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Yang D, Hu Y, Yang J, Tao L, Su Y, Wu Y, Yao Y, Wang S, Ye S, Xu T. Research Progress on the Correlation between Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 389:163-173. [PMID: 38453527 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant pathologic type of primary liver cancer. It is a malignant tumor of liver epithelial cells. There are many ways to treat HCC, but the survival rate for HCC patients remains low. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms by which HCC occurs and develops is critical to explore new therapeutic targets. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an important player in the redox reaction of ethanol with endogenous aldehyde products released by lipid peroxidation. Increasing evidence suggests that ALDH2 is a crucial regulator of human tumor development, including HCC. Therefore, clarifying the relationship between ALDH2 and HCC is helpful for formulating rational treatment strategies. This review highlights the regulatory roles of ALDH2 in the development of HCC, elucidates the multiple potential mechanisms by which ALDH2 regulates the development of HCC, and summarizes the progress of research on ALDH2 gene polymorphisms and HCC susceptibility. Meanwhile, we envision viable strategies for targeting ALDH2 in the treatment of HCC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Numerous studies have aimed to explore novel therapeutic targets for HCC, and ALDH2 has been reported to be a critical regulator of HCC progression. This review discusses the functions, molecular mechanisms, and clinical significance of ALDH2 in the development of HCC and examines the prospects of ALDH2-based therapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuai Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Ying Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Junfa Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Liangsong Tao
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Yue Su
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Yincui Wu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Yan Yao
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Sheng Ye
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (D.Y., L.T., Y.W., Y.Y., S.W., T.X.); State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (Y.H.); Department of Pediatric orthopedics, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei, China (J.Y.); Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China (Y.S.); and School of Materials and Chemistry and School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China (S.Y.)
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Okholm TLH, Kamstrup AB, Nielsen MM, Hollensen AK, Graversgaard ML, Sørensen MH, Kristensen LS, Vang S, Park SS, Yeo GW, Dyrskjøt L, Kjems J, Pedersen JS, Damgaard CK. circHIPK3 nucleates IGF2BP2 and functions as a competing endogenous RNA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.14.557527. [PMID: 37745562 PMCID: PMC10515936 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a class of widespread endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression and thereby influence cell biological decisions with implications for the pathogenesis of several diseases. Here, we disclose a novel gene-regulatory role of circHIPK3 by combining analyses of large genomics datasets and mechanistic cell biological follow-up experiments. Specifically, we use temporal depletion of circHIPK3 or specific RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and identify several perturbed genes by RNA sequencing analyses. Using expression-coupled motif analyses of mRNA expression data from various knockdown experiments, we identify an 11-mer motif within circHIPK3, which is also enriched in genes that become downregulated upon circHIPK3 depletion. By mining eCLIP datasets, we find that the 11-mer motif constitutes a strong binding site for IGF2BP2 and validate this circHIPK3-IGF2BP2 interaction experimentally using RNA-immunoprecipitation and competition assays in bladder cancer cell lines. Our results suggest that circHIPK3 and IGF2BP2 mRNA targets compete for binding. Since the identified 11-mer motif found in circHIPK3 is enriched in upregulated genes following IGF2BP2 knockdown, and since IGF2BP2 depletion conversely globally antagonizes the effect of circHIPK3 knockdown on target genes, our results suggest that circHIPK3 can sequester IGF2BP2 as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), leading to target mRNA stabilization. As an example of a circHIPK3-regulated gene, we focus on the STAT3 mRNA as a specific substrate of IGF2BP2 and validate that manipulation of circHIPK3 regulates IGF2BP2-STAT3 mRNA binding and thereby STAT3 mRNA levels. However, absolute copy number quantifications demonstrate that IGF2BP2 outnumbers circHIPK3 by orders of magnitude, which is inconsistent with a simple 1:1 ceRNA hypothesis. Instead, we show that circHIPK3 can nucleate multiple copies of IGF2BP2, potentially via phase separation, to produce IGF2BP2 condensates. Finally, we show that circHIPK3 expression correlates with overall survival of patients with bladder cancer. Our results are consistent with a model where relatively few cellular circHIPK3 molecules function as inducers of IGF2BP2 condensation thereby regulating STAT3 and other key factors for cell proliferation and potentially cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Line Hauge Okholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Muhlig Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne Kruse Hollensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Matilde Helbo Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Vang
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Samuel S. Park
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gene W. Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakob Skou Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Center (BiRC), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Christian Kroun Damgaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- These authors contributed equally
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Li T, Wang P, Sun G, Zou Y, Cheng Y, Wang H, Lu Y, Shi J, Wang K, Zhang Q, Ye H. hccTAAb Atlas: An Integrated Knowledge Database for Tumor-Associated Autoantibodies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:728-737. [PMID: 38156953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-associated autoantibodies (TAAbs) have demonstrated potential as biomarkers for cancer detection. However, the understanding of their role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains limited. In this study, we aimed to systematically collect and standardize information about these TAAbs and establish a comprehensive database as a platform for in-depth research. A total of 170 TAAbs were identified from published papers retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Following normative reannotation, these TAAbs were referred to as 162 official symbols. The hccTAAb (tumor-associated autoantibodies in hepatocellular carcinoma) atlas was developed using the R Shiny framework and incorporating literature-based and multiomics data sets. This comprehensive online resource provides key information such as sensitivity, specificity, and additional details such as official symbols, official full names, UniProt, NCBI, HPA, neXtProt, and aliases through hyperlinks. Additionally, hccTAAb offers six analytical modules for visualizing expression profiles, survival analysis, immune infiltration, similarity analysis, DNA methylation, and DNA mutation analysis. Overall, the hccTAAb Atlas provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying TAAb and has the potential to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of HCC using autoantibodies. The hccTAAb Atlas is freely accessible at https://nscc.v.zzu.edu.cn/hccTAAb/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiandong Li
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology & State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology & State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Guiying Sun
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology & State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yuanlin Zou
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology & State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology & State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Han Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology & State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yin Lu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology & State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jianxiang Shi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology & State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Keyan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology & State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hua Ye
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Epidemiology & State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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Yuan J, Li X, Wang F, Liu H, Guan W, Xu G. Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 is a therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2198-2209. [PMID: 38084732 PMCID: PMC10903241 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231214268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a fatal gynecologic disease. The most common treatment for OC patients is surgery combined with chemotherapy but most patients at advanced stages eventually develop relapse due to chemoresistance. This study examined the role and function of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) in OC. We observed that the expression of IGF2BP2 mRNA and protein was up-regulated in OC cells and tissues using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. An increase in IGF2BP2 expression at mRNA and protein levels was verified by the analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), respectively. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) databases were applied to analyze the expression and clinical value of IGF2BP2. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses explored biological functions and the involvement of IGF2BP2 in cell growth. Indeed, the knockdown of IGF2BP2 resulted in the inhibition of OC cell proliferation evaluated by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Genomic amplification of IGF2BP2 partly accounted for its overexpression. High expression of IGF2BP2 was associated with signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and drug sensitivity and was correlated with an unfavorable survival outcome in OC patients. Furthermore, the responsiveness of chemotherapy and immunotherapy were analyzed using the "pRRophetic" R package and The Cancer Immune Atlas (TCIA) database, respectively. The low expression of IGF2BP2 was associated with chemoresistance but with high tumor microenvironment scores and tumor-infiltrating immune cells, suggesting that immunotherapy may apply in chemoresistant patients. The alteration of IGF2BP2 expression may respond to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Thus, IGF2BP2 shows potential as a therapeutic target and diagnostic biomarker for OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yuan
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, 1508 Longhang Road, Shanghai 201508, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Li
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, 1508 Longhang Road, Shanghai 201508, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fanchen Wang
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, 1508 Longhang Road, Shanghai 201508, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huiqiang Liu
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, 1508 Longhang Road, Shanghai 201508, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wencai Guan
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, 1508 Longhang Road, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Guoxiong Xu
- Research Center for Clinical Medicine, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, 1508 Longhang Road, Shanghai 201508, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Center for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
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Yu D, Xiao Z, Zou Z, Lin L, Li J, Tan J, Chen W. IGF2BP2 promotes head and neck squamous carcinoma cell proliferation and growth via the miR-98-5p/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1252999. [PMID: 37936610 PMCID: PMC10627011 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1252999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As a N6-methyladenosine reader protein, Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) is a critical player in tumor progression and metastasis. However, its specific function in head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) has yet to be determined. The present study aimed to determine the role of IGF2BP2 in HNSCC. Methods The expression of IGF2BP2 in HNSCC was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and detected in HNSCC tissues and cells, respectively. Gain- and loss- of function methods were employed to study the effects of IGF2BP2 on HNSCC cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulating IGF2BP2 were predicted using online tools and confirmed experimentally. Results We showed augmented IGF2BP2 expression in HNSCC, which correlated with poor clinical outcomes. Functional studies showed that IGF2BP2 promoted HNSCC cell proliferation by facilitating cell cycle progression while inhibiting apoptosis. We further demonstrated that IGF2BP2 could enhance HNSCC cell tumorigenesis in vivo. Mechanistically, our data revealed that miR-98-5p could directly target IGF2BP2. The interplay between IGF2BP2 and miR-98-5p is essential to drive the progression of HNSCC via the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) pathway signaling pathway. Discussion The current study revealed the oncogenic role of IGF2BP2 and provided insights into its potential mechanism in HNSCC tumorigenesis. Additionally, IGF2BP2 might represent a promising therapeutic target and serve as prognostic biomarker in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenlong Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhefei Zou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Rajan PK, Udoh UAS, Nakafuku Y, Pierre SV, Sanabria J. Normalization of the ATP1A1 Signalosome Rescinds Epigenetic Modifications and Induces Cell Autophagy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2023; 12:2367. [PMID: 37830582 PMCID: PMC10572209 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH)-related HCC, cellular redox imbalance from metabolic disturbances leads to dysregulation of the α1-subunit of the Na/K-ATPase (ATP1A1) signalosome. We have recently reported that the normalization of this pathway exhibited tumor suppressor activity in MASH-HCC. We hypothesized that dysregulated signaling from the ATP1A1, mediated by cellular metabolic stress, promotes aberrant epigenetic modifications including abnormal post-translational histone modifications and dysfunctional autophagic activity, leading to HCC development and progression. Increased H3K9 acetylation (H3K9ac) and H3K9 tri-methylation (H3K9me3) were observed in human HCC cell lines, HCC-xenograft and MASH-HCC mouse models, and epigenetic changes were associated with decreased cell autophagy in HCC cell lines. Inhibition of the pro-autophagic transcription factor FoxO1 was associated with elevated protein carbonylation and decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH). In contrast, normalization of the ATP1A1 signaling significantly decreased H3K9ac and H3K9me3, in vitro and in vivo, with concomitant nuclear localization of FoxO1, heightening cell autophagy and cancer-cell apoptotic activities in treated HCC cell lines. Our results showed the critical role of the ATP1A1 signalosome in HCC development and progression through epigenetic modifications and impaired cell autophagy activity, highlighting the importance of the ATP1A1 pathway as a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Rajan
- Department of Surgery, Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (P.K.R.); (U.-A.S.U.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Utibe-Abasi S. Udoh
- Department of Surgery, Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (P.K.R.); (U.-A.S.U.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Yuto Nakafuku
- Department of Surgery, Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (P.K.R.); (U.-A.S.U.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Sandrine V. Pierre
- Department of Surgery, Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (P.K.R.); (U.-A.S.U.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
| | - Juan Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (P.K.R.); (U.-A.S.U.); (Y.N.); (S.V.P.)
