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Xiang L, Pan W, Chen H, Du W, Xie S, Liang X, Yang F, Niu R, Huang C, Luo M, Xu Y, Geng L, Gong S, Xu W, Zhao J. Sorbitol Destroyed Intestinal Microfold Cells (M Cells) Development through Inhibition of PDE4-Mediated RANKL Expression. Mediators Inflamm 2024; 2024:7524314. [PMID: 38725539 PMCID: PMC11081746 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7524314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Microfold cells (M cells) are specific intestinal epithelial cells for monitoring and transcytosis of antigens, microorganisms, and pathogens in the intestine. However, the mechanism for M-cell development remained elusive. Materials and Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and western blotting were performed to analyze the effect of sorbitol-regulated M-cell differentiation in vivo and in vitro, and luciferase and chromatin Immunoprecipitation were used to reveal the mechanism through which sorbitol-modulated M-cell differentiation. Results Herein, in comparison to the mannitol group (control group), we found that intestinal M-cell development was inhibited in response to sorbitol treatment as evidenced by impaired enteroids accompanying with decreased early differentiation marker Annexin 5, Marcksl1, Spib, sox8, and mature M-cell marker glycoprotein 2 expression, which was attributed to downregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-В ligand (RANKL) expression in vivo and in vitro. Mechanically, in the M-cell model, sorbitol stimulation caused a significant upregulation of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) phosphorylation, leading to decreased protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) activation, which further resulted in CREB retention in cytosolic and attenuated CREB binds to RANKL promoter to inhibit RANKL expression. Interestingly, endogenous PKA interacted with CREB, and this interaction was destroyed by sorbitol stimulation. Most importantly, inhibition of PDE4 by dipyridamole could rescue the inhibitory effect of sorbitol on intestinal enteroids and M-cell differentiation and mature in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion These findings suggested that sorbitol suppressed intestinal enteroids and M-cell differentiation and matured through PDE4-mediated RANKL expression; targeting to inhibit PDE4 was sufficient to induce M-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxu Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuping Xie
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangying Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongwei Niu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Canxin Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minan Luo
- The School of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Geng
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanfu Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Eriksson M, Lipcsey M, Ilboudo Y, Yoshiji S, Richards B, Hultström M. Uromodulin in sepsis and severe pneumonia: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:409-416. [PMID: 38369967 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00145.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The outcome for patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains poor. Low serum uromodulin (sUMOD) protein levels have been proposed as a causal mediator of this effect. We investigated the effect of different levels of sUMOD on the risk of sepsis and severe pneumonia and outcomes in these conditions. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was performed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with increased levels of sUMOD were identified and used as instrumental variables for association with outcomes. Data from different cohorts were combined based on disease severity and meta-analyzed. Five SNPs associated with increased sUMOD levels were identified and tested in six datasets from two biobanks. There was no protective effect of increased levels of sUMOD on the risk of sepsis [two cohorts, odds ratio (OR) 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.95-1.03), P = 0.698, and OR 0.95 (0.91-1.00), P = 0.060, respectively], risk of sepsis requiring ICU admission [OR 1.04 (0.93-1.16), P = 0.467], ICU mortality in sepsis [OR 1.00 (0.74-1.37), P = 0.987], risk of pneumonia requiring ICU admission [OR 1.05 (0.98-1.14), P = 0.181], or ICU mortality in pneumonia [OR 1.17 (0.98-1.39), P = 0.079]. Meta-analysis of hospital-admitted and ICU-admitted patients separately yielded similar results [OR 0.98 (0.95-1.01), P = 0.23, and OR 1.05 (0.99-1.12), P = 0.86, respectively]. Among patients with sepsis and severe pneumonia, there was no protective effect of different levels of sUMOD. Results were consistent regardless of geographic origins and not modified by disease severity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The presence of acute kidney injury in severe infections increases the likelihood of poor outcome severalfold. A decrease in serum uromodulin (sUMOD), synthetized in the kidney, has been proposed as a mediator of this effect. Using the Mendelian randomization technique, we tested the hypothesis that increased sUMOD is protective in severe infections. Analyses, however, showed no evidence of a protective effect of higher levels of sUMOD in sepsis or severe pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miklós Lipcsey
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Hedenstierna Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yann Ilboudo
- Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Satoshi Yoshiji
- Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative Program in Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Brent Richards
- Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- 5 Prime Sciences, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael Hultström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Integrative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Zeinali S, Sutton K, Zefreh MG, Mabbott N, Vervelde L. Discrimination of distinct chicken M cell subsets based on CSF1R expression. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8795. [PMID: 38627516 PMCID: PMC11021470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, a subset of follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cells, known as M cells, conduct the transcytosis of antigens across the epithelium into the underlying lymphoid tissues. We previously revealed that M cells in the FAE of the chicken lung, bursa of Fabricius (bursa), and caecum based on the expression of CSF1R. Here, we applied RNA-seq analysis on highly enriched CSF1R-expressing bursal M cells to investigate their transcriptome and identify novel chicken M cell-associated genes. Our data show that, like mammalian M cells, those in the FAE of the chicken bursa also express SOX8, MARCKSL1, TNFAIP2 and PRNP. Immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed the expression of SOX8 in CSF1R-expressing cells in the lung, bursa, and caecum. However, we found that many other mammalian M cell-associated genes such as SPIB and GP2 were not expressed by chicken M cells or represented in the chicken genome. Instead, we show bursal M cells express high levels of related genes such as SPI1. Whereas our data show that bursal M cells expressed CSF1R-highly, the M cells in the small intestine lacked CSF1R and both expressed SOX8. This study offers insights into the transcriptome of chicken M cells, revealing the expression of CSF1R in M cells is tissue-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Zeinali
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kate Sutton
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Masoud Ghaderi Zefreh
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil Mabbott
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Perlman M, Senger S, Verma S, Carey J, Faherty CS. A foundational approach to culture and analyze malnourished organoids. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2248713. [PMID: 37724815 PMCID: PMC10512930 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2248713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium plays a major role in nutrient absorption, barrier formation, and innate immunity. The development of organoid-based methodology has significantly impacted the study of the GI epithelium, particularly in the fields of mucosal biology, immunity, and host-microbe interactions. Various effects on the GI epithelium, such as genetics and nutrition, impact patients and alter disease states. Thus, incorporating these effects into organoid-based models will facilitate a better understanding of disease progression and offer opportunities to evaluate therapeutic candidates. One condition that has a significant effect on the GI epithelium is malnutrition, and studying the mechanistic impacts of malnutrition would enhance our understanding of several pathologies. Therefore, the goal of this study was to begin to develop methodology to generate viable malnourished organoids with accessible techniques and resources that can be used for a wide array of mechanistic studies. By selectively limiting distinct macronutrient components of organoid media, we were able to successfully culture and evaluate malnourished organoids. Genetic and protein-based analyses were used to validate the approach and confirm the presence of known biomarkers of malnutrition. Additionally, as proof-of-concept, we utilized malnourished organoid-derived monolayers to evaluate the effect of malnourishment on barrier formation and the ability of the bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri to infect the GI epithelium. This work serves as the basis for new and exciting techniques to alter the nutritional state of organoids and investigate the related impacts on the GI epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryl Perlman
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefania Senger
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Smriti Verma
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Carey
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina S. Faherty
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Type II taste cells participate in mucosal immune surveillance. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001647. [PMID: 36634039 PMCID: PMC9836272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome is second only to its intestinal counterpart in diversity and abundance, but its effects on taste cells remains largely unexplored. Using single-cell RNASeq, we found that mouse taste cells, in particular, sweet and umami receptor cells that express taste 1 receptor member 3 (Tas1r3), have a gene expression signature reminiscent of Microfold (M) cells, a central player in immune surveillance in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) such as those in the Peyer's patch and tonsils. Administration of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11; also known as RANKL), a growth factor required for differentiation of M cells, dramatically increased M cell proliferation and marker gene expression in the taste papillae and in cultured taste organoids from wild-type (WT) mice. Taste papillae and organoids from knockout mice lacking Spib (SpibKO), a RANKL-regulated transcription factor required for M cell development and regeneration on the other hand, failed to respond to RANKL. Taste papillae from SpibKO mice also showed reduced expression of NF-κB signaling pathway components and proinflammatory cytokines and attracted fewer immune cells. However, lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of cytokines was strongly up-regulated in SpibKO mice compared to their WT counterparts. Like M cells, taste cells from WT but not SpibKO mice readily took up fluorescently labeled microbeads, a proxy for microbial transcytosis. The proportion of taste cell subtypes are unaltered in SpibKO mice; however, they displayed increased attraction to sweet and umami taste stimuli. We propose that taste cells are involved in immune surveillance and may tune their taste responses to microbial signaling and infection.
