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NADPH Oxidases in Pain Processing. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061162. [PMID: 35740059 PMCID: PMC9219759 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation or injury to the somatosensory nervous system may result in chronic pain conditions, which affect millions of people and often cause major health problems. Emerging lines of evidence indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide, are produced in the nociceptive system during chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain and act as specific signaling molecules in pain processing. Among potential ROS sources in the somatosensory system are NADPH oxidases, a group of electron-transporting transmembrane enzymes whose sole function seems to be the generation of ROS. Interestingly, the expression and relevant function of the Nox family members Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 in various cells of the nociceptive system have been demonstrated. Studies using knockout mice or specific knockdown of these isoforms indicate that Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 specifically contribute to distinct signaling pathways in chronic inflammatory and/or neuropathic pain states. As selective Nox inhibitors are currently being developed and investigated in various physiological and pathophysiological settings, targeting Nox1, Nox2, and/or Nox4 could be a novel strategy for the treatment of chronic pain. Here, we summarize the distinct roles of Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 in inflammatory and neuropathic processing and discuss the effectiveness of currently available Nox inhibitors in the treatment of chronic pain conditions.
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2
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Wang Y, Gao L, Chen J, Li Q, Huo L, Wang Y, Wang H, Du J. Pharmacological Modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway as a Therapeutic Target of Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:757161. [PMID: 34887759 PMCID: PMC8650509 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.757161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder featuring both motor and nonmotor symptoms associated with a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Genetic and environmental factors can produce OS, which has been implicated as a core contributor to the initiation and progression of PD through the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) orchestrates activation of multiple protective genes, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which protects cells from OS. Nrf2 has also been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects and modulate both mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Recently, a series of studies have reported that different bioactive compounds were shown to be able to activate Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) and can ameliorate PD-associated neurotoxin, both in animal models and in tissue culture. In this review, we briefly overview the sources of OS and the association between OS and the pathogenesis of PD. Then, we provided a concise overview of Nrf2/ARE pathway and delineated the role played by activation of Nrf2/HO-1 in PD. At last, we expand our discussion to the neuroprotective effects of pharmacological modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 by bioactive compounds and the potential application of Nrf2 activators for the treatment of PD. This review suggests that pharmacological modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway by bioactive compounds is a therapeutic target of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Luyan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, The Fourth Central Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Liang Huo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jichen Du
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
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3
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Taylor JP, Tse HM. The role of NADPH oxidases in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102159. [PMID: 34627721 PMCID: PMC8487856 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an electron donor. There are seven enzymes in the NOX family: NOX1-5 and dual oxidase (DUOX) 1-2. NOX enzymes in humans play important roles in diverse biological functions and vary in expression from tissue to tissue. Importantly, NOX2 is involved in regulating many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including regulation of type I interferons, the inflammasome, phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and cell signaling. DUOX1 and DUOX2 play important roles in innate immune defenses at epithelial barriers. This review discusses the role of NOX enzymes in normal physiological processes as well as in disease. NOX enzymes are important in autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes and have also been implicated in acute lung injury caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Targeting NOX enzymes directly or through scavenging free radicals may be useful therapies for autoimmunity and acute lung injury where oxidative stress contributes to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared P Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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4
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Vermot A, Petit-Härtlein I, Smith SME, Fieschi F. NADPH Oxidases (NOX): An Overview from Discovery, Molecular Mechanisms to Physiology and Pathology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:890. [PMID: 34205998 PMCID: PMC8228183 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX) was first identified in the membrane of phagocytic cells. For many years, its only known role was in immune defense, where its ROS production leads to the destruction of pathogens by the immune cells. NOX from phagocytes catalyzes, via one-electron trans-membrane transfer to molecular oxygen, the production of the superoxide anion. Over the years, six human homologs of the catalytic subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the NOX2/gp91phox component present in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase assembly itself, the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. NOX are complex multidomain proteins with varying requirements for assembly with combinations of other proteins for activity. The recent structural insights acquired on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic NOX open new perspectives for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms inherent to NOX regulation and ROS production (superoxide or hydrogen peroxide). This new structural information will certainly inform new investigations of human disease. As specialized ROS producers, NOX enzymes participate in numerous crucial physiological processes, including host defense, the post-translational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. These diversities of physiological context will be discussed in this review. We also discuss NOX misregulation, which can contribute to a wide range of severe pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, lung fibrosis, cancer, or neurodegenerative diseases, giving this family of membrane proteins a strong therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Vermot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Isabelle Petit-Härtlein
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Susan M. E. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38000 Grenoble, France; (A.V.); (I.P.-H.)
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Pidwill GR, Gibson JF, Cole J, Renshaw SA, Foster SJ. The Role of Macrophages in Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:620339. [PMID: 33542723 PMCID: PMC7850989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a member of the human commensal microflora that exists, apparently benignly, at multiple sites on the host. However, as an opportunist pathogen it can also cause a range of serious diseases. This requires an ability to circumvent the innate immune system to establish an infection. Professional phagocytes, primarily macrophages and neutrophils, are key innate immune cells which interact with S. aureus, acting as gatekeepers to contain and resolve infection. Recent studies have highlighted the important roles of macrophages during S. aureus infections, using a wide array of killing mechanisms. In defense, S. aureus has evolved multiple strategies to survive within, manipulate and escape from macrophages, allowing them to not only subvert but also exploit this key element of our immune system. Macrophage-S. aureus interactions are multifaceted and have direct roles in infection outcome. In depth understanding of these host-pathogen interactions may be useful for future therapeutic developments. This review examines macrophage interactions with S. aureus throughout all stages of infection, with special emphasis on mechanisms that determine infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace R Pidwill
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Josie F Gibson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joby Cole
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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6
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Mollin M, Beaumel S, Vigne B, Brault J, Roux-Buisson N, Rendu J, Barlogis V, Catho G, Dumeril C, Fouyssac F, Monnier D, Gandemer V, Revest M, Brion JP, Bost-Bru C, Jeziorski E, Eitenschenck L, Jarrasse C, Drillon Haus S, Houachée-Chardin M, Hancart M, Michel G, Bertrand Y, Plantaz D, Kelecic J, Traberg R, Kainulainen L, Fauré J, Fieschi F, Stasia MJ. Clinical, functional and genetic characterization of 16 patients suffering from chronic granulomatous disease variants - identification of 11 novel mutations in CYBB. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 203:247-266. [PMID: 32954498 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder in which phagocytes lack nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity. The most common form is the X-linked CGD (X91-CGD), caused by mutations in the CYBB gene. Clinical, functional and genetic characterizations of 16 CGD cases of male patients and their relatives were performed. We classified them as suffering from different variants of CGD (X910 , X91- or X91+ ), according to NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression and NADPH oxidase activity in neutrophils. Eleven mutations were novel (nine X910 -CGD and two X91- -CGD). One X910 -CGD was due to a new and extremely rare double missense mutation Thr208Arg-Thr503Ile. We investigated the pathological impact of each single mutation using stable transfection of each mutated cDNA in the NOX2 knock-out PLB-985 cell line. Both mutations leading to X91- -CGD were also novel; one deletion, c.-67delT, was localized in the promoter region of CYBB; the second c.253-1879A>G mutation activates a splicing donor site, which unveils a cryptic acceptor site leading to the inclusion of a 124-nucleotide pseudo-exon between exons 3 and 4 and responsible for the partial loss of NOX2 expression. Both X91- -CGD mutations were characterized by a low cytochrome b558 expression and a faint NADPH oxidase activity. The functional impact of new missense mutations is discussed in the context of a new three-dimensional model of the dehydrogenase domain of NOX2. Our study demonstrates that low NADPH oxidase activity found in both X91- -CGD patients correlates with mild clinical forms of CGD, whereas X910 -CGD and X91+ -CGD cases remain the most clinically severe forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mollin