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolomic Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44100, USA
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Dolton G, Rius C, Wall A, Szomolay B, Bianchi V, Galloway SAE, Hasan MS, Morin T, Caillaud ME, Thomas HL, Theaker S, Tan LR, Fuller A, Topley K, Legut M, Attaf M, Hopkins JR, Behiry E, Zabkiewicz J, Alvares C, Lloyd A, Rogers A, Henley P, Fegan C, Ottmann O, Man S, Crowther MD, Donia M, Svane IM, Cole DK, Brown PE, Rizkallah P, Sewell AK. Targeting of multiple tumor-associated antigens by individual T cell receptors during successful cancer immunotherapy. Cell 2023; 186:3333-3349.e27. [PMID: 37490916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The T cells of the immune system can target tumors and clear solid cancers following tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy. We used combinatorial peptide libraries and a proteomic database to reveal the antigen specificities of persistent cancer-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) following successful TIL therapy for stage IV malignant melanoma. Remarkably, individual TCRs could target multiple different tumor types via the HLA A∗02:01-restricted epitopes EAAGIGILTV, LLLGIGILVL, and NLSALGIFST from Melan A, BST2, and IMP2, respectively. Atomic structures of a TCR bound to all three antigens revealed the importance of the shared x-x-x-A/G-I/L-G-I-x-x-x recognition motif. Multi-epitope targeting allows individual T cells to attack cancer in several ways simultaneously. Such "multipronged" T cells exhibited superior recognition of cancer cells compared with conventional T cell recognition of individual epitopes, making them attractive candidates for the development of future immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Cristina Rius
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Aaron Wall
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Barbara Szomolay
- Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Valentina Bianchi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sarah A E Galloway
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Md Samiul Hasan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Théo Morin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Marine E Caillaud
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hannah L Thomas
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sarah Theaker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Li Rong Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Katie Topley
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Mateusz Legut
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Meriem Attaf
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jade R Hopkins
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Enas Behiry
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Joanna Zabkiewicz
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Caroline Alvares
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Angharad Lloyd
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Amber Rogers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Peter Henley
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Christopher Fegan
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Oliver Ottmann
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Stephen Man
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Michael D Crowther
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK; National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marco Donia
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Paul E Brown
- The Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Pierre Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunology Research Institute, Cardiff, Wales CF14 4XN, UK.
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8
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Kendzia S, Franke S, Kröhler T, Golob-Schwarzl N, Schweiger C, Toeglhofer AM, Skofler C, Uranitsch S, El-Heliebi A, Fuchs J, Punschart A, Stiegler P, Keil M, Hoffmann J, Henderson D, Lehrach H, Yaspo ML, Reinhard C, Schäfer R, Keilholz U, Regenbrecht C, Schicho R, Fickert P, Lax SF, Erdmann F, Schulz MH, Kiemer AK, Haybaeck J, Kessler SM. A combined computational and functional approach identifies IGF2BP2 as a driver of chemoresistance in a wide array of pre-clinical models of colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:89. [PMID: 37248468 PMCID: PMC10227963 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Chemoresistance is a major cause of treatment failure in colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy. In this study, the impact of the IGF2BP family of RNA-binding proteins on CRC chemoresistance was investigated using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches. METHODS Gene expression data from a well-characterized cohort and publicly available cross-linking immunoprecipitation sequencing (CLIP-Seq) data were collected. Resistance to chemotherapeutics was assessed in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Functional studies were performed in 2D and 3D cell culture models, including proliferation, spheroid growth, and mitochondrial respiration analyses. RESULTS We identified IGF2BP2 as the most abundant IGF2BP in primary and metastastatic CRC, correlating with tumor stage in patient samples and tumor growth in PDXs. IGF2BP2 expression in primary tumor tissue was significantly associated with resistance to selumetinib, gefitinib, and regorafenib in PDOs and to 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in PDX in vivo. IGF2BP2 knockout (KO) HCT116 cells were more susceptible to regorafenib in 2D and to oxaliplatin, selumitinib, and nintedanib in 3D cell culture. Further, a bioinformatic analysis using CLIP data suggested stabilization of target transcripts in primary and metastatic tumors. Measurement of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) revealed a decreased basal OCR and an increase in glycolytic ATP production rate in IGF2BP2 KO. In addition, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis confirmed decreased expression of genes of the respiratory chain complex I, complex IV, and the outer mitochondrial membrane in IGF2BP2 KO cells. CONCLUSIONS IGF2BP2 correlates with CRC tumor growth in vivo and promotes chemoresistance by altering mitochondrial respiratory chain metabolism. As a druggable target, IGF2BP2 could be used in future CRC therapy to overcome CRC chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kendzia
- Institute of Pharmacy, Experimental Pharmacology for Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Susanne Franke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Experimental Pharmacology for Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Tarek Kröhler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nicole Golob-Schwarzl
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Caroline Schweiger
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna M Toeglhofer
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Skofler
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Uranitsch
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Brothers of Charity Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Amin El-Heliebi
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Fuchs
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Philipp Stiegler
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marlen Keil
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology, Berlin GmbH-Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Jens Hoffmann
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology, Berlin GmbH-Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | | | - Hans Lehrach
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Reinhard
- Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, USA
- CELLphenomics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhold Schäfer
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Regenbrecht
- CELLphenomics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sigurd F Lax
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Graz South-West and School of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Frank Erdmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Experimental Pharmacology for Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marcel H Schulz
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sonja M Kessler
- Institute of Pharmacy, Experimental Pharmacology for Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Halle Research Centre for Drug Therapy (HRCDT), Halle, Germany.
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9
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Kumari S, Kumar S, Muthuswamy S. RNA N6-methyladenosine modification in regulating cancer stem cells and tumor immune microenvironment and its implication for cancer therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:1621-1633. [PMID: 35796777 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Therapy resistance is a well-known phenomenon in cancer treatment. It can be intrinsic or acquired, accountable for frequent tumor relapse and death worldwide. The interplay between cancer cells and their neighboring environment can activate complex signaling mechanisms influencing epigenetic changes and maintain cancer cell survival leading to the malignant phenotype. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are tumor-initiating cells (TICs) and constitute the primary source of drug resistance and tumor recurrence. Studies have shown that cancer cells exhibit dysregulated RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) "writers," "erasers," and "readers" levels after acquiring drug resistance. The present review provides novel insight into the role of m6A modifiers involved in CSC generation, cancer cell proliferation, and therapy resistance. m6A RNA modifications in the cross-talk between CSC and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) have also been highlighted. Further, we have discussed the therapeutic potential of targeting m6A machinery for cancer diagnosis and the development of new therapies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadra Kumari
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
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10
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Yang F, Chen X, Song X, Ortega R, Lin X, Deng W, Guo J, Tu Z, Patterson AV, Smaill JB, Chen Y, Lu X. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 5-Formyl-pyrrolo[3,2- b]pyridine-3-carboxamides as New Selective, Potent, and Reversible-Covalent FGFR4 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14809-14831. [PMID: 36278929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway has been extensively studied as a promising target for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Several FGFR4-selective inhibitors have been developed, but none of them receives approval. Additionally, acquired resistance caused by FGFR4 gatekeeper mutations is emerging as a serious limitation for these targeted therapies. Herein, we report a novel series of 5-formyl-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine derivatives as new reversible-covalent inhibitors targeting wild-type and gatekeeper mutant variants of FGFR4 kinase. The representative compound 10z exhibited single-digit nanomolar activity against wild-type FGFR4 and the FGFR4V550L/M mutant variants in biochemical and Ba/F3 cellular assays, while sparing FGFR1/2/3. Furthermore, 10z showed significant antiproliferative activity against Hep3B, JHH-7, and HuH-7 HCC cells with IC50 values of 37, 32, and 94 nM, respectively. MALDI-TOF-MS and X-ray protein crystallography studies were consistent with 10z acting as a reversible-covalent inhibitor of FGFR4, serving as a promising lead compound for further anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiaojuan Song
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Raquel Ortega
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Xiaojing Lin
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Wuqing Deng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing Guo
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhengchao Tu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Adam V Patterson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jeff B Smaill
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Discovery of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
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11
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IGF2BP2 promotes cancer progression by degrading the RNA transcript encoding a v-ATPase subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200477119. [PMID: 36322753 PMCID: PMC9659396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200477119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
IGF2BP2 binds to a number of RNA transcripts and has been suggested to function as a tumor promoter, although little is known regarding the mechanisms that regulate its roles in RNA metabolism. Here we demonstrate that IGF2BP2 binds to the 3' untranslated region of the transcript encoding ATP6V1A, a catalytic subunit of the vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase), and serves as a substrate for the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1, which regulates how IGF2BP2 affects the stability of the ATP6V1A transcript. When sufficient levels of SIRT1 are expressed, it catalyzes the deacetylation of IGF2BP2, which can bind to the ATP6V1A transcript but does not mediate its degradation. However, when SIRT1 expression is low, the acetylated form of IGF2BP2 accumulates, and upon binding to the ATP6V1A transcript recruits the XRN2 nuclease, which catalyzes transcript degradation. Thus, the stability of the ATP6V1A transcript is significantly compromised in breast cancer cells when SIRT1 expression is low or knocked-down. This leads to a reduction in the expression of functional v-ATPase complexes in cancer cells and to an impairment in their lysosomal activity, resulting in the production of a cellular secretome consisting of increased numbers of exosomes enriched in ubiquitinated protein cargo and soluble hydrolases, including cathepsins, that together combine to promote tumor cell survival and invasiveness. These findings describe a previously unrecognized role for IGF2BP2 in mediating the degradation of a messenger RNA transcript essential for lysosomal function and highlight how its sirtuin-regulated acetylation state can have significant biological and disease consequences.
