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Welzel J, Grüdl S, Welss T, Claas M, Sättler A, Förster T, Banowski B. Quantitative ion determination in eccrine sweat gland cells correlates to sweat reduction of antiperspirant actives. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:181-190. [PMID: 33259130 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Axillary wetness represents an unwanted effect of the physiologically vital sweating mechanism, especially when it becomes excessive. Cosmetic products reducing sweat secretion rely on aluminium salts as the active ingredient acting by physically blocking the sweat gland. Driven by the interest to better understand the sweat mechanism and to develop alternative technologies against excessive sweating a search for an effective testing approach started as up to now, cost- and time-consuming in vivo studies represent the standard procedure for testing and identifying these alternatives. MATERIAL AND METHODS The herein described in vitro test system is based on the measurement of intracellular changes of the ion equilibrium in cultured eccrine sweat gland cells. Subsequently, in vivo studies on the back of volunteers were conducted to verify the sweat-reducing effect of in vitro newly discovered substance. RESULTS In this study, we describe an effective cell-based in vitro method as a potent tool for a more targeted screening of alternatives to aluminium salts. Testing the commonly used aluminium chlorohydrate as one example of an aluminium-based active in this screening procedure, we discovered a distinct influence on the ion equilibrium: Intracellular levels of sodium ions were decreased while those of chloride increased. Screening of various substances revealed a polyethyleneimine, adjusted to pH 3.5 with hydrochloric acid, to evoke the same alterations in the ion equilibrium as aluminium chlorohydrate. Subsequent in vivo studies showed its substantial antiperspirant action and confirmed the high efficiency of the polyethyleneimine solution in vivo. Further, specific investigations connecting the chloride content of the tested substances with the resulting sweat reduction pointed towards a substantial impact of the chloride ions on sweating. CONCLUSION The newly described in vitro cell-based screening method represents an effective means for identifying new antiperspirant actives and suggests an additional biological mechanism of action of sweat-reducing ingredients which is directed towards unbalancing of the ion equilibrium inside eccrine sweat gland cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Welzel
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Grüdl
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T Welss
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Claas
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Sättler
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T Förster
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - B Banowski
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Lin Y, Chen L, Zhang M, Xie S, Du L, Zhang X, Li H. Eccrine Sweat Gland and Its Regeneration: Current Status and Future Directions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667765. [PMID: 34395417 PMCID: PMC8355620 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eccrine sweat glands (ESGs) play an important role in temperature regulation by secreting sweat. Insufficiency or dysfunction of ESGs in a hot environment or during exercise can lead to hyperthermia, heat exhaustion, heatstroke, and even death, but the ability of ESGs to repair and regenerate themselves is very weak and limited. Repairing the damaged ESGs and regenerating the lost or dysfunctional ESGs poses a challenge for dermatologists and bum surgeons. To promote and accelerate research on the repair and regeneration of ESGs, we summarized the development, structure and function of ESGs, and current strategies to repair and regenerate ESGs based on stem cells, scaffolds, and possible signaling pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lin
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Liyun Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Sitian Xie
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lijie Du
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Haihong Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Wound Repair and Dermatologic Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Haihong Li,
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3
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Sweat gland regeneration: Current strategies and future opportunities. Biomaterials 2020; 255:120201. [PMID: 32592872 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For patients with extensive skin defects, loss of sweat glands (SwGs) greatly decreases their quality of life. Indeed, difficulties in thermoregulation, ion reabsorption, and maintaining fluid balance might render them susceptible to hyperthermia, heatstroke, or even death. Despite extensive studies on the stem cell biology of the skin in recent years, in-situ regeneration of SwGs with both structural and functional fidelity is still challenging because of the limited regenerative capacity and cell fate control of resident progenitors. To overcome these challenges, one must consider both the intrinsic factors relevant to genetic and epigenetic regulation and cues from the cellular microenvironment. Here, we describe recent progress in molecular biology, developmental pathways, and cellular evolution associated with SwGdevelopment and maturation. This is followed by a summary of the current strategies used for cell-fate modulation, transmembrane drug delivery, and scaffold design associated with SwGregeneration. Finally, we offer perspectives for creating more sophisticated systems to accelerate patients' innate healing capacity and developing engineered skin constructs to treat or replace damaged tissues structurally and functionally.
