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Bajamal E, Abou Hashish EA, Robbins LB. Enjoyment of Physical Activity among Children and Adolescents: A Concept Analysis. J Sch Nurs 2024; 40:97-107. [PMID: 36398452 DOI: 10.1177/10598405221137718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Although enjoyment has been linked to participation in physical activity (PA), a thorough analysis of the concept is lacking. Health-related behavior research emphasizes the necessity of focusing on individual psychological requirements, such as enjoyment in PA, to boost children and adolescents' motivation for PA. The current paper is a report on a conceptual analysis of the enjoyment of PA among children and adolescents. We adopted the concept analysis procedure by Walker and Avant. Several databases (PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, PsychInfo, and Sport Discus) were searched and used to extract relevant articles about the enjoyment of PA. The review process yielded a final set of 72 papers. A refined definition of enjoyment in PA, attributes, cases, antecedents, and consequences of enjoyment in PA were presented. A conceptual understanding of enjoyment in PA can enable nurses to plan interventions that help children and adolescents get appropriate PA and improve their health habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Bajamal
- College of Nursing, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtsam Aly Abou Hashish
- College of Nursing, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Gomwe H, Phiri L, Marange CS. The mediating role of social support in promoting physical activity among children in South Africa. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2023; 79:1896. [PMID: 37928649 PMCID: PMC10623640 DOI: 10.4102/sajp.v79i1.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low physical activity (PA) participation levels and increasing non-communicable diseases in children are concerning in South Africa and globally. Objectives We sought to assess the mediating role of perceived social support factors on the relationship between PA enjoyment and PA levels among rural, peri-urban and urban school children. Method A cross-sectional study was adopted to assess peer, family and teacher encouragement as mediators on the relationship between perceived PA enjoyment and perceived physical activity participation among children, using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). The sample comprised a random sample of primary school learners aged 9-14 years. Results The sample consisted of 870 primary school learners with a mean age of 11.0 ± 1.49 years. Most participants were girls (n = 519; 59.7%). The findings suggest low levels of perceived PA participation (mean = 2.33, standard deviation [s.d.]: 0.43). Peer (β = 0.0187, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0088, 0.0307), family (β = 0.0280, 95% CI: 0.0155, 0.0425) and teacher (β = 0.0242, 95% CI: 0.0127, 0.0378) encouragement partially mediates the relationship between perceived PA enjoyment and perceived PA participation. Family encouragement (β = 0.0158, 95% CI: 0.0017, 0.0311) has the most considerable mediating effect, followed by teacher encouragement (β = 0.0125, 95% CI: 0.0010, 0.0269). Conclusion The findings demonstrated low levels of perceived PA participation in school learners. Therefore, we recommends including social factors as mediators in PA intervention programmes in primary schools. Clinical implications Social support factors as mediators on the relationship between PA enjoyment and PA participation among children may improve children's PA participation levels and help prevent non-communicable diseases in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Gomwe
- Skills Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lesego Phiri
- Skills Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Chioneso Show Marange
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Fort Hare, East London, South Africa
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Lehto R, Vepsäläinen H, Lehtimäki AV, Lehto E, Leppänen MH, Skaffari E, Abdollahi AM, Roos E, Erkkola M, Ray C. Effects of the DAGIS randomized controlled trial on home environment and children's food consumption according to the degree of implementation. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2268. [PMID: 36471322 PMCID: PMC9720976 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining process evaluation data with effectiveness data and examining the possible mediators of intervention effects elicits valuable knowledge about how and for whom these interventions are effective. The aim of this study was to examine whether the parental degree of implementation (DOI) of a home-involving preschool intervention affected children's food consumption via home mediators. METHODS The five-month Increased Health and Wellbeing in Preschools (DAGIS) intervention involved 476 participating children aged 3-6 years and was conducted in 2017-2018. Parents reported children's food consumption (g/day) outside childcare hours, the availability of foods at home, role modelling of food consumption, and the norms related to food consumption. In addition, parents reported the extent to which they had implemented the intervention program at home. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine the effect of low and high DOI compared to control group on the change in children's consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV), sugary everyday foods, sugary treats, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) via food availability in the home, parental role modelling and parental norms. RESULTS Compared to the control group, there was a direct effect of a high DOI on diminishing consumption of SSB (B -27.71, 95% CI -49.05, -4.80). No indirect effects were detected. In the high DOI group, a change in parental norm was associated with increased FV consumption showing an indirect effect (B 4.31, 95% CI 0.23, 10.59). In the low DOI group, there was an indirect effect via decreased food availability leading to decreased sugary everyday food consumption (B -2.17, 95% CI -5.09, -0.09). CONCLUSIONS Combining process evaluation and effectiveness data revealed a decrease in children's SSB consumption only in the high DOI group, as well as indirect effects on children's consumption of FV and sugary everyday foods. In order to gain more intervention effects, further studies are required in order to examine parental facilitators and barriers to the implementation of interventions and how to impact effectively the determinants of the targeted behavior. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN57165350 (8 January, 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Lehto
- grid.428673.c0000 0004 0409 6302Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, 00250 Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henna Vepsäläinen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aku-Ville Lehtimäki
- grid.428673.c0000 0004 0409 6302Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elviira Lehto
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box, 00014 Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Faculty of Educational Sciences, Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja H. Leppänen
- grid.428673.c0000 0004 0409 6302Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, 00250 Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Essi Skaffari
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna M. Abdollahi
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Roos
- grid.428673.c0000 0004 0409 6302Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, 00250 Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of food studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maijaliisa Erkkola
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carola Ray
- grid.428673.c0000 0004 0409 6302Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, 00250 Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Verswijveren SJJM, Abbott G, Lai SK, Salmon J, Timperio A, Brown H, Macfarlane S, Ridgers ND. Mediators of Effects on Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in an Activity Tracker and Behavior Change Intervention for Adolescents: Secondary Analysis of a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2022; 10:e35261. [PMID: 35972777 PMCID: PMC9428775 DOI: 10.2196/35261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescence is a critical age where steep declines in physical activity and increases in sedentary time occur. Promoting physical activity should therefore be a priority for short- and long-term health benefits. Wearable activity trackers in combination with supportive resources have the potential to influence adolescents’ physical activity levels and sedentary behavior. Examining the pathways through which such interventions work can inform which mediators to target in future studies. Objective The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the Raising Awareness of Physical Activity (RAW-PA) intervention on potential mediators of behavior change after intervention, and whether these mediated the intervention effects on physical activity and sedentary time at 6-month follow-up. Methods RAW-PA was a 12-week intervention, grounded in social cognitive theory and behavioral choice theory, aimed at increasing physical activity among inactive adolescents through combining a wearable activity tracker with digital resources delivered via a private Facebook group (n=159 complete cases). The targeted potential mediators were identified from previous studies conducted in adolescents and included self-efficacy, peer support, family support, teacher support, self-regulation strategies, barriers, and enjoyment. Outcomes included sedentary time as well as light- and moderate-to-vigorous–intensity physical activity. A series of mixed linear models were used to estimate intervention effects on physical activity and sedentary behavior at follow-up and on potential mediators after intervention and to test whether there were indirect effects of the intervention on physical activity and sedentary behavior via mediators. Results Adolescents in the intervention group (n=75) engaged in higher sedentary time and lower light intensity at 6-month follow-up compared to the wait-list controls (n=84). There were no intervention effects for moderate-to-vigorous–intensity physical activity. The intervention group perceived more barriers to physical activity than the wait-list control group at 6-month follow-up (mean adjusted difference=1.77; 95% CI 0.19-3.34; P=.03). However, indirect effects for each outcome were not statistically significant, indicating that perceived barriers to physical activity did not mediate intervention effects for physical activity or sedentary time. Conclusions RAW-PA did not beneficially impact hypothesized mediators in these inactive adolescents, despite strategies being designed to target them. This suggests that the lack of overall intervention effects on physical activity and sedentary time observed in the RAW-PA study could be due to the limited impact of the intervention on the targeted mediators. Future studies should consider different strategies to target theoretically informed potential mediators and identify intervention strategies that effectively target key mediators to improve physical activity among inactive adolescents. Finally, intervention effects according to level of wearable tracker use or level of engagement with the intervention should be explored. This may provide important insights for designing successful wearable activity tracker interventions. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12616000899448; https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=370716&isReview=true International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.1186/s12889-016-3945-5