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12
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Wang J, Li S, Yu H, Gao D. Oxidative stress regulates cardiomyocyte energy metabolism through the IGF2BP2-dynamin2 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 624:134-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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13
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Sauzeau V, Beignet J, Vergoten G, Bailly C. Overexpressed or hyperactivated Rac1 as a target to treat hepatocellular carcinoma. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106220. [PMID: 35405309 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite novel targeted and immunotherapies, the prognosis remains bleak for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially for advanced and/or metastatic forms. The rapid emergence of drug resistance is a major obstacle in the success of chemo-, targeted-, immuno-therapies of HCC. Novel targets are needed. The prominent roles of the small GTPase Rac1 in the development and progression of HCC are discussed here, together with its multiple protein partners, and the targeting of Rac1 with RNA-based regulators and small molecules. We discuss the oncogenic functions of Rac1 in HCC, including the contribution of Rac1 mutants and isoform Rac1b. Rac1 is a ubiquitous target, but the protein is frequently overexpressed and hyperactivated in HCC. It contributes to the aggressivity of the disease, with key roles in cancer cell proliferation, tumor metastasis and resistance to treatment. Small molecule targeting Rac1, indirectly or directly, have shown anticancer effects in HCC experimental models. Rac1-binding agents such as EHT 1864 and analogues offer novel opportunities to combat HCC. We discuss the different modalities to repress Rac1 overactivation in HCC with small molecules and the combination with reference drugs to promote cancer cell death and to repress cell invasion. We highlight the necessity to combine Rac1-targeted approach with appropriate biomarkers to select Rac1 activated tumors. Our analysis underlines the prominent oncogenic functions of Rac1 in HCC and discuss the modalities to target this small GTPase. Rac1 shall be considered as a valid target to limit the acquired and intrinsic resistance of HCC tumors and their metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sauzeau
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France.
| | - Julien Beignet
- SATT Ouest Valorisation, 30 boulevard Vincent Gâche, CS 70211, 44202 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- University of Lille, Inserm, INFINITE - U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, 59006, Lille, France
| | - Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, Lille, Wasquehal 59290, France.
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14
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IGF2BP2 promotes gastric cancer progression by regulating the IGF1R-RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2022; 94:110313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Schymik HS, Dahlem C, Barghash A, Kiemer AK. Comment on: The m6A Reader IGF2BP2 Regulates Macrophage Phenotypic Activation and Inflammatory Diseases by Stabilizing TSC1 and PPARγ. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104372. [PMID: 35038236 PMCID: PMC8922093 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, first insights into the regulation and the role of the RNA-binding protein IMP2 in macrophage activation have been published by Wang et al. This study addresses differences in the regulation of IMP2 between the human and murine system. While the expression of IMP2 in anti-inflammatory macrophages is synchronous in mice and men, IMP2 expression is regulated differently in inflammatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna S. Schymik
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical BiologySaarland UniversitySaarbruecken66123Germany
| | - Charlotte Dahlem
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical BiologySaarland UniversitySaarbruecken66123Germany
| | - Ahmad Barghash
- School of Electrical Engineering and Information TechnologyGerman Jordanian UniversityAmman11180Jordan
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical BiologySaarland UniversitySaarbruecken66123Germany
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16
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Dahlem C, Abuhaliema A, Kessler SM, Kröhler T, Zoller BGE, Chanda S, Wu Y, Both S, Müller F, Lepikhov K, Kirsch SH, Laggai S, Müller R, Empting M, Kiemer AK. First Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the RNA-Binding Protein IGF2BP2/IMP2 for Cancer Therapy. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:361-375. [PMID: 35023719 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein IGF2BP2/IMP2/VICKZ2/p62 is overexpressed in several tumor entities, promotes tumorigenesis and tumor progression, and has been suggested to worsen the disease outcome. The aim of this study is to (I) validate IMP2 as a potential target for colorectal cancer, (II) set up a screening assay for small-molecule inhibitors of IMP2, and (III) test the biological activity of the obtained hit compounds. Analyses of colorectal and liver cancer gene expression data showed reduced survival in patients with a high IMP2 expression and in patients with a higher IMP2 expression in advanced tumors. In vitro target validation in 2D and 3D cell cultures demonstrated a reduction in cell viability, migration, and proliferation in IMP2 knockout cells. Also, xenotransplant tumor cell growth in vivo was significantly reduced in IMP2 knockouts. Different compound libraries were screened for IMP2 inhibitors using a fluorescence polarization assay, and the results were confirmed by the thermal shift assay and saturation-transfer difference NMR. Ten compounds, which belong to two classes, that is, benzamidobenzoic acid class and ureidothiophene class, were validated in vitro and showed a biological target specificity. The three most active compounds were also tested in vivo and exhibited reduced tumor xenograft growth in zebrafish embryos. In conclusion, our findings support that IMP2 represents a druggable target to reduce tumor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Dahlem
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Ali Abuhaliema
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Sonja M. Kessler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Experimental Pharmacology for Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06108, Germany
| | - Tarek Kröhler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Ben G. E. Zoller
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Shilpee Chanda
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Yingwen Wu
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Simon Both
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | | | - Susanne H. Kirsch
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Stephan Laggai
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
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Yu D, Pan M, Li Y, Lu T, Wang Z, Liu C, Hu G. RNA N6-methyladenosine reader IGF2BP2 promotes lymphatic metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of head and neck squamous carcinoma cells via stabilizing slug mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:6. [PMID: 34980207 PMCID: PMC8722037 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymph node metastasis is the main cause of poor prognosis of head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification is an emerging epigenetic regulatory mechanism for gene expression, and as a novel m6A reader protein, IGF2BP2 has been implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. However, not much is currently known about the functional roles of IGF2BP2 in HNSCC, and whether IGF2BP2 regulates lymphatic metastasis through m6A modification in HNSCC remains to be determined. Methods The expression and overall survival (OS) probability of m6A-related regulators in HNSCC were analyzed with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and GEPIA website tool, respectively. The expression levels of IGF2BP2 were measured in HNSCC tissues and normal adjacent tissues. To study the effects of IGF2BP2 on HNSCC cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo, gain- and loss- of function methods were employed. RIP, MeRIP, luciferase reporter and mRNA stability assays were performed to explore the epigenetic mechanism of IGF2BP2 in HNSCC. Results We investigated 20 m6A-related regulators in HNSCC and discovered that only the overexpression of IGF2BP2 was associated with a poor OS probability and an independent prognostic factor for HNSCC patients. Additionally, we demonstrated that IGF2BP2 was overexpressed in HNSCC tissues, and significantly correlated to lymphatic metastasis and poor prognosis. Functional studies have shown that IGF2BP2 promotes both HNSCC cell migration as well as invasion via the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in vitro, and IGF2BP2 knockdown significantly inhibited lymphatic metastasis and lymphangiogenesis in vivo. Mechanistic investigations revealed that Slug, a key EMT-related transcriptional factor, is the direct target of IGF2BP2, and essential for IGF2BP2-regulated EMT and metastasis in HNSCC. Furthermore, we demonstrated that IGF2BP2 recognizes and binds the m6A site in the coding sequence (CDS) region of Slug and promotes its mRNA stability. Conclusions Collectively, our study uncovers the oncogenic role and potential mechanism of IGF2BP2, which serves as a m6A reader, in controlling lymphatic metastasis and EMT in HNSCC, suggesting that IGF2BP2 may act as a therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for HNSCC patients with metastasis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02212-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yanshi Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhihai Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Guohua Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Chen J, Zhang Q, Liu T, Tang H. Roles of M6A Regulators in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Promotion or Suppression. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:40-50. [PMID: 34825870 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666211126105940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth globally diagnosed cancer with a poor prognosis. Although the pathological factors of hepatocellular carcinoma are well elucidated, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an adenosine methylation occurring at the N6 site, which is the most prevalent modification of eukaryotic mRNA. Recent studies have shown that m6A can regulate gene expression, thus modulating the processes of cell self-renewal, differentiation, and apoptosis. The methyls in m6A are installed by methyltransferases ("writers"), removed by demethylases ("erasers") and recognized by m6A-binding proteins ("readers"). In this review, we discuss the roles of above regulators in the progression and prognosis of HCC, and summarize the clinical association between m6A modification and hepatocellular carcinoma, so as to provide more valuable information for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamao Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hua Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Cao J, Yan W, Ma X, Huang H, Yan H. Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-Binding Protein 2-a Potential Link Between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2807-2818. [PMID: 34061963 PMCID: PMC8475209 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer share a variety of risk factors and pathophysiological features. It is becoming increasingly accepted that the 2 diseases are related, and that T2DM increases the risk of certain malignancies. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes recent advancements in the elucidation of functions of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) messenger RNA (mRNA)-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) in T2DM and cancer. METHODS A PubMed review of the literature was conducted, and search terms included IGF2BP2, IMP2, or p62 in combination with cancer or T2DM. Additional sources were identified through manual searches of reference lists. The increased risk of multiple malignancies and cancer-associated mortality in patients with T2DM is believed to be driven by insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, chronic inflammation, and dysregulation of adipokines and sex hormones. Furthermore, IGF-2 is oncogenic, and its loss-of-function splice variant is protective against T2DM, which highlights the pivotal role of this growth factor in the pathogenesis of these 2 diseases. IGF-2 mRNA-binding proteins, particularly IGF2BP2, are also involved in T2DM and cancer, and single-nucleotide variations (formerly single-nucleotide polymorphisms) of IGF2BP2 are associated with both diseases. Deletion of the IGF2BP2 gene in mice improves their glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and mice with transgenic p62, a splice variant of IGF2BP2, are prone to diet-induced fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, suggesting the biological significance of IGF2BP2 in T2DM and cancer. CONCLUSION Accumulating evidence has revealed that IGF2BP2 mediates the pathogenesis of T2DM and cancer by regulating glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and tumorigenesis. This review provides insight into the potential involvement of this RNA binding protein in the link between T2DM and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Cao
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital (Xi’an People’s Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 71004, Shaanxi Province, China
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Weijia Yan
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital (Xi’an People’s Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 71004, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Xiujian Ma
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
- Haiyan Huang, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin St No.71, Changchun, China.