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Sano K, Asahina M, Uehara T, Matsumoto K, Araki N, Okuyama R. Degranulation and shrinkage of dark cells in eccrine glands and elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:2097-2103. [PMID: 28662305 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis (AIGA) is characterized by anhidrosis/hypohidrosis without other autonomic and neurological dysfunctions. Pathologically, AIGA is considered to usually present no significant morphological alterations in eccrine glands, the secretory portion which consists of clear cells, dark cells, and myoepithelial cells. AIGA patients recently have been reported to show high serum concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). OBJECTIVE Our aim is to reveal morphological abnormalities of dark cells and investigate their relationship with serum CEA. METHODS We performed comparative analysis of eccrine glands between sweat-preserved and non-sweating skin in four AIGA patients. Serum CEA concentrations in 22 cases with AIGA were measured with healthy volunteers. Furthermore, we semiquantitatively investigated dermcidin, FoxA1 and CEA expression in eccrine glands of 12 cases with AIGA and 5 cases with non-AIGA. RESULTS Marked degranulation and shrinkage of dark cells consistently occurred in AIGA. Furthermore, high serum CEA concentrations were found in 14 of 22 AIGA patients (over 60%), but serum CEA levels were not correlated with CEA expression in eccrine glands. Dermcidin expression in dark cells apparently decreased in AIGA patients, severely in those with high serum CEA and moderately in those with low serum CEA, while well-preserved expression was found in non-AIGA subjects. CONCLUSION Our study suggests morphological damage and molecular dysregulation of dark cells, leading to impairment of their functions in AIGA patients. Severely damaged dark cells correspond to high serum CEA. Accordingly, these pathological changes in eccrine dark cells may be involved in anhidrosis/hypohidrosis of AIGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - M Asahina
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - K Matsumoto
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - N Araki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - R Okuyama
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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Li H, Li X, Zhang B, Zhang M, Chen W, Tang S, Fu X. Changes in keratins and alpha-smooth muscle actin during three-dimensional reconstitution of eccrine sweat glands. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:113-22. [PMID: 26837225 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the changes of keratins and alpha-SMA at various time points in order to investigate the development and differentiation of eccrine sweat gland cells during the course of three-dimensional (3D) reconstitution. Mixtures of eccrine sweat gland cells and Matrigel were injected subcutaneously into the inguinal regions of nude mice. At 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days post-implantation, Matrigel plugs were removed and immunostained. We found that during 3D reconstitution, keratin and alpha-SMA expression changed in a time-dependent manner. At day 1, all cells stained positively for keratin isoforms K5, K14, and K15, with the staining intensity of K15 being weak and K5 and K14 being strong, but none of the cells displayed K7, K8, or alpha-SMA. As time progressed, spheroid-like structures formed with the inner layer acquiring K7 and K8, but losing K5 and K14 expression, and the outer layer acquiring alpha-SMA expression, but losing K15 expression. K8 expression was first noted at day 14, and K7 and alpha-SMA at day 21. The loss of K15 expression was first noted at day 14, K14 at day 21, and K5 at day 28. At 28, 35, and 42 days, the spheroid-like structures could be distinguished, by immunohistochemistry, as having secretory coil-like and coiled duct-like structures. We conclude that the changes in expression of keratins and alpha-SMA in 3D-reconstituted eccrine sweat glands are similar to those of native eccrine sweat glands, indicating that the 3D reconstitution of sweat glands provides an excellent model for studying the development, cytodifferentiation, and regulation of eccrine sweat glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Li
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China.