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin Abbott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Samuel K Lai
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Helen Brown
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | | | - Nicola D Ridgers
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Wang H, Blake H, Chattopadhyay K. School-based behaviour change intervention to increase physical activity levels among children: a feasibility cluster non-randomised controlled trial in Yangzhou, China. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e052659. [PMID: 34711601 PMCID: PMC8557291 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children in China have low levels of physical activity. We developed a school-based behaviour change intervention to increase their physical activity levels. The study aimed to determine the feasibility of undertaking a cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) in the future. This future cluster RCT will evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. DESIGN Feasibility cluster non-RCT design. SETTING Two public schools (one intervention and one control) in Yangzhou, China. PARTICIPANTS Children aged 10-12 years and their parents. INTERVENTION The 16-week school-based behaviour change intervention to increase physical activity levels consisted of three components (a) health education (physical education), (b) family involvement and (c) school environment support. OUTCOMES MEASURES We estimated important parameters that are needed to design the future cluster RCT, such as SD of the primary outcome (ie, 7-day steps in children), intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC), recruitment of child-parent dyads, follow-up of children, completion of and time needed for data collection among children and intervention attendance. RESULTS Sixty-four children and their parents participated in the study (32 per study group). The SD of the primary outcome was 34 519 steps. The ICC was 0.03. The recruitment and follow-up rates were 100%. The completion of data collection was 100% (except for the 7-day steps at baseline-one child lost the step log in the intervention group and two children lost their pedometer in the control group). The time needed to complete the self-reported questionnaire by children was around 15 min per study group, and the measurement of their anthropometric parameters took around 40 min per study group. The intervention attendance was 100%. CONCLUSIONS Based on the promising recruitment, follow-up, completion of and time needed for data collection and intervention attendance, it would be feasible to undertake the future cluster RCT in China. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR1900026865.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Wang
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- The Nottingham Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Holly Blake
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kaushik Chattopadhyay
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- The Nottingham Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Arlinghaus KR, Ledoux TA, Johnston CA. Randomized Controlled Trial to Increase Physical Activity Among Hispanic-American Middle School Students. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2021; 91:307-317. [PMID: 33655526 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) declines during adolescence, particularly among girls. In this randomized control trial, we examined MVPA in a physical activity intervention compared to physical education (PE) class as usual (TAU), stratified by sex and weight classification. Standardized BMI (zBMI) overtime was also examined. METHODS Hispanic-American middle school students (N = 193) were recruited from a school district in Houston, Texas. Participants were randomized to either a circuit-based physical activity intervention or TAU (PE class as usual). MVPA was assessed using accelerometry at baseline and 6 months. Repeated measures ANCOVA were conducted to examine changes in MVPA, overall and stratified by sex and weight classification. This procedure was repeated for zBMI. RESULTS Participants were 12.10 ± 0.63 years old and 53% were girls. Overall those in intervention increased weekday MVPA more than TAU (F(1,190) = 7.03, p < .01). Intervention girls increased weekday MVPA; whereas TAU girls decreased weekday MVPA (F(1,99) = 7.36, p < .01). Among those with obesity, there was no difference in MVPA between conditions (F(1, 56) = 0.33, p = .57), but Intervention decreased zBMI significantly more than TAU (F(1, 56) = 6.16, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Structured PE classes grounded in behavioral theory may be an important strategy to prevent typical decreases in MVPA during adolescence, particularly among girls and for youth with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Arlinghaus
- Assistant Professor, , Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN, 55454., USA
| | - Tracey A Ledoux
- Associate Professor, , Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St. Rm 104 Garrison, Houston, TX, 77204-6015., USA
| | - Craig A Johnston
- Associate Professor, , Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St. Rm 104 Garrison, Houston, TX, 77204-6015., USA
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A School-Based Randomized Controlled Trial to Promote Cycling to School in Adolescents: The PACO Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042066. [PMID: 33672550 PMCID: PMC7923771 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the rationale and protocol of a school-based randomized controlled trial called “Cycling and Walk to School” (PACO, by its Spanish acronym) that aims to promote cycling to and from school and physical activity (PA) in adolescents. This study will examine the effects of this intervention in cycling and active commuting to and from school (ACS), PA and several ACS-related factors based on self-determination theory (SDT) and a social-ecological model (SEM). A total of 360 adolescents attending six high schools (three experimental and three control) from three Spanish cities will participate in this randomized controlled trial. The intervention (four cycling sessions; 1–2 h per session, one session per week) will be conducted by the research staff; the control group will continue their usual activities. PA levels will be measured by accelerometers, whereas ACS and the other study variables will be self-reported using questionnaires at baseline and post-intervention. The primary outcomes will be: rates of cycling to school, ACS and PA levels. In addition, SDT-related variables and individual, interpersonal, community, and environment variables relevant to ACS will be based on SEM. The findings will provide a comprehensive understanding of the short-term effects of this school-based intervention on cycling to school behaviour, ACS and PA levels in Spanish adolescents.
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Ray C, Figueiredo R, Pajulahti R, Vepsäläinen H, Lehto E, Lehto R, Erkkola M, Roos E. Effects of the Preschool-Based Family-Involving DAGIS Intervention on Family Environment: A Cluster Randomised Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113387. [PMID: 33158101 PMCID: PMC7694211 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions promoting young children’s healthy energy balance-related behaviours (EBRBs) should also examine changes in the family environment as this is an important determinant that may affect the effectiveness of the intervention. This study examines family environmental effects of the Increased Health and Wellbeing in Preschools (DAGIS) intervention study, and whether these effects differed when considering three parental educational level (PEL) groups. The DAGIS intervention was conducted in preschools and involving parents in Southern Finland from September 2017 to May 2018. It was designed as a randomised trial, clustered at preschool-level. Parents of 3–6-year-olds answered questionnaires recording PEL, parental role modelling for EBRBs, and the family environment measured as EBRBs availability and accessibility. Linear Mixed Models with Repeated Measures were used in order to detect intervention effects. Models included group by time interactions. When examining intervention effects separated by PEL groups, models with three-level interactions (group × time-points × PEL) were evaluated. There was an interaction effect for the availability of sugary everyday foods and drinks (p = 0.002). The analyses showed that the control group increased availability (p = 0.003), whereas in the intervention group no changes were detected (p = 0.150). In the analysis separated by PEL groups, changes were found only for the accessibility of sugary treats at home; the high PEL control group increased the accessibility of sugary treats (p = 0.022) (interaction effect: p = 0.027). Hence, results suggest that the DAGIS multicomponent intervention had a limited impact on determinants for children’s healthy EBRBs, and no impact was found in the low PEL group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Ray
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland; (R.F.); (R.P.); (E.L.); (R.L.); (E.R.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.V.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rejane Figueiredo
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland; (R.F.); (R.P.); (E.L.); (R.L.); (E.R.)