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Iwanaga T, Kimura S. GP2-expressing cells: a new guardian with divergent functions in the intestine, eyes, and nose. Biomed Res 2023; 44:233-243. [PMID: 38008422 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.44.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
GP (glycoprotein)-2, originally identified as a predominant membranous component of pancreatic acinar cells, has attracted the interest of researchers in mucosal immunology for its role as a functional molecule specific for antigen-sampling cells in the intestinal Peyer's patches. GP2 is involved in the detection of pathological bacteria and is also histologically useful for the identification of the M cell lineage and their differentiation in lymphoid tissues. Subsequent immunohistochemistry for GP2 has revealed a broad distribution of M cells and related cells in the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues, conjunctiva, tear duct, and airway. Especially, GP2 cells in the paranasal sinuses and tear duct have been identified as novel types of epithelial cells. The systematic administration of RANKL can induce extra-M cells in conventional epithelia of body. The production and release of GP2 by conjunctival goblet cells and several mucous glands suggests leading roles for mucous cells in protection, including the entrapment of microorganisms for infections. The ocular surface and conjunctiva are connected to the lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, and further nasal cavity, comprising another canal that passes through the body. The broad distribution of GP2-expressingcells may indicate its function as a new guardian in the intestine, eyes, and nose, all of which are exposed to external milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Division of Biochemis- try, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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7
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Zhang Z, Tanaka I, Pan Z, Ernst PB, Kiyono H, Kurashima Y. Intestinal homeostasis and inflammation: gut microbiota at the crossroads of pancreas-intestinal barrier axis. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1035-1046. [PMID: 35476255 PMCID: PMC9540119 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas contains exocrine glands, which release enzymes (e.g., amylase, trypsin, and lipase) that are important for digestion and islets, which produce hormones. Digestive enzymes and hormones are secreted from the pancreas into the duodenum and bloodstream, respectively. Growing evidence suggests that the roles of the pancreas extend to not only the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones but also to the regulation of intestinal homeostasis and inflammation (e.g., mucosal defense to pathogens and pathobionts). Organ crosstalk between the pancreas and intestine is linked to a range of physiological, immunological, and pathological activities, such as the regulation of the gut microbiota by the pancreatic proteins and lipids, the retroaction of the gut microbiota on the pancreas, the relationship between inflammatory bowel disease, and pancreatic diseases. We herein discuss the current understanding of the pancreas–intestinal barrier axis and the control of commensal bacteria in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhang
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Izumi Tanaka
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Zhen Pan
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Peter B Ernst
- Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Center for Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurashima
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Li Y, Yang S, Huang X, Yang N, Wang C, Zhao J, Jing Z, Willems L, Liu G. MyD88 Mediates Colitis- and RANKL-Induced Microfold Cell Differentiation. Vet Sci 2021; 9:vetsci9010006. [PMID: 35051090 PMCID: PMC8779303 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microfold (M) cells are critical for sampling antigens in the gut and initiating the intestinal mucosal immune response. In this study, we found that the oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and Salmonella infection induced colitis. In the process, the expression levels of M cell differentiation-related genes were synchronized with the kinetics of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, MyD88-/- mice exhibited significantly lower expression levels of M cell differentiation-related genes. However, DSS induced colitis in MyD88-/- mice but failed to promote the transcription of M cell differentiation related genes. Furthermore, the receptor activator of the Nuclear Factor-κB ligand (RANKL) upregulated the transcription of M cell differentiation related genes in murine intestinal organoids prepared from both WT and MyD88-/- mice. Meanwhile, fewer changes in M cell differentiation related genes were found in MyD88-/- mice as compared to WT mice. Hence, we concluded that myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an essential molecule for colitis- and RANKL-related differentiation of M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 9101, 6700 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Caiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 9101, 6700 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Y.L.); (S.Y.); (X.H.); (N.Y.); (C.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(931)834-2682; Fax: +86-(931)834-0977
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9
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Oya Y, Kimura S, Nakamura Y, Ishihara N, Takano S, Morita R, Endo M, Hase K. Characterization of M Cells in Tear Duct-Associated Lymphoid Tissue of Mice: A Potential Role in Immunosurveillance on the Ocular Surface. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779709. [PMID: 34880872 PMCID: PMC8645900 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular mucosal tissues are exposed to potentially harmful foreign antigens in the air and tear fluid. The tear duct-associated lymphoid tissue (TALT) may contribute to immune surveillance in the eye region. Follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of TALTs is classified as stratified squamous epithelium and consists of squamous epithelial cells arranged in layers on the basement membrane. In contrast, most mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is covered by a monolayer of epithelium containing microfold (M) cells. Therefore, antigen uptake and the presence of M cells in TALT are not fully understood. The present study found that a small population of FAE cells in the TALT expressed intestinal M-cell markers, namely Sox8, Tnfaip2, GP2, and OPG. This cell population was identified as functional M cells because of their uptake capacity of luminal nanoparticles. In addition, RANKL, which is essential for M-cell differentiation, was expressed by stroma-like cells at the subepithelial region and its receptor RANK by the FAE in the TALT. The administration of RANKL markedly increased the number of Sox8+ M cells. In contrast, deficiency in OPG, an endogenous inhibitor of RANKL, increased the number of M cells in the TALT. These data demonstrate that the RANKL-RANK axis is essential for M-cell differentiation in the TALT. Furthermore, immunization via eye drops elicited the production of antigen-specific antibodies in tears, which was enhanced by RANKL administration. Thus, TALT M cells play an important role in the immunosurveillance of the eye region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Oya
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narumi Ishihara
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takano
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Morita
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Endo
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Developmental Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Liu Z, Hosomi K, Shimoyama A, Yoshii K, Sun X, Lan H, Wang Y, Yamaura H, Kenneth D, Saika A, Nagatake T, Kiyono H, Fukase K, Kunisawa J. Chemically Synthesized Alcaligenes Lipid A as an Adjuvant to Augment Immune Responses to Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Conjugate Vaccine. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:763657. [PMID: 34744743 PMCID: PMC8569242 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.763657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified Alcaligenes spp. as a commensal bacterium that resides in lymphoid tissues, including Peyer’s patches. We found that Alcaligenes-derived lipopolysaccharide acted as a weak agonist of Toll-like receptor four due to the unique structure of lipid A, which lies in the core of lipopolysaccharide. This feature allowed the use of chemically synthesized Alcaligenes lipid A as a safe synthetic vaccine adjuvant that induces Th17 polarization to enhance systemic IgG and respiratory IgA responses to T-cell–dependent antigens (e.g., ovalbumin and pneumococcal surface protein A) without excessive inflammation. Here, we examined the adjuvant activity of Alcaligenes lipid A on a Haemophilus influenzae B conjugate vaccine that contains capsular polysaccharide polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP), a T-cell–independent antigen, conjugated with the T-cell–dependent tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen (i.e., PRP-TT). When mice were subcutaneously immunized with PRP alone or mixed with TT, Alcaligenes lipid A did not affect PRP-specific IgG production. In contrast, PRP-specific serum IgG responses were enhanced when mice were immunized with PRP-TT, but these responses were impaired in similarly immunized T-cell—deficient nude mice. Furthermore, TT-specific—but not PRP-specific—T-cell activation occurred in mice immunized with PRP-TT together with Alcaligenes lipid A. In addition, coculture with Alcaligenes lipid A promoted significant proliferation of and enhanced antibody production by B cells. Together, these findings suggest that Alcaligenes lipid A exerts an adjuvant activity on thymus-independent Hib polysaccharide antigen in the presence of a T-cell–dependent conjugate carrier antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilai Liu
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Ken Yoshii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Xiao Sun
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Huangwenxian Lan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yunru Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Haruki Yamaura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Davie Kenneth
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Azusa Saika
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, United States.,Chiba University (CU)-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), UCSD, San Diego, CA, United States.,Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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11
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The gut microbiota induces Peyer's-patch-dependent secretion of maternal IgA into milk. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109655. [PMID: 34496253 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary strategy of transferring maternal antibodies via milk profoundly impacts the survival, lifelong health, and wellbeing of all neonates, including a pronounced impact on human breastfeeding success and infant development. While there has been increased recognition that interorgan connectivity influences the quality of a mother's milk, potentially to personalize it for her offspring, the underlying bases for these processes are incompletely resolved. Here, we define an essential role of Peyer's patches (PPs) for the generation of plasma cells that secrete maternal immunoglobulin A (IgA) into milk. Our metagenomic analysis reveals that the presence of certain residential microorganisms in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as Bacteroides acidifaciens and Prevotella buccalis, is indispensable for the programming of maternal IgA synthesis prior to lactational transfer. Our data provide important insights into how the microbiome of the maternal GI environment, specifically through PPs, can be communicated to the next generation via milk.