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Xuexue Li
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bingna Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenlong Chen
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shijie Tang
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Burn Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048, China
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Li H, Chen L, Zeng S, Li X, Zhang X, Lin C, Zhang M, Xie S, He Y, Shu S, Yang L, Tang S, Fu X. Matrigel basement membrane matrix induces eccrine sweat gland cells to reconstitute sweat gland-like structures in nude mice. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:67-77. [PMID: 25645942 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe burn results in irreversible damage to eccrine sweat glands, for which no effective treatment is available. Interaction between the extracellular matrix and epithelial cells is critical for proper three-dimensional organization and function of the epithelium. METHODS Matrigel-embedded eccrine sweat gland cells were subcutaneously implanted into the inguinal regions of nude mice. Two weeks later, the Matrigel plugs were removed and evaluated for series of detection items. RESULTS Sweat gland cells developed into sweat gland-like structures in the Matrigel plugs based on: (1) de novo formation of tubular-like structures with one or more hollow lumens, (2) expression of epithelial and sweat gland markers (pancytokeratin, CK5/7/14/19, α-SMA and CEA), (3) basement membrane formation, (4) myoepithelial cells presenting in and encompassing the tubular-like structures, (5) cellular polarization, evident by the expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1 and ZO-2), anchoring junctions (desmoglein-1 and -2 and E-cadherin) and CEA in the luminal membrane, (6) expression of proteins related to sweat secretion and absorption (Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase α/β, Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl-cotranspoter 1, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 1, aquaporin-5, epithelial sodium channel, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, potassium channel and vacuolar-type H+-ATPase), and (7) about 20% of the tubular-like structures are de novo coils and 80% are de novo ducts. CONCLUSIONS This study provides not only an excellent model to study eccrine sweat gland development, cytodifferentiation and reconstitution, but also an in vivo model for regeneration of eccrine sweat glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Li
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China.
| | - Lu Chen
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China
| | - Shaopeng Zeng
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China
| | - Xuexue Li
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China
| | - Changmin Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China
| | - Sitian Xie
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China
| | - Yunpu He
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China
| | - Shenyou Shu
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China
| | - Lvjun Yang
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China
| | - Shijie Tang
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical School, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100037, PR China
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Chen L, Zhang M, Li H, Tang S, Fu X. Distribution of BrdU label-retaining cells in eccrine sweat glands and comparison of the percentage of BrdU-positive cells in eccrine sweat glands and in epidermis in rats. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:157-62. [PMID: 23907330 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) has commonly been used for detecting of label-retaining cells (LRCs). To determine if there are LRCs and the distributions of LRCs in eccrine sweat glands, 20 newborn SD rats within 24 h after birth were injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg/time BrdU four consecutive times at 2-h intervals, or twice daily at 2-h intervals for four consecutive days. Six weeks after the last BrdU injection, rats were sacrificed, and the hind footpads were harvested, fixed and embedded in paraffin. Five-micrometer thickness tissue sections were cut and the expression of BrdU was detected immunohistochemically. The results showed that BrdU(+) cells were scatteredly distributed in coiled secretory part and coiled duct, as well as the straight duct, but not the intraepidermal duct of eccrine sweat glands. In secretory part, besides secretory cells, myoepithelial cells showed label retaining. The percentage of BrdU(+) cells in eccrine sweat gland of rat footpads had no significant difference between the two injection methods of BrdU (50 mg/kg/time BrdU four consecutive times at 2-h intervals vs. 50 mg/kg/time BrdU twice daily at 2-h intervals for four consecutive days) (P > 0.05). The percentage of BrdU(+) cells in eccrine sweat glands (4.2 ± 1.3 %) was significantly higher than that in stratum basale of epidermis (0.5 ± 0.1 ‰) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, there were LRCs in eccrine sweat glands of rat footpads, and these LRCs might play important roles in the homeostasis of skin and its appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North DongXia Road, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Lu C, Fuchs E. Sweat gland progenitors in development, homeostasis, and wound repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:4/2/a015222. [PMID: 24492848 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human body is covered with several million sweat glands. These tiny coiled tubular skin appendages produce the sweat that is our primary source of cooling and hydration of the skin. Numerous studies have been published on their morphology and physiology. Until recently, however, little was known about how glandular skin maintains homeostasis and repairs itself after tissue injury. Here, we provide a brief overview of sweat gland biology, including newly identified reservoirs of stem cells in glandular skin and their activation in response to different types of injuries. Finally, we discuss how the genetics and biology of glandular skin has advanced our knowledge of human disorders associated with altered sweat gland activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lu
