as myotubes. Transgene expression was age related, with 90% and 70% of the myocytes derived from the neonatal EDL and soleus muscles (muscles that had not yet achieved their mature phenotype), respectively, having nuclei encoding beta-gal; 61% and 32% of the myocyte nuclei derived from myosatellite cells of the adult EDL (a fast muscle) and the adult soleus muscle (a mixed muscle containing many slow myofibers), respectively, expressed this transgene. Because myosatellite cells found in adult muscles are the progeny of those found in the neonate, an alteration of myosatellite cell commitment to express this transgene occurs with muscle maturation. Because expression of the transgene in neonatal and adult muscle in vivo reflects the expression of the endogenous MLC3F gene (Kelly et al. [1995] J. Cell Biol. 129:383-396), it is likely that expression of the transgene by differentiated myosatellite cells reflects the extent of commitment of these cells to produce MLC3F. A hypothesis is presented that MLC3F is widely expressed in developing muscles but eliminated in myofibers that undergo maturation toward a slower phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Kubis HP, Haller EA, Wetzel P, Gros G. Adult fast myosin pattern and Ca2+-induced slow myosin pattern in primary skeletal muscle culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:4205-10. [PMID: 9108130 PMCID: PMC20604 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.8.4205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A primary muscle cell culture derived from newborn rabbit muscle and growing on microcarriers in suspension was established. When cultured for several weeks, the myotubes in this model develop the completely adult pattern of fast myosin light and heavy chains. When Ca2+ ionophore is added to the culture medium on day 11, raising intracellular [Ca2+] about 10-fold, the myotubes develop to exhibit properties of an adult slow muscle by day 30, expressing slow myosin light as well as heavy chains, elevated citrate synthase, and reduced lactate dehydrogenase. The remarkable plasticity of these myotubes becomes apparent, when 8 days after withdrawal of the ionophore a marked slow-to-fast transition, as judged from the expression of isomyosins and metabolic enzymes, occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Kubis
- Zentrum Physiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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6
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Donoghue MJ, Alvarez JD, Merlie JP, Sanes JR. Fiber type- and position-dependent expression of a myosin light chain-CAT transgene detected with a novel histochemical stain for CAT. J Cell Biol 1991; 115:423-34. [PMID: 1717485 PMCID: PMC2289162 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.115.2.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently generated and characterized transgenic mice in which regulatory sequences from a myosin light chain gene (MLC1f/3f) are linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. Transgene expression in these mice is specific to skeletal muscle and graded along the rostrocaudal axis: adult muscles derived from successively more caudal somites express successively higher levels of CAT. To investigate the cellular basis of these patterns of expression, we developed and used a histochemical stain that allows detection of CAT in individual cells. Our main results are as follows: (a) Within muscles, CAT is detected only in muscle fibers and not in associated connective tissue, blood vessels, or nerves. Thus, the tissue specificity of transgene expression observed by biochemical assay reflects a cell-type specificity demonstrable histochemically. (b) Within individual muscles, CAT levels vary with fiber type. Like the endogenous MLC1f/3f gene, the transgene is expressed at higher levels in fast-twitch (type II) than in slow-twitch (type I) muscle fibers. In addition, CAT levels vary among type II fiber subtypes, in the order IIB greater than IIX greater than IIA. (c) Among muscles that are similar in fiber type composition, the average level of CAT per fiber varies with rostrocaudal position. This position-dependent variation in CAT level is apparent even when fibers of a single type are compared. From these results, we conclude that fiber type and position affect CAT expression independently. We therefore infer the existence of separate fiber type-specific and positionally graded transcriptional regulators that act together to determine levels of transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Donoghue
- Department of Molecular Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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7
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Feldman JL, Stockdale FE. Skeletal muscle satellite cell diversity: satellite cells form fibers of different types in cell culture. Dev Biol 1991; 143:320-34. [PMID: 1991555 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(91)90083-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Following skeletal muscle injury, new fibers form from resident satellite cells which reestablish the fiber composition of the original muscle. We have used a cell culture system to analyze satellite cells isolated from adult chicken and quail pectoralis major (PM; a fast muscle) and anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD; a slow muscle) to determine if satellite cells isolated from fast or slow muscles produce one or several types of fibers when they form new fibers in vitro in the absence of innervation or a specific extracellular milieu. The types of fibers formed in satellite cell cultures were determined using immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies specific for avian fast and slow myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. We found that satellite cells were of different types and that fast and slow muscles differed in the percentage of each type they contained. Primary satellite cells isolated from the PM formed only fast fibers, while up to 25% of those isolated from ALD formed fibers that were both fast and slow (fast/slow fibers), the remainder being