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Pajulahti
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland; (R.F.); (R.P.); (E.L.); (R.L.); (E.R.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.V.); (M.E.)
| | - Henna Vepsäläinen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.V.); (M.E.)
| | - Elviira Lehto
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland; (R.F.); (R.P.); (E.L.); (R.L.); (E.R.)
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reetta Lehto
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland; (R.F.); (R.P.); (E.L.); (R.L.); (E.R.)
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maijaliisa Erkkola
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.V.); (M.E.)
| | - Eva Roos
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Topeliuksenkatu 20, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland; (R.F.); (R.P.); (E.L.); (R.L.); (E.R.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (H.V.); (M.E.)
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Changes in Physical Activity Behaviour and Psychosocial Correlates Unique to the Transition from Primary to Secondary Schooling in Adolescent Females: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16244959. [PMID: 31817663 PMCID: PMC6950115 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated physical activity changes over the transition from primary to secondary school. This study assessed change in physical activity and the psychosocial correlates across 12 months in two cohorts of adolescent girls, who were either in primary school in year 1, moving to secondary school in year 2 (Transition cohort) or an older cohort (Secondary cohort) who remained in early secondary school. Female adolescents (n = 191; 38% response rate) in South Australia self-reported physical activity and psychosocial correlates of physical activity. Changes between baseline and 12-month follow-up were assessed using paired t-tests. Multiple regression modelling identified psychosocial predictors of physical activity change. Physical activity declined in the transition but not the secondary cohort. The decline was most pronounced during school break times. Independent predictors of physical activity change were: change in enjoyment in the transition cohort; and changes in enjoyment, perceived outcomes, and friend encouragement in the secondary cohort. Transitioning from primary to secondary school is a critical period during which physical activity typically declines, particularly among females. Effective physical activity promotion in this vulnerable group will depend on a deeper understanding of the sociocultural, curricular and environmental influences on physical activity that are unique to each school context.
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Individual, social and neighbourhood correlates of cycling among children living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:157-163. [PMID: 31447387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe cycling behaviours and examine individual, social and neighbourhood correlates of cycling among children living in socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Mothers of 289 children (46% boys) aged 8-15 (mean 12±2.2) years living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Victoria, Australia were surveyed about their child's cycling frequency and duration in a typical week. Perceptions of cycling, cycling ability, cycling behaviours and road safety were proxy- and self-reported by mothers. Shortest road distance from home to school was determined using a Geographic Information System. Multivariable logistic regression analyses examined associations between individual, social and neighbourhood variables and cycling frequency (>once/week) and duration (>60min/week). RESULTS Overall, 70% of boys and 49% of girls cycled>once/week; rates of cycling for >60min/week were 60% and 32%, respectively. Children had greater odds of cycling>once/week if they enjoyed cycling for fun (OR=13.3, 95%CI=2.0, 86.9). Children had greater odds of cycling for >60min/week if they enjoyed cycling for fun (OR=17.1, 95%CI=1.7, 167.7) or if they were allowed to cycle on main roads (OR=3.2, 95%CI=1.1, 9.1). Children who had to cross several roads to access play areas had lower odds of cycling for >60min/week (OR=0.3, 95%CI=0.1, 0.7). CONCLUSIONS Future research should investigate strategies to increase children's enjoyment of cycling, independent mobility and safe access by cycling to key destinations such as play areas.
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da Costa BG, da Silva KS, da Silva JA, Minatto G, de Lima LR, Petroski EL. Sociodemographic, biological, and psychosocial correlates of light- and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity during school time, recesses, and physical education classes. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:177-182. [PMID: 30997264 PMCID: PMC6450918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying factors associated with physical activity (PA) is useful in planning interventions and policies. The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic, biological, and psychosocial factors associated with PA performed in school settings. METHODS Data collected for the present study included gender, age, socioeconomic status, body fat percentage, aerobic fitness, self-efficacy, attitudes, peer and parental support, and perception of school environment. Dependent variables were light-intensity PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) performed during school time, recesses, and physical education (PE) classes. Multiple regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Participating adolescents (n = 567, 53% female, 12.9 ± 5.3 years) spent 5% of school time in MVPA and 27% in LPA, 15% of recesses in MVPA and 44% in LPA, and 16% of PE classes in MVPA and 41% in LPA. Boys engaged in more MVPA in all categories. Age was inversely related with MVPA and LPA in all periods, whereas body fat percentage was inversely related with MVPA in school time and PE classes. Attitude was inversely related with MVPA in all periods and with LPA in recesses. Considering PA to be good and enjoyable was positively associated with MVPA in school time. CONCLUSION Adolescents spent little time in PA during school. Future interventions should implement enjoyable activities at school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G.G. da Costa
- Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Kelly S. da Silva
- Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline A. da Silva
- Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Giseli Minatto
- Research Centre in Kineanthropometry and Human Development, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz R.A. de Lima
- Research Centre in Kineanthropometry and Human Development, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Edio L. Petroski
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
- Research Centre in Kineanthropometry and Human Development, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
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12
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Li YC, Joshi D, King-Dowling S, Hay J, Faught BE, Cairney J. The longitudinal relationship between generalized self-efficacy and physical activity in school-aged children. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:569-578. [PMID: 29400618 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1430852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the longitudinal relationship between generalized self-efficacy (GSE) and physical activity in children and youth is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of GSE towards physical activity on sedentary behaviours and physical activity in school-aged children over time. A total of 2278 nine-year-old children (1120 girls and 1158 boys) were recruited at baseline and followed for seven waves of data collection from 2005 to 2008. All children completed questionnaires at each wave assessing their GSE (adequacy, predilection, and enjoyment), sedentary behaviours, free play, and organized activity. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate changes in physical activity and GSE within individuals over time, controlling for gender and motor ability. The results showed that participation in free play significantly increased over time, whereas organized activity significantly decreased over the same period. Children with high perceived adequacy and predilection had higher free play and organized activity participation relative to other children over time. However, the effect of perceived adequacy diminished over time, while the gaps between groups with different levels of predilection widened over time. While sedentary behaviours were lower over time in children with high predilection, these behaviours were consistently higher in children with high enjoyment. The differences in sedentary behaviours between groups increased over time for both predilection and enjoyment. This study highlights the importance of different components of GSE on physical activity participation. In addition, interventions targeting the enhancement of predilection may facilitate physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chuen Li
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada.,b INfant and Child Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - Divya Joshi
- c Faculty of Applied Health Sciences , Brock University , St. Catharines , Canada
| | - Sara King-Dowling
- a Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada.,b INfant and Child Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - John Hay
- c Faculty of Applied Health Sciences , Brock University , St. Catharines , Canada
| | - Brent E Faught
- c Faculty of Applied Health Sciences , Brock University , St. Catharines , Canada
| | - John Cairney
- b INfant and Child Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada.,d Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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13
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Alsharairi NA. Current Government Actions and Potential Policy Options for Reducing Obesity in Queensland Schools. CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 5:children5020018. [PMID: 29382175 PMCID: PMC5835987 DOI: 10.3390/children5020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
