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Park TY, Jeon J, Cha Y, Kim KS. Past, present, and future of cell replacement therapy for parkinson's disease: a novel emphasis on host immune responses. Cell Res 2024:10.1038/s41422-024-00971-y. [PMID: 38777859 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-024-00971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) stands as the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, and its prevalence continues to rise with the aging global population. Central to the pathophysiology of PD is the specific degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons (mDANs) in the substantia nigra. Consequently, cell replacement therapy (CRT) has emerged as a promising treatment approach, initially supported by various open-label clinical studies employing fetal ventral mesencephalic (fVM) cells. Despite the initial favorable results, fVM cell therapy has intrinsic and logistical limitations that hinder its transition to a standard treatment for PD. Recent efforts in the field of cell therapy have shifted its focus towards the utilization of human pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, to surmount existing challenges. However, regardless of the transplantable cell sources (e.g., xenogeneic, allogeneic, or autologous), the poor and variable survival of implanted dopamine cells remains a major obstacle. Emerging evidence highlights the pivotal role of host immune responses following transplantation in influencing the survival of implanted mDANs, underscoring an important area for further research. In this comprehensive review, building upon insights derived from previous fVM transplantation studies, we delve into the functional ramifications of host immune responses on the survival and efficacy of grafted dopamine cells. Furthermore, we explore potential strategic approaches to modulate the host immune response, ultimately aiming for optimal outcomes in future clinical applications of CRT for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yoon Park
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jeha Jeon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Young Cha
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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2
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Feng L, Li D, Tian Y, Zhao C, Sun Y, Kou X, Wu J, Wang L, Gu Q, Li W, Hao J, Hu B, Wang Y. One-step cell biomanufacturing platform: porous gelatin microcarrier beads promote human embryonic stem cell-derived midbrain dopaminergic progenitor cell differentiation in vitro and survival after transplantation in vivo. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:458-464. [PMID: 37488911 PMCID: PMC10503631 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.377412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that cell replacement therapy can replenish lost cells and rebuild neural circuitry in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Transplantation of midbrain dopaminergic progenitor cells is a promising treatment for Parkinson's disease. However, transplanted cells can be injured by mechanical damage during handling and by changes in the transplantation niche. Here, we developed a one-step biomanufacturing platform that uses small-aperture gelatin microcarriers to produce beads carrying midbrain dopaminergic progenitor cells. These beads allow midbrain dopaminergic progenitor cell differentiation and cryopreservation without digestion, effectively maintaining axonal integrity in vitro. Importantly, midbrain dopaminergic progenitor cell bead grafts showed increased survival and only mild immunoreactivity in vivo compared with suspended midbrain dopaminergic progenitor cell grafts. Overall, our findings show that these midbrain dopaminergic progenitor cell beads enhance the effectiveness of neuronal cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengshun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Kou
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Gu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yukai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
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Brüll M, Geese N, Celardo I, Laumann M, Leist M. Preparation of Viable Human Neurites for Neurobiological and Neurodegeneration Studies. Cells 2024; 13:242. [PMID: 38334634 PMCID: PMC10854604 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Few models allow the study of neurite damage in the human central nervous system. We used here dopaminergic LUHMES neurons to establish a culture system that allows for (i) the observation of highly enriched neurites, (ii) the preparation of the neurite fraction for biochemical studies, and (iii) the measurement of neurite markers and metabolites after axotomy. LUHMES-based spheroids, plated in culture dishes, extended neurites of several thousand µm length, while all somata remained aggregated. These cultures allowed an easy microscopic observation of live or fixed neurites. Neurite-only cultures (NOC) were produced by cutting out the still-aggregated somata. The potential application of such cultures was exemplified by determinations of their protein and RNA contents. For instance, the mitochondrial TOM20 protein was highly abundant, while nuclear histone H3 was absent. Similarly, mitochondrial-encoded RNAs were found at relatively high levels, while the mRNA for a histone or the neuronal nuclear marker NeuN (RBFOX3) were relatively depleted in NOC. Another potential use of NOC is the study of neurite degeneration. For this purpose, an algorithm to quantify neurite integrity was developed. Using this tool, we found that the addition of nicotinamide drastically reduced neurite degeneration. Also, the chelation of Ca2+ in NOC delayed the degeneration, while inhibitors of calpains had no effect. Thus, NOC proved to be suitable for biochemical analysis and for studying degeneration processes after a defined cut injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brüll
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; (M.B.); (N.G.); (I.C.)
| | - Nils Geese
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; (M.B.); (N.G.); (I.C.)
| | - Ivana Celardo
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; (M.B.); (N.G.); (I.C.)
| | - Michael Laumann
- Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; (M.B.); (N.G.); (I.C.)
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing in Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Park TY, Jeon J, Lee N, Kim J, Song B, Kim JH, Lee SK, Liu D, Cha Y, Kim M, Leblanc P, Herrington TM, Carter BS, Schweitzer JS, Kim KS. Co-transplantation of autologous T reg cells in a cell therapy for Parkinson's disease. Nature 2023; 619:606-615. [PMID: 37438521 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The specific loss of midbrain dopamine neurons (mDANs) causes major motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, which makes cell replacement a promising therapeutic approach1-4. However, poor survival of grafted mDANs remains an obstacle to successful clinical outcomes5-8. Here we show that the surgical procedure itself (referred to here as 'needle trauma') triggers a profound host response that is characterized by acute neuroinflammation, robust infiltration of peripheral immune cells and brain cell death. When midbrain dopamine (mDA) cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were transplanted into the rodent striatum, less than 10% of implanted tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ mDANs survived at two weeks after transplantation. By contrast, TH- grafted cells mostly survived. Notably, transplantation of autologous regulatory T (Treg) cells greatly modified the response to needle trauma, suppressing acute neuroinflammation and immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, intra-striatal co-transplantation of Treg cells and human-iPS-cell-derived mDA cells significantly protected grafted mDANs from needle-trauma-associated death and improved therapeutic outcomes in rodent models of Parkinson's disease with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Co-transplantation with Treg cells also suppressed the undesirable proliferation of TH- grafted cells, resulting in more compact grafts with a higher proportion and higher absolute numbers of TH+ neurons. Together, these data emphasize the importance of the initial inflammatory response to surgical injury in the differential survival of cellular components of the graft, and suggest that co-transplanting autologous Treg cells effectively reduces the needle-trauma-induced death of mDANs, providing a potential strategy to achieve better clinical outcomes for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yoon Park
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jeha Jeon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Nayeon Lee
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jisun Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Bin Song
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jung-Ho Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyou Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Good T Cells, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongxin Liu
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Young Cha
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Minseon Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Pierre Leblanc
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Todd M Herrington
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Schweitzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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Zhou W, Liu H, Yuan Z, Zundell J, Towers M, Lin J, Lombardi S, Nie H, Murphy B, Yang T, Wang C, Liao L, Goldman AR, Kannan T, Kossenkov AV, Drapkin R, Montaner LJ, Claiborne DT, Zhang N, Wu S, Zhang R. Targeting the mevalonate pathway suppresses ARID1A-inactivated cancers by promoting pyroptosis. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:740-756.e10. [PMID: 36963401 PMCID: PMC10085864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
ARID1A, encoding a subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, is mutated in ∼50% of clear cell ovarian carcinoma (OCCC) cases. Here we show that inhibition of the mevalonate pathway synergizes with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) by driving inflammasome-regulated immunomodulating pyroptosis in ARID1A-inactivated OCCCs. SWI/SNF inactivation downregulates the rate-limiting enzymes in the mevalonate pathway such as HMGCR and HMGCS1, which creates a dependence on the residual activity of the pathway in ARID1A-inactivated cells. Inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway such as simvastatin suppresses the growth of ARID1A mutant, but not wild-type, OCCCs. In addition, simvastatin synergizes with anti-PD-L1 antibody in a genetic OCCC mouse model driven by conditional Arid1a inactivation and in a humanized immunocompetent ARID1A mutant patient-derived OCCC mouse model. Our data indicate that inhibition of the mevalonate pathway simultaneously suppresses tumor cell growth and boosts antitumor immunity by promoting pyroptosis, which synergizes with ICB in suppressing ARID1A-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Heng Liu
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph Zundell
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martina Towers
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jianhuang Lin
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simona Lombardi
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Hao Nie
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brennah Murphy
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tyler Yang
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Liping Liao
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aaron R Goldman
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Toshitha Kannan