fast only. Fast/slow fibers formed from chicken satellite cells expressed slow MHC1, while slow MHC2 predominated in fast/slow fibers formed from quail satellite cells. Prolonged primary culture did not alter the relative proportions of fast to fast/slow fibers in high density cultures of either chicken or quail satellite cells. No change in commitment was observed in fibers formed from chicken satellite cell progeny repeatedly subcultured at high density, while fibers formed from subcultured quail satellite cell progeny demonstrated increasing commitment to fast/slow fiber type formation. Quail satellite cells cloned from high density cultures formed colonies that demonstrated a similar change in commitment from fast to fast/slow, as did serially subcloned individual satellite cell progeny, indicating that the observed change from fast to fast/slow differentiation resulted from intrinsic changes within a satellite cell. Thus satellite cells freshly isolated from adult chicken and quail are committed to form fibers of at least two types, satellite cells of these two types are found in different proportions in fast and slow muscles, and repeated cell proliferation of quail satellite cell progeny may alter satellite cell progeny to increasingly form fibers of a single type.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5306
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Carter RL, Jameson CF, Philp ER, Pinkerton CR. Comparative phenotypes in rhabdomyosarcomas and developing skeletal muscle. Histopathology 1990; 17:301-9. [PMID: 2258169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1990.tb00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The morphological and immunohistochemical phenotypes of 51 rhabdomyosarcomas from young people have been described and contrasted with phenotypes in developing skeletal muscle from 20 fetuses and neonates. The tumours express markers in a cumulative and consistent sequence--vimentin, desmin, fast myosin, myoglobin--which evolves pari passu with morphological differentiation and follows the same pattern found in normal myogenesis. Changes in immunohistochemical phenotype are documented in residual and recurrent tumours excised after chemotherapy. The presumptive rhabdomyoblastic nature of some primitive tumours, marking with vimentin alone, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Carter
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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9
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Abstract
The myosin ATPase activity and myosin light chain composition in developing chick heart and skeletal muscles were studied and compared. Embryonic myosin was purified and characterized from day 7 to day 19 of embryogenesis. Embryonic cardiac myosin generally showed the same Ca2+-activated myosin ATPase activity level as the adult value. In comparison, pooled pectoralis and hindlimb skeletal muscles from day 10 through day 19 showed myosin ATPase activities that were all significantly less than the adult counterpart. The myosin light chain pattern of embryonic cardiac myosin remained relatively constant like the myosin ATPase activity, whereas developmental changes were observed in skeletal myosin light chains.
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10
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Schafer DA, Stockdale FE. Identification of sarcolemma-associated antigens with differential distributions on fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1987; 104:967-79. [PMID: 3549741 PMCID: PMC2114455 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.104.4.967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified three sarcolemma-associated antigens, including two antigens that are differentially distributed on skeletal muscle fibers of the fast, fast/slow, and slow types. Monoclonal antibodies were prepared using partially purified membranes of adult chicken skeletal muscles as immunogens and were used to characterize three antigens associated with the sarcolemma of muscle fibers. Immunofluorescence staining of cryosections of adult and embryonic chicken muscles showed that two of the three antigens differed in expression by fibers depending on developmental age and whether the fibers were of the fast, fast/slow, or slow type. Fiber type was assigned by determining the content of fast and slow myosin heavy chain. MSA-55 was expressed equally by fibers of all types. In contrast, MSA-slow and MSA-140 differed in their expression by muscle fibers depending on fiber type. MSA-slow was detected exclusively at the periphery of fast/slow and slow fibers, but was not detected on fast fibers. MSA-140 was detected on all fibers but fast/slow and slow fibers stained more intensely suggesting that these fiber types contain more MSA-140 than fast fibers. These sarcolemma-associated antigens were developmentally regulated in ovo and in vitro. MSA-55 and MSA-140 were detected on all primary muscle fibers by day 8 in ovo of embryonic development, whereas MSA-slow was first detected on muscle fibers just before hatching. Those antigens expressed by fast fibers (MSA-55 and MSA-140) were expressed only after myoblasts differentiated into myotubes, but were not expressed by fibroblasts in cell culture. Each antigen was also detected in one or more nonskeletal muscle cell types: MSA-55 and MSA-slow in cardiac myocytes and smooth muscle of gizzard (but not vascular structures) and MSA-140 in cardiac myocytes and smooth muscle of vascular structures. MSA-55 was identified as an Mr 55,000, nonglycosylated, detergent-soluble protein, and MSA-140 was an Mr 140,000, cell surface protein. The Mr of MSA-slow could not be determined by immunoblotting or immunoprecipitation techniques. These findings indicate that muscle fibers of different physiological function differ in the components associated with the sarcolemma. While the function of these sarcolemma-associated antigens is unknown, their regulated appearance during development in ovo and as myoblasts differentiate in culture suggests that they may be important in the formation, maturation, and function of fast, fast/slow, and slow muscle fibers.