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12
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Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Regulates Genes Necessary for Intestinal Microfold Cell (M Cell) Development. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:873-889. [PMID: 34058415 PMCID: PMC8346665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Microfold cells (M cells) are immunosurveillance epithelial cells located in the Peyer's patches (PPs) in the intestine and are responsible for monitoring and transcytosis of antigens, microorganisms, and pathogens. Mature M cells use the receptor glycoprotein 2 (GP2) to aid in transcytosis. Recent studies have shown transcription factors, Spi-B and SRY-Box Transcription Factor 8 (Sox8). are necessary for M-cell differentiation, but not sufficient. An exhaustive set of factors sufficient for differentiation and development of a mature GP2+ M cell remains elusive. Our aim was to understand the role of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) as an epigenetic regulator of M-cell development. Estrogen-related-receptor γ (Esrrg), identified as a PRC2-regulated gene, was studied in depth, in addition to its relationship with Spi-B and Sox8. METHODS Comparative chromatin immunoprecipitation and global run-on sequencing analysis of mouse intestinal organoids were performed in stem condition, enterocyte conditions, and receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B ligand-induced M-cell condition. Esrrg, which was identified as one of the PRC2-regulated transcription factors, was studied in wild-type mice and knocked out in intestinal organoids using guide RNA's. Sox8 null mice were used to study Esrrg and its relation to Sox8. RESULTS chromatin immunoprecipitation and global run-on sequencing analysis showed 12 novel PRC2 regulated transcription factors, PRC2-regulated Esrrg is a novel M-cell-specific transcription factor acting on a receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand-receptor activator of nuclear factor κB-induced nuclear factor-κB pathway, upstream of Sox8, and necessary but not sufficient for a mature M-cell marker of Gp2 expression. CONCLUSIONS PRC2 regulates a significant set of genes in M cells including Esrrg, which is critical for M-cell development and differentiation. Loss of Esrrg led to an immature M-cell phenotype lacking in Sox8 and Gp2 expression. Transcript profiling: the data have been deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database (GSE157629).
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13
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Iftekhar A, Sigal M. Defence and adaptation mechanisms of the intestinal epithelium upon infection. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151486. [PMID: 33684844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a monolayer of polarized columnar cells that act as a border between the host and its environment and are the first line of defence against the luminal microbes. In addition to providing a physical barrier, the epithelium possesses a multitude of active mechanisms to fight invading pathogens and regulate the composition and spatial distribution of commensals. The different epithelial cell types have unique functions in this context, and crosstalk with the immune system further modulates their intricate antimicrobial responses. The epithelium is organized into clonal crypt units with a high cellular turnover that is driven by stem cells located at the base. There is increasing evidence that this anatomical organization, the stem cell turnover, and the lineage determination processes are essential for barrier maintenance. These processes can be modulated by microbes directly or by the immune responses to enteric pathogens, resulting in a rapid and efficient adaptation of the epithelium to environmental perturbations, injuries, and infections. Here we discuss the complex host-microbial interactions that shape the mucosa and how the epithelium maintains and re-establishes homeostasis after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Iftekhar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sigal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Uromodulin, a protein exclusively produced by the kidney, is the most abundant urinary protein in physiological conditions. Already described several decades ago, uromodulin has gained the spotlight in recent years, since the discovery that mutations in its encoding gene UMOD cause a renal Mendelian disease (autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease) and that common polymorphisms are associated with multifactorial disorders, such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, variations in uromodulin levels in urine and/or blood reflect kidney functioning mass and are of prognostic value for renal function, cardiovascular events, and overall mortality. The clinical relevance of uromodulin reflects its multifunctional nature, playing a role in renal ion transport and immunomodulation, in protection against urinary tract infections and renal stones, and possibly as a systemic antioxidant. Here, we discuss the multifaceted roles of this protein in kidney physiology and its translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Schaeffer
- Molecular Genetics of Renal Disorders, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy;
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Rampoldi
- Molecular Genetics of Renal Disorders, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy;
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15
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Wenduerma, Yamada NO, Wang T, Senda T. A further study on a disturbance of intestinal epithelial cell population and kinetics in APC1638T mice. Med Mol Morphol 2021; 54:203-215. [PMID: 33491140 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-020-00279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a well-known anti-oncogene, is considered to have multiple functions through its several binding domains. We have continuingly studied APC1638T/1638T mice (APC1638T mice) to elucidate the functions of APC other than tumor suppression. A distinctive feature of the APC1638T mice is they are tumor free and live as long as APC+/+ mice (WT mice). Previously, we found the length of crypt-villus axis in the jejunum was significantly elongated in APC1638T mice compared with that of WT mice. The populations of goblet cells, Paneth cells, and enteroendocrine cells were also disordered in APC1638T mice. Here, we further analyzed the intestinal dyshomeostasis in APC1638T mice, focusing on the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cell (ISC) lineages, and apoptotic cell shedding at the villus tips. We found that the proliferation of ISC lineages was normally controlled; however, the shedding process of apoptosis cells was significantly delayed in the APC1638T mouse jejunum. Furthermore, the number of microfold cells (M cells) was significantly increased in the APC1638T mouse jejunum. Our data suggested both differentiation process of ISCs and turnover process of intestinal epithelia were disturbed in APC1638T mice, and that contributed to the villus elongation in the APC1638T mouse jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenduerma
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Nami O Yamada
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Tuya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takao Senda
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
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16
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Hosomi K, Kunisawa J. Diversity of energy metabolism in immune responses regulated by micro-organisms and dietary nutrition. Int Immunol 2020; 32:447-454. [PMID: 32219308 PMCID: PMC7318777 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune metabolism has been recognized as a new paradigm in the regulation of host immunity. In the environment, there are many micro-organisms including pathogenic and non-pathogenic and/or beneficial ones. Immune cells exhibit various responses against different types of microbes, which seem to be associated with changes in energy metabolism. In addition, dietary nutrition influences host metabolism and consequent responses by immune cells. In this review, we describe the complex network of immune metabolism from the perspectives of nutrition, micro-organisms and host immunity for the control of immunologic health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki City, Osaka, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Density, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Tyuou-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
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17
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Kunimura K, Sakata D, Tun X, Uruno T, Ushijima M, Katakai T, Shiraishi A, Aihara R, Kamikaseda Y, Matsubara K, Kanegane H, Sawa S, Eberl G, Ohga S, Yoshikai Y, Fukui Y. S100A4 Protein Is Essential for the Development of Mature Microfold Cells in Peyer's Patches. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2823-2834.e7. [PMID: 31775048 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microfold cells (M cells) in Peyer's patches are a special subset of epithelial cells that initiate mucosal immune responses through uptake of luminal antigens. Although the cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) expressed on mesenchymal cells triggers differentiation into M cells, other environmental cues remain unknown. Here, we show that the metastasis-promoting protein S100A4 is required for development of mature M cells. S100A4-producing cells are a heterogenous cell population including lysozyme-expressing dendritic cells and group 3 innate lymphoid cells. We found that in the absence of DOCK8, a Cdc42 activator critical for interstitial leukocyte migration, S100A4-producing cells are reduced in the subepithelial dome, resulting in a maturation defect of M cells. While S100A4 promotes differentiation into mature M cells in organoid culture, genetic inactivation of S100a4 prevents the development of mature M cells in mice. Thus, S100A4 is a key environmental cue that regulates M cell differentiation in collaboration with RANKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Kunimura
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daiji Sakata
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Research Center for Advanced Immunology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Xin Tun
- Division of Host Defence, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takehito Uruno
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Research Center for Advanced Immunology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Miho Ushijima
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoya Katakai
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Aihara
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kamikaseda
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsubara
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kanegane
- Department of Child Health and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Research Center for Systems Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Microenvironment & Immunity Unit, INSERM U1224, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
| | - Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Division of Host Defence, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fukui
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Research Center for Advanced Immunology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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18
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Hosomi K, Shibata N, Shimoyama A, Uto T, Nagatake T, Tojima Y, Nishino T, Takeyama H, Fukase K, Kiyono H, Kunisawa J. Lymphoid Tissue-Resident Alcaligenes Establish an Intracellular Symbiotic Environment by Creating a Unique Energy Shift in Dendritic Cells. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561005. [PMID: 33101234 PMCID: PMC7545135 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid-tissue–resident commensal bacteria (LRCs), including Alcaligenes faecalis, are present in intestinal lymphoid tissue including the Peyer’s patches (PPs) of mammals and modulate the host immune system. Although LRCs can colonize within dendritic cells (DCs), the mechanisms through which LRCs persist in DCs and the symbiotic relationships between LRCs and DCs remain to be investigated. Here, we show an intracellular symbiotic system in which the LRC Alcaligenes creates a unique energy shift in DCs. Whereas DCs showed low mitochondrial respiration when they were co-cultured with Escherichia coli, DCs carrying A. faecalis maintained increased mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, E. coli induced apoptosis of DCs but A. faecalis did not. Regarding an underlying mechanism, A. faecalis—unlike E. coli—did not induce intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production in DCs due to the low activity of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Therefore, A. faecalis, an example of LRCs, may persist within intestinal lymphoid tissue because they elicit little NO production in DCs. In addition, the symbiotic DCs exhibit characteristic physiologic changes, including a low rate of apoptosis and increased mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, Ibaraki, Japan.,Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoko Shibata
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, Ibaraki, Japan.,Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tomoya Uto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, Ibaraki, Japan.,Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoko Tojima
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, Ibaraki, Japan.,Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nishino
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, Ibaraki, Japan.,Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo City, Japan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Chiba University - UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, Ibaraki, Japan.,Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo City, Japan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Chiba University - UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Graduate School of Density, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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19
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Hosomi K, Kunisawa J. Impact of the intestinal environment on the immune responses to vaccination. Vaccine 2020; 38:6959-6965. [PMID: 32933791 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination has contributed greatly to the control of infectious diseases; however, regional and individual differences are occasionally observed in the efficacy of vaccination. As one explanation for these differences, much attention has focused on the intestinal environment constructed by the interaction of diet and the gut microbiota. The intestinal environment has several physiological effects on the host immune system, both locally and systemically, and consequently influences the efficacy of vaccination. In this review, we discuss the impact of the gut microbiota and dietary nutrients on systemic and oral vaccination as well as their applications in various strategies for immunoregulation, including use as vaccine adjuvants. This information could contribute to establishing methods of personalized vaccination that would optimize host immunity by changing the gut environment to maximize vaccine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Japan.
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Japan; International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Density, Osaka University, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Japan; Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Japan.
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20
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Mollaei M, Abbasi A, Hassan ZM, Pakravan N. The intrinsic and extrinsic elements regulating inflammation. Life Sci 2020; 260:118258. [PMID: 32818542 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a sophisticated biological tissue response to both extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli. Although the pathological aspects of inflammation are well appreciated, there are still rooms for understanding the physiological functions of the inflammation. Recent studies have focused on mechanisms, context and the role of physiological inflammation. Besides, there have been progress in the comprehension of commensal microbiota, immunometabolism, cancer and intracellular signaling events' roles that impact on the regulation of inflammation. Despite the fact that inflammatory responses are vital through tissue damage, understanding the mechanisms to turn off the finished or unnecessary inflammation is crucial for restoring homeostasis. Inflammation seems to be a smart process that acts like two edges of a sword, meaning that it has both protective and deleterious consequences. Knowing both edges and the regulation processes will help the future understanding and therapy for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mollaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.
| | - A Abbasi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
| | - Z M Hassan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
| | - N Pakravan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Iran
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21
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Nakamura Y, Mimuro H, Kunisawa J, Furusawa Y, Takahashi D, Fujimura Y, Kaisho T, Kiyono H, Hase K. Microfold cell-dependent antigen transport alleviates infectious colitis by inducing antigen-specific cellular immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:679-690. [PMID: 32042052 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious colitis is one of the most common health issues worldwide. Microfold (M) cells actively transport luminal antigens to gut-associated lymphoid tissue to induce IgA responses; however, it remains unknown whether M cells contribute to the induction of cellular immune responses. Here we report that M cell-dependent antigen transport plays a critical role in the induction of Th1, Th17, and Th22 responses against gut commensals in the steady state. The establishment of commensal-specific cellular immunity was a prerequisite for preventing bacterial dissemination during enteropathogenic Citrobacter rodentium infection. Therefore, M cell-null mice developed severe colitis with increased bacterial dissemination. This abnormality was associated with mucosal barrier dysfunction. These observations suggest that antigen transport by M cells may help maintain gut immune homeostasis by eliciting antigen-specific cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hitomi Mimuro
- Division of Bacteriology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute of Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan.,Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan
| | - Yumiko Fujimura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Chiba University-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan. .,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Kusunose N, Tsuruta A, Hamamura K, Tsurudome Y, Yoshida Y, Akamine T, Matsunaga N, Koyanagi S, Ohdo S. Circadian expression of Glycoprotein 2 (Gp2) gene is controlled by a molecular clock in mouse Peyer's patches. Genes Cells 2020; 25:270-278. [PMID: 32050049 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The expression levels of many cell-surface proteins vary with the time of day. Glycoprotein 2 (Gp2), specifically expressed on the apical surface of M cells in Peyer's patches, functions as a transcytotic receptor for mucosal antigens. We report that cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) regulates the transcription of the Gp2 gene, thereby generating the circadian change in its expression in mouse Peyer's patches. The transcytotic receptor activity of Gp2 was increased during the dark phase when the Gp2 protein abundance increased. Rhythmic expression of clock gene mRNA was observed in mouse Peyer's patches, and expression levels of Gp2 mRNA also exhibited circadian oscillation, with peak levels during the early dark phase. The promoter region of the mouse Gp2 gene contains several cAMP response elements (CREs). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that CREB bound to the CREs in the Gp2 gene in Peyer's patches. Forskolin, which promotes CREB phosphorylation, increased the transcription of the Gp2 gene in Peyer's patches. As phosphorylation of CREB protein was increased when Gp2 gene transcription was activated, CREB may regulate the rhythmic expression of Gp2 mRNA in Peyer's patches. These findings suggest that intestinal immunity is controlled by the circadian clock system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kusunose
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akito Tsuruta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kengo Hamamura
- Drug Innovation Research Center, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuya Tsurudome
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuya Yoshida
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Akamine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Glocal Healthcare, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Koyanagi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Glocal Healthcare, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Ohdo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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23