| | - Hong Yan
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital (Xi’an People’s Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 71004, Shaanxi Province, China
- Correspondence: Hong Yan, Shaanxi Eye Hospital (Xi’an People’s Hospital), Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 71004, Shaanxi Province, China.
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20
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Wei Q. Bioinformatical identification of key genes regulated by IGF2BP2-mediated RNA N6-methyladenosine and prediction of prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:1773-1785. [PMID: 34532127 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a malignant cancer with global spread, remains unsatisfactory, and novel prognostic biomarkers need to be identified. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been found to regulate tumor initiation and progression through different mechanisms. As a dynamic and reversible messenger RNA (mRNA) modification, m6A can be read by insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2). IGF2BP2 targets thousands of mRNA transcripts, which may be involved in HCC progression. Methods In this study, we integrated 4 classes of datasets including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-LICH, m6A-sequencing data of HepG2 cells, and RNA-sequencing data of IGF2BP2-knockdown HepG2 cells to explore the key genes regulated by IGF2BP2-mediated m6A in HCC. The expression and m6A modification of candidates were validation in independent microarray expression profile of HCC tissue and annotated m6A database RMBase. The relationship of immune cell infiltration and the genes expression was estimated by CIBERSORT and TIMER. Results A total of 89 candidate genes were filtered. Next, cluster analysis was performed base on functions and pathways to identify the enrichment pathways. By constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, we found 54 nodes. Ten significant genes were filtered from the PPI. These genes were validated in data of an independent microarray and an m6A database. We found that the upregulation of these 10 genes was associated with poor prognosis. In addition, we showed the expression of these 10 genes was associated with the infiltration of variety of immune cell and tumor purity. Conclusions These identified genes may provide novel insights and facilitate the development of potential biomarkers for HCC diagnosis, as well as provide clues for IGF2BP2 inhibition therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- Hepatological Surgery Department, Bethune International Peace Hospital of PLA, Shijiazhuang, China
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21
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Xu Y, Chen J, Wang M, Yu R, Zou W, Shen W. Mechanism of lncRNA-ANRIL/miR-181b in autophagy of cardiomyocytes in mice with uremia by targeting ATG5. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256734. [PMID: 34469488 PMCID: PMC8410126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study is to investigate whether the cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) can regulate the autophagy of cardiomyocytes (CMs) by secreting lncRNA-ANRIL/miR-181b exosomes, thus participating in the occurrence of uremic cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS A 5/6 nephrectomy uremia model was established, with the mice injected with ANRIL-shRNA lentivirus vector, miR-181b agomir, and related control reagents, containing the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen measured. The renal tissue sections of mice were stained with Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), TUNEL, and Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) performed on myocardial tissue sections of mice. ANRIL-shRNA, miR-181b mimics, and related control reagents were transfected into CMECs, in which the exosomes were extracted and co-cultured with CMs. The expressions of ANRIL, miR-181b and ATG5 were detected by qRT-PCR, and the expressions of autophagy related proteins by Western blot, as well as the binding of ANRIL and miR-181b by the double luciferase reporter gene experiment. RESULTS ANRIL down-regulation or miR-181b up-regulation can increase the weight of mice with uremia, as well as the expressions of p62 and miR-181b, and reduce the content of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen, the damage of kidney and myocardial tissues, the number of apoptotic cells in myocardial tissues, as well as the expressions of ANRIL, ATG5, Beclin1, and LC3. CMs can absorb the exosomes of CMECs. Compared with IS+ CMEC-Exo group, the expressions of ANRIL and ATG5 in CMs of IS+ CMEC-Exo + sh lncRNA ANRIL and IS+CMEC-Exo+miR-181b mimics groups was down-regulated, as well as the expressions of ATG5, Beclin1, and LC3, while miR-181b expression was up-regulated as well as P62 expression. CONCLUSIONS CMECs can regulate autophagy of CMs by releasing exosomes containing ANRIL and miR-181b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minmin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rizhen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenly Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China
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Zhang Z, Zhang C, Luo Y, Zhang G, Wu P, Sun N, He J. RNA N 6 -methyladenosine modification in the lethal teamwork of cancer stem cells and the tumor immune microenvironment: Current landscape and therapeutic potential. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e525. [PMID: 34586737 PMCID: PMC8473646 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A), the newest and most prevalent layer of internal epigenetic modification in eukaryotic mRNA, has been demonstrated to play a critical role in cancer biology. Increasing evidence has highlighted that the interaction between cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is the root cause of tumorigenesis, metastasis, therapy resistance, and recurrence. In recent studies, the m6 A modification has been tightly linked to this CSC-TIME interplay, participating in the regulation of CSCs and TIME remolding. Interestingly, the m6 A modification has also been identified as a novel decisive factor in the efficacy of immunotherapies-particularly anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapies-by changing the plasticity of the TIME. Given the functional importance of the m6 A modification in the crosstalk between CSCs and the TIME, targeting m6 A regulators will open new avenues to overcome therapeutic resistance, especially for immune checkpoint-based immunotherapy. In the present review, we summarize the current landscape of m6 A modifications in CSCs and the TIME, and also prospect the underling role of m6 A modifications at the crossroads of CSCs and the TIME for the first time. Additionally, to provide the possibility of modulating m6 A modifications as an emerging therapeutic strategy, we also explore the burgeoning inhibitors and technologies targeting m6 A regulators. Lastly, considering recent advances in m6 A-seq technologies and cancer drug development, we propose the future directions of m6 A modification in clinical applications, which may not only help to improve individualized monitoring and therapy but also provide enhanced and durable responses in patients with insensitive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Chaoqi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yuejun Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Guochao Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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Glantzounis GK, Karampa A, Peristeri DV, Pappas-Gogos G, Tepelenis K, Tzimas P, Cyrochristos DJ. Recent advances in the surgical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Gastroenterol 2021; 34:453-465. [PMID: 34276183 PMCID: PMC8276352 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2021.0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing, despite effective antiviral treatment for hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus infection and the application of preventive measures such as vaccination at birth against HBV infection. This is mainly due to the increase in metabolic syndrome and its hepatic components, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. Liver resection and transplantation are the main treatment options, offering long-term survival and potential cure. In this review, the recent advances in the surgical management of HCC are presented. More specifically, the role of liver resection in the intermediate and advanced stages, according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer classification, is analyzed. In addition, the roles of minimally invasive surgery and of living-related liver transplantation in the management of patients with HCC are discussed. Finally, recent data on the role of molecular markers in the early diagnosis and recurrence of HCC are presented. The management of HCC is complex, as there are several options for each stage of the disease. In order for, each patient to get the maximum benefit, an individualized approach is suggested, in specialized liver units, where cases are discussed in multidisciplinary tumor boards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios K. Glantzounis
- HPB Unit, Department of Surgery (Georgios K. Glantzounis, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitra V. Peristeri, George Pappas-Gogos, Kostas Tepelenis, Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos)
| | - Anastasia Karampa
- HPB Unit, Department of Surgery (Georgios K. Glantzounis, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitra V. Peristeri, George Pappas-Gogos, Kostas Tepelenis, Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos)
| | - Dimitra V. Peristeri
- HPB Unit, Department of Surgery (Georgios K. Glantzounis, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitra V. Peristeri, George Pappas-Gogos, Kostas Tepelenis, Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos)
| | - George Pappas-Gogos
- HPB Unit, Department of Surgery (Georgios K. Glantzounis, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitra V. Peristeri, George Pappas-Gogos, Kostas Tepelenis, Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos)
| | - Kostas Tepelenis
- HPB Unit, Department of Surgery (Georgios K. Glantzounis, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitra V. Peristeri, George Pappas-Gogos, Kostas Tepelenis, Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos)
| | - Petros Tzimas
- Department of Anesthesiology (Petros Tzimas), University Hospital of Ioannina and School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos
- HPB Unit, Department of Surgery (Georgios K. Glantzounis, Anastasia Karampa, Dimitra V. Peristeri, George Pappas-Gogos, Kostas Tepelenis, Dimitrios J. Cyrochristos)
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Immunodiagnostic Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): The First Step in Detection and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116139. [PMID: 34200243 PMCID: PMC8201127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exerts huge effects on the health burden of the world because of its high mortality and poor prognosis. HCC is often clinically detected late in patients. If HCC could be detected and treated earlier, the survival rate of patients will be greatly improved. Therefore, identifying specific biomarkers is urgent and important for HCC. The liver is also recognized as an immune organ. The occurrence of HCC is related to exacerbation of immune tolerance and/or immunosurveillance escape. The host immune system plays an important role in the recognition and targeting of tumor cells in cancer immunotherapy, as can be seen from the clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Thus, there is a pressing medical need to discover immunodiagnostic biomarkers specific to HCC for understanding the pathological mechanisms of HCC, especially for immunotherapy targets. We have reviewed the existing literature to summarize the immunodiagnostic markers of HCC, including autoantibodies against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and exosomes, to provide new insights into HCC and early detection of this deadly cancer.