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11
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Grounds MD. The development of fibre types in grafts of a slow tonic avian muscle, the dorsocutaneous latissimus dorsi. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1986; 19:207-24. [PMID: 2947696 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(86)90097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The dorsocutaneous (DLD) and anterior (ALD) latissimus dorsii are both homogeneous slow tonic muscles. Autografts of mature DLD were attached onto the ALD of chickens to study regeneration of slow tonic muscle fibres innervated exclusively by slow tonic nerves. Fifty-three grafts were examined from 3 to 231 days after implantation for myosin ATPase, and for heavy chains of fast myosin. New muscle fibres in grafts were initially type 1 (slow) or type 2 (fast twitch). Tonic type 3 fibres were slow to differentiate and were not seen within 59 days. From 105 days many fibres were type 3A and type 1 were no longer apparent. However, type 2 fibres persisted and appeared to be present instead of type 3B fibres even after 8 months.
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12
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Miller JB, Crow MT, Stockdale FE. Slow and fast myosin heavy chain content defines three types of myotubes in early muscle cell cultures. J Cell Biol 1985; 101:1643-50. [PMID: 3902852 PMCID: PMC2113961 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.101.5.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We prepared monoclonal antibodies specific for fast or slow classes of myosin heavy chain isoforms in the chicken and used them to probe myosin expression in cultures of myotubes derived from embryonic chicken myoblasts. Myosin heavy chain expression was assayed by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting of extracted myosin and by immunostaining of cultures of myotubes. Myotubes that formed from embryonic day 5-6 pectoral myoblasts synthesized both a fast and a slow class of myosin heavy chain, which were electrophoretically and immunologically distinct, but only the fast class of myosin heavy chain was synthesized by myotubes that formed in cultures of embryonic day 8 or older myoblasts. Furthermore, three types of myotubes formed in cultures of embryonic day 5-6 myoblasts: one that contained only a fast myosin heavy chain, a second that contained only a slow myosin heavy chain, and a third that contained both a fast and a slow heavy chain. Myotubes that formed in cultures of embryonic day 8 or older myoblasts, however, were of a single type that synthesized only a fast class of myosin heavy chain. Regardless of whether myoblasts from embryonic day 6 pectoral muscle were cultured alone or mixed with an equal number of myoblasts from embryonic day 12 muscle, the number of myotubes that formed and contained a slow class of myosin was the same. These results demonstrate that the slow class of myosin heavy chain can be synthesized by myotubes formed in cell culture, and that three types of myotubes form in culture from pectoral muscle myoblasts that are isolated early in development, but only one type of myotube forms from older myoblasts; and they suggest that muscle fiber formation probably depends upon different populations of myoblasts that co-exist and remain distinct during myogenesis.
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13
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Shortening velocity in single fibers from adult rabbit soleus muscles is correlated with myosin heavy chain composition. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Bandman E. Myosin isoenzyme transitions in muscle development, maturation, and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1985; 97:97-131. [PMID: 2934345 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Asghar A, Samejima K, Yasui T. Functionality of muscle proteins in gelation mechanisms of structured meat products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1985; 22:27-106. [PMID: 3899516 DOI: 10.1080/10408398509527408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in muscle biology concerning the discoveries of a large variety of proteins have been described in this review. The existence of polymorphism in several muscle proteins is now well established. Various isoforms of myosin not only account for the difference in physiological functions and biochemical activity of different fiber types or muscles, but also seem to differ in functional properties in food systems. The functionality of various muscle proteins, especially myosin and actin in the gelation process in modal systems which simulate structured meat products, is discussed at length. Besides, the role of different subunits and subfragments of myosin molecule in the gelation mechanism, and the various factors affecting heat-induced gelation of actomyosin in modal systems are also highlighted. Finally, the areas which need further investigation in this discipline have been suggested.
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Shafiq SA, Shimizu T, Fischman DA. Heterogeneity of type 1 skeletal muscle fibers revealed by monoclonal antibody to slow myosin. Muscle Nerve 1984; 7:380-7. [PMID: 6738576 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880070507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) were generated against slow myosin from the chicken anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle and their reactivity was checked against fast (pectoralis), slow (ALD), cardiac (ventricular), and smooth (gizzard) myosins by radioimmunoassay (RIA), immunoautoradiography (immunoblots), and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. In RIAs, the McAb (ALD-58) described in this article reacted specifically with slow myosin, with only a weak cross-reactivity to cardiac myosin. In immunoblots against whole muscle homogenates and purified myosins, it bound selectively to the 200 Kd myosin heavy chain band. The ALD-58 antibody stained the fibers of the ALD muscle uniformly but gave three grades of reactions (strong, weak, and negative), with histochemically identified type 1 fibers of sartorius and gastrocnemius muscles demonstrating the immunological heterogeneity of myosins in type 1 skeletal muscle fibers.