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Kimura S, Nakamura Y, Kobayashi N, Shiroguchi K, Kawakami E, Mutoh M, Takahashi-Iwanaga H, Yamada T, Hisamoto M, Nakamura M, Udagawa N, Sato S, Kaisho T, Iwanaga T, Hase K. Osteoprotegerin-dependent M cell self-regulation balances gut infection and immunity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:234. [PMID: 31932605 PMCID: PMC6957684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfold cells (M cells) are responsible for antigen uptake to initiate immune responses in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) is essential for M cell differentiation. Follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covers the GALT and is continuously exposed to RANKL from stromal cells underneath the FAE, yet only a subset of FAE cells undergoes differentiation into M cells. Here, we show that M cells express osteoprotegerin (OPG), a soluble inhibitor of RANKL, which suppresses the differentiation of adjacent FAE cells into M cells. Notably, OPG deficiency increases M cell number in the GALT and enhances commensal bacterium-specific immunoglobulin production, resulting in the amelioration of disease symptoms in mice with experimental colitis. By contrast, OPG-deficient mice are highly susceptible to Salmonella infection. Thus, OPG-dependent self-regulation of M cell differentiation is essential for the balance between the infectious risk and the ability to perform immunosurveillance at the mucosal surface. Microfold cells (M cells) sit at the gut epithelial surface to sample antigens and maintain local immune homeostasis. Here the authors show that M cells are feedback-regulated by M cell-originated osteoprotegerin (OPG) to suppress RNAKL-induced M cell differentiation, and that OPG deficiency alters both gut colitis and infection phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kimura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan. .,Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan. .,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Kobayashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Shiroguchi
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.,Laboratory for Prediction of Cell Systems Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Suita, 565-0874, Japan.,Laboratory for Immunogenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Eiryo Kawakami
- RIKEN Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program (MIH), Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mami Mutoh
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Hiromi Takahashi-Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamada
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Meri Hisamoto
- Department of Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Midori Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, 399-0781, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Udagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, 399-0781, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Mucosal Vaccine Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Mucosal Vaccine Project, BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan. .,Division of Mucosal Barriology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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24
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Anatomical Uniqueness of the Mucosal Immune System (GALT, NALT, iBALT) for the Induction and Regulation of Mucosal Immunity and Tolerance. MUCOSAL VACCINES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149644 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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25
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Kanaya T, Williams IR, Ohno H. Intestinal M cells: Tireless samplers of enteric microbiota. Traffic 2019; 21:34-44. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanaya
- Department of PathologyEmory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia
| | - Ifor R. Williams
- Laboratory for Intestinal EcosystemRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Yokohama Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Department of PathologyEmory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia
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26
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Gut microbiota as an "invisible organ" that modulates the function of drugs. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109653. [PMID: 31810138 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays an important role in the gut and have become a hotspot of recent research interests. Commensal microbiota in gut exert a variety of effects on the host, from shaping the structure and function of the gut and the immune system to the modulation of nutrient status of the host and the treatment outcomes of some drugs. Gut microbiota and its enzyme product and subsequent products, such as short-chain fatty acid and bile acid, play important roles in the biotransformation of drugs via directly or indirectly affecting drug absorption, toxicity, metabolism and bioavailability. Drugs, especially antibiotics, also affect the homeostasis of probiotics and the integrity and function of the intestinal mucosa. These interplaying processes produce a variety of important metabolites of the host and drugs and affect the balance of microbiota and the mucosal barrier then modulate the function of drugs. Gut microbiota imbalance is associated with a broad range of disease mechanisms, and this association denotes a new drug-therapeutic avenue. The present review summarizes how gut microbiota acts as an "invisible organ" to directly or indirectly modulate the function of drugs, on the aspects of probiotic homeostasis, drugs and host nutritional metabolism, AJC, mucus layer and microfold cells.
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27
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Abstract
Many options now exist for constructing oral vaccines which, in experimental systems, have shown themselves to be able to generate highly effective immunity against infectious diseases. Their suitability for implementation in clinical practice, however, for prevention of outbreaks, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), is not always guaranteed, because of factors such as cost, logistics and cultural and environmental conditions. This brief overview provides a summary of the various approaches which can be adopted, and evaluates them from a pharmaceutical point, taking into account potential regulatory issues, expense, manufacturing complexity, etc., all of which can determine whether a vaccine approach will be successful in the late stages of development. Attention is also drawn to problems arising from inadequate diet, which impacts upon success in stimulating effective immunity, and identifies the use of lipid-based carriers as a way to counteract the problem of nutritional deficiencies in vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. R. C. New
- Middlesex UniversityHendon, LondonUK
- Vaxcine (UK) Limited, London Bioscience Innovation CentreLondonUK
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28
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Kobayashi N, Takahashi D, Takano S, Kimura S, Hase K. The Roles of Peyer's Patches and Microfold Cells in the Gut Immune System: Relevance to Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2345. [PMID: 31649668 PMCID: PMC6794464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfold (M) cells are located in the epithelium covering mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the Peyer's patches (PPs) of the small intestine. M cells actively transport luminal antigens to the underlying lymphoid follicles to initiate an immune response. The molecular machinery of M-cell differentiation and function has been vigorously investigated over the last decade. Studies have shed light on the role of M cells in the mucosal immune system and have revealed that antigen uptake by M cells contributes to not only mucosal but also systemic immune responses. However, M-cell studies usually focus on infectious diseases; the contribution of M cells to autoimmune diseases has remained largely unexplored. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is implicated in multiple systemic diseases, including autoimmune diseases. This implies that the uptake of microorganisms by M cells in PPs may play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We provide an outline of the current understanding of M-cell biology and subsequently discuss the potential contribution of M cells and PPs to the induction of systemic autoimmunity, beyond the mucosal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhide Kobayashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takano
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Lan H, Hosomi K, Kunisawa J. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin-based protein engineering for the vaccine design and delivery system. Vaccine 2019; 37:6232-6239. [PMID: 31466706 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a major cause of food poisoning worldwide, with its enterotoxin (CPE) being the major virulence factor. The C-terminus of CPE (C-CPE) is non-toxic and is the part of the toxin that binds to epithelial cells via the claudins in tight junctions; however, C-CPE has low antigenicity. To address this issue, we have used protein engineering technology to augment the antigenicity of C-CPE and have developed a C-CPE-based vaccine against C. perfringens-mediated food poisoning. Moreover, C-CPE has properties that make it potentially useful for the development of vaccines against other bacterial toxins that cause food poisoning. For example, we hypothesized that the ability of C-CPE to bind to claudins could be harnessed to deliver vaccine antigens directly to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, and we successfully developed a nasally administered C-CPE-based vaccine delivery system that promotes antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. In addition, our group has revealed the roles that the nasal mucus plays in lowering the efficacy of C-CPE-based nasal vaccines. Here, we review recent advances in the development of C-CPE-based vaccines against the major bacterial toxins that cause food poisoning and discuss our C-CPE-based nasal vaccine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangwenxian Lan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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30
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Basmaciyan L, Bon F, Paradis T, Lapaquette P, Dalle F. " Candida Albicans Interactions With The Host: Crossing The Intestinal Epithelial Barrier". Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:1612661. [PMID: 31189436 PMCID: PMC6619947 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1612661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Formerly a commensal organism of the mucosal surfaces of most healthy individuals, Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes infections ranging from superficial to the more life-threatening disseminated infections, especially in the ever-growing population of vulnerable patients in the hospital setting. In these situations, the fungus takes advantage of its host following a disturbance in the host defense system and/or the mucosal microbiota. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the gastrointestinal tract is the main source of disseminated C. albicans infections. Major risk factors for disseminated candidiasis include damage to the mucosal intestinal barrier, immune dysfunction, and dysbiosis of the resident microbiota. A better understanding of C. albicans' interaction with the intestinal epithelial barrier will be useful for designing future therapies to avoid systemic candidiasis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of pathogenicity that allow the fungus to reach and translocate the gut barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Basmaciyan