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
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Jung JH, Im S, Kang SJ, Kim GM, Han KT, Yoo JY, Kang CS. A Cutaneous Myoepithelial Carcinoma Arising in a Papillary Eccrine Adenoma. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2011.45.6.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Han Jung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyoung Im
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Jin Kang
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyong Moon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Taik Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Young Yoo
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Suk Kang
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Griffiths J, Kendall MD. Structure of the plantar sweat glands of the Bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rotherham LS, van der Merwe M, Bester MN, Oosthuizen WH. Morphology and distribution of sweat glands in the Cape fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (Carnivora:Otariidae). AUST J ZOOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/zo04075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether sweat glands are present in the skin of the Cape fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus. Sweat glands have an important role in thermoregulation; the presence or absence of sweat glands in the fur-covered and naked skin areas of the Cape fur seal was investigated using standard histological procedures and light and scanning electron microscopy. Sweat glands were present in both fur-covered and naked skin areas. The skin layers in the naked skin areas were thicker than those in the fur-covered areas, presumably to protect them against abrasions in the absence of hair. The density of apocrine sweat glands did not differ among the body regions; however, both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands were larger in naked skin areas than in fur-covered areas. This increased size of the glands suggests a more active role for the glands in the naked skin areas, and a higher heat-loss capability through evaporative cooling in these body regions.
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Saga K. Structure and function of human sweat glands studied with histochemistry and cytochemistry. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 37:323-86. [PMID: 12365351 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(02)80005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The basic structure and the physiological function of human sweat glands were reviewed. Histochemical and cytochemical techniques greatly contributed the elucidation of the ionic mechanism of sweat secretion. X-ray microanalysis using freeze-dried cryosections clarified the level of Na, K, and Cl in each secretory cell of the human sweat gland. Enzyme cytochemistry, immunohistochemistry and autoradiography elucidated the localization of Na,K-ATPase. These data supported the idea that human eccrine sweat is produced by the model of N-K-2Cl cotransport. Cationic colloidal gold localizes anionic sites on histological sections. Human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands showed completely different localization and enzyme sensitivity of anionic sites studied with cationic gold. Human sweat glands have many immunohistochemical markers. Some of them are specific to apocrine sweat glands, although many of them stain both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. Histochemical techniques, especially immunohistochemistry using a confocal laser scanning microscope and in situ hybridization, will further clarify the relationship of the structure and function in human sweat glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Saga
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Minami 1 Nishi 16, Chyuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
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MONTAGNA W. Histology and cytochemistry of human skin. IX. The distribution of non-specific esterases. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2003; 1:13-6. [PMID: 14381424 PMCID: PMC2223595 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.1.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1. In the epidermis non-specific esterase activity outlines a strongly reactive band between the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum. In the epidermis of the palm, there is no such esterase-rich band. 2. The outer sheath of active hair follicles has strong enzyme activity. The degenerating hair bulb in catagen follicles is very strongly reactive, and clusters of cells around the hair club in quiescent follicles are rich in enzyme activity. 3. Strong enzyme activity is found in young sebaceous cells, while decaying sebaceous cells and newly formed sebum are unreactive. Old sebum, however, is very intensely reactive. 4. Only the "dark" cells of eccrine sweat glands show a reaction; the "clear" cells are negative. 5. The cells of axillary apocrine glands abound in enzyme.
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Abstract
The electron microscopy of human eccrine sweat glands has been studied before and after stimulation by pilocarpine iontophoresis. The identity of the dark and clear cells in the secretory segment as defined by Montagna et al. (23) was determined by studying serial sections, thin for electron microscopy and thick for light microscopy. Cells with numerous apical secretory vacuoles are termed mucoid (dark) cells, since these vacuoles stain positively for acid mucopolysaccharide. Clear cells are intimately associated with intercellular canaliculi. The "cuticular border" of surface cells of the duct is a condensation of tonofilaments and granules. Numerous mitochondria are concentrated in basal cells of the duct. The presence of mucoid cells in the secretory segment may bear on the interpretation of the pathologic findings in the disease cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, and suggests that this disease may be due to a basic disorder of mucopolysaccharide production. The possible roles of the various cellular components in the elaboration of sweat are discussed.