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17
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Ecob MS, Butler-Browne GS, Whalen RG. The adult fast isozyme of myosin is present in a nerve-muscle tissue culture system. Differentiation 1984; 25:84-7. [PMID: 6229440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1984.tb01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organotypic nerve-muscle cultures were prepared from foetal mouse spinal cord and adult mouse muscle fibres. In this system, the adult fibres degenerate and new myotubes form. The regenerated muscle fibres become innervated, develop cross-striations, and survive for several months. We have investigated the isozymes of myosin present in these muscle fibres using histochemistry and immunocytochemistry with antibodies to rat embryonic, neonatal, and adult fast myosins. We demonstrate that some of the regenerated fibres contain adult fast but not embryonic or neonatal myosin. This is the first demonstration of the production of adult myosin heavy chain in tissue culture. This system therefore offers the possibility for further study of the development of adult myosin isoforms in vitro.
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Lebherz HG. Content and synthesis of glycolytic enzymes in normal, denervated, and dystrophic skeletal muscle fibers. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 16:1201-5. [PMID: 6397371 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(84)90217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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Kelly AM. Emergence of Specialization in Skeletal Muscle. Compr Physiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Appelhans H, Vosberg HP. Characterization of a human genomic DNA fragment coding for a myosin heavy chain. Hum Genet 1983; 65:198-203. [PMID: 6654335 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A DNA segment from the human genome with information for myosin heavy chain (MHC) was isolated from a human genomic DNA library cloned in lambda Charon 4A phages. The isolation was accomplished by a myosin cDNA probe obtained from rabbit heart muscle mRNA (Sinha et al. 1982). The selected human DNA clone, designated lambda gMHC1, contains a genomic DNA fragment of about 14 kilobase pairs. The transcriptional polarity of this DNA was determined. The 5'-end of the gene is missing from the cloned fragment. This human gene exhibits sequence homology to MHC DNA of rabbit and chicken, but not to an MHC sequence of nematode. The isolated gene fragment is a member of the human MHC multi-gene family, which is presumed to consist of probably more than ten separate sarcomeric MHC genes per haploid genome.
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21
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Isobe Y, Shimada Y. Myofibrillogenesis in vitro as seen with the scanning electron microscope. Cell Tissue Res 1983; 231:481-94. [PMID: 6683592 DOI: 10.1007/bf00218107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes an experimental approach whereby myofibrillogenesis and the three-dimensional arrangement of myofibrils present within cultured skeletal muscle cells can be examined using the scanning electron microscope. This procedure uses cells that have been cultured on gold-coated coverslips, and treated with Triton X-100 to extract the cell membrane and the soluble cytoplasm. Subsequent electroconductive staining by treatment with thiocarbohydrazide and osmium allows the myofibrils to be visualized. The images of myofibrils in various states of development observed by this method generally accords to those previously reported by transmission electron microscopy. Cell elongation and adhesion to the substrate causes mechanical stress from different directions which meet at branchings of the cultured myotubes. Many myofibrils are observed to run in the direction of the inferred stress lines.
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22
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Toyota N, Shimada Y. Isoform variants of troponin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells cultured with and without nerves. Cell 1983; 33:297-304. [PMID: 6380757 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunofluorescence microscopy shows that cultured skeletal and cardiac muscle cells of chicken embryos exhibit the same stainabilities with antibodies against skeletal and cardiac troponin components as do those in embryos. Muscle cells of each type cultured with motor or sympathetic nerves or in medium containing the nerve extract exhibit the same reactivities as do those in adult animals. Cardiac muscle cells incubated in the nerve-conditioned medium also change the form of troponin components to the adult type. It appears that the differentiation of individual muscle fibers to specific types is induced by nerves, and especially by the neurohumoral effect.