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire Gérard Mack, Dijon France
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Bon
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Tracy Paradis
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Lapaquette
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire Gérard Mack, Dijon France
- UMR PAM Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté - AgroSup Dijon - Equipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress, Dijon, France
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31
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Kimura S, Mutoh M, Hisamoto M, Saito H, Takahashi S, Asakura T, Ishii M, Nakamura Y, Iida J, Hase K, Iwanaga T. Airway M Cells Arise in the Lower Airway Due to RANKL Signaling and Reside in the Bronchiolar Epithelium Associated With iBALT in Murine Models of Respiratory Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1323. [PMID: 31244859 PMCID: PMC6579949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfold (M) cells residing in the follicle-associated epithelium of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues are specialized for sampling luminal antigens to initiate mucosal immune responses. In the past decade, glycoprotein 2 (GP2) and Tnfaip2 were identified as reliable markers for M cells in the Peyer's patches of the intestine. Furthermore, RANKL-RANK signaling, as well as the canonical and non-canonical NFκB pathways downstream, is essential for M-cell differentiation from the intestinal stem cells. However, the molecular characterization and differentiation mechanisms of M cells in the lower respiratory tract, where organized lymphoid tissues exist rarely, remain to be fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore M cells in the lower respiratory tract in terms of their specific molecular markers, differentiation mechanism, and functions. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a small number of M cells expressing GP2, Tnfaip2, and RANK is present in the lower respiratory tract of healthy mice. The intraperitoneal administration of RANKL in mice effectively induced M cells, which have a high capacity to take up luminal substrates, in the lower respiratory epithelium. The airway M cells associated with lymphoid follicles were frequently detected in the pathologically induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) in the murine models of autoimmune disease as well as pulmonary emphysema. These findings demonstrate that RANKL is a common inducer of M cells in the airway and digestive tracts and that M cells are associated with the respiratory disease. We also established a two-dimensional culture method for airway M cells from the tracheal epithelium in the presence of RANKL successfully. This model may be useful for functional studies of M cells in the sampling of antigens at airway mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kimura
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Mutoh
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Meri Hisamoto
- Division of Oral Functional Science, Department of Oral Functional Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hikaru Saito
- School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Takanori Asakura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishii
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichiro Iida
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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32
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Klisuric A, Thierry B, Delon L, Prestidge CA, Gibson RJ. Identifying human and murine M cells in vitro. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:554-564. [PMID: 30907132 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219838674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT The study of M cells, a specialized epithelial cell type found in the follicle-associated epithelium, is hampered by the lack of a universal M cell marker. As such, many studies lack reliable and universally recognized methods to identify M cells in their proposed models. As a result of this it is difficult to ascertain whether the effects observed are due to the presence of M cells or an unaccounted variable. The outcome of this review is the thorough evaluation of the many M cell markers that have been used in the literature thus far and a proposed criterion for the identification of M cells for future publications. This will hopefully lead to an improvement in the quality of future publications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Klisuric
- 1 Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia.,2 ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia.,3 School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- 2 ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia.,4 Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Ludivine Delon
- 1 Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia.,2 ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia.,4 Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- 1 Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia.,2 ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Rachel J Gibson
- 1 Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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Zhu Y, Sun Y, Zhang N, Li F, Zhou H. Effects of dietary-fiber levels on RANK/RANKL/OPG expression in the appendix of weanling rabbits. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 53:696-704. [PMID: 30928247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The dietary fiber can regulate the intestinal mucosal immunity, and the M cell is the portal for initiating mucosal immunity. We investigated the effects of dietary fiber on the transport of Escherichia coli to assess the function of microfold (M) cells in the appendix. METHOD A total of 150 New Zealand rabbits were fed three diets (high fiber (HF): 31.72%; control: 37.36%; low dietary fiber (LF): 41.84%; neutral detergent fiber (NDF). An infection model was established in vivo using E. coli containing green fluorescent protein as the indicator in appendix loops. Samples were collected before and after inoculation with indicator for 10, 30, or 60 min. The M cells number, differentiation-related genes and proteins were monitored by respectively using immunofluorescence, Q-PCR and Western-blot. RESULTS The number of M cells in HF group was significantly higher than that of LF group before and at 10 min, 30 min post injection with E.coli (P < 0.01), which has an opposite at 60 min. The number of fluorescent E. coli transported across the appendix was significantly increased in the HF group (P < 0.01) compared with the LF group at 30 min (P < 0.001); expression of RANKL gene and protein levels were no difference between HF and LF group. The variation tendency of RANK, OPG genes and proteins were consistent with the change of M cell transport indicator number in different time points. CONCLUSION Our study showed that a high-fiber diet can increase number of M cells and speed up antigen transfer under regulation of ANKL/OPG/RANK system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
| | - Yingchao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Nanbin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Fuchang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
| | - Hailiang Zhou
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
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Kimura S, Kobayashi N, Nakamura Y, Kanaya T, Takahashi D, Fujiki R, Mutoh M, Obata Y, Iwanaga T, Nakagawa T, Kato N, Sato S, Kaisho T, Ohno H, Hase K. Sox8 is essential for M cell maturation to accelerate IgA response at the early stage after weaning in mice. J Exp Med 2019; 216:831-846. [PMID: 30877171 PMCID: PMC6446867 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfold (M) cells residing in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue are specialized for antigen uptake to initiate mucosal immune responses. The molecular machinery and biological significance of M cell differentiation, however, remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that Sox8, a member of the SRY-related HMG box transcription factor family, is specifically expressed by M cells in the intestinal epithelium. The expression of Sox8 requires activation of RANKL-RelB signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays revealed that Sox8 directly binds the promoter region of Gp2 to increase Gp2 expression, which is the hallmark of functionally mature M cells. Furthermore, genetic deletion of Sox8 causes a marked decrease in the number of mature M cells, resulting in reduced antigen uptake in Peyer's patches. Consequently, juvenile Sox8-deficient mice showed attenuated germinal center reactions and antigen-specific IgA responses. These findings indicate that Sox8 plays an essential role in the development of M cells to establish mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kimura
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Kobayashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanaya
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoji Fujiki
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Mami Mutoh
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuuki Obata
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Mucosal Vaccine Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Intestinal organoids: A new paradigm for engineering intestinal epithelium in vitro. Biomaterials 2019; 194:195-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Tokuhara D, Kurashima Y, Kamioka M, Nakayama T, Ernst P, Kiyono H. A comprehensive understanding of the gut mucosal immune system in allergic inflammation. Allergol Int 2019; 68:17-25. [PMID: 30366757 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its direct exposure to huge amounts of microorganisms and foreign and dietary antigens, the gut mucosa maintains intestinal homeostasis by utilizing the mucosal immune system. The gut mucosal immune system protects the host from the invasion of infectious pathogens and eliminates harmful non-self antigens, but it allows the cohabitation of commensal bacteria in the gut and the entry of dietary non-self antigens into the body via the mucosal surface. These physiological and immunological activities are regulated by the ingenious gut mucosal immune network, comprising such features as gut-associated lymphoid tissue, mucosal immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, secretory IgA, and commensal bacteria. The gut mucosal immune network keeps a fine tuned balance between active immunity (against pathogens and harmful non-self antigens) and immune tolerance (to commensal microbiota and dietary antigens), thus maintaining intestinal healthy homeostasis. Disruption of gut homeostasis results in persistent or severe gastrointestinal infection, inflammatory bowel disease, or allergic inflammation. In this review, we comprehensively introduce current knowledge of the gut mucosal immune system, focusing on its interaction with allergic inflammation.