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MUNGER BL, BRUSILOW SW. An electron microscopic study of eccrine sweat glands of the catfoot and toe pads--evidence for ductal reabsorption in the human. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1998; 11:403-17. [PMID: 14477204 PMCID: PMC2225160 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.11.2.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The eccrine sweat glands of the cat foot and toe pads have been studied by light and electron microscopy before and after stimulation with mecholyl. The ultrastructure of these glands in the cat is found to be entirely comparable to that in the human (13). The ultrastructure and staining properties of the secretory segment of the two species are identical. The ductal part of the feline gland is shorter and the ductal cells have only scant mitochondria as compared with the human. Since Brusilow et al. (1) have observed that the secretion of the cat foot pad is isotonic as compared with human sweat, which is hypotonic, and since the secretory segments of the two species are structurally identical, the striking difference in the morphology of the duct is regarded as being responsible for the difference in the chemistry of the secretion of the two species. Thus the duct in the human is capable of reabsorbing sodium and chloride.
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Abstract
Eccrine glands are uniquely susceptible to a variety of pathologic processes. Alteration in the rate of sweat secretion manifests as hypohidrosis and hyperhidrosis. Obstruction of the eccrine duct leads to miliaria. The excretion of drugs into eccrine sweat may be a contributory factor in neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis (NEH), syringosquamous metaplasia (SSM), coma bulla, and erythema multiforme (EM). Alterations in the electrolyte composition of eccrine sweat can be observed in several systemic diseases, most notably cystic fibrosis. This article summarizes current knowledge of eccrine gland pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Fukamizu H, Tomita K, Inoue K, Takigawa M. Primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin. THE JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY AND ONCOLOGY 1993; 19:625-8. [PMID: 8394394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1993.tb00401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary mucinous carcinoma is a rare primary adnexal neoplasm of the skin with a high recurrence rate. OBJECTIVE To improve the recognition of this clinical entity and aid in establishing the origin of this tumor. METHODS Two cases of this tumor were reported and investigated histopathologically and histochemically. Furthermore, some mucinous carcinomas arising from the breast or gastrointestinal tract were compared with this tumor. RESULTS Both cases showed no evidence of primary neoplasms as a source of metastasis and had characteristic findings of primary mucinous carcinoma of elongated cords and small lobules of epithelial cells floating in lakes of sialomucin. The origin of this tumor seemed to be an eccrine sweat gland. CONCLUSION This tumor should be resected widely and, at least, the breasts and gastrointestinal tract should be investigated for primary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fukamizu
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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Gargiulo AM, Pedini V, Ceccarelli P. Histology, ultrastructure and carbohydrate histochemistry of pig carpal glands. Anat Histol Embryol 1989; 18:289-96. [PMID: 2624320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1989.tb00602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The morphological differences between two types of secretory cells (clear and dark) from pig carpal glands were examined. The main difference is the presence in the dark cells of secretory granules of moderate electron density, made up of acidic and neutral glycoproteins. The possible functional purposes of the carpal glands and of glycogen present in both cell types are also discussed.