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France
| | - S Beaumel
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France
| | - B Vigne
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France
| | - J Brault
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France
| | - N Roux-Buisson
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - J Rendu
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - V Barlogis
- Service de Pédiatrie et Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - G Catho
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civiles de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - C Dumeril
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Annecy Genevois, Pringy, France
| | - F Fouyssac
- Département d'Onco-hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - D Monnier
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - V Gandemer
- Service d'Onco-hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - M Revest
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - J-P Brion
- Pôle Médecine Aigue et Communautaire, Service d'Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - C Bost-Bru
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - E Jeziorski
- Département Urgences Post-urgences, CHU Montpellier, Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - L Eitenschenck
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Annecy Genevois, Pringy, France
| | - C Jarrasse
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Annecy Genevois, Pringy, France
| | - S Drillon Haus
- Service de Pédiatrie et Onco-hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Houachée-Chardin
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civiles de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - M Hancart
- Département Urgences Post-urgences, CHU Montpellier, Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - G Michel
- Service de Pédiatrie et Hématologie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Y Bertrand
- Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civiles de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - D Plantaz
- Département de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - J Kelecic
- Klinicki Bolnicki Centar Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - R Traberg
- Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kauno Klinikos, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - L Kainulainen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine Turku, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - J Fauré
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - F Fieschi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
| | - M J Stasia
- Pôle de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre (CDiReC), Grenoble, France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38044, Grenoble, France
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7
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Jacobo-Baca G, Salazar-Ybarra RA, Torres-de-la-Cruz V, Guzmán-López S, Elizondo-Omaña RE, Guzmán-López A, Vázquez-Barragán MÁ, Martínez-de-Villarreal LE. Proteomic profile of preeclampsia in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:3446-3452. [PMID: 32957816 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1820980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preeclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of pregnancy-associated maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Detection of patients at risk before the clinical onset of PE is a priority. Proteomics have become a valuable tool for the discovery of new biomarkers; however, the understanding of the underlying mechanism is necessary. The aim of the study was to determine differences between proteomic serum profiles of PE and normotensive pregnancies using quantitative and qualitative approaches. STUDY DESIGN Serum samples from pregnant women were taken at 10-12 weeks of gestation with follow-up to determine PE development. Samples were analyzed using nano 2-D liquid chromatography UPLC and qTOF-MS/MS. RESULTS A total of 136 women were recruited, of which eight (5.9%) developed PE, and eight normotensive were randomly selected as a control group for comparison. A different profile was obtained between groups. Nine proteins showed quantitative differences with fold-change over 1.5: PRRC2C (217.02), HEATR5A (179.46), ATP6 (162.38), PRRC2B (83.09), RBM25 (5.36), NUP205 (3.38), HLA-I (2.27), ZC3H13 (2.15), and SREK1 (1.66); and two under 0.66: Importin-4 (0.55) and Cytochrome b (0.26). Using bilateral Fisher's exact test for the qualitative approach, LRRK1 had statistical significance (p = .044), while PRRC2B (p = .121), PRRC2C (p = .134), and NUP205 (p = .134) showed a tendency to be present in PE. CONCLUSION The found proteins have plausibility with the early pathophysiological events that have been associated with this pathology. Further studies should be performed to confirm these findings and elucidate their specific roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Jacobo-Baca
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor Torres-de-la-Cruz
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Santos Guzmán-López
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Abel Guzmán-López
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
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8
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Abstract
Significance: The primary function of NADPH oxidases (NOX1-5 and dual oxidases DUOX1/2) is to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). If inadequately regulated, NOX-associated ROS can promote oxidative stress, aberrant signaling, and genomic instability. Correspondingly, NOX isoforms are known to be overexpressed in multiple malignancies, thus constituting potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Recent Advances: Multiple genetic studies aimed at suppressing the expression of NOX proteins in cellular and animal models of cancer have provided support for the notion that NOXs play a pro-tumorigenic role. Further, large drug screens and rational design efforts have yielded inhibitor compounds, such as the diphenylene iodonium (DPI) analog series developed by our group, with increased selectivity and potency over "first generation" NOX inhibitors such as apocynin and DPI. Critical Issues: The precise role of NOX enzymes in tumor biology remains poorly defined. The tumorigenic properties of NOXs vary with cancer type, and precise tools, such as selective inhibitors, are needed to deconvolute NOX contribution to cancer development. Most NOX inhibitors developed to date are unspecific, and/or their mechanistic and pharmacological characteristics are not well defined. A lack of high-resolution crystal structures for NOX functional domains has hindered the development of potent and selective inhibitors. Future Directions: In-depth studies of NOX interactions with the tumor microenvironment (e.g., cytokines, cell-surface antigens) will help identify new approaches for NOX inhibition in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M Konaté
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Smitha Antony
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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9
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Simpson DSA, Oliver PL. ROS Generation in Microglia: Understanding Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E743. [PMID: 32823544 PMCID: PMC7463655 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, are a global public health burden with poorly understood aetiology. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress (OS) are undoubtedly hallmarks of neurodegeneration, contributing to disease progression. Protein aggregation and neuronal damage result in the activation of disease-associated microglia (DAM) via damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAM facilitate persistent inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, the molecular mechanisms linking DAM activation and OS have not been well-defined; thus targeting these cells for clinical benefit has not been possible. In microglia, ROS are generated primarily by NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and activation of NOX2 in DAM is associated with DAMP signalling, inflammation and amyloid plaque deposition, especially in the cerebrovasculature. Additionally, ROS originating from both NOX and the mitochondria may act as second messengers to propagate immune activation; thus intracellular ROS signalling may underlie excessive inflammation and OS. Targeting key kinases in the inflammatory response could cease inflammation and promote tissue repair. Expression of antioxidant proteins in microglia, such as NADPH dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), is promoted by transcription factor Nrf2, which functions to control inflammation and limit OS. Lipid droplet accumulating microglia (LDAM) may also represent a double-edged sword in neurodegenerative disease by sequestering peroxidised lipids in non-pathological ageing but becoming dysregulated and pro-inflammatory in disease. We suggest that future studies should focus on targeted manipulation of NOX in the microglia to understand the molecular mechanisms driving inflammatory-related NOX activation. Finally, we discuss recent evidence that therapeutic target identification should be unbiased and founded on relevant pathophysiological assays to facilitate the discovery of translatable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic S. A. Simpson
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK;
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Peter L. Oliver
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK;
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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10
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Abstract
Significance: The oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance in the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is known to be involved in the development and progression of several pathologies. The excess of ROS production is often due to an overactivation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) and for this reason these enzymes became promising therapeutic targets. However, even if NOX are now well characterized, the development of new therapies is limited by the lack of highly isoform-specific inhibitors. Recent Advances: In the past decade, several groups and laboratories have screened thousands of molecules to identify new specific inhibitors with low off-target effects. These works have led to the characterization of several new potent NOX inhibitors; however, their specificity varies a lot depending on the molecules. Critical Issues: Here, we are reviewing more than 25 known NOX inhibitors, focusing mainly on the newly identified ones such as APX-115, NOS31, Phox-I1 and 2, GLX7013114, and GSK2795039. To have a better overall view of these molecules, the inhibitors were classified according to their specificity, from pan-NOX inhibitors to highly isoform-specific ones. We are also presenting the use of these compounds both in vitro and in vivo. Future Directions: Several of these new molecules are potent and very specific inhibitors that could be good candidates for the development of new drugs. Even if the results are very promising, most of these compounds were only validated in vitro or in mice models and further investigations will be required before using them as potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Chocry