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23
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Umeda PK, Kavinsky CJ, Sinha AM, Hsu HJ, Jakovcic S, Rabinowitz M. Cloned mRNA sequences for two types of embryonic myosin heavy chains from chick skeletal muscle. II. Expression during development using S1 nuclease mapping. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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24
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Montarras D, Fiszman MY. A new muscle phenotype is expressed by subcultured quail myoblasts isolated from future fast and slow muscles. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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25
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Gorza L, Sartore S, Triban C, Schiaffino S. Embryonic-like myosin heavy chains in regenerating chicken muscle. Exp Cell Res 1983; 143:395-403. [PMID: 6339257 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(83)90066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Heywood SM, Thibault MC, Siegel E. Control of gene expression in muscle development. CELL AND MUSCLE MOTILITY 1983; 3:157-93. [PMID: 6367952 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9296-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Butler J, Cosmos E, Brierley J. Differentiation of muscle fiber types in aneurogenic brachial muscles of the chick embryo. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1982; 224:65-80. [PMID: 6217281 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402240108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cross-reinnervation studies performed ex ovo with newly hatched chicks demonstrate that peripheral motor neurons control the phenotypic characteristics of avian muscles. The present experiments were designed to determine whether or not nerves play a similar role during the initial expression of muscle fiber types. Previous experiments indicated that differentiation of specific fiber types occurs during the first week of embryogenesis, temporally coincident with the penetration of nerves within muscle masses. These observations suggested that peripheral nerves may be associated with the initial differentiation of fiber types. To test this hypothesis directly, anterior limb buds of the chick embryo were rendered aneurogenic by deletion of the brachial segment of the neural tube. To ensure a completely aneurogenic environment for developing brachial muscles, surgery was performed at day 2 in ovo before the exit of ventral root fibers. Experimental and control embryos from Stage (St) 25 (4.5 d) through St 45 (19d) were analyzed histochemically by a silver-cholinesterase reaction to detect nerves and by the myosin ATPase reaction, following alkali and acid preincubation, to determine the fiber type composition of the muscles. In addition, the total volume of aneurogenic and control muscles was compared. Results demonstrate that the characteristic myosin ATPase profiles of individual aneurogenic and innervated (control) muscles were identical throughout the entire period analyzed. Therefore, we conclude that these enzymic profiles are endogenously expressed and are not under neuronal control during early embryogenesis. Furthermore, the entire sequence of events from the migration of myogenic cells to the anterior limb bud through the division of the primary muscle masses to form individual brachial muscles proceeded on schedule in the absence of nerves. Since the growth of aneurogenic muscles was impaired, we conclude that during embryogenesis peripheral motor nerves are necessary initially for the proper growth of muscles and ultimately, for their survival. They are not involved, however, with either the initial formation or initial differentiation of individual brachial muscles.
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Rushbrook JI, Yuan AI, Stracher A. Two major allelic forms of myosin light chain-1 in strains of normal and dystrophic chickens. Muscle Nerve 1982; 5:505-14. [PMID: 7144807 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is presented from electrophoresis and peptide-mapping for the existence of two major allelic forms of myosin light chain-1 in the fast white muscle fibers of domestic chickens. One form predominates in birds of White Leghorn stock, the other in birds of New Hampshire Red stock. The two light chain-1 forms were invariant during development. Variability was not detected in light chains-2 or -3. The distribution of the two forms in two strains homozygous for the am gene for muscular dystrophy--Connecticut dystrophic and line 413--and their controls, White Leghorn and line 412, respectively, while clearly unrelated to avian dystrophy, emphasizes the heterogeneity in background genes of these non-inbred lines and indicates caution in their use in studies of avian dystrophy.
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Bandman E, Strohman RC. Increased K+ inhibits spontaneous contractions reduces myosin accumulation in cultured chick myotubes. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1982; 93:698-704. [PMID: 7118998 PMCID: PMC2112166 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.93.3.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing the K+ from 5.4 mM to 12 mM in the culture medium of developing chick myotubes causes an immediate cessation of spontaneous contractions and leads to an inhibition of myosin accumulation. The synthesis of myosin continues at the same rate in 12 mM K+ as in 5.4 mM K+ as measured by [3H]leucine incorporation into myosin corrected for differences in pool specific activity. Total protein synthesis and total protein accumulation are unaffected by growth in 12 mM K+. In addition, growth in 12 mM K+ did not alter the type of myosin heavy-chain isoform expression nor did it alter the pattern of myosin light-chain synthesis. However, the rate of myosin turnover increased threefold in cultures grown in 12 mM K+ compared to cultures grown in 5.4 mM K+, while total protein turnover was only marginally increased. We conclude that suppressed electrical or contractile activity of myotubes leads to an increased rate of myofibrillar protein turnover and that spontaneous mechanical and or electrical activity is required for continued myotube maturation in culture.
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Dhoot GK, Perry SV. The effect of denervation on the distribution of the polymorphic forms of troponin components in fast and slow muscles of the adult rat. Cell Tissue Res 1982; 225:201-15. [PMID: 6214311 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a proprioceptor in the lateral hypodermal chords of Denotostoma californicum has been studied by light and electron microscopy. It is comprised of a sensory cell provided with a cilium situated in a terminal invagination. An accompanying dendrite forms a synaptic junction at the distal end of the sensory cell. This is the first fine structural description of this proprioceptor in the Enoplida.
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Gauthier GF, Hobbs AW. Effects of denervation on the distribution of myosin isozymes in skeletal muscle fibers. Exp Neurol 1982; 76:331-46. [PMID: 6212262 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(82)90213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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32
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Takagi A, Ishiura S, Nonaka I, Sugita H. Myosin light chain components in single muscle fibers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 1982; 5:399-404. [PMID: 6889680 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Single muscle fibers were prepared from biopsy specimens of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), normal, and neuromuscular disease controls. Single muscle cells were classified as type 1, type 2, or intermediate by the skinned fiber method. The intermediate fiber was most abundant in DMD, comprising 29% of fibers examined. The fiber type of single muscle fibers was contrasted to the composition of myosin light chain (MLC) components, which was analyzed by micro two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In DMD, each of the components exhibited the same electrophoretic mobility as those in the controls. Type 1 fibers of DMD were more diverse in the composition of MLC than those of controls; 55% of type 1 fibers of DMD contained distinct fast-type MLC 3. Some intermediate fibers contained all five MLC components, but in others the composition was not different from usual type 1 or type 2 fibers. The diversity of MLC composition in DMD muscle cells might reflect the abundance of young muscle fibers in the tissue due to active muscle regeneration and/or retardation of maturation.