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Walker AM, Robertson MT, Jones CJ. Distribution of a prolactinlike material in human eccrine sweat glands. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 93:50-3. [PMID: 2473138 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Because prolactin has been implicated in the transport of electrolytes in several mammalian tissues, we have looked for the presence of prolactin in human eccrine sweat glands where a primary isotonic secretion, rich in sodium chloride, is produced and subsequently modified by recovery of some sodium and chloride in excess of water. Sweat glands were microdissected from skin biopsies and then fixed overnight in phosphate-buffered 4% formaldehyde. The fixed tissue was dehydrated (to 95%) in ethanol and then embedded in glycol methacrylate. Sections were cut (5 microns) and immunostained with antihuman prolactin (NIDDK IC2) and the specifically-bound antibody was visualized using a biotinylated second antibody and Vector ABC reagents. Prolactinlike immunoreactivity was localized in the clear cells of the secretory coil and, to a much lesser extent, in the basal layer of duct cells. In many of the clear cells, the immunoreactive material appeared as a lateral strip and occasionally, in favorable sections, as a horseshoe of reaction product a few microns in from the apical and lateral membranes. In a subset of clear cells, with more euchromatic nuclei and a long, thin cellular profile, the immunostaining was more intense and was localized in a more juxtanuclear position. Controls for endogenous peroxidase, and those using normal serum or antihuman prolactin serum preabsorbed with purified human prolactin, gave no peroxidase localization in the tissue. These results are important because 1) they represent the first demonstration of prolactin or a prolactinlike substance in the sweat gland, 2) the prolactinlike material was localized to clear cells that are thought to be responsible for much of the fluid secretion, 3) the necessity for prolactin or pituitary extract in primary cultures of sweat gland epithelium is potentially explained, although not fully understood, and 4) it means that further studies concerned with the possible influence of prolactin on ion transport in the sweat gland are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Walker
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521-0121
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20
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Goldsmith LA. Biochemistry of the Skin: 50 Years in The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. J Invest Dermatol 1989. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1989.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Goldsmith LA. Biochemistry of the skin: 50 years in The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92:113S-120S. [PMID: 2649601 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep13075090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Goldsmith
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dermatology, NY 14642
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Noda Y, Sumitomo S, Hikosaka N, Mori M. Immunohistochemical observations on carbonic anhydrase I and II in human salivary glands and submandibular obstructive adenitis. JOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY 1986; 15:187-90. [PMID: 3088232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1986.tb00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical identification of carbonic anhydrase I and II (CA-I, CA-II) was made in human major salivary glands and obstructive adenitis in submandibular glands. Normal salivary glands stained the strongest for CA-II in serious acinar cells and were negative in mucous cells. Moderate to strong staining for CA-I and CA-II was found in ductal segments. Submandibular glands with obstructive adenitis exhibited reduced CA-I activity in atrophic acinar cells, but not in ductal elements in the early and intermediate stages of the disorder. In the late stage of the obstructive lesion, CA staining in duct-like structures was moderate; however, almost degenerate ductal cells were negative for CA. During the progression of the degeneration in the obstructive lesion, the CA staining decreased dependent on acinar atrophy. Even after longstanding obstruction of the salivary gland, altered ductal epithelia may retain some of their functions.
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Noda Y, Takai Y, Iwai Y, Meenaghan MA, Mori M. Immunohistochemical study of carbonic anhydrase in mixed tumours from major salivary glands and skin. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY 1986; 408:449-59. [PMID: 3006328 DOI: 10.1007/bf00705299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical distribution of carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme I and II was studied in mixed tumours of major salivary glands and skin. The normal salivary glands displayed strong carbonic anhydrase activity in both ductal epithelium and serous acinar cells and the serous demilune cells in the submandibular glands, including the eccrine ducts. Pleomorphic adenoma salivary gland origin exhibited positive staining in the inner-layer of epithelial cells of tubular, duct-like and glandular structures. No enzymatic staining was noted in the outer layer of tumour cells in these structures. Spindle tumour cells or the fibroblast-like cells with long cytoplasmic processes identified in the adjacent hyalin and myxomatous stroma were rarely positive, while chondroidal and osteo-chondroidal cells were highly reactive. Mixed tumours of eccrine gland origin showed the most reactive staining cells scattered throughout neoplastic epithelium in all tissues examined. Immunohistochemical stainability was usually higher for carbonic anhydrase II than I for both normal and tumour tissues. The biological roles of the distribution profiles of carbonic anhydrase are discussed.
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Abstract
A 21-year-old man presented with a 6-year history of episodic localized hyperhidrosis on the back of his hands. Results of the neurologic examination were normal. Profuse sweating of the affected skin was elicited by exercise, raising core temperature, direct heat, and intradermal injections of cholinergic drugs. Examination of the affected skin by electron microscopy and light microscopy with special stains and enzyme methods revealed prominent hyperplasia of otherwise normal eccrine sweat glands and ducts and increased surrounding stromal hyaluronic acid.