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Bykov AS, Karaulov AV, Tsomartova DA, Kartashkina NL, Goriachkina VL, Kuznetsov SL, Stonogina DA, Chereshneva YV. M CELLS ARE THE IMPORTANT POST IN THE INITIATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE IN INTESTINE. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2018. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2018-3-263-272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Microfold cells (M cells) are specialized intestinal epithelial cells that initiate mucosal immune responses. These unique phagocytic epithelial cells are specialized for the transfer of a broad range of particulate antigens and microorganisms across the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) into the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) by a process termed transcytosis. The molecular basis of antigen uptake by M cells has been gradually identified in the last decade. Active sampling of intestinal antigen initiates regulated immune responses that ensure intestinal homeostasis. The delivery of luminal substances across the intestinal epithelium to the immune system is a critical event in immune surveillance resulting in tolerance to dietary antigens and immunity to pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, and parasites) and their toxins. Several specialized mechanisms transport luminal antigen across the gut epithelium. Discovery of M cell-specific receptors are of great interest, which could act as molecular tags for targeted delivery oral vaccine to M cells. Recent studies demonstrated that M cells utilize several receptors to recognize and transport specific luminal antigens. Vaccination through the mucosal immune system can induce effective systemic immune responses simultaneously with mucosal immunity. How this process is regulated is largely unknown. This review aims to show a new understanding of the factors that influence the development and function of M cells; to show the molecules expressed on M cells which appear to be used as immunosurveillance receptors to sample pathogenic microorganisms in the gut; to note how certain pathogens appear to exploit M cells to inject the host; and, finally, how this knowledge is used to specifically "target" antigens to M cells to attempt to improve the efficacy of mucosal vaccines. Recently, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the factors that influence the development and function of M cells.
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38
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Nakamura T. Recent progress in organoid culture to model intestinal epithelial barrier functions. Int Immunol 2018; 31:13-21. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Nakamura Y, Kimura S, Hase K. M cell-dependent antigen uptake on follicle-associated epithelium for mucosal immune surveillance. Inflamm Regen 2018; 38:15. [PMID: 30186536 PMCID: PMC6120081 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-018-0072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is distinct from the villous epithelium in cellular composition and functions. Interleukin-22 binding protein (IL-22BP), provided by dendritic cells at the sub-epithelial dome region, inhibits the IL-22-mediated secretion of antimicrobial peptides by the FAE. The Notch signal from stromal cells underneath the FAE diminishes goblet cell differentiation. These events dampen the mucosal barrier functions to allow luminal microorganisms to readily gain access to the luminal surface of the FAE. Furthermore, receptor activator of nucleic factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) from a certain stromal cell type induces differentiation into microfold (M) cells that specialize in antigen uptake in the mucosa. Microfold (M) cells play a key role in mucosal immune surveillance by actively transporting external antigens from the gut lumen to the lymphoid follicle. The molecular basis of antigen uptake by M cells has been gradually identified in the last decade. For example, GPI-anchored molecules (e.g., glycoprotein 2 (GP2) and cellular prion protein (PrPC)) and β1-integrin facilitate the transport of specific types of xenobiotics. The antigen transport by M cells initiates antigen-specific mucosal immune responses represented by the induction of secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA). Meanwhile, several invasive pathogens exploit M cells as a portal to establish a systemic infection. Recent findings have uncovered the molecular machinery of differentiation and functions of M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakamura
- 1Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011 Japan.,2Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- 3Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- 1Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-0011 Japan.,4International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
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40
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Yanagihara S, Kanaya T, Fukuda S, Nakato G, Hanazato M, Wu XR, Yamamoto N, Ohno H. Uromodulin-SlpA binding dictates Lactobacillus acidophilus uptake by intestinal epithelial M cells. Int Immunol 2018; 29:357-363. [PMID: 28992252 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial access to the gut immune system is a crucial process to promote host immune responses. The probiotic L-92 strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus exerts anti-allergic immunomodulatory effects upon oral administration in mice. Here, we show that microfold cells (M cells) are responsible for L-92 internalization for evoking L-92-mediated immune responses. L-92 specifically bound to uromodulin, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein expressed exclusively on M cells among intestinal epithelial cells. Internalization of L-92 into M cells was significantly reduced in uromodulin-deficient (Umod-/-) mice compared to Umod+/+ mice. Furthermore, the binding of L-92 to uromodulin was significantly decreased after removal of surface layer protein A (SlpA) from the bacteria. Our study thus revealed a crucial role of uromodulin on the M-cell surface for the uptake of SlpA-positive lactic acid bacteria into M cells, possibly leading to subsequent delivery of the bacteria to dendritic cells closely associated with M cells for immunomodulation. Our study also shed light on the possibility that SlpA and uromodulin could be used as vehicle and target, respectively, for efficient mucosal vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Yanagihara
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0206, Japan.,Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,Intestinal Microbe Symbiosis Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanaya
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,Intestinal Microbe Symbiosis Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,Intestinal Microbe Symbiosis Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Gaku Nakato
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences,Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Misaho Hanazato
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences,Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Intestinal Microbe Symbiosis Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Research and Development Section, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0206, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,Intestinal Microbe Symbiosis Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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41
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Lymphoid tissue-resident Alcaligenes LPS induces IgA production without excessive inflammatory responses via weak TLR4 agonist activity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:693-702. [PMID: 29411777 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alcaligenes are opportunistic commensal bacteria that reside in gut-associated lymphoid tissues such as Peyer's patches (PPs); however, how they create and maintain their homeostatic environment, without inducing an excessive inflammatory response remained unclear. We show here that Alcaligenes-derived lipopolysaccharide (Alcaligenes LPS) acts as a weak agonist of toll-like receptor 4 and promotes IL-6 production from dendritic cells, which consequently enhances IgA production. The inflammatory activity of Alcaligenes LPS was weaker than that of Escherichia coli-derived LPS and therefore no excessive inflammation was induced by Alcaligenes LPS in vitro or in vivo. Alcaligenes LPS also showed adjuvanticity, inducing antigen-specific immune responses without excessive inflammation. These findings reveal the presence of commensal bacteria-mediated homeostatic inflammatory conditions within PPs that produce optimal IgA induction without causing pathogenic inflammation and suggest that Alcaligenes LPS could be a safe and potent adjuvant.