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25
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Niture S, Lin M, Rios-Colon L, Qi Q, Moore JT, Kumar D. Emerging Roles of Impaired Autophagy in Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Hepatol 2021; 2021:6675762. [PMID: 33976943 PMCID: PMC8083829 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6675762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that eliminates dysfunctional cytosolic biomolecules through vacuole-mediated sequestration and lysosomal degradation. Although the molecular mechanisms that regulate autophagy are not fully understood, recent work indicates that dysfunctional/impaired autophagic functions are associated with the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autophagy prevents NAFLD and AFLD progression through enhanced lipid catabolism and decreasing hepatic steatosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides and increased inflammation. However, as both diseases progress, autophagy can become impaired leading to exacerbation of both pathological conditions and progression into HCC. Due to the significance of impaired autophagy in these diseases, there is increased interest in studying pathways and targets involved in maintaining efficient autophagic functions as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize how impaired autophagy affects liver function and contributes to NAFLD, AFLD, and HCC progression. We will also explore how recent discoveries could provide novel therapeutic opportunities to effectively treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant Niture
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Minghui Lin
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China 750021
| | - Leslimar Rios-Colon
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Qi Qi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - John T. Moore
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Shek D, Chen D, Read SA, Ahlenstiel G. Examining the gut-liver axis in liver cancer using organoid models. Cancer Lett 2021; 510:48-58. [PMID: 33891996 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization predicts that by 2030 liver cancer will cause 1 million deaths annually, thus becoming the third most lethal cancer worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma are the two major primary cancer subtypes involving the liver. Both are often diagnosed late, and hence response to treatment and survival are poor. It is therefore of utmost importance to understand the mechanisms by which liver cancers initiate and progress. The causes of primary liver cancer are diverse, resulting primarily from obesity, chronic alcohol abuse or viral hepatitis. Importantly, both alcohol and high fat diet can promote intestinal permeability, enabling microbial translocation from the gut into the liver. As a result, these microbial antigens and metabolites exacerbate hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, increasing the risk of primary liver cancer. Organoids are primary, three-dimensional, stem cell derived liver models that can recapitulate many of the disease phenotypes observed in vivo. This review aims to summarize the advantages of organoid culture to examine the gut-liver axis with respect to cancer initiation and progression. In particular, the use of gut and liver organoid mono- and co-cultures together and with immune cell populations to best recapitulate disease mechanisms and develop therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Shek
- Blacktown Clinical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, NSW, Australia; Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| | - Dishen Chen
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott A Read
- Blacktown Clinical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, NSW, Australia; Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Blacktown Clinical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, NSW, Australia; Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia.
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Sekulovski N, MacLean JA, Bheemireddy SR, Yu Z, Okuda H, Pru C, Plunkett KN, Matzuk M, Hayashi K. Niclosamide's potential direct targets in ovarian cancer†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:403-412. [PMID: 33855343 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that niclosamide is an anti-cancer compound that is able to inhibit several signaling pathways. Although niclosamide has previously been identified by high-throughput screening platforms as a potential effective compound against several cancer types, no direct binding interactions with distinct biological molecule(s) has been established. The present study identifies key signal transduction mechanisms altered by niclosamide in ovarian cancer. Using affinity purification with a biotin-modified niclosamide derivative and mass spectrometry analysis, several RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) were identified. We chose the two RBPs, FXR1 and IGF2BP2, for further analysis. A significant correlation exists in which high-expression of FXR1 or IGF2BP2 is associated with reduced survival of ovarian cancer patients. Knockdown of FXR1 or IGF2BP2 in ovarian cancer cells resulted in significantly reduced cell viability, adhesion, and migration. Furthermore, FXR1 or IGF2BP2 deficient ovarian cancer cells exhibited reduced response to most doses of niclosamide showing greater cell viability than those with intact RBPs. These results suggest that FXR1 and IGF2BP2 are direct targets of niclosamide and could have critical activities that drive multiple oncogenic pathways in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Sekulovski
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - James A MacLean
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Zhifeng Yu
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hiroshi Okuda
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Cindy Pru
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kyle N Plunkett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Martin Matzuk
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kanako Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA.,Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Bitaraf A, Razmara E, Bakhshinejad B, Yousefi H, Vatanmakanian M, Garshasbi M, Cho WC, Babashah S. The oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles of RNA-binding proteins in human cancers. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6200-6224. [PMID: 33559213 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Posttranscriptional regulation is a mechanism for the cells to control gene regulation at the RNA level. In this process, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play central roles and orchestrate the function of RNA molecules in multiple steps. Accumulating evidence has shown that the aberrant regulation of RBPs makes contributions to the initiation and progression of tumorigenesis via numerous mechanisms such as genetic changes, epigenetic alterations, and noncoding RNA-mediated regulations. In this article, we review the effects caused by RBPs and their functional diversity in the malignant transformation of cancer cells that occurs through the involvement of these proteins in various stages of RNA regulation including alternative splicing, stability, polyadenylation, localization, and translation. Besides this, we review the various interactions between RBPs and other crucial posttranscriptional regulators such as microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in the pathogenesis of cancer. Finally, we discuss the potential approaches for targeting RBPs in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Bitaraf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Razmara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Bakhshinejad
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mousa Vatanmakanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Schwertheim S, Kälsch J, Jastrow H, Schaefer CM, Theurer S, Ting S, Canbay A, Wedemeyer H, Schmid KW, Baba HA. Characterization of two types of intranuclear hepatocellular inclusions in NAFLD. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16533. [PMID: 33024131 PMCID: PMC7538976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear inclusions (NI) are a common finding in hepatocytes from patients with liver disease especially in diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but studies examining the shape and content of these inclusions in detail are lacking. In this study we define two distinct types of NI in NAFLD: inclusions bounded by the nuclear membrane, containing degenerative cell organelles and heterolysosomes (type1) and inclusions with deposits of glycogen but without any kind of organelles and delimiting membrane (type2). NI in 77 paraffin-embedded patients of NAFLD including NAFL and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) were analyzed. In 4–12% of type1 NI immunopositivity for the autophagy-associated proteins LC3B, ubiquitin, p62/sequestosome1, cathepsin D and cathepsin B were detected with co-localizations of ubiquitin and p62; type2 NI showed no immunoreactivity. Three-dimensional reconstructions of isolated nuclei revealed that NI type1 are completely enclosed within the nucleus, suggesting that NI, although probably derived from cytoplasmic invaginations, are not just simple invaginations. Our study demonstrates two morphologically different types of inclusions in NAFLD, whereby both gained significantly in number in advanced stages. We suggest that the presence of autophagy-associated proteins and degenerated organelles within type1 NI plays a role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Schwertheim
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Kälsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Holger Jastrow
- Institute of Anatomy and Electron Microscopy Unit of Imaging Center Essen, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Matthias Schaefer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Theurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Saskia Ting
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.,West German Cancer Centre Essen (WTZE), Essen, Germany
| | - Hideo Andreas Baba
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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30
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Fen H, Hongmin Z, Wei W, Chao Y, Yang Y, Bei L, Zhihua S. RHPN1-AS1 Drives the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Regulating miR-596/IGF2BP2 Axis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4630-4640. [PMID: 31692433 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191105104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most deadly cancer types worldwide, and its incidence is high in China. Multiple long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been recently identified as crucial oncogenic factors or tumor suppressors. In this study, we explored the effects of LncRNA RHPN1 antisense RNA 1 (RHPN1-AS1) on the progression of HCC. METHODS Expression levels of RHPN1-AS1 and miR-596 in HCC samples were measured by qRT-PCR. The association between pathological indexes and the expression level of RHPN1-AS1 was also analyzed. Human HCC cell lines Huh7 and SMMC-7721 were used as cell models. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were performed to assess the effect of RHPN1-AS1 on HCC cell line proliferation. The flow cytometer instrument was used to study the effect of RHPN1-AS1 on apoptosis of HCC cells. The transwell assay was conducted to detect the effect of RHPN1-AS1 on migration and invasion. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm targeting of miR-596 by RHPN1-AS1. Additionally, the regulatory function of RHPN1-AS1 on insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) was detected by western blot. RESULTS The expression level of RHPN1-AS1 in HCC samples was observed to significantly increase compared with normal tissues and its high expression was correlated with unfavorable pathological indexes. Highly expressed RHPN1-AS1 was associated with shorter overall survival time. RHPN1-AS1 overexpression remarkably accelerated proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells, while reduced apoptosis. Accordingly, RHPN1-AS1 knockdown suppressed the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells. RHPN1-AS1 overexpression significantly reduced miR-596 expression by sponging it, but enhanced IGF2BP2 expression. CONCLUSION RHPN1-AS1 acts as a sponge of tumor suppressor miR-596 in HCC that can indirectly enhance the IGF2BP2 expression and function as an oncogenic lncRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Fen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Hongmin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Chao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
| | - Liu Bei
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
| | - Sun Zhihua
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
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31