- Bioinformatics Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luis J Montaner
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel T Claiborne
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuai Wu
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rugang Zhang
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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Xue J, Wu Y, Bao Y, Zhao M, Li F, Sun J, Sun Y, Wang J, Chen L, Mao Y, Schweitzer JS, Song B. Clinical considerations in Parkinson's disease cell therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101792. [PMID: 36402405 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy is an area of increasing interest for treating Parkinson's disease (PD). However, to become a clinically practical option for PD patients, it must first overcome significant barriers, including establishment of safe and standardized surgical procedures, determination of appropriate perioperative medication regimens, demonstration of long-term graft survival and incorporation, and standardized, clinically meaningful follow-up measures. In this review, we will describe the current status of cell therapy for PD with special attention to these critical requirements, to define guideposts on the road to bring the benefit of this therapy to the Parkinson's clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuting Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Minglai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yimin Sun
- Institute of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Jeffrey S Schweitzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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7
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SANTOS SOBRINHO ELIANEM, SANTOS HÉRCULESO, MARTINS ERNANER, FONSECA FRANCINESOUZAALVESDA, FARIAS LUCYANAC, AGUILAR CHARLESM, PEREIRA ULISSESA, NICOLAU JUNIOR NILSON, GOMES MATHEUSS, SOUZA CINTYANDE, RAVNJAK JOÃOMATHEUSA, PORTO RAPHAELR, ALMEIDA ANNACHRISTINADE. Protein-coding gene interaction network prediction of bioactive plant compound action against SARS-CoV-2: a novel hypothesis using bioinformatics analysis. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20201380. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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8
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Elabi OF, Davies JS, Lane EL. L-dopa-Dependent Effects of GLP-1R Agonists on the Survival of Dopaminergic Cells Transplanted into a Rat Model of Parkinson Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212346. [PMID: 34830228 PMCID: PMC8618072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is a promising treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), however clinical trials to date have shown relatively low survival and significant patient-to-patient variability. Glucagon Like Peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have potential neuroprotective effects on endogenous dopaminergic neurons. This study explores whether these agents could similarly support the growth and survival of newly transplanted neurons. 6-OHDA lesioned Sprague Dawley rats received intra-striatal grafts of dopaminergic ventral mesencephalic cells from embryonic day 14 Wistar rat embryos. Transplanted rats then received either saline or L-dopa (12 mg/kg) administered every 48 h prior to, and following cell transplantation. Peripheral GLP-1R agonist administration (exendin-4, 0.5 μg/kg twice daily or liraglutide, 100 μg/kg once daily) commenced immediately after cell transplantation and was maintained throughout the study. Graft survival increased under administration of exendin-4, with motor function improving significantly following treatment with both exendin-4 and liraglutide. However, this effect was not observed in rats administered with L-dopa. In contrast, L-dopa treatment with liraglutide increased graft volume, with parallel increases in motor function. However, this improvement was accompanied by an increase in leukocyte infiltration around the graft. The co-administration of L-dopa and exendin-4 also led to indicators of insulin resistance not seen with liraglutide, which may underpin the differential effects observed between the two GLP1-R agonists. Overall, there may be some benefit to the supplementation of grafted patients with GLP-1R agonists but the potential interaction with other pharmacological treatments needs to be considered in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama F. Elabi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
- Correspondence: (O.F.E.); (E.L.L.)
| | - Jeffrey S. Davies
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
| | - Emma L. Lane
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
- Correspondence: (O.F.E.); (E.L.L.)
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Rizzo SA, Bartley O, Rosser AE, Newland B. Oxygen-glucose deprivation in neurons: implications for cell transplantation therapies. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 205:102126. [PMID: 34339808 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapies hold the potential to restore neuronal networks compromised by neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease), or focal tissue damage (via a stroke or spinal cord injury). Despite some promising results achieved to date, transplanted cells typically exhibit poor survival in the central nervous system, thus limiting therapeutic efficacy of the graft. Although cell death post-transplantation is likely to be multifactorial in causality, growing evidence suggests that the lack of vascularisation at the graft site, and the resulting ischemic host environment, may play a fundamental role in the fate of grafted cells. Herein, we summarise data showing how the deprivation of either oxygen, glucose, or both in combination, impacts the survival of neurons and review strategies which may improve graft survival in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Bartley
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Anne E Rosser
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and B.R.A.I.N Unit, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ben Newland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB, Wales, UK; Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Straße 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
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10
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Wang Y, Chen Q, Jiao F, Shi C, Pei M, Wang L, Gong Z. Histone deacetylase 2 regulates ULK1 mediated pyroptosis during acute liver failure by the K68 acetylation site. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:55. [PMID: 33431796 PMCID: PMC7801742 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a new necrosis pattern of hepatocyte during liver inflammation in acute liver failure (ALF). Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) is associated with several pathological conditions in the liver system. The aim of this study is to investigate whether knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of HDAC2 could reduce the level of pyroptosis in ALF through ULK1-NLRP3-pyroptosis pathway. The role of HDAC2 on ULK1-NLRP3-pyroptosis pathway during ALF was detected in clinical samples. The mechanism was investigated in transfected cells or in ALF mouse model. The RNA-sequencing results revealed that ULK1 was a negative target regulatory molecule by HDAC2. During the process of pyroptosis, the HDAC2 exerted the antagonistic effect with ULK1 by the K68 acetylation site in L02 cells. Then the role of HDAC2 on ULK1-NLRP3-pyroptosis pathway in ALF mouse model was also detected. Moreover, the related molecules to ULK1-NLRP3-pyroptosis pathway were verified different expression in normal health donors and clinical ALF patients. HDAC2 in hepatocytes plays a pivotal role in an ULK1-NLRP3 pathway driven auto-amplification of pyroptosis in ALF. One of the important mechanisms is that inhibition HDAC2 to reduce pyroptosis may be by modulating the K68 lysine site of ULK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Fangzhou Jiao
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Shi
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Maohua Pei
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Luwen Wang
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
| | - Zuojiong Gong
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 P.R. China
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11
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Francis NL, Zhao N, Calvelli HR, Saini A, Gifford JJ, Wagner GC, Cohen RI, Pang ZP, Moghe PV. Peptide-Based Scaffolds for the Culture and Transplantation of Human Dopaminergic Neurons. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:193-205. [PMID: 31537172 PMCID: PMC7044800 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy is a promising treatment strategy for Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the poor survival rate of transplanted neurons is a critical barrier to functional recovery. In this study, we used self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds (SAPNS) based on the peptide RADA16-I to support the in vitro maturation and in vivo post-transplantation survival of encapsulated human dopaminergic (DA) neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Neurons encapsulated within the SAPNS expressed mature neuronal and midbrain DA markers and demonstrated in vitro functional activity similar to neurons cultured in two dimensions. A microfluidic droplet generation method was used to encapsulate cells within monodisperse SAPNS microspheres, which were subsequently used to transplant adherent, functional networks of DA neurons into the striatum of a 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned PD mouse model. SAPNS microspheres significantly increased the in vivo survival of encapsulated neurons compared with neurons transplanted in suspension, and they enabled significant recovery in motor function compared with control lesioned mice using approximately an order of magnitude fewer neurons than have been previously needed to demonstrate behavioral recovery. These results indicate that such biomaterial scaffolds can be used as neuronal transplantation vehicles to successfully improve the outcome of cell replacement therapies for PD. Impact Statement Transplantation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons holds potential as a treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), but low survival rates of transplanted neurons is a barrier to successfully improving motor function. In this study, we used hydrogel scaffolds to transplant DA neurons into PD model mice. The hydrogel scaffolds enhanced survival of the transplanted neurons compared with neurons that were transplanted in a conventional manner, and they also improved recovery of motor function by using significantly fewer neurons than have typically been transplanted to see functional benefits. This cell transplantation technology has the capability to improve the outcome of neuron transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L. Francis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Nanxia Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Hannah R. Calvelli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Astha Saini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Janace J. Gifford
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - George C. Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rick I. Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Prabhas V. Moghe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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12
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Abstract