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Ludovic Leloup
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS, Marseille, France
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11
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Henríquez-Olguín C, Boronat S, Cabello-Verrugio C, Jaimovich E, Hidalgo E, Jensen TE. The Emerging Roles of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 2 in Skeletal Muscle Redox Signaling and Metabolism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1371-1410. [PMID: 31588777 PMCID: PMC6859696 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Skeletal muscle is a crucial tissue to whole-body locomotion and metabolic health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as intracellular messengers participating in both physiological and pathological adaptations in skeletal muscle. A complex interplay between ROS-producing enzymes and antioxidant networks exists in different subcellular compartments of mature skeletal muscle. Recent evidence suggests that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are a major source of contraction- and insulin-stimulated oxidants production, but they may paradoxically also contribute to muscle insulin resistance and atrophy. Recent Advances: Pharmacological and molecular biological tools, including redox-sensitive probes and transgenic mouse models, have generated novel insights into compartmentalized redox signaling and suggested that NOX2 contributes to redox control of skeletal muscle metabolism. Critical Issues: Major outstanding questions in skeletal muscle include where NOX2 activation occurs under different conditions in health and disease, how NOX2 activation is regulated, how superoxide/hydrogen peroxide generated by NOX2 reaches the cytosol, what the signaling mediators are downstream of NOX2, and the role of NOX2 for different physiological and pathophysiological processes. Future Directions: Future research should utilize and expand the current redox-signaling toolbox to clarify the NOX2-dependent mechanisms in skeletal muscle and determine whether the proposed functions of NOX2 in cells and animal models are conserved into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henríquez-Olguín
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Meitzler JL, Konaté MM, Doroshow JH. Hydrogen peroxide-producing NADPH oxidases and the promotion of migratory phenotypes in cancer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 675:108076. [PMID: 31415727 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cellular microenvironment plays a critical role in cancer initiation and progression. Exposure to oxidative stress, specifically hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), has been linked to aberrant cellular signaling through which the development of cancer may be promoted. Three members of the NADPH oxidase family (NOX4, DUOX1 and DUOX2) explicitly generate this non-radical oxidant in a wide range of tissues, often in support of the inflammatory response. This review summarizes the contributions of each H2O2-producing NOX to the invasive behaviors of tumors and/or the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer that plays an essential role in metastasis. Tissue localization in tumorigenesis is also highlighted, with patient-derived TCGA microarray data profiled across 31 cancer cohorts to provide a comprehensive guide to the relevance of NOX4/DUOX1/DUOX2 in cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Meitzler
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Mariam M Konaté
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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13
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Liang D. A Salutary Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Intercellular Tunnel-Mediated Communication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29503816 PMCID: PMC5821100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species, generally labeled toxic due to high reactivity without target specificity, are gradually uncovered as signaling molecules involved in a myriad of biological processes. But one important feature of ROS roles in macromolecule movement has not caught attention until recent studies with technique advance and design elegance have shed lights on ROS signaling for intercellular and interorganelle communication. This review begins with the discussions of genetic and chemical studies on the regulation of symplastic dye movement through intercellular tunnels in plants (plasmodesmata), and focuses on the ROS regulatory mechanisms concerning macromolecule movement including small RNA-mediated gene silencing movement and protein shuttling between cells. Given the premise that intercellular tunnels (bridges) in mammalian cells are the key physical structures to sustain intercellular communication, movement of macromolecules and signals is efficiently facilitated by ROS-induced membrane protrusions formation, which is analogously applied to the interorganelle communication in plant cells. Although ROS regulatory differences between plant and mammalian cells exist, the basis for ROS-triggered conduit formation underlies a unifying conservative theme in multicellular organisms. These mechanisms may represent the evolutionary advances that have enabled multicellularity to gain the ability to generate and utilize ROS to govern material exchanges between individual cells in oxygenated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Liang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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14
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Gazendam RP, van de Geer A, Roos D, van den Berg TK, Kuijpers TW. How neutrophils kill fungi. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:299-311. [PMID: 27558342 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a critical role in the prevention of invasive fungal infections. Whereas mouse studies have demonstrated the role of various neutrophil pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), signal transduction pathways, and cytotoxicity in the murine antifungal immune response, much less is known about the killing of fungi by human neutrophils. Recently, novel primary immunodeficiencies have been identified in patients with a susceptibility to fungal infections. These human 'knock-out' neutrophils expand our knowledge to understand the role of PRRs and signaling in human fungal killing. From the studies with these patients it is becoming clear that neutrophils employ fundamentally distinct mechanisms to kill Candida albicans or Aspergillus fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel P Gazendam
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie van de Geer
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Roos
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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The NADPH Oxidase and Microbial Killing by Neutrophils, With a Particular Emphasis on the Proposed Antimicrobial Role of Myeloperoxidase within the Phagocytic Vacuole. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27726789 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0018-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to a consideration of the way in which the NADPH oxidase of neutrophils, NOX2, functions to enable the efficient killing of bacteria and fungi. It includes a critical examination of the current dogma that its primary purpose is the generation of hydrogen peroxide as substrate for myeloperoxidase-catalyzed generation of hypochlorite. Instead, it is demonstrated that NADPH oxidase functions to optimize the ionic and pH conditions within the vacuole for the solubilization and optimal activity of the proteins released into this compartment from the cytoplasmic granules, which kill and digest the microbes. The general role of other NOX systems as electrochemical generators to alter the pH and ionic composition in compartments on either side of a membrane in plants and animals will also be examined.
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16
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Thomas DC, Clare S, Sowerby JM, Pardo M, Juss JK, Goulding DA, van der Weyden L, Storisteanu D, Prakash A, Espéli M, Flint S, Lee JC, Hoenderdos K, Kane L, Harcourt K, Mukhopadhyay S, Umrania Y, Antrobus R, Nathan JA, Adams DJ, Bateman A, Choudhary JS, Lyons PA, Condliffe AM, Chilvers ER, Dougan G, Smith KG. Eros is a novel transmembrane protein that controls the phagocyte respiratory burst and is essential for innate immunity. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1111-1128. [PMID: 28351984 PMCID: PMC5379978 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte respiratory burst is crucial for innate immunity. The transfer of electrons to oxygen is mediated by a membrane-bound heterodimer, comprising gp91phox and p22phox subunits. Deficiency of either subunit leads to severe immunodeficiency. We describe Eros (essential for reactive oxygen species), a protein encoded by the previously undefined mouse gene bc017643, and show that it is essential for host defense via the phagocyte NAPDH oxidase. Eros is required for expression of the NADPH oxidase components, gp91phox and p22phox Consequently, Eros-deficient mice quickly succumb to infection. Eros also contributes to the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS) and impacts on the immune response to melanoma metastases. Eros is an ortholog of the plant protein Ycf4, which is necessary for expression of proteins of the photosynthetic photosystem 1 complex, itself also an NADPH oxio-reductase. We thus describe the key role of the previously uncharacterized protein Eros in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - John M. Sowerby
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Jatinder K. Juss
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - David A. Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Daniel Storisteanu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Ananth Prakash
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England, UK
| | - Marion Espéli
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Shaun Flint
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - James C. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Kim Hoenderdos
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Yagnesh Umrania
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - James A. Nathan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England, UK
| | - Jyoti S. Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Paul A. Lyons
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Alison M. Condliffe
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Edwin R. Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Kenneth G.C. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
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17