School nutrition policies provide promising avenues towards the improvement of children's eating habits and the prevention of obesity. Childhood obesity rates and related chronic diseases are increasing in Queensland, in part as a result of unhealthy eating habits and lack of physical activity. There is a very high investment by the Queensland government in maintaining healthy weight and promoting nutrition and physical activity among schoolchildren through delivering a range of initiatives across the state. However, there is a lack of evidence concerning the effectiveness of nutrition/physical education and parental involvement programs addressing obesity delivered in Queensland schools. This paper can be used to guide government and policy-makers regarding the most effective policy options that will promote healthy eating and physical activity among Queensland schoolchildren. The aim of this paper is to: (i) summarize current evidence on Queensland government responses to obesity; and (ii) discuss potential policy options that could support healthy eating and regular physical activity, and examine the evidence base for each option and suggest new areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A Alsharairi
- Understanding Chronic Conditions, Heart, Mind & Body Research Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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Malik AA, Williams CA, Bond B, Weston KL, Barker AR. Acute cardiorespiratory, perceptual and enjoyment responses to high-intensity interval exercise in adolescents. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:1335-1342. [PMID: 28859545 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1364300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine adolescents' acute cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses during high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and enjoyment responses following HIIE and work-matched continuous moderate intensity exercise (CMIE). Fifty-four 12- to 15-year olds (27 boys) completed 8 × 1-min cycling at 90% peak power with 75-s recovery (HIIE) and at 90% of the gas exchange threshold (CMIE). Absolute oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), percentage of maximal [Formula: see text] (%[Formula: see text]), heart rate (HR), percentage of maximal HR (%HRmax) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected during HIIE. Enjoyment was measured using the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) following HIIE and CMIE. Boys elicited higher absolute [Formula: see text] during HIIE work (p < .01, effect size (ES) > 1.22) and recovery (p < .02, ES > 0.51) intervals but lower %[Formula: see text] during HIIE recovery intervals compared to girls (p < .01, ES > 0.67). No sex differences in HR and %HRmax were evident during HIIE and 48 participants attained ≥90% HRmax. Boys produced higher RPE at intervals 6 (p = .004, ES = 1.00) and 8 (p = .003, ES = 1.00) during HIIE. PACES was higher after HIIE compared with CMIE (p = .003, ES = 0.58). Items from PACES "I got something out of it", "It's very exciting" and "It gives me a strong feeling of success" were higher after HIIE (all p < .01, ES > 0.32). The items "I feel bored" and "It's not at all interesting" were higher after CMIE (all p < .01, ES > 0.46). HIIE elicits a maximal cardiorespiratory response in most adolescents. Greater enjoyment after HIIE was due to elevated feelings of reward, excitement and success and may serve as a strategy to promote health in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Malik
- a Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK.,c Exercise and Sports Science, School of Health Sciences , Universiti Sains Malaysia
| | - Craig A Williams
- a Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Bert Bond
- a Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- b Health and Social Care Institute , Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| | - Alan R Barker
- a Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
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15
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Amresh A, Lyles A, Gary K. Game Based Behavior Change Methods in Healthcare: The Case of Obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51732-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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16
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Taylor SL, Curry WB, Knowles ZR, Noonan RJ, McGrane B, Fairclough SJ. Predictors of Segmented School Day Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in Children from a Northwest England Low-Income Community. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14050534. [PMID: 28509887 PMCID: PMC5451985 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Schools have been identified as important settings for health promotion through physical activity participation, particularly as children are insufficiently active for health. The aim of this study was to investigate the child and school-level influences on children′s physical activity levels and sedentary time during school hours in a sample of children from a low-income community; Methods: One hundred and eighty-six children (110 boys) aged 9–10 years wore accelerometers for 7 days, with 169 meeting the inclusion criteria of 16 h∙day−1 for a minimum of three week days. Multilevel prediction models were constructed to identify significant predictors of sedentary time, light, and moderate to vigorous physical activity during school hour segments. Child-level predictors (sex, weight status, maturity offset, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity self-efficacy, physical activity enjoyment) and school-level predictors (number on roll, playground area, provision score) were entered into the models; Results: Maturity offset, fitness, weight status, waist circumference-to-height ratio, sedentary time, moderate to vigorous physical activity, number of children on roll and playground area significantly predicted physical activity and sedentary time; Conclusions: Research should move towards considering context-specific physical activity and its correlates to better inform intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Taylor
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Whitney B Curry
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Zoe R Knowles
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2AT, UK.
| | - Robert J Noonan
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Bronagh McGrane
- School of Arts Education & Movement, Dublin City University Institute of Education, St. Patrick's Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK.
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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17
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Barbosa Filho VC, da Silva KS, Mota J, Vieira NFC, Gubert FDA, Lopes ADS. "For whom was it effective?" Moderators of the effect of a school-based intervention on potential physical activity determinants among Brazilian students. Prev Med 2017; 97:80-85. [PMID: 28111095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Knowledge about the effects of school-based interventions on modifiable physical activity (PA) determinants (e.g., social support), and whether the intervention effect differs according to students' characteristics (e.g., age and gender) are relevant PA promotion topics. This study aims to answer these topics among Brazilian students. This cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted with 548 students in the intervention group and 537 in the control group (51.5% of boys; aged 11-18years). The four-month intervention included strategies focused on training teachers, opportunities for PA in the school environment, and health education. Potential PA determinants (attitude, self-efficacy, support of friends, parents, and teachers, perceived neighborhood environment and PA facilities in school) and moderators (gender, age, socioeconomic status (SES), and PA level at baseline) were assessed using self-reported instrument. Height and weight were measured to estimate the students' body mass index (BMI) status. Generalized linear models were used. In general, there was a significant and positive intervention effect for attitude, support of friends and teachers for PA, as well as PA facilities in school; effect size was 0.29, 0.24, 0.34, and 0.29, respectively (P<0.05). Age (support of friends, parents and teachers, and PA facilities in school), SES (support of friends and PA facilities in school), and BMI status (support of friends) were moderators of the intervention effect on some outcomes. In conclusion, the intervention improved potential PA determinants, but some changes occurred differently according to students' characteristics. These findings should be considered in PA policies in the school context. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at Clinicaltrials.govNCT02439827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Cordeiro Barbosa Filho
- Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health in School, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Kelly Samara da Silva
- Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jorge Mota
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Neiva Francenely Cunha Vieira
- Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health in School, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Aids Project: Education and Prevention, Department of Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Fabiane do Amaral Gubert
- Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health in School, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Aids Project: Education and Prevention, Department of Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Adair da Silva Lopes
- Research Centre in Physical Activity and Health, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Lubans DR, Lonsdale C, Cohen K, Eather N, Beauchamp MR, Morgan PJ, Sylvester BD, Smith JJ. Framework for the design and delivery of organized physical activity sessions for children and adolescents: rationale and description of the 'SAAFE' teaching principles. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:24. [PMID: 28231794 PMCID: PMC5324233 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The economic burden of inactivity is substantial, with conservative estimates suggesting the global cost to health care systems is more than US$50 billion. School-based programs, including physical education and school sport, have been recommended as important components of a multi-sector, multi-system approach to address physical inactivity. Additionally, community sporting clubs and after-school programs (ASPs) offer further opportunities for young people to be physically active outside of school. Despite demonstrating promise, current evidence suggests school-based physical activity programs, community sporting clubs and ASPs are not achieving their full potential. For example, physical activity levels in physical education (PE) and ASP sessions are typically much lower than recommended. For these sessions to have the strongest effects on young people's physical activity levels and their on-going physical literacy, they need to improve in quality and should be highly active and engaging. This paper presents the Supportive, Active, Autonomous, Fair, Enjoyable (SAAFE) principles, which represent an evidence-based framework designed to guide the planning, delivery and evaluation of organized physical activity sessions in school, community sport and ASPs. In this paper we provide a narrative and integrative review of the conceptual and empirical bases that underpin this framework and highlight implications for knowledge translation and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW Australia