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Kurosumi K, Shibasaki S, Ito T. Cytology of the secretion in mammalian sweat glands. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1984; 87:253-329. [PMID: 6370891 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Briggman JV, Bank HL, Bigelow JB, Graves JS, Spicer SS. Structure of the tight junctions of the human eccrine sweat gland. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1981; 162:357-68. [PMID: 7325127 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001620406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The human eccrine sweat gland contains two anatomically and functionally discrete segments: the secretory coil, which produces an isotonic or slightly hypertonic precursor fluid, and the coiled duct, which reabsorbs Na+ and Cl- to yield a hypotonic sweat. We examined the freeze-fracture morphology of tight junctions from isolated secretory coil and coiled duct segments to assess indirectly the contribution of paracellular ion transport in secretion and resorption in the sweat gland. In the secretory coil, tight junctions of the intercellular canaliculus and main lumen consisted of approximately 9 and 6, closely spaced, parallel or anastomosing elements, respectively. Tight junctions of the coiled duct were similar in appearance to those at the main lumen of the secretory coil. In both the secretory coil and coiled duct, and average of 2 to 3, widely spaced junctional elements were usually observed basolateral to the closely spaced junctional elements in the region corresponding to the location of the zonula adherens in Epon sections. The complexity of the tight junctions of the secretory coil exceeded what we expected for an epithelium secreting an isosmotic fluid. The elaborate tight junctions of the coiled duct support other evidence for an intermediate to high transepithelial resistance.
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Quinton PM, Tormey JM. Localization of Na/K-ATPase sites in the secretory and reabsorptive epithelia of perfused eccrine sweat glands: a question to the role of the enzyme in secretion. J Membr Biol 1976; 29:383-99. [PMID: 136517 DOI: 10.1007/bf01868972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Na/K-ATPase sites in both the secretory and reabsorptive epithelia of isolated and microperfused human eccrine sweat glands are localized cytologically. Localization was accomplished through autoradiography of bound 3H-ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the enzyme. Ouabain binding characteristics were determined to ensure maximum specific binding. Enzyme sites are localized only on the basolateral surface of both epithelia in spite of the fact that sodium transport is reversed, i.e., secretory: blood to lumen and reabsorptive: lumen to blood. In view of these findings and in comparison with other recent observations, the role of Na/K-ATPase in secretory electrolyte transport is questioned.
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Perkins EM, Ford DM. The skin of primates. XLII. The skin of the silvered sakiwinki (Pithecia monachus). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1975; 42:383-93. [PMID: 807112 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330420306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The following characteristics indicate that the skin of the silvered sakiwinki (Pithecia monachus, E. Geoffroy, 1812) is not only basically similar to other primitive cebids, but also remarkably close to that of callithricids: a thin epidermis with diminished monoamine oxidase activity; a poorly-developed dermis, paucity of elastic fibers, and scant adnexal blood supply; hair follicles arranged in linear perfect sets; grouped hairs present on the cheek; an absence of glycogen and phosphorylase in most sebaceous glands; apocrine glands present throughout most haired body regions, but totally absent from the dorsum; and poorly-differentiated eccrine glands, confined to volar friction surfaces, which are characterized by unusual glycolytic properties. Other noteworthy cutaneous traits include: concomitant epidermal and dermal pigmentation in the face and scalp; Merkel-like disks in the friction surfaces; moderately well-developed Haarscheibe, associated with large, dorsal guard hairs; small, discrete sebaceous glands throughout the dorsum; a 1:1 ratio of apocrine glands to hair follicles in the facial, gular and anogenital areas; and numerous cholinesterase-reactive nerves around eccrine but not apocrine secretory coils. Although previous comparative studies on the skin of New World monkeys suggest that the systematic designation of two familial taxa is warranted, information regarding five of the fifteen genera which comprise the families Callithricidae and Cebidae is totally lacking. Given that three of these genera (Leontopithecus, Chiropotes and Brachyteles) can no longer be obtained from animal dealers because of exportation laws, the authors were fortunate to acquire representatives of the remaining two genera: Callicebus (titi monkeys) and Pithecia (sakiwinkis). Besides defining cutaneous characteristics common to specific taxa, two earlier works by Hanson and Montagna ('62) and Perkins et al, ('68) also suggested that members of the cebid subfamilies Aotinae and Pitheciinae possess cutaneous traits that bridge an interesting gap with the callithricids. Therefore, the acquisition of these two additional aotine and pithecine genera provided the opportunity to test this hypothesis. The following, therefore, is not just another detailed manuscript regarding the skin of primates. Rather, it is an effort to define the integumental characteristics of the last obtainable New World monkey genera, and to assess those cutaneous signatures which are interfamilially common to both the callithricids and more primitive cebids. Primary emphasis is placed on the genus Pithecia; pertinent findings concerning Callicebus will be incorporated into the forthcoming and final summarization of the phylogenetic significance of the skin of New World monkeys (Perkins, '75).