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42
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Kanaya T, Sakakibara S, Jinnohara T, Hachisuka M, Tachibana N, Hidano S, Kobayashi T, Kimura S, Iwanaga T, Nakagawa T, Katsuno T, Kato N, Akiyama T, Sato T, Williams IR, Ohno H. Development of intestinal M cells and follicle-associated epithelium is regulated by TRAF6-mediated NF-κB signaling. J Exp Med 2018; 215:501-519. [PMID: 29339448 PMCID: PMC5789402 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF6 is essential for RANK-mediated NF-κB activation and is involved in the development of several types of cells. Kanaya et al. demonstrate that RANK–TRAF6-mediated NF-κB is essential for the development of M cells and FAE. M cells are located in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that covers Peyer’s patches (PPs) and are responsible for the uptake of intestinal antigens. The differentiation of M cells is initiated by receptor activator of NF-κB. However, the intracellular pathways involved in M cell differentiation are still elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that the NF-κB pathway activated by RANK is essential for M cell differentiation using in vitro organoid culture. Overexpression of NF-κB transcription factors enhances the expression of M cell–associated molecules but is not sufficient to complete M cell differentiation. Furthermore, we evaluated the requirement for tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Conditional deletion of TRAF6 in the intestinal epithelium causes a complete loss of M cells in PPs, resulting in impaired antigen uptake into PPs. In addition, the expression of FAE-associated genes is almost silenced in TRAF6-deficient mice. This study thus demonstrates the crucial role of TRAF6-mediated NF-κB signaling in the development of M cells and FAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanaya
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sayuri Sakakibara
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshi Jinnohara
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masami Hachisuka
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Tachibana
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinya Hidano
- Department of Infectious Diseases Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Katsuno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taishin Akiyama
- Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ifor R Williams
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan .,Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Kimura S. Molecular insights into the mechanisms of M-cell differentiation and transcytosis in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. Anat Sci Int 2017; 93:23-34. [PMID: 29098649 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-017-0418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfold cells (M cells), which are located in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering mucosal lymphoid follicles, are specialized epithelial cells that initiate mucosal immune responses. These cells take luminal antigens and transport them via transcytosis across the FAE to the antigen-presenting cells underneath. Several intestinal pathogens exploit M cells as their portal for entry to invade the host and cause disease conditions. Recent studies have revealed that the uptake of antigens by M cells is essential for efficient antigen-specific IgA production and that this process likely maintains the homeostasis of mucosal tissues. The present article reviews recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism of M-cell differentiation and describes the molecules expressed by M cells that are associated with antigen uptake and/or the transcytosis process. Current efforts to augment M-cell-mediated uptake for use in the development of effective mucosal vaccines are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kimura
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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44
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Lycke NY, Bemark M. The regulation of gut mucosal IgA B-cell responses: recent developments. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1361-1374. [PMID: 28745325 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of activated B cells differentiate into IgA plasma cells, with the gut being the largest producer of immunoglobulin in the body. Secretory IgA antibodies have numerous critical functions of which protection against infections and the role for establishing a healthy microbiota appear most important. Expanding our knowledge of the regulation of IgA B-cell responses and how effective mucosal vaccines can be designed are of critical importance. Here we discuss recent developments in the field that shed light on the uniqueness and complexity of mucosal IgA responses and the control of protective IgA responses in the gut, specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Lycke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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45
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Fujinaga Y, Popoff MR. Translocation and dissemination of botulinum neurotoxin from the intestinal tract. Toxicon 2017; 147:13-18. [PMID: 29074396 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent toxins which induce flaccid paralysis by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions. They associate with non-toxic proteins (ANTPs or NAPs) to form complexes of various sizes which are resistant to acidic pH and protease degradation. BoNT trafficking from the digestive tract to the target neurons is still a matter of debate. BoNTs use different strategies to pass through the intestinal barrier including passage of BoNT complexes containing hemagglutinins (HAs) via M cells, HA-dependent perturbation of E-cadherin intercellular junctions between enterocytes and paracellular passage of BoNT complexes, and transcytosis of BoNT free of NAPs through certain intestinal epithelial cells. Then, BoNTs target neuronal cells, preferentially cholinergic neurons, in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa. The precise mode of BoNT dissemination until the final target neuro-muscular junctions is still elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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46
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Regulation of inflammation by microbiota interactions with the host. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:851-860. [PMID: 28722709 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study of the intestinal microbiota has begun to shift from cataloging individual members of the commensal community to understanding their contributions to the physiology of the host organism in health and disease. Here, we review the effects of the microbiome on innate and adaptive immunological players from epithelial cells and antigen-presenting cells to innate lymphoid cells and regulatory T cells. We discuss recent studies that have identified diverse microbiota-derived bioactive molecules and their effects on inflammation within the intestine and distally at sites as anatomically remote as the brain. Finally, we highlight new insights into how the microbiome influences the host response to infection, vaccination and cancer, as well as susceptibility to autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders.
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47
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Deng L, Roose K, Job ER, De Rycke R, Van Hamme E, Gonçalves A, Parthoens E, Cicchelero L, Sanders N, Fiers W, Saelens X. Oral delivery of Escherichia coli persistently infected with M2e-displaying bacteriophages partially protects against influenza A virus. J Control Release 2017; 264:55-65. [PMID: 28842314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel live oral vaccine type. Conceptually, this vaccine is based on a non-lytic, recombinant filamentous bacteriophage that displays an antigen of interest. To provide proof of concept we used the amino-terminal part of a conserved influenza A virus epitope, i.e. matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) residues 2 to 16, as the antigen of interest. Rather than using the phages as purified virus-like particles as a vaccine, these phages were delivered to intestinal Peyer's patches as a live bacterium-phage combination that comprises Escherichia coli cells that conditionally express invasin derived from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Invasin-expressing E. coli cells were internalized by mammalian Hep-2 cells in vitro and adhered to mouse intestinal microfold (M) cells ex vivo. Invasin-expressing E. coli cells were permissive for recombinant filamentous bacteriophage f88 that displays M2e and became persistently infected. Oral administration of the live engineered E. coli-invasin-phage combination to mice induced M2e-specific serum IgG antibodies. Mice that had been immunized with invasin-expressing E. coli cells that carried M2e2-16 displaying fd phages seroconverted to M2e and showed partial protection against challenge with influenza A virus. Oral delivery of a live vaccine comprising a bacterial host that is targeted to Peyer's patches and is persistently infected with an antigen-displaying phage, can thus be exploited as an oral vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark, 927, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenny Roose
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark, 927, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emma R Job
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark, 927, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium; Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Hamme
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amanda Gonçalves
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eef Parthoens
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Cicchelero
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Walter Fiers
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark, 927, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Technologiepark, 927, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium.
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48
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Jinnohara T, Kanaya T, Hase K, Sakakibara S, Kato T, Tachibana N, Sasaki T, Hashimoto Y, Sato T, Watarai H, Kunisawa J, Shibata N, Williams IR, Kiyono H, Ohno H. IL-22BP dictates characteristics of Peyer's patch follicle-associated epithelium for antigen uptake. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1607-1618. [PMID: 28512157 PMCID: PMC5460992 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) acts protectively and harmfully on intestinal tissue depending on the situation; therefore, IL-22 signaling needs to be tightly regulated. IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) binds IL-22 to inhibit IL-22 signaling. It is expressed in intestinal and lymphoid tissues, although its precise distribution and roles have remained unclear. In this study, we show that IL-22BP is highly expressed by CD11b+CD8α- dendritic cells in the subepithelial dome region of Peyer's patches (PPs). We found that IL-22BP blocks IL-22 signaling in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering PPs, indicating that IL-22BP plays a role in regulating the characteristics of the FAE. As expected, FAE of IL-22BP-deficient (Il22ra2-/-) mice exhibited altered properties such as the enhanced expression of mucus and antimicrobial proteins as well as prominent fucosylation, which are normally suppressed in FAE. Additionally, Il22ra2-/- mice exhibited the decreased uptake of bacterial antigens into PPs without affecting M cell function. Our present study thus demonstrates that IL-22BP promotes bacterial uptake into PPs by influencing FAE gene expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshi Jinnohara
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Medical Life Science, Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanaya
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Medical Life Science, Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Barriology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sayuri Sakakibara
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kato
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoko Tachibana
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takaharu Sasaki
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Medical Life Science, Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watarai
- Division of Stem Cell Cellomics, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoko Shibata
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ifor R Williams
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Medical Life Science, Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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49
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Okumura R, Takeda K. Roles of intestinal epithelial cells in the maintenance of gut homeostasis. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e338. [PMID: 28546564 PMCID: PMC5454438 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is a unique organ inhabited by a tremendous number of microorganisms. Intestinal epithelial cells greatly contribute to the maintenance of the symbiotic relationship between gut microbiota and the host by constructing mucosal barriers, secreting various immunological mediators and delivering bacterial antigens. Mucosal barriers, including physical barriers and chemical barriers, spatially segregate gut microbiota and the host immune system to avoid unnecessary immune responses to gut microbes, leading to the intestinal inflammation. In addition, various immunological mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, secreted from intestinal epithelial cells stimulated by gut microbiota modulate host immune responses, maintaining a well-balanced relationship between gut microbes and the host immune system. Therefore, impairment of the innate immune functions of intestinal epithelial cells is associated with intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Okumura
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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50
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Shimokawa C, Kanaya T, Hachisuka M, Ishiwata K, Hisaeda H, Kurashima Y, Kiyono H, Yoshimoto T, Kaisho T, Ohno H. Mast Cells Are Crucial for Induction of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Clearance of Helminth Infections. Immunity 2017; 46:863-874.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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