| | - Kristen Cohen
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW Australia
| | - Mark R. Beauchamp
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Philip J. Morgan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW Australia
| | - Benjamin D. Sylvester
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jordan J. Smith
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW Australia
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Ridgers ND, Timperio A, Brown H, Ball K, Macfarlane S, Lai SK, Richards K, Ngan W, Salmon J. A cluster-randomised controlled trial to promote physical activity in adolescents: the Raising Awareness of Physical Activity (RAW-PA) Study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:6. [PMID: 28052773 PMCID: PMC5209805 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent technological advances provide an alternative yet underutilised opportunity for promoting physical activity in youth. The primary aim of the Raising Awareness of Physical Activity (RAW-PA) Study is to examine the short- and longer-term impact of a wearable activity monitor combined with digital behaviour change resources on adolescents’ daily physical activity levels. Methods/Design RAW-PA is a 12 week, multicomponent physical activity intervention that utilises a popular activity tracker (Fitbit® Flex) and supporting digital materials that will be delivered online via social media. The resources target key behaviour change techniques. The intervention structure and components have been informed by participatory research principles. RAW-PA will be evaluated using a cluster randomised controlled trial design with schools as the unit of randomisation. Twelve schools located in Melbourne, Australia, will allocated to either the intervention or wait-list control group. The target sample size is 300 Year 8 adolescents (aged 13–14 years). Participants’ moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity will be the primary outcome. Survey measures will be completed. Process factors (e.g. feasibility, acceptability/appeal, fidelity) will also be collected. Discussion To our knowledge, this study will provide some of the first evidence concerning the effect of wearable activity trackers and digital behaviour change resources on adolescents’ physical activity levels. This study will provide insights into the use of such technologies for physical activity promotion, which may have a significant impact on health education, promotion, practice and policy. Trial registration Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry No: ACTRN12616000899448. Date of registration: July 7, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola D Ridgers
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Helen Brown
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Kylie Ball
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Susie Macfarlane
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samuel K Lai
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Kara Richards
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Winsfred Ngan
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
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20
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Lawlor DA, Howe LD, Anderson EL, Kipping RR, Campbell R, Wells S, Chittleborough CR, Peters TJ, Jago R. The Active for Life Year 5 (AFLY5) school-based cluster randomised controlled trial: effect on potential mediators. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:68. [PMID: 26801759 PMCID: PMC4724071 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active for life year 5 (AFLY5) is a school-based intervention, based on social cognitive theory, which aims to promote healthy levels of physical activity and healthy eating by improving a child's self-efficacy to make healthy choices, their knowledge of how to make such choices and prompting parents to support their children to make healthy choices. Previously published results showed no effect on the three primary outcomes and beneficial effects on three of nine secondary outcomes (time spent screen-viewing at weekends, consumption of snacks and of high energy drinks). This paper aims to determine the effect of the intervention on potential mediators. METHODS We conducted a cluster RCT of a school-based intervention, with allocation concealed by use of a remote system. The study was undertaken in the South West of England between 2011 and 2013. Participants were school children who were age 8-9 years at baseline assessment and 9-10 years during the intervention. Potential mediators were assessed at the end of the intervention. The intervention consisted of teacher training, provision of all materials required for lessons and homeworks and written materials for school newsletters and parents. The ten potential mediators were child-reported self-efficacy for physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption, perceived parental logistic support and modelling for their child's physical activity, parental efforts to limit their child's sedentary behaviour and modelling of healthy fruit and vegetable consumption, together with a knowledge assessment. RESULTS We successfully recruited 60 schools with over 2,221 children; valid data for the 10 mediators were available for 87 % to 96 % of participants. Three of the ten potential mediators were greater in the intervention, compared with the control group: fruit and vegetable self-efficacy 2.2 units (95 % CI: 0.7 to 3.8), assessed on a scale 26 to 130; child-reported maternal limitation of sedentary behaviour 0.5 (0.1 to 0.8), scale 4 to 16; and knowledge 0.5 (0.2, 0.7) scale 0 to 9. Reported maternal limitation of sedentary behaviour and the child's knowledge explained 23 % of the effect of the intervention on reducing time spent on sedentary behaviour at the weekend. There was no effect on other mediators. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the effect of the AFLY5 intervention on reducing screen-viewing at weekends was partially mediated by an effect on mothers limiting their child's time spent sedentary and on increasing the child's knowledge about healthy behaviour. However, overall our findings suggest that theory driven interventions, like AFLY5, can fail to influence most potential mediators and this may explain the failure of the intervention to improve most primary and secondary outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN50133740. Registered 17/03/2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie A Lawlor
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK. .,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Laura D Howe
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Emma L Anderson
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ruth R Kipping
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Rona Campbell
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Sian Wells
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | | | - Tim J Peters
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, 69 St Michael's Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DZ, UK
| | - Russell Jago
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition & Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, 8 Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TZ, UK
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Evaluation of physical activity interventions in children via the reach, efficacy/effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework: A systematic review of randomized and non-randomized trials. Prev Med 2016; 82:8-19. [PMID: 26582207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Existing reviews of physical activity (PA) interventions designed to increase PA behavior exclusively in children (ages 5 to 11years) focus primarily on the efficacy (e.g., internal validity) of the interventions without addressing the applicability of the results in terms of generalizability and translatability (e.g., external validity). OBJECTIVE This review used the RE-AIM (Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework to measure the degree to which randomized and non-randomized PA interventions in children report on internal and external validity factors. METHODS AND RESULTS A systematic search for controlled interventions conducted within the past 12years identified 78 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Based on the RE-AIM criteria, most of the studies focused on elements of internal validity (e.g., sample size, intervention location and efficacy/effectiveness) with minimal reporting of external validity indicators (e.g., representativeness of participants, start-up costs, protocol fidelity and sustainability). CONCLUSIONS Results of this RE-AIM review emphasize the need for future PA interventions in children to report on real-world challenges and limitations, and to highlight considerations for translating evidence-based results into health promotion practice.
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Variety, Enjoyment, and Physical Activity Participation Among High School Students. J Phys Act Health 2015; 13:223-30. [PMID: 26107142 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2014-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Federal guidelines state that youth should participate in a variety of physical activity (PA) they find enjoyable. Little is known, however, about how variety and enjoyment are associated with PA participation among adolescents. METHODS Data came from the 2010 National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey, a nationally representative survey of adolescents. Path analysis was used to examine the association of a variety of self-reported PA, defined as the number of activities and activity types (ie, team sports/weightlifting, individual activities, and other competitive/recreational sports), on self-reported PA enjoyment and participation. The analysis also examined whether enjoyment mediates the association between a variety of PA and participation. Separate models were estimated for boys and girls. RESULTS Number of activities was associated with increased PA enjoyment and participation. For boys and girls, team sports/weightlifting was associated with increased participation, and individual activities were indirectly associated with increased participation through enjoyment. For boys, team sports/weightlifting was indirectly related with participation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that participation in a variety of PA is associated with increased PA enjoyment and participation. Providing opportunities for adolescents to engage in a variety of activities might help them identify PA they enjoy and facilitate lifelong PA habits.