Brain tissue lost after a stroke is not regenerated, although a repair response associated with neurogenesis does occur. A failure to regenerate functional brain tissue is not caused by the lack of available neural cells, but rather the absence of structural support to permit a repopulation of the lesion cavity. Inductive bioscaffolds can provide this support and promote the invasion of host cells into the tissue void. The putative mechanisms of bioscaffold degradation and its pivotal role to permit invasion of neural cells are reviewed and discussed in comparison to peripheral wound healing. Key differences between regenerating and non-regenerating tissues are contrasted in an evolutionary context, with a special focus on the neurogenic response as a conditio sine qua non for brain regeneration. The pivotal role of the immune system in biodegradation and the formation of a neovasculature are contextualized with regeneration of peripheral soft tissues. The application of rehabilitation to integrate newly forming brain tissue is suggested as necessary to develop functional tissue that can alleviate behavioral impairments. Pertinent aspects of brain tissue development are considered to provide guidance to produce a metabolically and functionally integrated de novo tissue. Although little is currently known about mechanisms involved in brain tissue regeneration, this review outlines the various components and their interplay to provide a framework for ongoing and future studies. It is envisaged that a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in brain tissue regeneration will improve the design of biomaterials and the methods used for implantation, as well as rehabilitation strategies that support the restoration of behavioral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Michel Modo,
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13
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Sheyner M, Yu SJ, Wang Y. Enhanced survival of human-induced pluripotent stem cell transplant in parkinsonian rat brain by locally applied cyclosporine. Brain Circ 2019; 5:130-133. [PMID: 31620660 PMCID: PMC6785947 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_40_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A major limitation with cell transplantation in patients is the unimpressive number of cells survived. The death of grafted cells involves apoptosis and immunorejection. In this review, we encapsulate the recent preclinical development that improves the survival of grafted cells and mitigates the immunorejection of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through co-grating nanoparticles-containing cyclosporine A (NanoCsA) in hemiparkinsonian rats. The study supported the notion that NanoCsA allows for long-lasting CsA discharge and limits immunorejection of human iPSC xenograft in a 6-hydroxydopamine Parkinson's disease rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sheyner
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Seong-Jin Yu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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14
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Moriarty N, Parish CL, Dowd E. Primary tissue for cellular brain repair in Parkinson's disease: Promise, problems and the potential of biomaterials. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:472-486. [PMID: 29923311 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine precursor, levodopa, remains the "gold standard" treatment for Parkinson's disease, and, although it provides superlative efficacy in the early stages of the disease, its long-term use is limited by the development of severe motor side effects and a significant abating of therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, there remains a major unmet clinical need for the development of effective neuroprotective, neurorestorative or neuroreparatory therapies for this condition. The relatively selective loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway makes Parkinson's disease an ideal candidate for reparative cell therapies, wherein the dopaminergic neurons that are lost in the condition are replaced through direct cell transplantation into the brain. To date, this approach has been developed, validated and clinically assessed using dopamine neuron-rich foetal ventral mesencephalon grafts which have been shown to survive and reinnervate the denervated brain after transplantation, and to restore motor function. However, despite long-term symptomatic relief in some patients, significant limitations, including poor graft survival and the impact this has on the number of foetal donors required, have prevented this therapy being more widely adopted as a restorative approach for Parkinson's disease. Injectable biomaterial scaffolds have the potential to improve the delivery, engraftment and survival of these grafts in the brain through provision of a supportive microenvironment for cell adhesion, growth and immune shielding. This article will briefly review the development of primary cell therapies for brain repair in Parkinson's disease and will consider the emerging literature which highlights the potential of using injectable biomaterial hydrogels in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Moriarty
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Clare L Parish
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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15
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Terron A, Bal-Price A, Paini A, Monnet-Tschudi F, Bennekou SH, Leist M, Schildknecht S. An adverse outcome pathway for parkinsonian motor deficits associated with mitochondrial complex I inhibition. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:41-82. [PMID: 29209747 PMCID: PMC5773657 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have observed an association between pesticide exposure and the development of Parkinson's disease, but have not established causality. The concept of an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has been developed as a framework for the organization of available information linking the modulation of a molecular target [molecular initiating event (MIE)], via a sequence of essential biological key events (KEs), with an adverse outcome (AO). Here, we present an AOP covering the toxicological pathways that link the binding of an inhibitor to mitochondrial complex I (i.e., the MIE) with the onset of parkinsonian motor deficits (i.e., the AO). This AOP was developed according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines and uploaded to the AOP database. The KEs linking complex I inhibition to parkinsonian motor deficits are mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired proteostasis, neuroinflammation, and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. These KEs, by convention, were linearly organized. However, there was also evidence of additional feed-forward connections and shortcuts between the KEs, possibly depending on the intensity of the insult and the model system applied. The present AOP demonstrates mechanistic plausibility for epidemiological observations on a relationship between pesticide exposure and an elevated risk for Parkinson's disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, PO Box M657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Schildknecht
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, PO Box M657, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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16
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Leist M, Ghallab A, Graepel R, Marchan R, Hassan R, Bennekou SH, Limonciel A, Vinken M, Schildknecht S, Waldmann T, Danen E, van Ravenzwaay B, Kamp H, Gardner I, Godoy P, Bois FY, Braeuning A, Reif R, Oesch F, Drasdo D, Höhme S, Schwarz M, Hartung T, Braunbeck T, Beltman J, Vrieling H, Sanz F, Forsby A, Gadaleta D, Fisher C, Kelm J, Fluri D, Ecker G, Zdrazil B, Terron A, Jennings P, van der Burg B, Dooley S, Meijer AH, Willighagen E, Martens M, Evelo C, Mombelli E, Taboureau O, Mantovani A, Hardy B, Koch B, Escher S, van Thriel C, Cadenas C, Kroese D, van de Water B, Hengstler JG. Adverse outcome pathways: opportunities, limitations and open questions. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3477-3505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Duan WM, Rodrigures CMP, Zhao LR, Steer CJ, Low WC. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Improves the Survival and Function of Nigral Transplants in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2017; 11:195-205. [PMID: 28858601 DOI: 10.3727/096020198389960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence showing that the majority of cell death in neural grafts results from apoptosis when cells are implanted into the brain. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a taurine-conjugated hydrophilic bile acid, has been found to possess antiapoptotic properties. In the present study we have examined whether the supplementation of TUDCA to cell suspensions prior to transplantation can lead to enhanced survival of nigral grafts. We first conducted an in vitro study to examine the effects of TUDCA on the survival of dopamine neurons in serum-free conditions. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the TUDCA-treated cultures was significantly greater than that of control cultures 7 days in vitro. In addition, a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay showed that the number of apoptotic cells in the TUDCA-treated cultures was dramatically smaller than that in the control cultures. In the transplantation study, a 50 μM concentration of TUDCA was added to the media when nigral tissue from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was trypsinized and dissociated. Two microliters of cell suspension containing TUDCA was then stereotaxically injected into the striatum of adult SD rats subjected to an extensive unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrastriatal dopamine pathway. At 2 weeks after transplantation, the rats that received a cell suspension with TUDCA exhibited a significant reduction in amphetamine-induced rotation scores when compared with pretransplantation value. There was a significant increase (approximately threefold) in the number of TH-positive cells in the neural grafts for the TUDCA-treated group when compared with the controls 6 weeks postgrafting. The number of apoptotic cells was much smaller in the graft areas in the TUDCA-treated groups than in the control group 4 days after transplantation. These data demonstrate that pretreatment of the cell suspension with TUDCA can reduce apoptosis and increase the survival of grafted cells, resulting in an improvement of behavioral recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Duan
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Cecilia M P Rodrigures
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Li-Ru Zhao
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Walter C Low
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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18