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Zhao Z, Meng J, Su R, Zhang J, Chen J, Ma X, Xia Q. Epitranscriptomics in liver disease: Basic concepts and therapeutic potential. J Hepatol 2020; 73:664-679. [PMID: 32330603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of next-generation sequencing technology and the discovery of specific antibodies targeting chemically modified nucleotides have paved the way for a new era of epitranscriptomics. Cellular RNA is known to dynamically and reversibly undergo different chemical modifications after transcription, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), N1-methyladenosine, N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and 5-hydroxymethylcytidine, whose identity and location comprise the field of epitranscriptomics. Dynamic post-transcriptional modifications determine the fate of target RNAs by regulating various aspects of their processing, including RNA export, transcript processing, splicing, and degradation. The most abundant internal mRNA modification in eukaryotic cells is m6A, which exhibits essential roles in physiological processes, such as embryogenesis, carcinogenesis, and neurogenesis. m6A is deposited by the m6A methyltransferase complex (composed of METTL3/14/16, WTAP, KIAA1429, and RBM15/15B), erased by demethylases (FTO and ALKBH5), and recognised by binding proteins (e.g., YTHDF1/2/3, YTHDC1/2, IGF2BP1/2/3). The liver is the largest digestive and metabolic organ, and m6A modifications play unique roles in critical physiological hepatic functions and various liver diseases. This review focuses on the biological roles of m6A RNA methylation in lipid metabolism, viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver cancer, and tumour metastasis. In addition, we summarise the existing inhibitors targeting m6A regulators and discuss the potential of modulating m6A modifications as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Jiaxiang Meng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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32
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Dai N. The Diverse Functions of IMP2/IGF2BP2 in Metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:670-679. [PMID: 32586768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA binding protein family (IMPs/IGF2BPs) is involved in a spectrum of biological processes, including development, tumorigenesis, and stemness. IMPs play a major role in post-transcriptional regulation of RNAs through the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). They have emerged as direct mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) substrates that coordinate nutrient stimulation and RNA life cycle control. IMP2 is a human type 2 diabetes (T2D) gene associated with impaired insulin secretion. Recently, using murine models, the substantial progress in understanding disease mechanisms has highlighted the significance of IMP2 in metabolism. This new knowledge may have the potential for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dai
- Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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33
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Geng C, Guo Y, Wang C, Cui C, Han W, Liao D, Jiang P. Comprehensive Evaluation of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Changes in Rats Based on Metabolomics. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:477-486. [PMID: 32904659 PMCID: PMC7457572 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s266012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Substantial evidence indicates that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure can lead to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ failure. Previous metabolomic studies have mainly focused on LPS-induced depression or hepatic and renal effects. However, no comprehensive metabolomics-based analysis of the serum, liver, kidney, hippocampus, and heart following exposure to LPS has been undertaken to date. Material and Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to a control and a LPS-treated group (n=8). LPS for 2 weeks (0.5 mg/kg every other day) was given via intraperitoneal injection. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for metabolite determination, while multivariate statistical analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed metabolites between the two groups. Results Our study revealed that 24, 13, 12, 7, and 12 metabolites were differentially expressed between the LPS treatment group and the control group in the serum, liver, kidney, hippocampus, and heart, respectively. We further identified that these metabolic changes were mainly involved with aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; glutathione metabolism; glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; arginine biosynthesis; bile acid biosynthesis; and glycerolipid metabolism. Conclusion We have systematically elucidated the metabolic changes underlying LPS-induced SIRS, thereby providing insight into the mechanisms associated with these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Geng
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshui Wang
- Department of Clinical Translational Medicine, Jining Life Science Center, Jining 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Changmeng Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehua Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, People's Republic of China
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Jia Y, Li X, Nan A, Zhang N, Chen L, Zhou H, Zhang H, Qiu M, Zhu J, Ling Y, Jiang Y. Circular RNA 406961 interacts with ILF2 to regulate PM 2.5-induced inflammatory responses in human bronchial epithelial cells via activation of STAT3/JNK pathways. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 141:105755. [PMID: 32388272 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been verified to augmented the incidence of pneumonia, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and other pulmonary diseases. Airway inflammation is the pathological basis of the respiratory system, and understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for airway inflammation may thus support the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases. In our study, human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were exposed to various concentrations of PM2.5 for 48 h. PM2.5 entered the cells, resulting in increased production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) and decreased the expression of circular RNA 406961 (circ_406961). Further, PM2.5 with a concentration of 75 μg/mL was applied to mechanism study. Functional experiments further confirmed that circ_406961 inhibited PM2.5-induced BEAS-2B cell inflammation. RNA pull-down and mass spectrometry showed that circ_406961 interacted with interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2), which could regulate phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8, JNK). Our studies showed that circ_406961 inhibited activation of STAT3/JNK pathways via interacting with ILF2 protein, thereby inhibiting the PM2.5-induced inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Aruo Nan
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Lijian Chen
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Hanyu Zhou
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Miaoyun Qiu
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jialu Zhu
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yihui Ling
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yiguo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
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35
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The Good, the Bad, the Question- H19 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051261. [PMID: 32429417 PMCID: PMC7281302 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver cancer, is challenging to treat due to its typical late diagnosis, mostly at an advanced stage. Therefore, there is a particular need for research in diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HCC. The use of long noncoding (lnc) RNAs can widen the list of novel molecular targets improving cancer therapy. In hepatocarcinogenesis, the role of the lncRNA H19, which has been known for more than 30 years now, is still controversially discussed. H19 was described to work either as a tumor suppressor in vitro and in vivo, or to have oncogenic features. This review attempts to survey the conflicting study results and tries to elucidate the potential reasons for the contrary findings, i.e., different methods, models, or readout parameters. This review encompasses in vitro and in vivo models as well as studies on human patient samples. Although the function of H19 in HCC remains elusive, a short outlook summarizes some ideas of using the H19 locus as a novel target for liver cancer therapy.
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36
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Deng X, Jiang Q, Liu Z, Chen W. Clinical Significance of an m6A Reader Gene, IGF2BP2, in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:68. [PMID: 32391379 PMCID: PMC7193208 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in tumor recurrence and prognosis has been recognized in recent years. The role of m6A readers, such as insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2), in regulating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unclear. We, therefore, assessed the prognostic role of IGF2BP2 in HNSCC using openly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) in conjunction with HNSCC patient sample immunohistochemistry (n = 36). The correlation between IGF2BP2 expression and clinical characteristics was then examined. The role of IGF2BP2 in prognosis was assessed by Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox analysis. Finally, TCGA data was used to explore possible carcinogenic mechanisms with multi-GSEA (gene set enrichment analysis). Analysis of TCGA data and IHC results revealed that IGF2BP2 was upregulated in HNSCC tumor tissues, and the expression level was related to the T stage. Simultaneously, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox analysis indicated that highly expressed IGF2BP2 correlated with poor prognosis and that IGF2BP2 was a potential prognostic factor for HNSCC. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that scavenging and degradation, synthesis and metabolism, cell growth, death and motility, and cancer pathways were differentially enriched in patients with high IGF2BP2 expression. Our results demonstrate that IGF2BP2 plays an important role in tumor progression and may serve as an important biological prognostic factor for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Deng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Qingshan Jiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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37
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Kiruthiga C, Devi KP, Nabavi SM, Bishayee A. Autophagy: A Potential Therapeutic Target of Polyphenols in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030562. [PMID: 32121322 PMCID: PMC7139730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved biological phenomenon that maintains cellular homeostasis through the clearing of damaged cellular components under cellular stress and offers the cell building blocks for cellular survival. Aberrations in autophagy subsidize to various human pathologies, such as dementia, cardiovascular diseases, leishmaniosis, influenza, hepatic diseases, and cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is the fifth common mortal type of liver cancer globally, with an inhomogeneous topographical distribution and highest incidence tripled in men than women. Existing treatment procedures with liver cancer patients result in variable success rates and poor prognosis due to their drug resistance and toxicity. One of the pathophysiological mechanisms that are targeted during the development of anti-liver cancer drugs is autophagy. Generally, overactivated autophagy may lead to a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death (PCD) or autophagic cell death or type II PCD. Emerging evidence suggests that manipulation of autophagy could induce type II PCD in cancer cells, acting as a potential tumor suppressor. Hence, altering autophagic signaling offers new hope for the development of novel drugs for the therapy of resistant cancer cells. Natural polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids and non-flavonoids, execute their anticarcinogenic mechanism through upregulating tumor suppressors and autophagy by modulating canonical (Beclin-1-dependent) and non-canonical (Beclin-1-independent) signaling pathways. Additionally, there is evidence signifying that plant polyphenols target angiogenesis and metastasis in HCC via interference with multiple intracellular signals and decrease the risk against HCC. The current review offers a comprehensive understanding of how natural polyphenolic compounds exhibit their anti-HCC effects through regulation of autophagy, the non-apoptotic mode of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramohan Kiruthiga
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University (Science Campus), Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University (Science Campus), Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Correspondence: (K.P.D.); or (A.B.); Tel.: +91-4565223325 (K.P.D.); +1-941-782-5950 (A.B.)
| | - Seyed M. Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran;
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
- Correspondence: (K.P.D.); or (A.B.); Tel.: +91-4565223325 (K.P.D.); +1-941-782-5950 (A.B.)