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23
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Käll LB, Nilsson M, Lindén T. The impact of a physical activity intervention program on academic achievement in a Swedish elementary school setting. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2014; 84:473-480. [PMID: 25040115 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the emerging body of research on the potential of physical activity to improve learning and academic achievement, conclusive evidence regarding the effects of physical activity on academic achievement is lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a physical activity intervention program on academic performance. METHODS A controlled cross-sectional design was used to investigate the hypothesis that the intervention program would increase the proportion of students in grade 5 who achieved the national learning goals in Swedish, mathematics, and English compared with 3 reference schools. Academic results from the years prior to and during the intervention program were analyzed. Logistic regression analyses assessed the odds of achieving the national learning goals when the intervention program was integrated into the elementary curricula. RESULTS Higher proportions of students in the intervention school achieved the national goals in all 3 subjects compared with the reference schools after initiation of the intervention program. The odds for achieving the national learning goals in the intervention school increased 2-fold (p < .05), whereas these odds either did not change or decreased in the reference schools. CONCLUSION Promoting physical activity in school by means of a curriculum-based intervention program may improve children's educational outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina B Käll
- Researcher, , Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
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Eather N, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR. Social support from teachers mediates physical activity behavior change in children participating in the Fit-4-Fun intervention. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10:68. [PMID: 23714651 PMCID: PMC3672071 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the mediators of behavior change in successful school-based physical activity interventions. The aim of this study was to explore potential mediators of physical activity in the Fit-4-Fun program for primary school children. DESIGN Group randomized controlled trial. METHODS Four primary schools were recruited in April, 2011 and randomized by school into intervention or control conditions. Participants included 213 children (mean age = 10.7 years ± 0.6; 52.2% female) with the treatment group (n = 118) completing the 8-week multi-component Fit-4-Fun program. Participants were assessed at baseline, 3- and 6-months. Physical activity was measured using Yamax SW700 pedometers (mean steps/day) and questionnaires were used to assess constructs from Social Cognitive Theory and Competence Motivation Theory. Hypothesized mediators measured included social support from peers, parents and teachers; physical activity self-efficacy (barrier and task); enjoyment; and perceived school physical environment. Mediation was assessed using Preacher and Hayes' multiple mediation regression SPSS macro. Action theory (A), conceptual theory (B) and the significance of the product of coefficients (AB) are reported. RESULTS The intervention had a significant effect on physical activity (p<0.001). The action theory test results revealed significant treatment effects at 3-months for perceived school environment (A=0.28, p<0.001); and at 6-month follow-up for perceived school environment (A=0.058, p<0.001), teacher social support (A=0.54, p<0.05) and enjoyment (A=-0.23, p<0.05). The conceptual theory test revealed a significant relationship between changes in teacher social support and changes in physical activity at 6-month follow-up (B=828, P<0.05). Teacher social support was shown to have a significant mediating effect on physical activity (AB = 445, CI = 77-1068 steps, proportion= 13%), and perceived school environment approached significance (AB = 434, CI= -415 to 1507 steps, proportion= 13%). CONCLUSIONS The Fit-4-Fun program successfully targeted social support for physical activity provided by classroom teachers which contributed to improved physical activity in children. These results demonstrate that classroom teachers play a key role in influencing physical activity behavior outcomes in children.Trial Registration No: ACTRN12611000976987.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, Faculty of Education & Arts University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
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Leary JM, Lilly CL, Dino G, Loprinzi PD, Cottrell L. Parental influences on 7-9 year olds' physical activity: a conceptual model. Prev Med 2013; 56:341-4. [PMID: 23438761 PMCID: PMC4888866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Models characterizing parental influence on child and adolescent physical activity (PA) over time are limited. Preschool and Adolescent Models (PM and AM) of PA are available leaving the need to focus on elementary-aged children. We tested current models (PM and AM) with a sample of 7-9 year-olds, and then developed a model appropriate to this specific target population. METHODS Parent-child dyads completed questionnaires in 2010-2011. All models were assessed using path analysis and model fit indices. RESULTS For adequate power, 90 families were needed, with 174 dyads participating. PM and AM exhibited poor fit when applied to the study population. A gender-specific model was developed and demonstrated acceptable fit. To develop an acceptable model for this population, constructs from both the PM (i.e. parental perception of child competency) and AM (i.e., child-reported self-efficacy) were used. For boys, self-efficacy was a strong predictor of PA, which was influenced by various parental variables. For girls, parental PA demonstrated the greatest strength of association with child PA. CONCLUSION This new model can be used to promote PA and guide future research/interventions. Future studies, particularly longitudinal designs, are needed to confirm the utility of this model as a bridge between currently available models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janie M Leary
- School of Medicine, Dept. of Pediatrics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Brown H, Hume C, Pearson N, Salmon J. A systematic review of intervention effects on potential mediators of children's physical activity. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:165. [PMID: 23433143 PMCID: PMC3585884 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many interventions aiming to increase children’s physical activity have been developed and implemented in a variety of settings, and these interventions have previously been reviewed; however the focus of these reviews tends to be on the intervention effects on physical activity outcomes without consideration of the reasons and pathways leading to intervention success or otherwise. To systematically review the efficacy of physical activity interventions targeting 5-12 year old children on potential mediators and, where possible, to calculate the size of the intervention effect on the potential mediator. Methods A systematic search identified intervention studies that reported outcomes on potential mediators of physical activity among 5-12 year old children. Original research articles published between 1985 and April 2012 were reviewed. Results Eighteen potential mediators were identified from 31 studies. Positive effects on cognitive/psychological potential mediators were reported in 15 out of 31 studies. Positive effects on social environmental potential mediators were reported in three out of seven studies, and no effects on the physical environment were reported. Although no studies were identified that performed a mediating analysis, 33 positive intervention effects were found on targeted potential mediators (with effect sizes ranging from small to large) and 73% of the time a positive effect on the physical activity outcome was reported. Conclusions Many studies have reported null intervention effects on potential mediators of children’s physical activity; however, it is important that intervention studies statistically examine the mediating effects of interventions so the most effective strategies can be implemented in future programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Brown
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Impact of physical activity intervention programs on self-efficacy in youths: a systematic review. ISRN OBESITY 2013; 2013:586497. [PMID: 24555151 PMCID: PMC3901978 DOI: 10.1155/2013/586497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lack of physical activity has contributed to the nation's childhood obesity crisis, but the impact of physical activity on self-efficacy as a mediator of behavior change has not been examined. This systematic review (SR) describes the published evidence related to the impact of physical activity intervention programs on self-efficacy among youths. From January 2000 to June 2011, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards were used to identify publications from PubMed, PsychInfo, Web of Knowledge, and the Cochran Database of Systematic Reviews. The Cochrane Population, Intervention, Control, Outcome, Study Design (PICOS) approach guided this SR articles selection and evaluation process. Of the 102 publications screened, 10 original studies matched the SR inclusion criteria. The types of physical activity interventions and self-efficacy assessments for these 10 studies were diverse. Of the 10 included articles, 6 articles identified an improvement in post-self-efficacy assessments compared to baseline and 4 showed no effect. In conclusion, physical activity intervention programs may improve self-efficacy in youths. A standardized approach to classify and measure self-efficacy is required. Further research is needed to quantify the association of self-efficacy ratings after completing physical activity interventions with objective health improvements, such as weight loss.