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Broadgate S, Yu J, Downes SM, Halford S. Unravelling the genetics of inherited retinal dystrophies: Past, present and future. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 59:53-96. [PMID: 28363849 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the genes underlying monogenic diseases has been of interest to clinicians and scientists for many years. Using inherited retinal dystrophies as an example of monogenic disease we describe the history of molecular genetic techniques that have been pivotal in the discovery of disease causing genes. The methods that were developed in the 1970's and 80's are still in use today but have been refined and improved. These techniques enabled the concept of the Human Genome Project to be envisaged and ultimately realised. When the successful conclusion of the project was announced in 2003 many new tools and, as importantly, many collaborations had been developed that facilitated a rapid identification of disease genes. In the post-human genome project era advances in computing power and the clever use of the properties of DNA replication has allowed the development of next-generation sequencing technologies. These methods have revolutionised the identification of disease genes because for the first time there is no need to define the position of the gene in the genome. The use of next generation sequencing in a diagnostic setting has allowed many more patients with an inherited retinal dystrophy to obtain a molecular diagnosis for their disease. The identification of novel genes that have a role in the development or maintenance of retinal function is opening up avenues of research which will lead to the development of new pharmacological and gene therapy approaches. Neither of which can be used unless the defective gene and protein is known. The continued development of sequencing technologies also holds great promise for the advent of truly personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Broadgate
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Levels 5 and 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jing Yu
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Levels 5 and 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Susan M Downes
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Stephanie Halford
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Levels 5 and 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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18
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Jha JC, Banal C, Chow BSM, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm K. Diabetes and Kidney Disease: Role of Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:657-684. [PMID: 26906673 PMCID: PMC5069735 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intrarenal oxidative stress plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Enhanced oxidative stress results from overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the context of concomitant, insufficient antioxidant pathways. Renal ROS production in diabetes is predominantly mediated by various NADPH oxidases (NOXs), but a defective antioxidant system as well as mitochondrial dysfunction may also contribute. Recent Advances: Effective agents targeting the source of ROS generation hold the promise to rescue the kidney from oxidative damage and prevent subsequent progression of DKD. Critical Issues and Future Directions: In the present review, we summarize and critically analyze molecular and cellular mechanisms that have been demonstrated to be involved in NOX-induced renal injury in diabetes, with particular focus on the role of increased glomerular injury, the development of albuminuria, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, novel agents targeting NOX isoforms are discussed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 657-684.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Jha
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claudine Banal
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryna S M Chow
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark E Cooper
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Department of Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karin Jandeleit-Dahm
- 1 Diabetic Complications Division, JDRF Danielle Alberti Memorial Centre for Diabetic Complications, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Department of Medicine, Monash University , Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Yokota H, Tsuzuki A, Shimada Y, Imai A, Utsumi D, Tsukahara T, Matsumoto M, Amagase K, Iwata K, Nakamura A, Yabe-Nishimura C, Kato S. NOX1/NADPH Oxidase Expressed in Colonic Macrophages Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Colonic Inflammation in Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid–Induced Murine Colitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:192-200. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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20
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Kigawa Y, Miyazaki T, Lei XF, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Miyazaki A. Functional Heterogeneity of Nadph Oxidases in Atherosclerotic and Aneurysmal Diseases. J Atheroscler Thromb 2016; 24:1-13. [PMID: 27476665 PMCID: PMC5225127 DOI: 10.5551/jat.33431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Four species of NOX catalytic homologs (NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, and NOX5) are reportedly expressed in vascular tissues. The pro-atherogenic roles of NOX1, NOX2, and their organizer protein p47phox were manifested, and it was noted that the hydrogen peroxide-generating enzyme NOX4 possesses atheroprotective effects. Loss of NOX1 or p47phox appears to ameliorate murine aortic dissection and subsequent aneurysmal diseases; in contrast, the ablation of NOX2 exacerbates the aneurysmal diseases. It is possible that the loss of NOX2 activates inflammatory cascades in macrophages in the lesions. Roles of NOX5 in vascular functions are currently undetermined, owing to the absence of this enzyme in rodents and the limitation of the experimental procedure. Thus, it is possible that the NOX family of enzymes exhibits heterogeneity in the atherosclerotic diseases. In this aspect, subtype-selective NOX inhibitor may be promising when NOX systems serve as a molecular target for atherosclerotic and aneurysmal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Kigawa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital
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21
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CYBA encoding p22(phox), the cytochrome b558 alpha polypeptide: gene structure, expression, role and physiopathology. Gene 2016; 586:27-35. [PMID: 27048830 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
P22(phox) is a ubiquitous protein encoded by the CYBA gene located on the long arm of chromosome 16 at position 24, containing six exons and spanning 8.5 kb. P22(phox) is a critical component of the superoxide-generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs). It is associated with NOX2 to form cytochrome b558 expressed mainly in phagocytes and responsible for the killing of microorganisms when bacterial and fungal infections occur. CYBA mutations lead to one of the autosomal recessive forms of chronic granulomatous disease (AR22(0)CGD) clinically characterized by recurrent and severe infections in early childhood. However, p22(phox) is also the partner of NOX1, NOX3 and NOX4, but not NOX5, which are analogs of NOX2, the first identified member of the NOX family. P22(phox)-NOX complexes have emerged as one of the most relevant sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissues and cells, and are associated with several diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The p22(phox)-deficient mouse strain nmf333 has made it possible to highlight the role of p22(phox) in the control of inner ear balance in association with NOX3. However, the relevance of p22(phox) for NOX3 function remains uncertain because AR22(0)CGD patients do not suffer from vestibular dysfunction. Finally, a large number of genetic variations of CYBA have been reported, among them the C242T polymorphism, which has been extensively studied in association with coronary artery and heart diseases, but conflicting results continue to be reported.
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22
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Diebold BA, Smith SM, Li Y, Lambeth JD. NOX2 As a Target for Drug Development: Indications, Possible Complications, and Progress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:375-405. [PMID: 24512192 PMCID: PMC4545678 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE NOX2 is important for host defense, and yet is implicated in a large number of diseases in which inflammation plays a role in pathogenesis. These include acute and chronic lung inflammatory diseases, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Recent drug development programs have targeted several NOX isoforms that are implicated in a variety of diseases. The focus has been primarily on NOX4 and NOX1 rather than on NOX2, due, in part, to concerns about possible immunosuppressive side effects. Nevertheless, NOX2 clearly contributes to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, and its inhibition is predicted to provide a novel therapeutic approach. CRITICAL ISSUES Possible side effects that might arise from targeting NOX2 are discussed, including the possibility that such inhibition will contribute to increased infections and/or autoimmune disorders. The state of the field with regard to existing NOX2 inhibitors and targeted development of novel inhibitors is also summarized. FUTURE DIRECTIONS NOX2 inhibitors show particular promise for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, both acute and chronic. Theoretical side effects include pro-inflammatory and autoimmune complications and should be considered in any therapeutic program, but in our opinion, available data do not indicate that they are sufficiently likely to eliminate NOX2 as a drug target, particularly when weighed against the seriousness of many NOX2-related indications. Model studies demonstrating efficacy with minimal side effects are needed to encourage future development of NOX2 inhibitors as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky A. Diebold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan M.E. Smith
- Department of Biology and Physics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J. David Lambeth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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23
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NADPH oxidases: an overview from structure to innate immunity-associated pathologies. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:5-23. [PMID: 25263488 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen-derived free radicals, collectively termed reactive oxygen species (ROS), play important roles in immunity, cell growth, and cell signaling. In excess, however, ROS are lethal to cells, and the overproduction of these molecules leads to a myriad of devastating diseases. The key producers of ROS in many cells are the NOX family of NADPH oxidases, of which there are seven members, with various tissue distributions and activation mechanisms. NADPH oxidase is a multisubunit enzyme comprising membrane and cytosolic components, which actively communicate during the host responses to a wide variety of stimuli, including viral and bacterial infections. This enzymatic complex has been implicated in many functions ranging from host defense to cellular signaling and the regulation of gene expression. NOX deficiency might lead to immunosuppression, while the intracellular accumulation of ROS results in the inhibition of viral propagation and apoptosis. However, excess ROS production causes cellular stress, leading to various lethal diseases, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. During the later stages of injury, NOX promotes tissue repair through the induction of angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Therefore, a complete understanding of the function of NOX is important to direct the role of this enzyme towards host defense and tissue repair or increase resistance to stress in a timely and disease-specific manner.