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Karlsson J, Petersén A, Gidö G, Wieloch T, Brundin P. Combining Neuroprotective Treatment of Embryonic Nigral Donor Tissue with Mild Hypothermia of the Graft Recipient. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:301-9. [PMID: 16052911 DOI: 10.3727/000000005783983089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 80–95% of the immature dopaminergic neurons die when embryonic ventral mesencephalic tissue is transplanted. Cell death occurs both during the preparation of donor tissue and after graft implantation, but the effect of combining successful neuroprotective treatments before and after transplantation has not been extensively investigated. We therefore treated embryonic rat mesencephalic tissue with a combination of the lipid peroxidation inhibitor tirilazad mesylate (3 μM) and the caspase inhibitor Ac.YVAD.cmk (500 μM) and transplanted the tissue into hemiparkinsonian rats kept hypothermic (32–33°C) or normothermic (37°C) during, and 90 min following, graft surgery. Suspension cell number did not differ between untreated or tirilazad/YVAD-treated preparations prior to transplantation. When graft survival was evaluated 6 weeks after implantation, both tirilazad/YVAD pretreatment and mild hypothermia increased the survival of transplanted dopaminergic neurons. Approximately 50–57% of the embryonic dopaminergic neurons survived the dissociation and grafting procedure in rats rendered hypothermic, but there was no significant additive effect on graft survival with a combined treatment. All groups of rats exhibited behavioral recovery in the amphetamine-induced rotation test. There was a significantly enhanced functional capacity of grafts placed in hypothermic as compared to normothermic rats. However, tirilazad/YVAD pretreated implants did not afford greater behavioral improvement than control-treated grafts. Our results suggest that neuroprotective treatments administered prior to and immediately after neural graft implantation may under certain conditions rescue, at least in part, the same subset of dopaminergic neurons. The study also emphasizes the importance of the immediate time after grafting for transplant survival, with relevance both for primary mesencephalic implants and stem cell grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Karlsson
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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19
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Alemdar AY, Sadi D, McAlister VC, Mendez I. Liposomal Formulations of Tacrolimus and Rapamycin Increase Graft Survival and Fiber Outgrowth of Dopaminergic Grafts. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:263-71. [PMID: 15191164 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783983936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive drugs tacrolimus (TAC) and rapamycin (RAPA) have both been found to have neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether liposomal formulations of these drugs administered directly into the brain improve cell survival and fiber outgrowth. Rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions were transplanted with 800,000 fetal rat ventral mesencephalic cells and randomly divided to one of four groups. Group 1 received a transplant containing cells only; group 2 received a cell suspension containing 0.68 μM liposomal RAPA (LRAPA); group 3 received a cell suspension containing 2.0 μM liposomal TAC (LTAC); and group 4 received a cell suspension containing a liposomal formulation of both 0.68 μM RAPA and 2.0 μM TAC (LRAPATAC). Rats were sacrificed after 6 weeks, and cell survival and fiber outgrowth were assessed using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. The animals receiving a cell suspension containing either LTAC or LRAPATAC were found to have significantly more surviving TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) cells than the control group receiving cells only. The group receiving LTAC had significantly longer fibers, the group receiving LRAPA had significantly more fibers close to the graft, and the group receiving LRAPATAC had significantly more fibers at all distances. This study shows the feasibility of using liposomal formulations of neuroimmunophilins directly in the brain at the time of implantation to improve graft survival and fiber outgrowth. Furthermore, we have shown that the combination of LTAC and LRAPA has a synergistic effect. These compounds may play an important role in optimizing graft survival and host reinnervation in cellmediated brain repair strategies for the treatment of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Y Alemdar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4H7
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20
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Tenenbaum L, Peschanski M, Melas C, Rodesh F, Lehtonen E, Stathopoulos A, Velu T, Brotchi J, Levivier M. Efficient Early and Sustained Transduction of Human Fetal Mesencephalon Using Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Vectors. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:565-71. [PMID: 15565868 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783983684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of transplantation of human fetal mesencephalic tissue into the putamen of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) is still limited by the poor survival of the graft. In animal models of fetal transplantation for PD, antiapoptotic agents, such as growth factors or caspase inhibitors, or agents counteracting oxidative stress enhance the survival and reinnervation potential of the graft. Genetic modification of the transplant could allow a local and continuous delivery of these factors at physiologically relevant doses. The major challenge remains the development of strategies to achieve both early and sustained gene delivery in the absence of vector-mediated toxicity. We recently reported that E14 rat fetal mesencephalon could be efficiently tranduced by adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) vectors and that gene expression was maintained until at least 3 months after transplantation in the adult rat striatum. Here we report that an AAV2 vector can mediate the expression of the EGFP reporter gene under the control of a CMV promoter in organotypic cultures of freshly explanted solid fragments of human fetal mesencephalic tissue as early as 3 days to at least 6 weeks postinfection. These results suggest that AAV2 vectors could be used to genetically modify the human fetal tissue prior to transplantation to Parkinson's patients to promote graft survival and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tenenbaum
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Hôpital Erasme, ULB, Belgium.
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21
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Andres RH, Ducray AD, Pérez-Bouza A, Schlattner U, Huber AW, Krebs SH, Seiler RW, Wallimann T, Widmer HR. Creatine Supplementation Improves Dopaminergic Cell Survival and Protects against MPP+ Toxicity in an Organotypic Tissue Culture System. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:537-50. [PMID: 16355565 DOI: 10.3727/000000005783982756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy using mesencephalic precursor cells is an experimental approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). A significant problem associated with this procedure is the poor survival of grafted neurons. Impaired energy metabolism is considered to contribute to neuronal cell death after transplantation. Creatine is a substrate for mitochondrial and cytosolic creatine kinases (CK) and buffers cellular ATP resources. Furthermore, elevated cellular creatine levels facilitate metabolic channeling and show anti-apoptotic properties. Exogenous creatine supplementation therefore might offer a tool for improvement of dopaminergic neuron survival. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of creatine on cell survival of rat embryonic day 14 (E14) ventral mesencephalic neurons grown as organotypic free-floating roller tube (FFRT) cultures. We found that the brain-specific isoform of CK (BB-CK) and the ubiquitous mitochondrial isoform (uMt-CK) are expressed at high levels in FFRT cultures and colocalize with tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) cells. Exposure of these cultures to creatine induced an increase in the content of the BB-CK isotype. Creatine (5 mM) administration starting at day in vitro (DIV) 7 resulted in a significant increase (+35%) in TH-ir cell density at DIV21. In addition, we observed that creatine treatment provided neuroprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced TH-ir cell loss in the FFRT culture system, resulting in a significantly higher density (+19%) of TH-ir neurons in creatine-treated cultures compared to corresponding controls. The decrease of TH-ir neurons in the MPP+-treated group corresponded with an increase in immunoreactivity for active caspase-3, an effect that was not seen in the group receiving creatine supplementation. In conclusion, our data imply that creatine administration is beneficial for the survival of TH-ir neurons encountering harmful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Andres
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland
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22
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Marchionini DM, Collier TJ, Pitzer MR, Sortwell CE. Reassessment of Caspase Inhibition to Augment Grafted Dopamine Neuron Survival. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:273-82. [PMID: 15191165 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783983972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One experimental therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) is the transplantation of embryonic ventral mesencephalic tissue. Unfortunately, up to 95% of grafted neurons die, many via apoptosis. Activated caspases play a key role in execution of the apoptotic pathway; therefore, exposure to caspase inhibitors may provide an effective intervention strategy for protection against apoptotic cell death. In the present study we examined the efficacy of two different caspase inhibitors, caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK and caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CMK, to augment mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neuron survival in culture and following implantation into the denervated striatum of rats. We report that treatment with Ac-YVAD-CMK provided partial but nonsignificant protection for TH-ir neurons against serum withdrawal in mesencephalic cultures plated at low density, while neither caspase inhibitor promoted TH-ir neuron survival in higher density cultures, simulating graft density. We demonstrate that plating procedures (full well vs. microislands) and cell density directly affect the degree of insult experienced by TH-ir neurons following serum withdrawal. This varying degree of insult directly impacts whether caspase inhibition will augment TH-ir neuron survival. Our grafting experiments demonstrate that Ac-YVAD-CMK does not augment grafted TH-ir neuron survival when added to mesencephalic cell suspensions prior to grafting or to mesencephalic reaggregates for 3 days in vitro prior to transplantation. These experiments provide further evidence of the failure of these caspase inhibitors to augment TH-ir neuron survival. Furthermore, we suggest that cell culture paradigms used to model grafting paradigms must more closely approximate the cell densities of mesencephalic grafts to effectively screen potential augmentative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Marchionini
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Research Center for Brain Repair, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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23