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Small L, Bonds-McClain D, Gannon AM. Physical activity of young overweight and obese children: parent reports of child activity level compared with objective measures. West J Nurs Res 2013; 35:638-54. [PMID: 23299299 DOI: 10.1177/0193945912471976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare objectively measured physical activity (PA) and parent-reported assessments of the children's PA in an overweight/obese child sample. A total of 67 child-parent dyads were recruited for study participation. Child anthropometric measures and parent-reported questionnaires were completed, and then PA was measured by accelerometers for 48 consecutive hours. These children demonstrated moderate-to-vigorous PA for 17.32 min per day on average. The children spent 86.7% of their time in sedentary activities. Parents' reports of hyperactivity were significantly related to the objectively measured PA; however, the parents significantly overestimated the average amount of time children spent in each activity level. These findings suggest that although parents may be able to generally characterize their child's PA, they may not be able to accurately report specific information and thus may struggle to identify clear activity goals for their child and/or be unable to assess intervention effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Small
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
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29
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He L, Ishii K, Shibata A, Adachi M, Nonoue K, Oka K. Mediation effects of social support on relationships of perceived environment and self-efficacy with school-based physical activity: A structural equation model tailored for Japanese adolescent girls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpm.2013.31006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bergh IH, Bjelland M, Grydeland M, Lien N, Andersen LF, Klepp KI, Anderssen SA, Ommundsen Y. Mid-way and post-intervention effects on potential determinants of physical activity and sedentary behavior, results of the HEIA study - a multi-component school-based randomized trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012; 9:63. [PMID: 22643014 PMCID: PMC3422999 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited knowledge as to whether obesity prevention interventions are able to produce change in the determinants hypothesized to precede change in energy balance-related behaviors in young people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multi-component intervention on a wide range of theoretically informed determinants of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). Moderation effects of gender, weight status and parental education level and whether the perceived intervention dose received influenced the effects were also explored. Methods The HEIA study was a 20-month school-based, randomized controlled trial to promote healthy weight development. In total, 1418 11-year-olds participated at baseline and post-intervention assessment. Enjoyment, self-efficacy, perceived social support from parents, teachers and friends related to PA, perceived parental regulation of TV-viewing and computer/game-use and perceived social inclusion at schools were examined by covariance analyses to assess overall effects and moderation by gender, weight status and parental education, mid-way and post-intervention. Covariance analyses were also used to examine the role of intervention dose received on change in the determinants. Results At mid-way enjoyment (p = .03), perceived social support from teachers (p = .003) and self-efficacy (p = .05) were higher in the intervention group. Weight status moderated the effect on self-efficacy, with a positive effect observed among the normal weight only. At post-intervention results were sustained for social support from teachers (p = .001), while a negative effect was found for self-efficacy (p = .02). Weight status moderated the effect on enjoyment, with reduced enjoyment observed among the overweight. Moderation effects for parental education level were detected for perceived social support from parents and teachers. Finally, positive effects on several determinants were observed among those receiving a high as opposed to a low intervention dose. Conclusion The intervention affected both psychological and social-environmental determinants. Results indicate that social support from teachers might be a potential mediator of PA change, and that overweight adolescents might be in need of specially targeted interventions to avoid reducing their enjoyment of PA. Further studies should continue to assess how intervention effectiveness is influenced by the participants’ self-reported dose of intervention received.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn H Bergh
- Department of Coaching and Psychology, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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31
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Leary JM, Ice C, Cottrell L. Adaptation and cognitive testing of physical activity measures for use with young, school-aged children and their parents. Qual Life Res 2011; 21:1815-28. [PMID: 22200939 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-011-0095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing physical activity is one way to address the public health concern of childhood obesity. Physical activity measures for use with young, school-aged children are limited. METHODS This study adapted two existing activity measures for young children, specifically self-efficacy and 7-day recall of physical activity. RESULTS Through expert review and cognitive testing, the scales were adapted for use with young, school-aged children (ages 7-9). This article describes how the measures were adapted to insure comprehension of the child self-report measures. Reliability analyses provide support for their use in this population [Cronbach's alpha = 0.76 for the self-efficacy scale; moderate correlation between parent report and child report of child physical activity over the past week (rho = 0.52, P < 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS Suggestions are offered for researchers interested in using similar methods when designing and adapting physical activity measures for new populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janie M Leary
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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32
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Eather N, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR. Improving health-related fitness in children: the Fit-4-Fun randomized controlled trial study protocol. BMC Public Health 2011. [PMID: 22142435 DOI: 10.1186/1471‐2458‐11‐902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Declining levels of physical fitness in children are linked to an increased risk of developing poor physical and mental health. Physical activity programs for children that involve regular high intensity physical activity, along with muscle and bone strengthening activities, have been identified by the World Health Organisation as a key strategy to reduce the escalating burden of ill health caused by non-communicable diseases. This paper reports the rationale and methods for a school-based intervention designed to improve physical fitness and physical activity levels of Grades 5 and 6 primary school children. METHODS/DESIGN Fit-4-Fun is an 8-week multi-component school-based health-related fitness education intervention and will be evaluated using a group randomized controlled trial. Primary schools from the Hunter Region in NSW, Australia, will be invited to participate in the program in 2011 with a target sample size of 128 primary schools children (age 10-13). The Fit-4-Fun program is theoretically grounded and will be implemented applying the Health Promoting Schools framework. Students will participate in weekly curriculum-based health and physical education lessons, daily break-time physical activities during recess and lunch, and will complete an 8-week (3 × per week) home activity program with their parents and/or family members. A battery of six health-related fitness assessments, four days of pedometery-assessed physical activity and a questionnaire, will be administered at baseline, immediate post-intervention (2-months) and at 6-months (from baseline) to determine intervention effects. Details of the methodological aspects of recruitment, inclusion criteria, randomization, intervention program, assessments, process evaluation and statistical analyses are described. DISCUSSION The Fit-4-Fun program is an innovative school-based intervention targeting fitness improvements in primary school children. The program will involve a range of evidence-based behaviour change strategies to promote and support physical activity of adequate intensity, duration and type, needed to improve health-related fitness. TRIAL REGISTRATION NO Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12611000976987.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Newcastle, Australia.