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24
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Kigawa Y, Miyazaki T, Lei XF, Nakamachi T, Oguchi T, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Taniyama M, Tsunawaki S, Shioda S, Miyazaki A. NADPH oxidase deficiency exacerbates angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2413-20. [PMID: 25189573 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) is reportedly essential for phagocyte host defenses, it has been found to aggravate atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (Apoe)-null mice through excess production of superoxide. We therefore assessed the role of NOX2 in an experimental model of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and assessed the mechanism of NOX2 action in AAA. APPROACH AND RESULTS AAA was induced in low-density lipoprotein receptor-null (Ldlr(-/-)) mice by infusing angiotensin II. Nox2 expression was elevated in the abdominal aortae of these mice during infusion of angiotensin II, with enhanced Nox2 expression mainly because of the recruitment of NOX2-enriched macrophages into AAA lesions. Unexpectedly, systemic Nox2 deficiency promoted AAA development but reduced the level of reactive oxygen species in AAA lesions. Nox2 deficiency stimulated macrophage conversion toward the M1 subset, enhancing expression of interleukin (IL)-1β and matrix metalloproteinase-9/12 mRNA. Administration of neutralizing antibody against IL-1β abolished AAA development in Nox2-deficient mice. Bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that AAA aggravation by Nox2 deficiency is because of bone marrow-derived cells. Isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages from Nox2-null mice could not generate reactive oxygen species. In contrast, IL-1β expression in peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages, but not in peritoneal neutrophils, was substantially enhanced by Nox2 deficiency. Pharmacological inhibition of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling inhibited excess IL-1β expression in Nox2-deficient macrophages, whereas matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion was constitutively stimulated via nuclear factor-κB signals. CONCLUSIONS Nox2 deficiency enhances macrophage secretion of IL-1β and matrix metalloproteinase-9, disrupting tissue-remodeling functions in AAA lesions. These actions are unfavorable if NOX2 is to serve as a molecular target for AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Kigawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.K., T.M., X.-F.L., T.O., J.-r.K.-K., S.T., A.M.) and Department of Anatomy (T.N., S.S.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.K., M.T.); and Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.N.)
| | - Takuro Miyazaki
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.K., T.M., X.-F.L., T.O., J.-r.K.-K., S.T., A.M.) and Department of Anatomy (T.N., S.S.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.K., M.T.); and Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.N.).
| | - Xiao-Feng Lei
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.K., T.M., X.-F.L., T.O., J.-r.K.-K., S.T., A.M.) and Department of Anatomy (T.N., S.S.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.K., M.T.); and Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.N.)
| | - Tomoya Nakamachi
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.K., T.M., X.-F.L., T.O., J.-r.K.-K., S.T., A.M.) and Department of Anatomy (T.N., S.S.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.K., M.T.); and Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.N.)
| | - Tatsunori Oguchi
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.K., T.M., X.-F.L., T.O., J.-r.K.-K., S.T., A.M.) and Department of Anatomy (T.N., S.S.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.K., M.T.); and Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.N.)
| | - Joo-ri Kim-Kaneyama
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.K., T.M., X.-F.L., T.O., J.-r.K.-K., S.T., A.M.) and Department of Anatomy (T.N., S.S.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.K., M.T.); and Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.N.)
| | - Matsuo Taniyama
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.K., T.M., X.-F.L., T.O., J.-r.K.-K., S.T., A.M.) and Department of Anatomy (T.N., S.S.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.K., M.T.); and Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.N.)
| | - Shohko Tsunawaki
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.K., T.M., X.-F.L., T.O., J.-r.K.-K., S.T., A.M.) and Department of Anatomy (T.N., S.S.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.K., M.T.); and Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.N.)
| | - Seiji Shioda
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.K., T.M., X.-F.L., T.O., J.-r.K.-K., S.T., A.M.) and Department of Anatomy (T.N., S.S.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.K., M.T.); and Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.N.)
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.K., T.M., X.-F.L., T.O., J.-r.K.-K., S.T., A.M.) and Department of Anatomy (T.N., S.S.), Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan (T.N.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.K., M.T.); and Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.N.)
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25
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Costford SR, Castro-Alves J, Chan KL, Bailey LJ, Woo M, Belsham DD, Brumell JH, Klip A. Mice lacking NOX2 are hyperphagic and store fat preferentially in the liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1341-53. [PMID: 24760992 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00089.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation is an important contributor to the development of insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Obesity and high-fat feeding lead to infiltration of immune cells into metabolic tissues, promoting inflammation and insulin resistance. We hypothesized that macrophages from mice lacking NOX2 (Cybb), an essential component of the NADPH oxidase complex highly expressed in immune cells and associated with their inflammatory response, would be less inflammatory and that these mice would be protected from the development of high-fat-induced insulin resistance. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from NOX2 knockout (NOX2-KO) mice expressed lower levels of inflammatory markers (Nos2, Il6); however, NOX2-KO mice were hyperphagic and gained more weight than wild-type (WT) mice when fed either a chow or a high-fat (HF) diet. Surprisingly, NOX2-KO mice stored less lipid in epididymal white adipose tissue but more lipid in liver and had higher indexes of liver inflammation and macrophage infiltration than WT mice. Contrary to our hypothesis, HF-fed NOX2-KO mice were hyperinsulinemic and more insulin resistant than HF-fed WT mice, likely as a result of their higher hepatic steatosis and inflammation. In summary, NOX2 depletion promoted hyperphagia, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation with either normal or high-fat feeding, exacerbating insulin resistance. We propose that NOX2 participates in food intake control and lipid distribution in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, White/immunology
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Animals
- Appetite Regulation
- Appetitive Behavior
- Behavior, Animal
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Fatty Liver/complications
- Fatty Liver/etiology
- Hyperphagia/immunology
- Hyperphagia/metabolism
- Hyperphagia/pathology
- Hyperphagia/physiopathology
- Insulin Resistance
- Lipid Metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NADPH Oxidase 2
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/etiology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Castro-Alves
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenny L Chan
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liane J Bailey
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John H Brumell
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Tan C, Day R, Bao S, Turk J, Zhao QD. Group VIA phospholipase A2 mediates enhanced macrophage migration in diabetes mellitus by increasing expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:768-78. [PMID: 24482376 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (Nox4) mediates increased monocyte priming and chemotaxis under conditions of diabetic metabolic stress, and emerging data indicate that group VIA phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) also participates in regulating monocyte chemotaxis. Here, we examined relationships between iPLA2β expression and Nox4 action in mouse peritoneal macrophages subjected to diabetic metabolic stress. APPROACH AND RESULTS Increased iPLA2β expression and activity were observed in macrophages from low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice that were fed a high-fat diet, and this was associated with time-dependent increases in atherosclerotic lesion size and macrophage content. Incubating macrophages with 30 mmol/L D-glucose, 100 μg/mL low-density lipoprotein, or both (D-glucose+low-density lipoprotein) induced a robust increase in iPLA2β expression and activity and in cell migration in response to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The increases in iPLA2β activity and cell migration were prevented by a bromoenol lactone iPLA2β suicide inhibitor or an iPLA2β antisense oligonucleotide. Incubating macrophages under conditions that mimic diabetic metabolic stress ex vivo resulted in increased Nox4 expression and activity and hydrogen peroxide generation compared with controls. Bromoenol lactone prevented those effects without affecting Nox2 expression. Nox4 inhibition eliminated diabetic metabolic stress-induced acceleration of macrophage migration. Lysophosphatidic acid restored Nox4 expression, hydrogen peroxide generation, and migration to bromoenol lactone-treated cells, and a lysophosphatidic acid receptor antagonist abrogated iPLA2β-mediated increases in Nox4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these observations identify iPLA2β and lysophosphatidic acid derived from its action as critical in regulating macrophage Nox4 activity and migration in the diabetic state in vivo and under similar conditions ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Tan
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (C.T., R.D., Q.D.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (S.B., J.T.)