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Jakowlew SB, Khandekar P, Datta K, Arnold HH, Narula SK, Siddiqui MA. Molecular cloning and expression of cardiac-specific myosin heavy chain gene sequences in chick embryo. J Mol Biol 1982; 156:673-82. [PMID: 7120389 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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34
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Boitani C, Cossu G, Bouche M, Molinaro M, Pacifici M. Changes in protein and glycoprotein biosynthesis during differentiation of satellite cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res 1982; 138:489-94. [PMID: 7075703 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(82)90206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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35
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Lebherz HG, Petell JK, Shackelford JE, Sardo MJ. Regulation of concentrations of glycolytic enzymes and creatine-phosphate kinase in "fast-twitch" and "slow-twitch" skeletal muscles of the chicken. Arch Biochem Biophys 1982; 214:642-56. [PMID: 7092212 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(82)90070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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36
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Gauthier GF, Lowey S, Benfield PA, Hobbs AW. Distribution and properties of myosin isozymes in developing avian and mammalian skeletal muscle fibers. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1982; 92:471-84. [PMID: 6174531 PMCID: PMC2112058 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.92.2.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Isozymes of myosin have been localized with respect to individual fibers in differentiating skeletal muscles of the rat and chicken using immunocytochemistry. The myosin light chain pattern has been analyzed in the same muscles by two-dimensional PAGE. In the muscles of both species, the response to antibodies against fast and slow adult myosin is consistent with the speed of contraction of the muscle. During early development, when speed of contraction is slow in future fast and slow muscles, all the fibers react strongly with anti-slow as well as with anti-fast myosin. As adult contractile properties are acquired, the fibers react with antibodies specific for either fast or slow myosin, but few fibers react with both antibodies. The myosin light chain pattern slow shows a change with development: the initial light chains (LC) are principally of the fast type, LC1(f), and LC2(f), independent of whether the embryonic muscle is destined to become a fast or a slow muscle in the adult. The LC3(f), light chain does not appear in significant amounts until after birth, in agreement with earlier reports. The predominance of fast light chains during early stages of development is especially evident in the rat soleus and chicken ALD, both slow muscles, in which LC1(f), is gradually replaced by the slow light chain, LC1(s), as development proceeds. Other features of the light chain pattern include an "embryonic" light chain in fetal and neonatal muscles of the rat, as originally demonstrated by R.G. Whalen, G.S. Butler- Browne, and F. Gros. (1978. J. Mol. Biol. 126:415-431.); and the presence of approximately 10 percent slow light chains in embryonic pectoralis, a fast white muscle in the adult chicken. The response of differentiating muscle fibers to anti-slow myosin antibody cannot, however, be ascribed solely to the presence of slow light chains, since antibody specific for the slow heavy chain continues to react with all the fibers. We conclude that during early development, the myosin consists of a population of molecules in which the heavy chain can be associated with a fast, slow, or embryonic light chain. Biochemical analysis has shown that this embryonic heavy chain (or chains) is distinct from adult fast or slow myosin (R.G. Whalen, K. Schwartz, P. Bouveret, S.M. Sell, and F. Gros. 1979. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76:5197-5201. J.I. Rushbrook, and A. Stracher. 1979. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76:4331-4334. P.A. Benfield, S. Lowey, and D.D. LeBlanc. 1981. Biophys. J. 33(2, Pt. 2):243a[Abstr.]). Embryonic myosin, therefore, constitutes a unique class of molecules, whose synthesis ceases before the muscle differentiates into an adult pattern of fiber types.
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37
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Dhoot GK, Perry SV. Changes in the forms of the components of the troponin complex during regeneration of injured skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 1982; 5:39-47. [PMID: 7057804 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Using the immunoperoxidase technique, antibodies to the fast components of the troponin complex stained all regenerating cells after localized alcohol injury to rat skeletal muscle. Antibodies to slow troponin components stained only some of these cells. About 6 weeks after injury with the nerve intact, the fast and slow forms of the troponin components were located in different cells. During the later stages of regeneration, staining for myosin ATPase correlated with the staining with antibodies to fast and slow troponin components. A similar staining pattern was also observed in the early stages of regeneration of muscle denervated at the time of injury. In this case, antibodies to fast skeletal muscle troponin components continued to stain all the cells 10 weeks after injury. Injured denervated muscle cells stained equally dark by myosin ATPase after preincubation at pH 9.4 over this period. None of the regenerating myotubes in denervated muscle stained for myosin ATPase after preincubation at pH 4.3.