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Wiesmann A, Searles AE, Pierce LJ, Spangrude GJ. Effects of Caspase Inhibitors on Hematopoietic Engraftment after Short-Term Culture. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000002783985800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of apoptosis during cytokine-induced proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) may result in the loss of hematopoietic function. We tested the ability of several caspase inhibitors to maintain transplantation potential of mouse HSPC during in vitro culture. HSPC were isolated from mouse bone marrow by cell sorting and cultured in the presence of steel factor (STL) with or without various caspase inhibitors. After incubation, cells were harvested and tested for in vitro colony-forming cell (CFC) potential and transplantation activity in both short- and long-term in vivo assays. HSPC required STL to retain CFC activity during a 24-h culture at 37°C, and none of three caspase inhibitors could substitute for STL in this respect. In transplant assays, a twofold higher frequency of animals showed donor-derived blood cells 12 weeks after competitive transplantation of 50 HSPC cultured for 4 h in the presence of STL plus n-acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethyl ketone (ac-YVAD) compared with 50 cells cultured in STL alone. To evaluate the effect of ac-YVAD on short-term engraftment, 500 cultured HSPC were transplanted into lethally irradiated mice. Animals transplanted with cells cultured in the presence of ac-YVAD showed a higher survival rate and a faster recovery of platelets and hematocrit compared with animals transplanted with cells cultured in STL alone. We conclude that both the short-term and the long-term engraftment potentials of HSPC cultured in the presence of STL + ac-YVAD were superior to that obtained from cells cultured in STL alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wiesmann
- Departments of Oncological Sciences, Pathology, and Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - A. Elena Searles
- Departments of Oncological Sciences, Pathology, and Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - L. Jeanne Pierce
- Departments of Oncological Sciences, Pathology, and Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
| | - Gerald J. Spangrude
- Departments of Oncological Sciences, Pathology, and Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132
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Montolio M, Téllez N, Biarnés M, Soler J, Montanya E. Short-Term Culture with the Caspase Inhibitor z-VAD.fmk Reduces Beta Cell Apoptosis in Transplanted Islets and Improves the Metabolic Outcome of the Graft. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:59-65. [PMID: 15789663 DOI: 10.3727/000000005783983269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the initial days after transplantation islets are particularly vulnerable and show increased apoptosis and necrosis. We have studied the effects of caspase inhibition on this early beta cell death in syngeneically transplanted islets. Streptozotocin-diabetic C57BL/6 mice were transplanted with 150 syngeneic islets, an insufficient mass to restore normoglycemia, preincubated with or without the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD. fmk 2 h before transplantation. Beta cell apoptosis was increased in control islets on day 3 after transplantation (0.28 ± 0.02%) compared with freshly isolated islets (0.08 ± 0.02%, p< 0.001), and was partially reduced in transplanted islets preincubated with z-VAD.fmk 200 μM (0.14 ± 0.02%, p = 0.003) or with z-VAD.fmk 500 μM (0.17 ± 0.01%, p = 0.012), but not with a lower z-VAD.fmk (100 μM) concentration. Diabetic mice transplanted with islets preincubated with z-VAD.fmk 500 μM showed an improved metabolic evolution compared with control and z-VAD.fmk 200 μM groups. The z-VAD.fmk 500 μM group showed an overall lower blood glucose after transplantation (p = 0.02), and at the end of the study blood glucose values were reduced compared with transplantation day (15.7 ± 3.6 vs. 32.5 ± 0.5 mmol/L, p = 0.001). In contrast, blood glucose was not significantly changed in control and z-VAD.fmk 200 μM groups. Four weeks after transplantation beta cell mass was higher in z-VAD.fmk 500 μM group (0.15 ± 0.02 mg) than in the control group (0.10 ± 0.02 mg) (p = 0.043). In summary, the treatment of freshly isolated islets with the caspase inhibitor z-VAD.fmk reduced the subsequent apoptosis of the islets once they were transplanted and improved the outcome of the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Montolio
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Experimental Endocrinology, Endocrine Unit, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Zaman V, Turner DA, Shetty AK. Prolonged Postlesion Transplantation Delay Adversely Influences Survival of Both Homotopic and Heterotopic Fetal Hippocampal Cell Grafts in Kainate-Lesioned CA3 Region of Adult Hippocampus. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783986963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Zaman
- Departments of Surgery (Neurosurgery) and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Medical Research and Surgery (Neurosurgery) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Dennis A. Turner
- Departments of Surgery (Neurosurgery) and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Medical Research and Surgery (Neurosurgery) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Departments of Surgery (Neurosurgery) and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Medical Research and Surgery (Neurosurgery) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
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26
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Jahanbazi Jahan-Abad A, Alizadeh L, Sahab Negah S, Barati P, Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Meuth SG, Kovac S, Gorji A. Apoptosis Following Cortical Spreading Depression in Juvenile Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4225-4239. [PMID: 28612259 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive cortical spreading depression (CSD) can lead to cell death in immature brain tissue. Caspases are involved in neuronal cell death in several CSD-related neurological disorders, such as stroke and epilepsy. Yet, whether repetitive CSD itself can induce caspase activation in adult or juvenile tissue remains unknown. Inducing repetitive CSD in somatosensory cortices of juvenile and adult rats in vivo, we thus aimed to investigate the effect of repetitive CSD on the expression caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-12 in different brain regions using immunohistochemistry and western blotting techniques. Higher numbers of dark neurons and TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions as well as in the entorhinal and somatosensory cortices after CSD in juvenile rats. This was accompanied by higher expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9. Caspase-12 levels remained unchanged after CSD, suggesting that endoplasmic reticulum stress is not involved in CSD-triggered apoptosis. Changes in caspase expression were paralleled by a decrease of procaspase-3, procaspase-8, and procaspase-9 in juvenile rat brain tissue subjected to CSD. In contrast, repetitive CSD in adult rats did not result in the upregulation of caspase signaling. Our data points to a maturation-dependent vulnerability of brain tissue to repetitive CSD with a higher degree of apoptotic damage and caspase upregulation observed in juvenile tissue. Findings suggest a key role of caspase signaling in CSD-induced cell death in the immature brain. This implies that anti-apoptotic treatment may prevent CSD-related functional deficits in the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leila Alizadeh
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parastoo Barati
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stjepana Kovac
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ali Gorji
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany. .,Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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27
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Mao Z, Liu C, Ji S, Yang Q, Ye H, Han H, Xue Z. The NLRP3 Inflammasome is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease in Rats. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1104-1115. [PMID: 28247334 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) are complicated and have not been fully elucidated, but an important association has been identified between inflammation and PD. In this study, we investigated the role of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing (NLRP) 3 inflammasome, consisting of NLRP3, caspase-1 and cytokines of the IL-1 family, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD rats. Microinjection of different doses of caspase-1 inhibitor (Ac-YVAD-CMK, 300 or 1200 ng/rat) was performed for seven consecutive days. Then, rotational behavior, the number of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and the mRNA and protein expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome components were measured 14 days after the microinjection setup was established. Results showed that high mRNA and protein expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome components were observed in the injected side of the LPS- and 6-OHDA-induced PD rats; Ac-YVAD-CMK inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components in both LPS- and 6-OHDA-induced PD rats. Moreover, the number of rotations was significantly decreased, and the number of DA neurons in the SNc improved. Our data indicate that the NLRP3 inflammasome participates in the pathogenesis of PD and that inhibiting the downstream pathway of the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β axis can alleviate the occurrence of PD symptoms, providing a new basis for the prevention and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Chanchan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Suqiong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Qingmei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Hongxiang Ye
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Haiyan Han
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheng Xue
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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28
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Di Santo S, Seiler S, Ducray AD, Meyer M, Widmer HR. A Subpopulation of Dopaminergic Neurons Coexpresses Serotonin in Ventral Mesencephalic Cultures But Not After Intrastriatal Transplantation in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:679-691. [PMID: 27938488 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x693707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy is a promising avenue into the investigation and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), and in some cases, significant long-term motor improvements have been demonstrated. The main source of donor tissue is the human fetal ventral mesencephalon (FVM), which consists of a mixed neuronal population, and its heterogeneity likely contributes to the inconsistent outcome observed in clinical trials. Therefore, detailed knowledge about the neuronal subpopulations in the VM seems essential for successful cell transplantation. Interestingly, it has been reported that some tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) neurons in the VM of adult rats and in cultured midbrain-derived neuroblasts coexpress additional neurotransmitters. Thus, the present study investigated, by means of colocalization analyses, the possible expression of GABA or serotonin in TH+ neurons. For that purpose, both fetal rat and human dissociated, organotypic and neurosphere FVM cultures as well as an animal model of PD were investigated. In dissociated rat FVM cultures, approximately 30% of the TH+ neurons coexpressed serotonin, while no colocalization with GABA was observed. Interestingly, coexpression of TH and serotonin was found to be dependent on the time in culture, the plating density, and the exposure to neurotrophic factors, that is, higher cell densities and treatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor resulted in a significantly reduced coexpression rate. Notably, even though approximately 30% of the dopaminergic neurons in the donor tissue coexpressed serotonin, no colocalization could be detected in grafts 1 month after intrastriatal transplantation into hemiparkinsonian rats. In conclusion, a significant and susceptible subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons in FVM tissues coexpresses serotonin. This might have potential implications for the future selection and handling of cells prior to transplantation in PD.