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27
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Lee CF, Ullevig S, Kim HS, Asmis R. Regulation of Monocyte Adhesion and Migration by Nox4. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66964. [PMID: 23825596 PMCID: PMC3688996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We showed that metabolic disorders promote thiol oxidative stress in monocytes, priming monocytes for accelerated chemokine-induced recruitment, and accumulation at sites of vascular injury and the progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to identify both the source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for thiol oxidation in primed and dysfunctional monocytes and the molecular mechanisms through which ROS accelerate the migration and recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages. We found that Nox4, a recently identified NADPH oxidase in monocytes and macrophages, localized to focal adhesions and the actin cytoskeleton, and associated with phospho-FAK, paxillin, and actin, implicating Nox4 in the regulation of monocyte adhesion and migration. We also identified Nox4 as a new, metabolic stress-inducible source of ROS that controls actin S-glutathionylation and turnover in monocytes and macrophages, providing a novel mechanistic link between Nox4-derived H2O2 and monocyte adhesion and migration. Actin associated with Nox4 was S-glutathionylated, and Nox4 association with actin was enhanced in metabolically-stressed monocytes. Metabolic stress induced Nox4 and accelerated monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis in a Nox4-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, our data suggest that monocytic Nox4 is a central regulator of actin dynamics, and induction of Nox4 is the rate-limiting step in metabolic stress-induced monocyte priming and dysfunction associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and the progression of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Fung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah Ullevig
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Reto Asmis
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Kallenborn-Gerhardt W, Schröder K, Geisslinger G, Schmidtko A. NOXious signaling in pain processing. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:309-17. [PMID: 23146925 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain affects millions of people and often causes major health problems. Accumulating evidence indicates that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide, is increased in the nociceptive system during chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and that ROS can act as specific signaling molecules in pain processing. Reduction of ROS levels by administration of scavengers or antioxidant compounds attenuated the nociceptive behavior in various animal models of chronic pain. However, the sources of increased ROS production during chronic pain and the role of ROS in pain processing are poorly understood. Current work revealed pain-relevant functions of the Nox family of NADPH oxidases, a group of electron-transporting transmembrane enzymes whose sole function seems to be the generation of ROS. In particular, significant expression of the Nox family members Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 in various cells of the nociceptive system has been discovered. Studies using knockout mice suggest that these Nox enzymes specifically contribute to distinct signaling pathways in chronic inflammatory and/or neuropathic pain states. Accordingly, targeting Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 could be a novel strategy for the treatment of chronic pain. Currently selective inhibitors of Nox enzymes are being developed. Here, we introduce the distinct roles of Nox enzymes in pain processing, we summarize recent findings in the understanding of ROS-dependent signaling pathways in the nociceptive system, and we discuss potential analgesic properties of currently available Nox inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Kallenborn-Gerhardt
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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29
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Bustamante J, Picard C, Boisson-Dupuis S, Abel L, Casanova JL. Genetic lessons learned from X-linked Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1246:92-101. [PMID: 22236433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is a rare syndrome conferring predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccines and nontuberculous, environmental mycobacteria (EM). Since 1996, MSMD-causing mutations have been found in six autosomal genes involved in IL-12/23-dependent, IFN-γ-mediated immunity. The aim of this review is to provide the description of the two described forms of X-linked recessive (XR) MSMD. Germline mutations in two genes, NEMO and CYBB, have long been known to cause other human diseases-incontinentia pigmenti (IP) and anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID) (NEMO/IKKG), and X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) (CYBB)-but specific mutations in either of these two genes have recently been shown to cause XR-MSMD. NEMO is an essential component of several NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways. The MSMD-causing mutations in NEMO selectively affect the CD40-dependent induction of IL-12 in mononuclear cells. CYBB encodes gp91(phox) , which is an essential component of the NADPH oxidase in phagocytes. The MSMD-causing mutation in CYBB selectively affects the respiratory burst in macrophages. Mutations in NEMO and CYBB may therefore cause MSMD by selectively exerting their deleterious impact on a single signaling pathway (CD40-IL-12, NEMO) or a single cell type (macrophages, CYBB). These experiments of Nature illustrate how specific germline mutations in pleiotropic genes can dissociate signaling pathways or cell lineages, thereby resulting in surprisingly narrow clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.
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30
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Abstract
Neutrophils are constitutively produced throughout adult life and are essential for host responses to many types of pathogen. Neutropenia has long been associated with poor prognosis in the clinic, yet we have an incomplete understanding of their life cycle, not only during homeostasis but also during infection and chronic inflammation. Here, we review recent advances that provide insight into the genetic and biochemical regulators of neutrophil production, function, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Croker
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia
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31
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Ghouleh IA, Khoo NK, Knaus UG, Griendling KK, Touyz RM, Thannickal VJ, Barchowsky A, Nauseef WM, Kelley EE, Bauer PM, Darley-Usmar V, Shiva S, Cifuentes-Pagano E, Freeman BA, Gladwin MT, Pagano PJ. Oxidases and peroxidases in cardiovascular and lung disease: new concepts in reactive oxygen species signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1271-88. [PMID: 21722728 PMCID: PMC3205968 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. Increasing evidence implicates ROS as signaling molecules involved in the propagation of cellular pathways. The NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of enzymes is a major source of ROS in the cell and has been related to the progression of many diseases and even environmental toxicity. The complexity of this family's effects on cellular processes stems from the fact that there are seven members, each with unique tissue distribution, cellular localization, and expression. Nox proteins also differ in activation mechanisms and the major ROS detected as their product. To add to this complexity, mounting evidence suggests that other cellular oxidases or their products may be involved in Nox regulation. The overall redox and metabolic status of the cell, specifically the mitochondria, also has implications on ROS signaling. Signaling of such molecules as electrophilic fatty acids has an impact on many redox-sensitive pathologies and thus, as anti-inflammatory molecules, contributes to the complexity of ROS regulation. This review is based on the proceedings of a recent international Oxidase Signaling Symposium at the University of Pittsburgh's Vascular Medicine Institute and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and encompasses further interaction and discussion among the presenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Al Ghouleh
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nicholas K.H. Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ulla G. Knaus
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathy K. Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - William M. Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
- Department of Microbiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
| | - Eric E. Kelley
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Phillip M. Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eugenia Cifuentes-Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mark T. Gladwin
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patrick J. Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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32
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Kim JA, Neupane GP, Lee ES, Jeong BS, Park BC, Thapa P. NADPH oxidase inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1147-58. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.584870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Kikuchi H, Kuribayashi F, Kiwaki N, Takami Y, Nakayama T. GCN5 regulates the superoxide-generating system in leukocytes via controlling gp91-phox gene expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3015-22. [PMID: 21278346 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The superoxide anion (O(2)(-))-generating system is an important mechanism of innate immune response against microbial infection in phagocytes and is involved in signal transduction mediated by various physiological and pathological signals in phagocytes and other cells, including B lymphocytes. The O(2)(-)-generating system is composed of five specific proteins: p22-phox, gp91-phox, p40-phox, p47-phox, p67-phox, and a small G protein, Rac. Little is known regarding epigenetic regulation of the genes constituting the O(2)(-)-generating system. In this study, by analyzing the GCN5 (one of most important histone acetyltransferases)-deficient DT40 cell line, we show that GCN5 deficiency causes loss of the O(2)(-)-generating activity. Interestingly, transcription of the gp91-phox gene was drastically downregulated (to ∼4%) in GCN5-deficient cells. To further study the involvement of GCN5 in transcriptional regulation of gp91-phox, we used in vitro differentiation system of U937 cells. When human monoblastic U937 cells were cultured in the presence of IFN-γ, transcription of gp91-phox was remarkably upregulated, and the cells were differentiated to macrophage-like cells that can produce O(2)(-). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay using the U937 cells during cultivation with IFN-γ revealed not only that association of GCN5 with the gp91-phox gene promoter was significantly accelerated, but also that GCN5 preferentially elevated acetylation levels of H2BK16 and H3K9 surrounding the promoter. These results suggested that GCN5 regulates the O(2)(-)-generating system in leukocytes via controlling the gp91-phox gene expression as a supervisor. Our findings obtained in this study should be useful in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in epigenetic regulation of the O(2)(-)-generating system in leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Kikuchi