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Elbadawy M, Yamanaka M, Goto Y, Hayashi K, Tsunedomi R, Hazama S, Nagano H, Yoshida T, Shibutani M, Ichikawa R, Nakahara J, Omatsu T, Mizutani T, Katayama Y, Shinohara Y, Abugomaa A, Kaneda M, Yamawaki H, Usui T, Sasaki K. Efficacy of primary liver organoid culture from different stages of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse model. Biomaterials 2020; 237:119823. [PMID: 32044522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, which eventually leads to hepatocellular carcinoma. Although several animal models were developed to understand the mechanisms of NASH pathogenesis and progression, it remains obscure. A 3D organoid culture system can recapitulate organ structures and maintain gene expression profiles of original tissues. We therefore tried to generate liver organoids from different degrees [defined as mild (NASH A), moderate (NASH B) and severe (NASH C)] of methionine- and choline-deficient diet-induced NASH model mice and analyzed the difference of their architecture, cell components, organoid-forming efficacy, and gene expression profiles. Organoids from each stage of NASH model mice were successfully generated. Interestingly, epithelial-mesenchymal transition was observed in NASH C organoids. Expression of Collagen I and an activated hepatic stellite cell marker, α-sma was upregulated in the liver organoids from NASH B and C mice. The analysis of RNA sequencing revealed that several novel genes were upregulated in all NASH liver organoids. These results suggest that our generated liver organoids from different stages of NASH diseased mice might become a useful tool for in vitro studies of the molecular mechanism of NASH development and also for identifying novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of NASH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya, Egypt
| | - Megumi Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuta Goto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kimika Hayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan; Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics Against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryo Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junta Nakahara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuta Shinohara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Pet Health & Food Division, Iskara Industry CO., LTD, 1-14-2, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
| | - Amira Abugomaa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1, Higashi 23 Ban-cho, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Xing M, Li P, Wang X, Li J, Shi J, Qin J, Zhang X, Ma Y, Francia G, Zhang JY. Overexpression of p62/IMP2 can Promote Cell Migration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010007. [PMID: 31861402 PMCID: PMC7017416 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
p62/IMP2 is an oncofetal protein that was first reported as a tumor-associated antigen in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In our previous studies, we demonstrated a high frequency of p62/IMP2 autoantibodies appearing in various types of cancer. Therefore, we hypothesize that p62/IMP2 plays an important role in the progression of HCC, although the mechanism remains to be explored. In this study, we evaluated the expression of p62/IMP2 protein both in human tissues and liver cancer cell lines by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis and found that p62/IMP2 protein is overexpressed in human HCC tissue in comparison to normal human liver tissue. To explore the role that p62/IMP2 plays in HCC, p62/IMP2 was knocked out in two p62/IMP2-positive liver cancer cell lines (SNU449 and HepG2). Due to the low expression level of p62/IMP2 in SNU449, we overexpressed p62/IMP2 in this cell line. We subsequently demonstrated that high expression of p62/IMP2 in both cell lines can promote cell migration and invasion abilities in vitro by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We also used the Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor, XAV 939, and a phosphoproteome assay to confirm our findings. Conclusion: Our results suggest that p62/IMP2 is an essential regulator of Wnt signaling pathways and plays an important role in HCC progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtao Xing
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (M.X.); (P.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (J.S.); (J.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (M.X.); (P.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (J.S.); (J.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (M.X.); (P.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (J.S.); (J.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
- Henan Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jitian Li
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (M.X.); (P.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (J.S.); (J.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Jianxiang Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (M.X.); (P.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (J.S.); (J.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
- Henan Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jiejie Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (M.X.); (P.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (J.S.); (J.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (M.X.); (P.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (J.S.); (J.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yangcheng Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (M.X.); (P.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (J.S.); (J.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
| | - Giulio Francia
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (M.X.); (P.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (J.S.); (J.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (J.-Y.Z.)
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (M.X.); (P.L.); (X.W.); (J.L.); (J.S.); (J.Q.); (X.Z.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (J.-Y.Z.)
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40
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Xu X, Yu Y, Zong K, Lv P, Gu Y. Up-regulation of IGF2BP2 by multiple mechanisms in pancreatic cancer promotes cancer proliferation by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:497. [PMID: 31852504 PMCID: PMC6921559 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The survival of pancreatic cancer patients remains poor. However, the underlying molecular mechanism and new therapeutic target of pancreatic cancer are still needed to be found. Many studies have shown that the IGF2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) plays oncogenic roles in cancers. However, the clinical significance, role and molecular mechanisms of IGF2BP2 in pancreatic cancer remain unclear. Methods The expression of IGF2BP2 and miR-141 was detected in pancreatic cancer, and clinical significances were analyzed by statistical analysis. The function of IGF2BP2 and miR-141 was determined in vitro and in vivo, and the underlying mechanism was investigated. The gene copy number variation (CNV) of IGF2BP2 was analyzed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. microRNAs (miRNAs) regulating IGF2BP2 were predicted by online tools and confirmed by experiments. Results IGF2BP2 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues compared with control tissues. Upregulation of IGF2BP2 predicts shorter overall survival (OS) in pancreatic cancer patients by statistical analysis. IGF2BP2 overexpression is partially due to genomic amplification. Bioinformatics analyses and validation experiments showed that IGF2BP2 is a direct target of miR-141. A negative correlation between IGF2BP2 mRNA expression and the expression of miR-141 was observed in pancreatic cancer tissues and more importantly, reexpression of miR-141 rescued the oncogenic role of IGF2BP2. Moreover, upregulating IGF2BP2 expression promotes pancreatic cancer cell growth by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions We comprehensively reveal the oncogenic role of IGF2BP2 in pancreatic cancer carcinogenesis and confirm that genomic amplification and the silencing of miR-141 contribute to its activation. Our findings highlight that IGF2BP2 may be a promising molecular target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe east Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Infection Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Ke Zong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Pengwei Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe east Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Yuantin Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe east Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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41
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The mRNA-binding Protein TTP/ZFP36 in Hepatocarcinogenesis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111754. [PMID: 31717307 PMCID: PMC6896064 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipid deposition and inflammation represent risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mRNA-binding protein tristetraprolin (TTP, gene name ZFP36) has been suggested as a tumor suppressor in several malignancies, but it increases insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of TTP in hepatocarcinogenesis and HCC progression. Employing liver-specific TTP-knockout (lsTtp-KO) mice in the diethylnitrosamine (DEN) hepatocarcinogenesis model, we observed a significantly reduced tumor burden compared to wild-type animals. Upon short-term DEN treatment, modelling early inflammatory processes in hepatocarcinogenesis, lsTtp-KO mice exhibited a reduced monocyte/macrophage ratio as compared to wild-type mice. While short-term DEN strongly induced an abundance of saturated and poly-unsaturated hepatic fatty acids, lsTtp-KO mice did not show these changes. These findings suggested anti-carcinogenic actions of TTP deletion due to effects on inflammation and metabolism. Interestingly, though, investigating effects of TTP on different hallmarks of cancer suggested tumor-suppressing actions: TTP inhibited proliferation, attenuated migration, and slightly increased chemosensitivity. In line with a tumor-suppressing activity, we observed a reduced expression of several oncogenes in TTP-overexpressing cells. Accordingly, ZFP36 expression was downregulated in tumor tissues in three large human data sets. Taken together, this study suggests that hepatocytic TTP promotes hepatocarcinogenesis, while it shows tumor-suppressive actions during hepatic tumor progression.
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Czepukojc B, Abuhaliema A, Barghash A, Tierling S, Naß N, Simon Y, Körbel C, Cadenas C, van Hul N, Sachinidis A, Hengstler JG, Helms V, Laschke MW, Walter J, Haybaeck J, Leclercq I, Kiemer AK, Kessler SM. IGF2 mRNA Binding Protein 2 Transgenic Mice Are More Prone to Develop a Ductular Reaction and to Progress Toward Cirrhosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:179. [PMID: 31555647 PMCID: PMC6737005 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA binding proteins (IMPs/IGF2BPs) IMP1 and 3 are regarded as oncofetal proteins, whereas the hepatic IMP2 expression in adults is controversially discussed. The splice variant IMP2-2/p62 promotes steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Aim of this study was to clarify whether IMP2 is expressed in the adult liver and influences progression toward cirrhosis. IMP2 was expressed at higher levels in embryonic compared to adult tissues as quantified in embryonic, newborn, and adult C57BL/6J mouse livers and suggested by analysis of publicly available human data. In an IMP2-2 transgenic mouse model microarray and qPCR analyses revealed increased expression of liver progenitor cell (LPC) markers Bex1, Prom1, Spp1, and Cdh1 indicating a de-differentiated liver cell phenotype. Induction of these LPC markers was confirmed in human cirrhotic tissue datasets. The LPC marker SPP1 has been described to play a major role in fibrogenesis. Thus, DNA methylation was investigated in order to decipher the regulatory mechanism of Spp1 induction. In IMP2-2 transgenic mouse livers single CpG sites were differentially methylated, as quantified by amplicon sequencing, whereas human HCC samples of a human publicly available dataset showed promoter hypomethylation. In order to study the impact of IMP2 on fibrogenesis in the context of steatohepatitis wild-type or IMP2-2 transgenic mice were fed either a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) or a control diet for 2-12 weeks. MCD-fed IMP2-2 transgenic mice showed a higher incidence of ductular reaction (DR), accompanied by hepatic stellate cell activation, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and induction of the LPC markers Spp1, Cdh1, and Afp suggesting the occurrence of de-differentiated cells in transgenic livers. In human cirrhotic samples IMP2 overexpression correlated with LPC marker and ECM component expression. Progression of liver disease was induced by combined MCD and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treatment. Combined MCD-DEN treatment resulted in shorter survival of IMP2-2 transgenic compared to wild-type mice. Only IMP2-2 transgenic livers progressed to cirrhosis, which was accompanied by strong DR. In conclusion, IMP2 is an oncofetal protein in the liver that promotes DR characterized by de-differentiated cells toward steatohepatitis-associated cirrhosis development with poor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Czepukojc
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ali Abuhaliema
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ahmad Barghash
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Computer Science, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sascha Tierling
- Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Norbert Naß
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvette Simon
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christina Körbel
- Institute of Clinical-Experimental Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Noemi van Hul