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29
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Secretory Aspartyl Proteinases Cause Vaginitis and Can Mediate Vaginitis Caused by Candida albicans in Mice. mBio 2015; 6:e00724. [PMID: 26037125 PMCID: PMC4453014 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00724-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vaginal inflammation (vaginitis) is the most common disease caused by the human-pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Secretory aspartyl proteinases (Sap) are major virulence traits of C. albicans that have been suggested to play a role in vaginitis. To dissect the mechanisms by which Sap play this role, Sap2, a dominantly expressed member of the Sap family and a putative constituent of an anti-Candida vaccine, was used. Injection of full-length Sap2 into the mouse vagina caused local neutrophil influx and accumulation of the inflammasome-dependent interleukin-1β (IL-1β) but not of inflammasome-independent tumor necrosis factor alpha. Sap2 could be replaced by other Sap, while no inflammation was induced by the vaccine antigen, the N-terminal-truncated, enzymatically inactive tSap2. Anti-Sap2 antibodies, in particular Fab from a human combinatorial antibody library, inhibited or abolished the inflammatory response, provided the antibodies were able, like the Sap inhibitor Pepstatin A, to inhibit Sap enzyme activity. The same antibodies and Pepstatin A also inhibited neutrophil influx and cytokine production stimulated by C. albicans intravaginal injection, and a mutant strain lacking SAP1, SAP2, and SAP3 was unable to cause vaginal inflammation. Sap2 induced expression of activated caspase-1 in murine and human vaginal epithelial cells. Caspase-1 inhibition downregulated IL-1β and IL-18 production by vaginal epithelial cells, and blockade of the IL-1β receptor strongly reduced neutrophil influx. Overall, the data suggest that some Sap, particularly Sap2, are proinflammatory proteins in vivo and can mediate the inflammasome-dependent, acute inflammatory response of vaginal epithelial cells to C. albicans. These findings support the notion that vaccine-induced or passively administered anti-Sap antibodies could contribute to control vaginitis. IMPORTANCE Candidal vaginitis is an acute inflammatory disease that affects many women of fertile age, with no definitive cure and, in its recurrent forms, causing true devastation of quality of life. Unraveling the fungal factors causing inflammation is important to be able to devise novel tools to fight the disease. In an experimental murine model, we have discovered that aspartyl proteinases, particularly Sap2, may cause the same inflammatory signs of vaginitis caused by the fungus and that anti-Sap antibodies and the protease inhibitor Pepstatin A almost equally inhibit Sap- and C. albicans-induced inflammation. Sap-induced vaginitis is an early event during vaginal infection, is uncoupled from fungal growth, and requires Sap and caspase-1 enzymatic activities to occur, suggesting that Sap or products of Sap activity activate an inflammasome sensor of epithelial cells. Our data support the notion that anti-Sap antibodies could help control the essence of candidal vaginitis, i.e., the inflammatory response.
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg H, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2014. [PMID: 25027500 DOI: 10.14573/altex1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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31
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Development of a stereotaxic device for low impact implantation of neural constructs or pieces of neural tissues into the mammalian brain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:651236. [PMID: 24587986 PMCID: PMC3920921 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Implanting pieces of tissue or scaffolding material into the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is wrought with difficulties surrounding the size of tools needed to conduct such implants and the ability to maintain the orientation and integrity of the constructs during and after their transplantation. Here, novel technology has been developed that allows for the implantation of neural constructs or intact pieces of neural tissue into the CNS with low trauma. By “laying out” (instead of forcibly expelling) the implantable material from a thin walled glass capillary, this technology has the potential to enhance neural transplantation procedures by reducing trauma to the host brain during implantation and allowing for the implantation of engineered/dissected tissues or constructs in such a way that their orientation and integrity are maintained in the host. Such technology may be useful for treating various CNS disorders which require the reestablishment of point-to-point contacts (e.g., Parkinson's disease) across the adult CNS, an environment which is not normally permissive to axonal growth.
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Abstract
The aim of stem cell therapy for Parkinson's disease is to reconstruct nigro-striatal neuronal pathways using endogenous neural stem/precursor cells or grafted dopaminergic neurons. As an alternative, transplantation of stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons into the striatum has been attempted, with the aim of stimulating local synapse formation and/or release of dopamine and cytokines from grafted cells. Candidate stem cells include neural stem/precursor cells, embryonic stem cells and other stem/precursor cells. Among these, embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that proliferate extensively, making them a good potential donor source for transplantation. However, tumor formation and ethical issues present major problems for embryonic stem cell therapy. This review describes the current status of stem cell therapy for Parkinson's disease, as well as future research approaches from a clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Takahashi
- Kyoto University, Department of Biological Repair, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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33
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg HT, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX 2014; 31:441-77. [PMID: 25027500 PMCID: PMC4783151 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Bahinski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Mardas Daneshian
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Ellen Fritsche
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alan Goldberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - John Haycock
- Department of Materials Science of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helena T. Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lisa Hoelting
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Suzanne Kadereit
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Emily McVey
- Board for the Authorization of Plant Protection Products and Biocides, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marc Lübberstedt
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Tzutzuy Ramirez
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute for Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Gabriele Zurich
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Elmadbouh I, Haider HK, Ashraf M, Chachques JC. Preconditioning of Human Skeletal Myoblast with Stromal Cell-derived Factor-1α Promotes Cytoprotective Effects against Oxidative and Anoxic Stress. Int J Stem Cells 2013; 4:50-60. [PMID: 24298334 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2011.4.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The incidence of human autologous transplanted skeletal myoblast (SkM) cell death in ischemic myocardium was higher in the first few days after cell therapy. We proposed that human SkM treated by human stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1α) protein or tranfected by SDF-1α, precondition them against oxidative or anoxic injury. METHODS AND RESULTS The purification of human SkM (80∼90%) culture was assessed for desmin and CXCR4 expression using immunostaining and flow cytometry respectively. Cells were transfected to overexpress SDF-1α or treated with rSDF-1α (10∼200 ng/ml, 1∼4 h) were either exposed to anoxia or treated with 100μM H2O2 for different time periods (1∼6 h anoxia) (1∼3 h H2O2). Optimized conditions for transfection of SDF-1α gene into human SkM were achieved, using FuGene(TM)6/phSDF-1α(3:2 v/w, 4 h transfection) with 125μ M ZnCl2 (p< 0.001), up to 7 days post-transfection as compared with transfected SkM without ZnCl2 and non-transfected control cells. Transfection efficiency was assessed by immunostaining, ELISA, western blots and PCR. LDH analysis showed significant decrease in release of LDH after exposure to 6 h anoxia or 100μ M H2O2 for 2 h as compared with the normal un-treated or un-transfected SkM (p< 0.001). In western blots assay, SDF-1α over-expressing human SkM or treated with rSDF-1α induced marked expression of total Akt (1.2-fold) and phospho-Akt (2.7-fold), Bcl2 (1.6-fold) and VEGF (5.8-fold) after exposure to 6 h anoxia as compared with human SkM controls. CONCLUSIONS The preconditioning of donor transplanted human SkM with SDF-1α increased cell survival and promoted cytoprotective effect against oxidative or anoxic injury that may be an innovative approach for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Elmadbouh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA ; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery (LBR), Pompidou Hospital, Paris-5 University, Paris, France ; Faculty of Medicine, Menoufiya University, Egypt
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Krug AK, Balmer NV, Matt F, Schönenberger F, Merhof D, Leist M. Evaluation of a human neurite growth assay as specific screen for developmental neurotoxicants. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:2215-31. [PMID: 23670202 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific in vitro toxicity assays are often highly sensitive, but they lack specificity. We evaluated here examples of assay features that can affect test specificity, and some general procedures are suggested on how positive hits in complex biological assays may be defined. Differentiating human LUHMES cells were used as potential model for developmental neurotoxicity testing. Forty candidate toxicants were screened, and several hits were obtained and confirmed. Although the cells had a definitive neuronal phenotype, the use of a general cell death endpoint in these cultures did not allow specific identification of neurotoxicants. As alternative approach, neurite growth was measured as an organ-specific functional endpoint. We found that neurite extension of developing LUHMES was specifically inhibited by diverse compounds such as colchicine, vincristine, narciclasine, rotenone, cycloheximide, or diquat. These compounds reduced neurite growth at concentrations that did not compromise cell viability, and neurite growth was affected more potently than the integrity of developed neurites of mature neurons. A ratio of the EC50 values of neurite growth inhibition and cell death of >4 provided a robust classifier for compounds associated with a developmental neurotoxic hazard. Screening of unspecific toxicants in the test system always yielded ratios <4. The assay identified also compounds that accelerated neurite growth, such as the rho kinase pathway modifiers blebbistatin or thiazovivin. The negative effects of colchicine or rotenone were completely inhibited by a rho kinase inhibitor. In summary, we suggest that assays using functional endpoints (neurite growth) can specifically identify and characterize (developmental) neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Krug
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Box 657, 78457, Constance, Germany,