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38
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Dalla Libera L. Myosin heavy chains in fast skeletal muscle of chick embryo. EXPERIENTIA 1981; 37:1268-70. [PMID: 7035212 DOI: 10.1007/bf01948352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The peptide map obtained by electrophoresis after digestion of purified myosin heavy chains from pectoralis muscle of embryonic chicken with the Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, produces a peptide pattern very similar but not identical to that of adult fast myosin. In fact, some components that are present in a small amount in the map of slow adult myosin are visible in the embryonic pattern.
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39
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Toyota N, Shimada Y. Differentiation of troponin in cardiac and skeletal muscles in chicken embryos as studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1981; 91:497-504. [PMID: 6171575 PMCID: PMC2111985 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.91.2.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of troponin (TN) in cardiac and skeletal muscles of chicken embryos was studied by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Serial sections of embryos were stained with antibodies specific to TN components (TN-T, -I, and -C) from adult chicken cardiac and skeletal muscles. Cardiac muscle began to be stained with antibodies raised against cardiac TN components in embryos after stage 10 (Hamburger and Hamilton numbering, 1951, J. Morphol. 88:49-92). It reacted also with antiskeletal TN-I from stage 10 to hatching. Skeletal muscle was stained with antibodies raised against skeletal TN components after stage 14. It also reacted with anticardiac TN-T and C from stage C from stage 14 to hatching. It is concluded that, during embryonic development, cardiac muscle synthesizes TN-T and C that possess cardiac-type antigenicity and TN-I that has antigenic determinants similar to those present in cardiac as well as in skeletal muscles. Embryonic skeletal muscle synthesizes TN-I that possesses antigenicity for skeletal muscle and TN-T and C which share the antigenicities for both cardiac and skeletal muscles. Thus, in the development of cardiac and skeletal muscles, a process occurs in which the fiber changes its genomic programming: it ceases synthesis of the TN components that are immunologically indistinguishable from one another and synthesizes only tissue-type specific proteins after hatching.
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40
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Thibault MC, Havaranis AS, Heywood SM. Trophic effect of a sciatic nerve extract on fast and slow myosin heavy chain synthesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1981; 241:C269-72. [PMID: 7304737 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1981.241.5.c269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Myosin heavy chain (MHC) synthesis in cultures from chick pectoralis muscle cells was determined by [35S]methionine incorporation. Two types of MHC, migrating as 200,000-dalton components on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, were distinguished with antibodies against adult fast and slow MHC. Their synthesis was revealed by autoradiography. The effect of a sciatic nerve extract on the synthesis of the two types of MHC was also determined. Control experiments show that fast MHC is primarily synthesized in 48-h cultures. At a later stage of development (5- to 7-day cultures), slow MHC is also produced. The nerve extract promotes muscle cell differentiation and stimulates the synthesis of the slow type of MHC at an earlier stage of development (i.e., at 48 h as compared with 5-7 day in controlled cultures). It is concluded therefore that presumptive fast muscle cells in culture synthesize initially fast MHC and later both types of MHC (slow and fast). These results also suggest that the sciatic nerve extract is capable either of activating the transcription of the structural gene for slow MHC or of activating the translation of preexisting messenger RNA coding for this protein.
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41
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Obinata T, Maruyama K, Sugita H, Kohama K, Ebashi S. Dynamic aspects of structural proteins in vertebrate skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 1981; 4:456-88. [PMID: 7031467 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this review, our current knowledge on the structural proteins of vertebrate skeletal muscle is briefly outlined. Structural proteins include the contractile proteins (actin and myosin), the major regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin), the minor regulatory proteins (M-protein, C-protein, F-protein, I-protein, and actinins), and the scaffold proteins (connectin, desmin, and Z-protein). In addition, the relative turnover rates of the muscle proteins (M-protein greater than or equal to troponin greater than soluble protein as a whole greater than tropomyosin not equal to alpha-actinin greater than myosin greater than 10S-actinin greater than actin) are discussed. The changes in the turnover of muscle proteins are compared in denervated and dystrophic muscles. The properties of the various proteases in muscle, including alkaline protease, calcium-activated neutral protease (CANP), and acidic protease (cathepsins), and the structural alterations of myofibrils by these proteases are also described. Finally, the role of proteases and their inhibitors in diseased muscle is summarized, with focus on CANP and its inhibitors, leupeptin and E-64.