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Systems Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute of Clinical-Experimental Surgery, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Genetics/Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sonja M Kessler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Dahlem C, Barghash A, Puchas P, Haybaeck J, Kessler SM. The Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 mRNA Binding Protein IMP2/IGF2BP2 is Overexpressed and Correlates with Poor Survival in Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133204. [PMID: 31261900 PMCID: PMC6651604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA binding protein IMP2 (IGF2BP2) is an oncogenic protein known to be overexpressed in different tumor types. Pancreatic cancer is a very lethal cancer that requires early diagnosis and new treatment options. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of IMP2 in the initiation and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). IMP2 was significantly overexpressed in a human precursor (PanIN) lesions suggesting IMP2 as a marker for early stages of PDAC. In a PDAC cohort of matched normal and tumor samples IMP2 showed overexpression in tumor tissues compared with normal pancreatic tissue. Strict correlation analysis (threshold R2 > 0.75) revealed 22 genes highly positively and 9 genes highly negatively correlating with IMP2. Besides genes involved in the inhibition of apoptosis (Bcl-XL), especially factors involved in ubiquitination were strongly correlated with IMP2 expression: SMURF1 and FBXO45. Moreover, protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway was distinctly affected: DXS1179E encoding PKC iota, PKC substrate PLEK2, and inositol triphosphate receptor IP3R3 were positively correlated with IMP2 expression. Besides tumor initiation, IMP2 also seemed to have an impact on tumor progression. TGF-β treatment of Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was accompanied by increased IMP2 expression. EMT is important for cancer cells to gain migratory and invasive potential, which is essential for metastasis. Concordantly, circulating tumor cells showed higher IMP2 levels as compared with normal tissue from tumor origin and with normal hematological cells. Accordingly, IMP2 protein levels correlated with poor survival. In conclusion, as IMP2 seems to promote tumor progression of PDAC, it might be an interesting diagnostic and prognostic marker as well as a novel target for the treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Dahlem
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ahmad Barghash
- Department of Computer Science, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan
| | - Philip Puchas
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Sonja M Kessler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Regué L, Minichiello L, Avruch J, Dai N. Liver-specific deletion of IGF2 mRNA binding protein-2/IMP2 reduces hepatic fatty acid oxidation and increases hepatic triglyceride accumulation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11944-11951. [PMID: 31209109 PMCID: PMC6682725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding proteins 1-3 (IGF2BP1-3, also known as IMP1-3) contribute to the regulation of RNAs in a transcriptome-specific context. Global deletion of the mRNA-binding protein insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2 or IMP2) in mice causes resistance to obesity and fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet (HFD), whereas liver-specific IMP2 overexpression results in steatosis. To better understand the role of IMP2 in hepatic triglyceride metabolism, here we crossed mice expressing albumin-Cre with mice bearing a floxed Imp2 gene to generate hepatocyte-specific IMP2 knockout (LIMP2 KO) mice. Unexpectedly, the livers of LIMP2 KO mice fed an HFD accumulated more triglyceride. Although hepatocyte-specific IMP2 deletion did not alter lipogenic gene expression, it substantially decreased the levels of the IMP2 client mRNAs encoding carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). This decrease was associated with their more rapid turnover and accompanied by significantly diminished rates of palmitate oxidation by isolated hepatocytes and liver mitochondria. HFD-fed control and LIMP2 KO mice maintained a similar glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity up to 6 months; however, by 6 months, blood glucose and serum triglycerides in LIMP2 KO mice were modestly elevated but without evidence of liver damage. In conclusion, hepatocyte-specific IMP2 deficiency promotes modest diet-induced fatty liver by impairing fatty acid oxidation through increased degradation of the IMP2 client mRNAs PPARα and CPT1A This finding indicates that the previously observed marked protection against fatty liver conferred by global IMP2 deficiency in mice is entirely due to their reduced adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Regué
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Diabetes Unit of the Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Liliana Minichiello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Avruch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 .,Diabetes Unit of the Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 .,Diabetes Unit of the Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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45
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RNA Binding Protein HuR Promotes Autophagosome Formation by Regulating Expression of Autophagy-Related Proteins 5, 12, and 16 in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00508-18. [PMID: 30602494 PMCID: PMC6399664 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00508-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of lysosomal self-degradation of cellular components by forming autophagosomes. Autophagosome formation is an essential process in autophagy and is fine-tuned by various autophagy-related gene (ATG) products, including ATG5, ATG12, and ATG16. Although several reports have shown that numerous factors affect multiple levels of gene regulation to orchestrate cellular autophagy, the detailed mechanism of autophagosome formation still needs further investigation. In this study, we demonstrate that the RNA binding protein HuR (human antigen R) performs an essential function in autophagosome formation. We observe that HuR silencing leads to inhibition of autophagosome formation and autophagic flux in liver cells. Ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay allows the identification of ATG5, ATG12, and ATG16 mRNAs as the direct targets of HuR. We further show that HuR mediates the translation of ATG5, ATG12, and ATG16 mRNAs by binding to their 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). In addition, we show that HuR expression positively correlates with the levels of ATG5 and ATG12 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Collectively, our results suggest that HuR functions as a pivotal regulator of autophagosome formation by enhancing the translation of ATG5, ATG12, and ATG16 mRNAs and that augmented expression of HuR and ATGs may participate in the malfunction of autophagy in HCC cells.
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46
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Yazdani HO, Huang H, Tsung A. Autophagy: Dual Response in the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020091. [PMID: 30695997 PMCID: PMC6406383 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved intracellular mechanism which helps eukaryotic cells in maintaining their metabolic state to afford high-efficiency energy requirements. In the physiology of a normal liver and the pathogenesis of liver diseases, autophagy plays a crucial role. Autophagy has been found to be both upregulated and downregulated in different cancers providing the evidence that autophagy plays a dual role in suppressing and promoting cell survival. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and the major leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. In light of its high complexity and poor prognosis, it is essential to improve our understanding of autophagy’s role in HCC. In this review, we summarize the dual mechanism of autophagy in the development of HCC and elucidate the currently used therapeutic strategies for anti-HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza O Yazdani
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, PA 15213-2582, USA.
| | - Hai Huang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, N924 Doan Hall, 410 West 10th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Allan Tsung
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, N924 Doan Hall, 410 West 10th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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47
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Yan X, Wan H, Hao X, Lan T, Li W, Xu L, Yuan K, Wu H. Importance of gene expression signatures in pancreatic cancer prognosis and the establishment of a prediction model. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 11:273-283. [PMID: 30643453 PMCID: PMC6312063 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s185205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most common tumors with a poor prognosis. The current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, based on the anatomical features of tumors, is insufficient to predict PC outcomes. The current study is endeavored to identify important prognosis-related genes and build an effective predictive model. Methods Multiple public datasets were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and survival-related genes (SRGs). Bioinformatics analysis of DEGs was used to identify the main biological processes and pathways involved in PC. A risk score based on SRGs was computed through a univariate Cox regression analysis. The performance of the risk score in predicting PC prognosis was evaluated with survival analysis, Harrell's concordance index (C-index), area under the curve (AUC), and calibration plots. A predictive nomogram was built through integrating the risk score with clinicopathological information. Results A total of 945 DEGs were identified in five Gene Expression Omnibus datasets, and four SRGs (LYRM1, KNTC1, IGF2BP2, and CDC6) were significantly associated with PC progression and prognosis in four datasets. The risk score showed relatively good performance in predicting prognosis in multiple datasets. The predictive nomogram had greater C-index and AUC values, compared with those of the AJCC stage and risk score. Conclusion This study identified four new biomarkers that are significantly associated with the carcinogenesis, progression, and prognosis of PC, which may be helpful in studying the underlying mechanism of PC carcinogenesis. The predictive nomogram showed robust performance in predicting PC prognosis. Therefore, the current model may provide an effective and reliable guide for prognosis assessment and treatment decision-making in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Yan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,
| | - Haifeng Wan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,
| | - Xiangyong Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, .,Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,
| | - Kefei Yuan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, .,Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, .,Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,
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48
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Akkoç Y, Gözüaçık D. Autophagy and liver cancer. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2018; 29:270-282. [PMID: 29755011 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.150318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a key biological phenomenon conserved from yeast to mammals. Under basal conditions, activation of autophagy leads to the protein degradation as well as damaged organelles for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Deregulation of autophagy has been identified as a key mechanism contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of several liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common and mortal types of cancer. Currently used treatment strategies in patients with HCC result in variable success rates. Therefore, novel early diagnosis and treatment techniques should be developed. Manipulation of autophagy may improve responses of cancer cell to treatments and provide novel targeted therapy options for HCC. In this review, we summarized how our understanding of autophagy-cell death connection may have an impact on HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Akkoç
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering, Sabancı University School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey; Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabancı University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Devrim Gözüaçık
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering, Sabancı University School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey; Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabancı University, İstanbul, Turkey
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49
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Wang C, Li Y, Li Y, Gong H, Zhang H, Yuan Y, Li W, Liu H, Chen J. [Expression and Clinical Significance of LC-3 and P62
in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2018; 21:445-450. [PMID: 29945702 PMCID: PMC6022032 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2018.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LC-3 and P62, two of important autophagy-related proteins, were reported highly expressed in many kinds of human malignancies and associated with outcomes of the patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression status of LC-3 and P62 in non-small cell lung cancer patients and define the clinical-pathologic features. METHODS 66 cases of non-small cell lung cancer patients were employed. The expression of LC-3 and P62 were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS LC-3 was positive stained in 27 out of 66 cases (40.9%) and P62 was positive stained in 43 out of 66 cases (65.2%). LC-3 positive staining was more frequently in squamous cell carcinoma patients (P<0.05); while P62 positive staining was more frequently in late-stage adenocarcinoma patients with metastasis (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between LC-3 and P62 expressions in non-small cell lung cancer tissues (rs=-0.065, P<0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with positive LC-3 expression had favorable clinical outcomes compared with the patients with negative LC-3 expression (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS LC-3 and P62 showed abnormal expression in non-small cell lung cancer tissues, suggesting that autophagy is involved in the occurrence and development of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yongwen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ying Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hao Gong
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Weiting Li
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Lung Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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50
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Yin Y, Zong R, Bao X, Zheng X, Cui H, Liu Z, Zhou Y. Oxidative Stress Suppresses Cellular Autophagy in Corneal Epithelium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:3286-3293. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yin
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rongrong Zong
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaorui Bao
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiling Zheng
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huixia Cui
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yueping Zhou
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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