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Fortney JA. Cytology of eccrine sweat glands in the opossum. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1973; 136:205-19. [PMID: 4630880 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001360207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Doggett RG, Bentinck B, Harrison GM. Structure and ultrastructure of the labial salivary glands in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Pathol 1971; 24:270-82. [PMID: 4324770 PMCID: PMC476967 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.24.3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of the labial salivary glands in subjects with and without cystic fibrosis has been studied by light and electron microscopy. The terms ;light' cell, ;dark' cell, ;clear' cell, and ;myoepithelial' cell are used to describe the four cell types distinguished at the level of the electron microscope. The dark cells were found to stain specifically with alcian blue at and above pH 1.0, and the light cells to stain specifically using the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique. This staining reaction suggests that an acidic mucosubstance is being produced by the dark cells and a neutral mucosubstance by the light cells. While no marked morphological differences were observed in the labial glands of patients with cystic fibrosis when contrasted with normal controls, it was observed that the cells from patients with cystic fibrosis contained quantitatively more mucus.
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Perkins EM. The skin of primates. XLI. The skin of the silver marmoset—Callithrix (=Mico)Argentata. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1969. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330300306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Perkins EM, Ford DM. The skin of primates. XXXIX. The skin of the white-browed capuchin (Cebus albifrons). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1969. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Perkins E, Arao T, Uno H. The skin of primates. 38. The skin of the red uacari (Cacajao rubicundus). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1968; 29:57-79. [PMID: 4971987 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330290116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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O'Hara J, Bensch K. Fine Structure of Eccrine Sweat Gland Adenoma, Clear Cell Type. J Invest Dermatol 1967. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1967.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nasr AN. Histochemically demonstrable lipids in human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. JOURNAL. ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 1967; 86:427-32. [PMID: 4166488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1967.tb01036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Smith AA, Dobson RL. Sweating and glycogenolysis in the palmar eccrine sweat glands of the rhesus monkey. J Invest Dermatol 1966; 47:313-6. [PMID: 4288986 DOI: 10.1038/jid.1966.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Histochemical Demonstration of Sialomucin in Human Eccrine Sweat Glands**From the Department of Dermatology and Department of Pathology University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama—35233. J Invest Dermatol 1966; 46:536-41. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1966.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ultrastructure and Histochemical Characteristics of Dermal Eccrine Cylindroma (Turban Tumor)**From the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington 25, D.C., and the Skin and Cancer Hospital of Philadelphia, Unit of the Department of Dermatology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. J Invest Dermatol 1962. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1962.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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MUNGER BL, BRUSILOW SW, COOKE RE. An electron microscopic study of eccrine sweat glands in patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. J Pediatr 1961; 59:497-511. [PMID: 14477203 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(61)80233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Loewenthal LJA, Hins SC. Localization of Succinate Dehydrogenase in the Human Eccrine Gland11From the South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, South Africa.Supported by a grant from The Rand Mutual Assurance Company Limited, Johannesburg.The help of Dr. I. Webster and other members of the Pneumoconiosis Research Unit, Johannesburg, is gratefully acknowledged. J Invest Dermatol 1961. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1961.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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LEE MM. Postmortem Changes in Glycogen Content of Human Eccrine Sweat Glands**From the Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. J Invest Dermatol 1961; 37:207-11. [PMID: 13760261 DOI: 10.1038/jid.1961.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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LEE MM. Histology and histochemistry of human eccrine sweat glands, with special reference to their defense mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1960; 136:97-105. [PMID: 14415200 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091360204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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