- Department of Life Science, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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34
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Ock CY, Hong KS, Choi KS, Chung MH, Kim YS, Kim JH, Hahm KB. A novel approach for stress-induced gastritis based on paradoxical anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory action of exogenous 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:111-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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The X chromosome in immune functions: when a chromosome makes the difference. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:594-604. [DOI: 10.1038/nri2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lee CF, Qiao M, Schröder K, Zhao Q, Asmis R. Nox4 is a novel inducible source of reactive oxygen species in monocytes and macrophages and mediates oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced macrophage death. Circ Res 2010; 106:1489-97. [PMID: 20360249 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.215392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The enhanced formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) promotes macrophage death, a process likely to contribute to the formation of necrotic cores and the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Yet macrophage deficiency of phagocytic NADPH oxidase (Nox2), the primary source of ROS in macrophages, does not reduce atherosclerotic lesion development in mice. This suggests an as yet unidentified NADPH oxidase may be present in macrophages and responsible for the intracellular ROS formation induced by OxLDL. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the source of intracellular ROS involved in macrophage death. METHODS AND RESULTS Nox4 was expressed in human monocytes and mature macrophages, and was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and to defined foci within the nucleus. Nox4 colocalized with p22(phox), and both proteins were upregulated in response to OxLDL stimulation, whereas Nox2/gp91(phox) levels remained unchanged. Induction of Nox4 expression, intracellular ROS formation and macrophage cytotoxicity induced by OxLDL were blocked by MEK1/2 inhibition, but not by inhibitors of p38-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), JNK (Jun N-terminal kinase), or JAK2 (Janus kinase 2). Small interfering RNA knockdown of Nox4 inhibited both intracellular ROS production and macrophage cytotoxicity induced by OxLDL, whereas Nox4 overexpression enhanced both OxLDL-stimulated ROS formation and macrophage death. CONCLUSIONS Nox4 is a novel source of intracellular ROS in human monocytes and macrophages. Induction of Nox4 by OxLDL is mediated by the MEK1/ERK pathway and required for OxLDL cytotoxicity in human macrophages, implicating monocytic Nox4 in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Fung Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were seen as destructive molecules, but recently, they have been shown also to act as second messengers in varying intracellular signaling pathways. This review concentrates on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as it is a more stable ROS, and delineates its role as a survival molecule. In the first part, the production of H2O2 through the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family is investigated. Through careful examination of Nox proteins and their regulation, it is determined how they respond to stress and how this can be prosurvival rather than prodeath. The pathways on which H2O2 acts to enable its prosurvival function are then examined in greater detail. The main survival pathways are kinase driven, and oxidation of cysteines in the active sites of various phosphatases can thus regulate those survival pathways. Regulation of transcription factors such as p53, NF-kappaB, and AP-1 also are reviewed. Finally, prodeath proteins such as caspases could be directly inhibited through their cysteine residues. A better understanding of the prosurvival role of H2O2 in cells, from the why and how it is generated to the various molecules it can affect, will allow more precise targeting of therapeutics to this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Groeger
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited immunodeficiency disorder. The clinical presentation is varied depending on the degree of involvement of the NADPH oxidase system responsible for the oxidative burst of neutrophils. We present 3 cases of variant X-linked CGD in an effort to introduce the disease and highlight the importance and limitations of CGD screening. The variant X-linked form of CGD results in a less severe phenotype and frequently presents later in life. Variant X-linked CGD is difficult to diagnose, but is becoming more readily recognized based on improved testing methods. A high index of suspicion in the setting of unusual infections such as Burkholderia cepacia pneumonia is essential to make the diagnosis. Family screening can lead to early intervention, prophylaxis, and appropriate genetic counseling.
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Stasia M, Cathebras P, Lutz MF, Durieu I. La granulomatose septique chronique. Rev Med Interne 2009; 30:221-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Genetics and immunopathology of chronic granulomatous disease. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:209-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Bustamante J, Aksu G, Vogt G, de Beaucoudrey L, Genel F, Chapgier A, Filipe-Santos O, Feinberg J, Emile JF, Kutukculer N, Casanova JL. BCG-osis and tuberculosis in a child with chronic granulomatous disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:32-8. [PMID: 17544093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A few known primary immunodeficiencies confer predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria, such as BCG vaccines (regional disease, known as BCG-itis, or disseminated disease, known as BCG-osis), or more virulent mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (pulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis). We investigated the clinical and genetic features of a 12-year-old boy with both recurrent BCG-osis and disseminated tuberculosis. The patient's phagocytic cells produced no O(2)(-). A hemizygous splice mutation was found in intron 5 of CYBB, leading to a diagnosis of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Chronic granulomatous disease should be suspected in all children with BCG-osis, even in the absence of nonmycobacterial infectious diseases, and in selected children with recurrent BCG-itis or severe tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U550; University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
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42
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Nardi MA, Gor Y, Feinmark SJ, Xu F, Karpatkin S. Platelet particle formation by anti GPIIIa49-66 Ab, Ca2+ ionophore A23187, and phorbol myristate acetate is induced by reactive oxygen species and inhibited by dexamethasone blockade of platelet phospholipase A2, 12-lipoxygenase, and NADPH oxidase. Blood 2007; 110:1989-96. [PMID: 17545506 PMCID: PMC1976358 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-054064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An HIV antibody (Ab) against platelet integrin GPIIIa49-66 induces complement-independent platelet particle formation by the elaboration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) downstream of the activation of the platelet NADPH oxidase by the 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) product 12(S)-HETE. To determine whether other inducers of platelet particle formation also function via the induction of ROS, we examined the effects of the Ca(2+) ionophore A23187 and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Both agents induced oxidative platelet particle formation in an identical fashion as Ab, requiring Ca(2+) flux and 12(S)-HETE production as well as intact NADPH oxidase and 12-LO pathways. Since HIV-ITP patients with this Ab correct their platelet counts with dexamethasone (Dex), we examined the role of this steroid in this unique autoimmune disorder. Dex at therapeutic concentrations inhibited Ab-, A23187-, or PMA-induced platelet particle formation by inhibiting platelet PLA(2), 12-LO, and NADPH oxidase. The operational requirement of translocation of PLA(2), 12-LO, and NADPH oxidase components (p67 phox) from cytosol to membrane for induction of ROS was both inhibited and partially reversed by Dex in platelets. We conclude that (1) platelet particle formation can be induced by the generation of ROS; and (2) platelet PLA(2), 12-LO, NADPH oxidase, and cytosol membrane translocation, requirements for ROS production, are inhibited by Dex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nardi
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Bedard K, Krause KH. The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:245-313. [PMID: 17237347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4827] [Impact Index Per Article: 283.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, superoxide generation by an NADPH oxidase was considered as an oddity only found in professional phagocytes. Over the last years, six homologs of the cytochrome subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the phagocyte NADPH oxidase itself (NOX2/gp91(phox)), the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. These enzymes share the capacity to transport electrons across the plasma membrane and to generate superoxide and other downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation mechanisms and tissue distribution of the different members of the family are markedly different. The physiological functions of NOX family enzymes include host defense, posttranlational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. NOX enzymes also contribute to a wide range of pathological processes. NOX deficiency may lead to immunosuppresion, lack of otoconogenesis, or hypothyroidism. Increased NOX activity also contributes to a large number or pathologies, in particular cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the functions of NOX enzymes in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bedard