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Guan Y, Du QA, Zhu W, Zou C, Wu D, Chen L, Zhang YA. Function of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived supporting cells in neural progenitor cell maturation and long term expansion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54332. [PMID: 23342136 PMCID: PMC3544757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into neurons using the 5-stage method, cells in stage 4 are in general used as neural progenitors (NPs) because of their ability to give rise to neurons. The choice of stage 4 raises several questions about neural progenitors such as the type of cell types that are specifically considered to be neural progenitors, the exact time when these progenitors become capable of neurogenesis and whether neurogenesis is an independent and autonomous process or the result of an interaction between NP cells and the surrounding cells. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we found that the confluent monolayer cells and neural sphere like cell clusters both appeared in the culture of the first 14 days and the subsequent 6 weeks. However, only the sphere cells are neural progenitors that give rise to neurons and astrocytes. The NP cells require 14 days to mature into neural lineages fully capable of differentiation. We also found that although the confluent monolayer cells do not undergo neurogenesis, they play a crucial role in the growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of the sphere cells, during the first 14 days and long term culture, by secreted factors and direct cell to cell contact. Conclusions/Significance The sphere cells in stage 4 are more committed to developing into neural progenitors than monolayer cells. Interaction between the monolayer cells and sphere cells is important in the development of stage 4 cell characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqian Guan
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, P. R. China
| | - Qing-An Du
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, P. R. China
| | - Wanwan Zhu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, P. R. China
| | - Chunlin Zou
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, P. R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YAZ); (LC)
| | - Yu Alex Zhang
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Ministry of Education, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YAZ); (LC)
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Hargus G, Cui YF, Dihné M, Bernreuther C, Schachner M. In vitro generation of three-dimensional substrate-adherent embryonic stem cell-derived neural aggregates for application in animal models of neurological disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 2:Unit 2D.11. [PMID: 22605646 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d11s21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro-differentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells comprise a useful source for cell replacement therapy, but the efficiency and safety of a translational approach are highly dependent on optimized protocols for directed differentiation of ES cells into the desired cell types in vitro. Furthermore, the transplantation of three-dimensional ES cell-derived structures instead of a single-cell suspension may improve graft survival and function by providing a beneficial microenvironment for implanted cells. To this end, we have developed a new method to efficiently differentiate mouse ES cells into neural aggregates that consist predominantly (>90%) of postmitotic neurons, neural progenitor cells, and radial glia-like cells. When transplanted into the excitotoxically lesioned striatum of adult mice, these substrate-adherent embryonic stem cell-derived neural aggregates (SENAs) showed significant advantages over transplanted single-cell suspensions of ES cell-derived neural cells, including improved survival of GABAergic neurons, increased cell migration, and significantly decreased risk of teratoma formation. Furthermore, SENAs mediated functional improvement after transplantation into animal models of Parkinson's disease and spinal cord injury. This unit describes in detail how SENAs are efficiently derived from mouse ES cells in vitro and how SENAs are isolated for transplantation. Furthermore, methods are presented for successful implantation of SENAs into animal models of Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injury to study the effects of stem cell-derived neural aggregates in a disease context in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Hargus
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Rodriguez-Pallares J, Joglar B, Muñoz-Manchado AB, Villadiego J, Toledo-Aral JJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Cografting of carotid body cells improves the long-term survival, fiber outgrowth and functional effects of grafted dopaminergic neurons. Regen Med 2012; 7:309-22. [PMID: 22594325 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS A major limiting factor for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease is that the survival of grafted dopaminergic neurons is very poor, which may be improved by administration of GDNF, for which the carotid body is a good source. MATERIALS & METHODS Rats with total unilateral dopaminergic denervation were grafted with a cell suspension of rat dopaminergic neuroblasts with or without cell aggregates from the rat carotid body. At 1, 2 and 3 months after grafting, the rats were tested in the cylinder and the rotometer and killed 4 months after grafting. RESULTS We observed that the survival of dopaminergic neurons and graft-derived dopaminergic innervation were higher in rats that received mixed grafts. Both grafted groups showed complete recovery in the amphetamine-induced rotation test. However, rats with cografts performed significantly better in the cylinder test. CONCLUSION Cografting of carotid body cells may constitute a useful strategy for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Protective effect of Urtica dioica L. on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat. J Mol Histol 2012; 43:691-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Saxena SK, Shrivastava G, Tiwari S, Swamy MA, Nair MP. Modulation of HIV pathogenesis and T-cell signaling by HIV-1 Nef. Future Virol 2012; 7:609-620. [PMID: 22844345 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef protein is an approximately 27-kDa myristoylated protein that is a virulence factor essential for efficient viral replication and infection in CD4(+) T cells. The functions of CD4(+) T cells are directly impeded after HIV infection. HIV-1 Nef plays a crucial role in manipulating host cellular machinery and in HIV pathogenesis by reducing the ability of infected lymphocytes to form immunological synapses by promoting virological synapses with APCs, and by affecting T-cell stimulation. This article reviews the current status of the efficient Nef-mediated spread of virus in the unreceptive environment of the immune system by altering CD4(+) T-lymphocyte signaling, intracellular trafficking, cell migration and apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra K Saxena
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007 (AP), India
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Louboutin JP, Agrawal L, Reyes BAS, van Bockstaele EJ, Strayer DS. Gene delivery of antioxidant enzymes inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120-induced expression of caspases. Neuroscience 2012; 214:68-77. [PMID: 22531373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are implicated in neuronal death in neurodegenerative and other central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In a rat model of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), we previously characterized HIV-1 envelope gp120-induced neuronal apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In this model, neuronal apoptosis occurred probably via gp120-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant gene delivery blunted gp120-related apoptosis. Here, we studied the effect of gp120 on different caspases (3, 6, 8, 9) expression. Caspases production increased in the rat caudate-putamen (CP) 6h after gp120 injection into the same structure. The expression of caspases peaked by 24h. Caspases colocalized mainly with neurons. Prior gene delivery of the antioxidant enzymes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) or glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) into the CP before injecting gp120 there reduced levels of gp120-induced caspases, recapitulating the effect of antioxidant enzymes on gp120-induced apoptosis observed by TUNEL. Thus, HIV-1 gp120 increased caspases expression in the CP. Prior antioxidant enzyme treatment mitigated production of these caspases, probably by reducing ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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Hibino N, Duncan DR, Nalbandian A, Yi T, Qyang Y, Shinoka T, Breuer CK. Evaluation of the use of an induced puripotent stem cell sheet for the construction of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 143:696-703. [PMID: 22244569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of a living, tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) holds great promise for advancing the field of cardiovascular surgery. However, the ultimate source and time needed to procure these cells remain problematic. Induced puripotent stem (iPS) cells have recently been developed and have the potential for creating a pluripotent cell line from a patient's own somatic cells. In the present study, we evaluated the use of a sheet created from iPS cell-derived vascular cells as a potential source for the construction of TEVG. METHODS Male mouse iPS cells were differentiated into embryoid bodies using the hanging-drop method. Cell differentiation was confirmed by a decrease in the proportion of SSEA-1-positive cells over time using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The expression of endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell markers was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The differentiated iPS cell sheet was made using temperature-responsive dishes and then seeded onto a biodegradable scaffold composed of polyglycolic acid-poly-l-lactide and poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) with a diameter of 0.8 mm. These scaffolds were implanted as interposition grafts in the inferior vena cava of female severe combined immunodeficiency/beige mice (n = 15). Graft function was serially monitored using ultrasonography. The grafts were analyzed at 1, 4, and 10 weeks with histologic examination and immunohistochemistry. The behavior of seeded differentiated iPS cells was tracked using Y-chromosome fluorescent in situ hybridization and SRY real-time PCR. RESULTS All mice survived without thrombosis, aneurysm formation, graft rupture, or calcification. PCR evaluation of iPS cell sheets in vitro demonstrated increased expression of endothelial cell markers. Histologic evaluation of the grafts demonstrated endothelialization with von Willebrand factor and an inner layer with smooth muscle actin- and calponin-positive cells at 10 weeks. The number of seeded differentiated iPS cells was found to decrease over time using real-time PCR (42.2% at 1 week, 10.4% at 4 weeks, 9.8% at 10 weeks). A fraction of the iPS cells were found to be Y-chromosome fluorescent positive at 1 week. No iPS cells were found to co-localize with von Willebrand factor or smooth muscle actin-positive cells at 10 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Differentiated iPS cells offer an alternative cell source for constructing TEVG. Seeded iPS cells exerted a paracrine effect to induce neotissue formation in the acute phase and were reduced in number by apoptosis at later time points. Sheet seeding of our TEVG represents a viable mode of iPS cell delivery over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narutoshi Hibino
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Survival, differentiation, and connectivity of ventral mesencephalic dopamine neurons following transplantation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59575-1.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Activation of microglia and inflammation-mediated neurotoxicity are suggested to have key roles in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. We recently published an article in Nature revealing an unexpected role for executioner caspases in the microglia activation process. We showed that caspases 8 and 3/7, commonly known to have executioner roles for apoptosis, can promote microglia activation in the absence of death. We found these caspases to be activated in microglia of PD and AD subjects. Inhibition of this signaling pathway hindered microglia activation and importantly reduced neurotoxicity in cell and animal models of disease. Here we review evidence suggesting that microglia can have a key role in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders. We discuss possible underlying mechanisms regulating their activation and neurotoxic effect. We focus on the provocative hypothesis that caspase inhibition can be neuroprotective by targeting the microglia rather than the neurons themselves.