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42
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Whalen RG, Sell SM, Butler-Browne GS, Schwartz K, Bouveret P, Pinset-Härstöm I. Three myosin heavy-chain isozymes appear sequentially in rat muscle development. Nature 1981; 292:805-9. [PMID: 7196501 DOI: 10.1038/292805a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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43
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Ishiura S, Nonaka I, Sugita H, Mikawa T. Effect of denervation of neonatal rat sciatic nerve on the differentiation of myosin in a single muscle fiber. Exp Neurol 1981; 73:487-95. [PMID: 7262250 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(81)90282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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44
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Abstract
The appearance of fast and slow fiber types in the distal hindlimb of the rat was investigated using affinity-purified antibodies specific to adult fast and slow myosins, two-dimensional electrophoresis of myosin light chains, and electron microscope examination of developing muscle cells. As others have noted, muscle histogenesis is not synchronous; rather, a series of muscle fiber generations occurs, each generation forming along the walls of the previous generation. At the onset of myotube formation on the 15th d of gestation, the antimyosin antibodies do not distinguish among fibers. All fibers react strongly with antibody to fast myosin but not with antibody to slow myosin. The initiation of fiber type differentiation can be detected in the 17-d fetus by a gradual increase in the binding of antibody to slow myosin in the primary, but not the secondary, generation myotubes. Moreover, neuromuscular contacts at this crucial time are infrequent, primitive, and restricted predominantly, but not exclusively, to the primary generation cells, the same cells which begin to bind large amounts of antislow myosin at this time. With maturation, the primary generation cells decrease their binding of antifast myosin and become type I fibers. Secondary generation cells are initially all primitive type II fibers. In future fast muscles the secondary generation cells remain type II, while in future slow muscles most of the secondary generation cells eventually change to type I over a prolonged postnatal period. We conclude that the temporal sequence of muscle development is fundamentally important in determining the genetic expression of individual muscle cells.
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45
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Jones R. The influence of electrical activity on the development of newborn innervated rat muscles. Pflugers Arch 1981; 391:68-73. [PMID: 6456446 DOI: 10.1007/bf00580697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian slow and fast muscles are incompletely differentiated at birth, and their specific characteristics emerge gradually during the early postnatal period. The pattern of activity received by young muscles may be instrumental in bringing about their differentiation. Hind limb muscles of rats were stimulated via the sciatic nerve in order to test the influence of different patterns of activity on their development. Slow frequency stimulation (10 Hz) prevented the development of fast contraction times in "fast" muscles. The slow soleus became slightly faster when stimulated a 25 Hz. Stimulation of muscles of rats between 4 and 12 days at 40 Hz apparently resulted in some denervation in both fast and slow muscles, although stimulation at this frequency in older rats resulted in shortening of slow muscle contractions.
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46
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Umeda PK, Sinha AM, Jakovcic S, Merten S, Hsu HJ, Subramanian KN, Zak R, Rabinowitz M. Molecular cloning of two fast myosin heavy chain cDNAs from chicken embryo skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:2843-7. [PMID: 6265916 PMCID: PMC319454 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.5.2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant DNA clones containing sequences for two different types of myosin heavy chain (HC) genes from chicken embryonic skeletal muscle were constructed and analyzed. Specificity of the clones for myosin HC was demonstrated by hybrid-arrested translation, by hybridization to a 7.0-kb mRNA, and by comparison of DNA sequences with known amino acid sequences of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin HC. Restriction enzyme and electron-microscopic heteroduplex analysis showed the presence of two distinct but homologous cDNA sequences. Hybrid melting curves indicated that both types of sequences represent fast myosin HC sequences.
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47
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Montarras D, Fiszman M, Gros F. Characterization of the tropomyosin present in various chick embryo muscle types and in muscle cells differentiated in vitro. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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48
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Stockdale FE, Raman N, Baden H. Myosin light chains and the developmental origin of fast muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:931-5. [PMID: 6940158 PMCID: PMC319918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.2.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological characteristics of embryonic and fetal fast muscle function are similar to those of adult slow muscles, whereas most biochemical data suggest that embryonic and fetal fast muscles contain only fast muscle myosin. In the studies reported here, myofibrillar preparations from developing avian pectoral muscle (fast muscle) were isolated and analyzed for myosin light-chain type and synthesis. These analyses show that early in development avian fast muscle synthesizes and assembles myofibrils with light chains of both slow and fast myosins. Later in development, fast muscle no longer assembles myofibrils containing slow myosin light chains due to the cessation of synthesis of slow myosin light chains in mid-development. These in vivo studies indicate that the more developmentally primitive type of skeletal muscle is one that synthesizes both slow and fast myosin light chains independent of its anatomic location, and an event(s) late in fast muscle development results in the repression of synthesis of slow myosin light chains.
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49
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Stockdale FE, Baden H, Raman N. Slow muscle myoblasts differentiating in vitro synthesize both slow and fast myosin light chains. Dev Biol 1981; 82:168-71. [PMID: 7227632 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(81)90438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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50
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Srihari T, Pette D. Myosin light chains in normal and electrostimulated cultures of embryonic chicken breast muscle. FEBS Lett 1981; 123:312-4. [PMID: 7227521 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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