- Biology of Ageing Laboratories, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Babior BM. The respiratory burst oxidase. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 65:49-95. [PMID: 1570769 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123119.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sbarra and Karnovsky were the first to present evidence suggesting the presence in phagocytes of a special enzyme designed to generate reactive oxidants for purposes of host defense. In the years since their report appeared, a great deal has been learned about this enzyme, now known as the respiratory burst oxidase. It has been found to be a plasma membrane-bound heme- and flavin-containing enzyme, dormant in resting cells, that catalyzes the one-electron reduction of oxygen to O2- at the expense of NADPH: O2 + NADPH----O2- + NADP+ + H+ Its behavior in whole cells and its response to various activating stimuli have been described in detail, although important insights continue to emerge, as for example a very interesting new series of observations on differences in oxidase activation patterns between suspended and adherent cells. The enzyme has been shown by biochemical and genetic studies to consist of at least six components. In the resting cell, three of these components are in the cytosol and three in the plasma membrane, but when the cell passes from its resting to its activated state the cytosolic components are all transferred to the plasma membrane, presumably assembling the oxidase. Of the components initially bound to the membrane, two constitute cytochrome b558, a heme protein characteristic of the respiratory burst oxidase, and the third may represent an oxidase flavoprotein. With regard to the cytosolic components, one is a phosphoprotein and another is the NADPH-binding component, possibly a second oxidase flavoprotein. The nature of the third (p67phox) is a puzzle. Four of the six oxidase components have now been cloned and sequenced. These findings only scratch the surface, however, and many questions remain. How many oxidase components, for example, remain to be discovered, and how do they fit together to form the active enzyme? How is the route of activation of the oxidase integrated into the general signal transduction systems of the cell? How did the oxidase come to be? Could there be a widespread system that generates small amounts of O2- as an intercellular signaling molecule, as recent work is beginning to suggest, and did the ever-destructive respiratory burst oxidase arise from that innocuous system as the creation of some evolutionary Frankenstein--an oxidase from hell? Finally, will it be possible to develop drugs that specifically block the respiratory burst oxidase, and will such drugs prove to be clinically useful as anti-inflammatory agents?(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Babior
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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Zhu Y, Marchal CC, Casbon AJ, Stull N, von Löhneysen K, Knaus UG, Jesaitis AJ, McCormick S, Nauseef WM, Dinauer MC. Deletion mutagenesis of p22phox subunit of flavocytochrome b558: identification of regions critical for gp91phox maturation and NADPH oxidase activity. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:30336-46. [PMID: 16895900 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607191200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterodimeric flavocytochrome b558, comprised of the two integral membrane proteins p22phox and gp91phox, mediates the transfer of electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase to generate the superoxide precursor of microbicidal oxidants. This study uses deletion mutagenesis to identify regions of p22phox required for maturation of gp91phox and for NADPH oxidase activity. N-terminal, C-terminal, or internal deletions of human p22phox were generated and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells with transgenes for gp91phox and two other NADPH oxidase subunits, p47phox, and p67phox. The results demonstrate that p22phox-dependent maturation of gp91phox carbohydrate, cell surface expression of gp91phox, and the enzymatic function of flavocytochrome b558 are closely correlated. Whereas the 5 N-terminal and 25 C-terminal amino acids are dispensable for these functions, the N-terminal 11 amino acids of p22phox are required, as is a hydrophilic region between amino acids 65 and 90. Upon deletion of 54 residues at the C terminus of p22phox (amino acids 142-195), maturation and cell surface expression of gp91phox was still preserved, although NADPH oxidase activity was absent, as expected, due to removal of a proline-rich domain between amino acids 151-160 that is required for recruitment of p47phox. Antibody binding studies indicate that the extreme N terminus of p22phox is inaccessible in the absence of cell permeabilization, supporting a model in which both the N- and C-terminal domains of p22phox extend into the cytoplasm, anchored by two membrane-embedded regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhu
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), Microbiology/Immunology, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Paclet MH, Henderson L, Campion Y, Morel F, Dagher MC. Localization of Nox2 N-terminus using polyclonal antipeptide antibodies. Biochem J 2005; 382:981-6. [PMID: 15233623 PMCID: PMC1133974 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nox2/gp91(phox) (where phox is phagocyte oxidase) is the catalytic membrane subunit of the granulocyte NADPH oxidase complex involved in host defence. The current model of membrane topology of Nox2 is based upon the identification of glycosylation sites, of regions that interact with the regulatory cytosolic factors and of the epitopes recognized by antibodies. So far, the localization of the N-terminus of Nox2 was only speculative. In order to clarify this localization, we raised a polyclonal antiserum against the N-terminal sequence M(1)GNWVAVNEGL(11). Purified antibodies recognize the mature protein as a broad band at 91 kDa (glycosylated form) or a band at 55 kDa after deglycosylation. Immunocytochemistry and flow-cytometry analysis show a strong binding of the anti-N-terminal antibodies to differentiated HL60 cells and neutrophils respectively, after permeabilization only. The N-terminus of Nox2 is therefore present in the mature protein and is located to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Paclet
- *GREPI EA 2938, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie/DBPC, CHU Albert Michallon, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cédex 9, France
| | - Lydia M. Henderson
- †Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Yannick Campion
- *GREPI EA 2938, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie/DBPC, CHU Albert Michallon, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cédex 9, France
| | - Françoise Morel
- *GREPI EA 2938, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie/DBPC, CHU Albert Michallon, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cédex 9, France
| | - Marie-Claire Dagher
- ‡Laboratoire Biochimie et Biophysique des Systèmes Intégrés/DRDC, CEA Grenoble, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cédex 9, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Cross AR, Segal AW. The NADPH oxidase of professional phagocytes--prototype of the NOX electron transport chain systems. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2004; 1657:1-22. [PMID: 15238208 PMCID: PMC2636547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase is an electron transport chain in "professional" phagocytic cells that transfers electrons from NADPH in the cytoplasm, across the wall of the phagocytic vacuole, to form superoxide. The electron transporting flavocytochrome b is activated by the integrated function of four cytoplasmic proteins. The antimicrobial function of this system involves pumping K+ into the vacuole through BKCa channels, the effect of which is to elevate the vacuolar pH and activate neutral proteases. A number of homologous systems have been discovered in plants and lower animals as well as in man. Their function remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Cross
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anthony W. Segal
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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Nardi M, Feinmark SJ, Hu L, Li Z, Karpatkin S. Complement-independent Ab-induced peroxide lysis of platelets requires 12-lipoxygenase and a platelet NADPH oxidase pathway. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:973-80. [PMID: 15057303 PMCID: PMC379327 DOI: 10.1172/jci20726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiplatelet GPIIIa49-66 Ab of HIV-related thrombocytopenic patients induces thrombocytopenia and platelet fragmentation by the generation of peroxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we report the presence of a functional platelet NADPH oxidase pathway that requires activation by the platelet 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) pathway to fragment platelets. A new Ab-mediated mechanism is described in which the platelet 12-LO product, 12(S)-HETE activates the NADPH oxidase pathway to generate ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nardi
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Krex D, Ziegler A, König IR, Schackert HK, Schackert G. Polymorphisms of the NADPH oxidase P22PHOX gene in a Caucasian population with intracranial aneurysms. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 16:363-8. [PMID: 13130177 DOI: 10.1159/000072558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2002] [Accepted: 01/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular remodeling generated by reactive oxygen species contributes to aneurysm formation. The NADPH oxidase system is a major source of superoxide anion not only in phagocytes, but also in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Polymorphisms of p22phox, an essential component of the NADPH oxidase system, are found to be associated with atherosclerosis, while a recent study found a significant association between the 214C>T polymorphism and the occurrence of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the relationship of five polymorphisms of the P22PHOX gene and the occurrence of cerebral aneurysms. METHODS The study population consisted of 113 patients with intracranial aneurysms and 53 control subjects. The 214C>T polymorphism was investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, while polymorphisms 381T>C, 480G>A, 521C>T, and *24A>G were analyzed by direct sequencing of exon 6 and adjacent intronic sequences. RESULTS The analysis of a primary study sample comprising 35 cases and 28 controls failed to show a significant association between any of the five polymorphisms and the occurrence of intracranial aneurysms using both allele frequencies and genotypes (all nominal p > 0.05). Although there was a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in cases at the 521C>T locus (nominal p < 0.05), this could not be confirmed in a second study sample of 78 patients. Haplotypes were constructed regarding three frequent polymorphisms (214C>T, 521C>T, and *24A>G); haplotype frequencies in cases and controls were not significantly different. CONCLUSION Although polymorphisms of the P22PHOX gene located in the coding region and the 3'-untranslated region were reported to be associated with atherosclerosis and cerebrovascular disease, our data provide evidence that there is no association between these polymorphisms and the occurrence of cerebral aneurysms in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Krex
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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Conley ME. Immunogenetics. Curr Opin Immunol 2003; 15:567-70. [PMID: 14499266 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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