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Hill CE, Guller Y, Raffa SJ, Hurtado A, Bunge MB. A calpain inhibitor enhances the survival of Schwann cells in vitro and after transplantation into the injured spinal cord. J Neurotrauma 2011; 27:1685-95. [PMID: 20568964 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the diversity of cells available for transplantation into sites of spinal cord injury (SCI), and the known ability of transplanted cells to integrate into host tissue, functional improvement associated with cellular transplantation has been limited. One factor potentially limiting the efficacy of transplanted cells is poor cell survival. Recently we demonstrated rapid and early death of Schwann cells (SCs) within the first 24 h after transplantation, by both necrosis and apoptosis, which results in fewer than 20% of the cells surviving beyond 1 week. To enhance SC transplant survival, in vitro and in vivo models to rapidly screen compounds for their ability to promote SC survival are needed. The current study utilized in vitro models of apoptosis and necrosis, and based on withdrawal of serum and mitogens and the application of hydrogen peroxide, we screened several inhibitors of apoptosis and necrosis. Of the compounds tested, the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 enhanced SC survival both in vitro in response to oxidative stress induced by application of H2O2, and in vivo following delayed transplantation into the moderately contused spinal cord. The results support the use of calpain inhibitors as a promising new treatment for promoting the survival of transplanted cells. They also suggest that in vitro assays for cell survival may be useful for establishing new compounds that can then be tested in vivo for their ability to promote transplanted SC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Hill
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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Egawa EY, Kato K, Hiraoka M, Nakaji-Hirabayashi T, Iwata H. Enhanced proliferation of neural stem cells in a collagen hydrogel incorporating engineered epidermal growth factor. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4737-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nezhadi A, Ghazi F, Rassoli H, Bakhtiari M, Ataiy Z, Soleimani S, Mehdizadeh M. BMSC and CoQ10 improve behavioural recovery and histological outcome in rat model of Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:317-24. [PMID: 21703827 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the ability of a combination treatment of bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) graft and oral coenzyme (CoQ10) in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) as an appropriate substitute for current Parkinson treatments. The combination treatment was compared to sole treatments of BMSC and CoQ10. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, there were six groups of male Wistar rats: control, sham, lesion, CoQ10, graft BMSC and graft BMSC plus CoQ10. Oral administration of CoQ10 began 1 week before the PD and continued during the entire treatment period. To simulate PD, we injected 6 hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) in rats. BMSC were labelled by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (Brdu) before transplantation. We assessed behaviour before PD, 2 weeks after PD and 8 weeks after cell transplantation. At the end of the second month of treatment, immunohistochemistry, histology and molecular studies were performed. RESULTS Behavioural assessment of the CoQ10 group and BMSC group indicated equal recovery in comparison with the lesion group (P<0.01), while the combined treatment of BMSC and CoQ10 showed considerably better recovery compared with the lesion group (P<0.001). There were no signs of gliosis and graft rejection. Immunohistochemistry analysis of Brdu indicated that cells were alive after 2 months of application in host tissue. Cell counts showed significantly greater numbers of neural cells in the combination treatment of BMSC and CoQ10 compared to the other groups. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression levels in the combined therapy group was significantly more than the other experimental groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The combined use of two neuroprotective treatments and cell replacement therapy can be effective in the treatment of PD, at least in experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Nezhadi
- Department of Anatomy, Army University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sex-specific activation of cell death signalling pathways in cerebellar granule neurons exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation. ASN Neuro 2011; 3:AN20100032. [PMID: 21382016 PMCID: PMC3072765 DOI: 10.1042/an20100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal death pathways following hypoxia-ischaemia are sexually dimorphic, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We examined cell death mechanisms during OGD (oxygen-glucose deprivation) followed by Reox (reoxygenation) in segregated male (XY) and female (XX) mouse primary CGNs (cerebellar granule neurons) that are WT (wild-type) or Parp-1 [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1] KO (knockout). Exposure of CGNs to OGD (1.5 h)/Reox (7 h) caused cell death in XY and XX neurons, but cell death during Reox was greater in XX neurons. ATP levels were significantly lower after OGD/Reox in WT-XX neurons than in XY neurons; this difference was eliminated in Parp-1 KO-XX neurons. AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) was released from mitochondria and translocated to the nucleus by 1 h exclusively in WT-XY neurons. In contrast, there was a release of Cyt C (cytochrome C) from mitochondria in WT-XX and Parp-1 KO neurons of both sexes; delayed activation of caspase 3 was observed in the same three groups. Thus deletion of Parp-1 shunted cell death towards caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. Delayed activation of caspase 8 was also observed in all groups after OGD/Reox, but was much greater in XX neurons, and caspase 8 translocated to the nucleus in XX neurons only. Caspase 8 activation may contribute to increased XX neuronal death during Reox, via caspase 3 activation. Thus, OGD/Reox induces death of XY neurons via a PARP-1-AIF-dependent mechanism, but blockade of PARP-1-AIF pathway shifts neuronal death towards a caspase-dependent mechanism. In XX neurons, OGD/Reox caused prolonged depletion of ATP and delayed activation of caspase 8 and caspase 3, culminating in greater cell death during Reox.
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Abstract
Although apoptosis plays a critical role in molding the CNS into its final appearance and function, inappropriate activation of this pathway in the aging brain may contribute to neurodegeneration. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), an overwhelming body of evidence supports the activation of apoptosis in general, and caspases specifically as an early event that may not only contribute to neurodegeneration but also promote the underlying pathology associated with this disease. Therefore, caspase inhibitors may provide an effective strategy for treating AD. However, despite the compelling evidence indicating a role for caspases in disease progression, chronic treatment with caspase inhibitors in animal models of AD has never been undertaken. In this review the role of caspases in AD will be addressed, including recent studies utilizing in vivo transgenic mouse models of tauopathies. In addition, a discussion of the therapeutic value and dangers of targeting caspase inhibition in the treatment of AD using caspase inhibitors such as Q-VD-OPh will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy T Rohn
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Science/Nursing Building, Room 228, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
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Chou J, Greig NH, Reiner D, Hoffer BJ, Wang Y. Enhanced survival of dopaminergic neuronal transplants in hemiparkinsonian rats by the p53 inactivator PFT-α. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:1351-9. [PMID: 21294958 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x557173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A key limiting factor impacting the success of cell transplantation for Parkinson's disease is the survival of the grafted cells, which are often short lived. The focus of this study was to examine a novel strategy to optimize the survival of exogenous fetal ventromesencephalic (VM) grafts by treatment with the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-α (PFT-α), to improve the biological outcome of parkinsonian animals. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 6-hydroxydopamine into the left medial forebrain bundle to induce a hemiparkinsonian state. At 7 weeks after lesioning, animals were grafted with fetal VM or cortical tissue into the lesioned striatum and, thereafter, received daily PFT-α or vehicle injections for 5 days. Apomorphine-induced rotational behavior was examined at 2, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after grafting. Analysis of TUNEL or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining was undertaken at 5 days or 4 months after grafting. The transplantation of fetal VM tissue into the lesioned striatum reduced rotational behavior. A further reduction in rotation was apparent in animals receiving PFT-α and VM transplants. By contrast, no significant reduction in rotation was evident in animals receiving cortical grafts or cortical grafts + PFT-α. PFT-α treatment reduced TUNEL labeling and increased TH(+) cell and fiber density in the VM transplants. In conclusion, our data indicate that early postgrafting treatment with PFT-α enhances the survival of dopamine cell transplants and augments behavioral recovery in parkinsonian animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chou
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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