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33
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Eather N, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR. Improving health-related fitness in children: the Fit-4-Fun randomized controlled trial study protocol. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:902. [PMID: 22142435 PMCID: PMC3245453 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Declining levels of physical fitness in children are linked to an increased risk of developing poor physical and mental health. Physical activity programs for children that involve regular high intensity physical activity, along with muscle and bone strengthening activities, have been identified by the World Health Organisation as a key strategy to reduce the escalating burden of ill health caused by non-communicable diseases. This paper reports the rationale and methods for a school-based intervention designed to improve physical fitness and physical activity levels of Grades 5 and 6 primary school children. METHODS/DESIGN Fit-4-Fun is an 8-week multi-component school-based health-related fitness education intervention and will be evaluated using a group randomized controlled trial. Primary schools from the Hunter Region in NSW, Australia, will be invited to participate in the program in 2011 with a target sample size of 128 primary schools children (age 10-13). The Fit-4-Fun program is theoretically grounded and will be implemented applying the Health Promoting Schools framework. Students will participate in weekly curriculum-based health and physical education lessons, daily break-time physical activities during recess and lunch, and will complete an 8-week (3 × per week) home activity program with their parents and/or family members. A battery of six health-related fitness assessments, four days of pedometery-assessed physical activity and a questionnaire, will be administered at baseline, immediate post-intervention (2-months) and at 6-months (from baseline) to determine intervention effects. Details of the methodological aspects of recruitment, inclusion criteria, randomization, intervention program, assessments, process evaluation and statistical analyses are described. DISCUSSION The Fit-4-Fun program is an innovative school-based intervention targeting fitness improvements in primary school children. The program will involve a range of evidence-based behaviour change strategies to promote and support physical activity of adequate intensity, duration and type, needed to improve health-related fitness. TRIAL REGISTRATION NO Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12611000976987.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle Eather
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Newcastle, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Philip J Morgan
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Newcastle, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Education, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Newcastle, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Salmon J, Arundell L, Hume C, Brown H, Hesketh K, Dunstan DW, Daly RM, Pearson N, Cerin E, Moodie M, Sheppard L, Ball K, Bagley S, Paw MCA, Crawford D. A cluster-randomized controlled trial to reduce sedentary behavior and promote physical activity and health of 8-9 year olds: the Transform-Us! study. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:759. [PMID: 21970511 PMCID: PMC3213038 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) is associated with positive cardio-metabolic health and emerging evidence suggests sedentary behavior (SB) may be detrimental to children's health independent of PA. The primary aim of the Transform-Us! study is to determine whether an 18-month, behavioral and environmental intervention in the school and family settings results in higher levels of PA and lower rates of SB among 8-9 year old children compared with usual practice (post-intervention and 12-months follow-up). The secondary aims are to determine the independent and combined effects of PA and SB on children's cardio-metabolic health risk factors; identify the factors that mediate the success of the intervention; and determine whether the intervention is cost-effective. METHODS/DESIGN A four-arm cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a 2 × 2 factorial design, with schools as the unit of randomization. Twenty schools will be allocated to one of four intervention groups, sedentary behavior (SB-I), physical activity (PA-I), combined SB and PA (SB+PA-I) or current practice control (C), which will be evaluated among approximately 600 children aged 8-9 years in school year 3 living in Melbourne, Australia. All children in year 3 at intervention schools in 2010 (8-9 years) will receive the intervention over an 18-month period with a maintenance 'booster' delivered in 2012 and children at all schools will be invited to participate in the evaluation assessments. To maximize the sample and to capture new students arriving at intervention and control schools, recruitment will be on-going up to the post-intervention time point. Primary outcomes are time spent sitting and in PA assessed via accelerometers and inclinometers and survey. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, Transform-Us! is the first RCT to examine the effectiveness of intervention strategies for reducing children's overall sedentary time, promoting PA and optimizing health outcomes. The integration of consistent strategies and messages to children from teachers and parents in both school and family settings is a critical component of this study, and if shown to be effective, may have a significant impact on educational policies as well as on pedagogical and parenting practices. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12609000715279; Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN83725066.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Salmon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Arundell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Hume
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Brown
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie Hesketh
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin M Daly
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie Pearson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Ester Cerin
- Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Marj Moodie
- Deakin Health Economics, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Sheppard
- Deakin Health Economics, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie Ball
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Bagley
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mai Chin A Paw
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Crawford
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioral Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Salmon J, Tremblay MS, Marshall SJ, Hume C. Health risks, correlates, and interventions to reduce sedentary behavior in young people. Am J Prev Med 2011; 41:197-206. [PMID: 21767728 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Opportunities for young people to be sedentary have increased during leisure time, study time, and transportation time. PURPOSE This review paper focuses on sedentary behaviors among young people aged 2-18 years and includes evidence of the relationship between sedentary behavior and health risk indicators, an overview of public health recommendations, the prevalence of key sedentary behaviors, evidence of correlates of sedentary behavior and the effectiveness of interventions to reduce sedentary behaviors. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Although this is a narrative style review and not systematic, where possible, findings from relevant review papers were summarized and a search of more recent literature was performed using computer-based databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ERIC, PsycINFO, Social Science Index, SportDiscus, and Health Reference Center - Academic. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Young people spend 2-4 hours per day in screen-based behaviors and 5-10 hours per day sedentary. Ethnicity, sociodemographic status, having a TV set in the bedroom, and parental behavior appear to be the most consistent correlates of TV viewing time; however, few recent studies aiming to reduce TV viewing or sedentary time among young people have been successful. CONCLUSIONS A growing body of evidence supports the development of public health recommendations to limit the time spent in screen-based behaviors. More research is needed to examine the prospective and experimental evidence of associations between overall sedentary time and health, determinants of sedentary behaviors other than screen-based behaviors, and interventions to reduce overall sedentary time or even alternative sedentary behaviors, such as transport- or education-related sitting time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Salmon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Van Wely L, Becher JG, Reinders-Messelink HA, Lindeman E, Verschuren O, Verheijden J, Dallmeijer AJ. LEARN 2 MOVE 7-12 years: a randomized controlled trial on the effects of a physical activity stimulation program in children with cerebral palsy. BMC Pediatr 2010; 10:77. [PMID: 21044314 PMCID: PMC2989952 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-10-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular participation in physical activities is important for all children to stay fit and healthy. Children with cerebral palsy have reduced levels of physical activity, compared to typically developing children. The aim of the LEARN 2 MOVE 7-12 study is to improve physical activity by means of a physical activity stimulation program, consisting of a lifestyle intervention and a fitness training program. METHODS/DESIGN This study will be a 6-month single-blinded randomized controlled trial with a 6-month follow up. Fifty children with spastic cerebral palsy, aged 7 to 12 years, with Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-III, will be recruited in pediatric physiotherapy practices and special schools for children with disabilities. The children will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group or control group. The children in the control group will continue with their regular pediatric physiotherapy, and the children in the intervention group will participate in a 6-month physical activity stimulation program. The physical activity stimulation program consists of a 6-month lifestyle intervention, in combination with a 4-month fitness training program. The lifestyle intervention includes counseling the child and the parents to adopt an active lifestyle through Motivational Interviewing, and home-based physiotherapy to practise mobility-related activities in the daily situation. Data will be collected just before the start of the intervention (T0), after the 4-month fitness training program (T4), after the 6-month lifestyle intervention (T6), and after six months of follow-up (T12). Primary outcomes are physical activity, measured with the StepWatch Activity Monitor and with self-reports. Secondary outcomes are fitness, capacity of mobility, social participation and health-related quality of life. A random coefficient analysis will be performed to determine differences in treatment effect between the control group and the intervention group, with primary outcomes and secondary outcomes as the dependent variables. DISCUSSION This is the first study that investigates the effect of a combined lifestyle intervention and fitness training on physical activity. Temporary effects of the fitness training are expected to be maintained by changes to an active lifestyle in daily life and in the home situation. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered in the Dutch Trial Register as NTR2099.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leontien Van Wely
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Meininger JC, Reyes LR, Selwyn BJ, Upchurch SL, Brosnan CA, Taylor WC, Villagomez E, Quintana V, Pullis B, Caudill D, Sterchy S, Phillips M. A structured, interactive method for youth participation in a school district-university partnership to prevent obesity. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2010; 80:493-500. [PMID: 20840659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of school-age children in participatory research is described in the context of a school district-university partnership to prevent obesity in children. The purpose of this study was to elicit, from children in kindergarten (K) through sixth grade, perceptions of foods and activities that would inform the design of developmentally appropriate interventions to prevent and reduce childhood obesity. METHODS Children (N = 218) were selected through a random sample of K through sixth grade classrooms in 3 schools. They participated in structured, interactive, small group exercises focused on perceptions of foods (taste and healthy/unhealthy) and activities (fun and active/sedentary). High school students in the same school district were trained to facilitate the children's groups in collaboration with university faculty and students. RESULTS Qualitative data analysis was used to discern patterns across grade levels. There were grade-level differences in perceptions of the taste and healthfulness of foods. Younger children (K-1) equated foods that tasted good with foods that were "good for you." Older children were more discriminating and gave reasons for their perceptions. For activities, fun was positively associated with the number of people involved and the amount of movement. There were fewer differences across grade levels in preferences for types of sedentary activities, compared with sports and other activities that "make you move." CONCLUSIONS The findings have implications for developmentally appropriate health promotion interventions to prevent obesity. These structured but highly interactive methods could be used by school personnel to assess the unique needs of a school population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C Meininger
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Suite 712, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Management of childhood obesity: a challenging but also a fascinating issue. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 33 Suppl 1:S57-9. [PMID: 19363510 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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