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Hu X, Bian C, Zhao X, Yi T. Efficacy evaluation of multi-immunotherapy in ovarian cancer: From bench to bed. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1034903. [PMID: 36275669 PMCID: PMC9582991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, one of the most common gynecological malignancies, is characterized by high mortality and poor prognosis. Cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy remain the mainstay of ovarian cancer treatment, and most women experience recurrence after standard care therapies. There is compelling evidence that ovarian cancer is an immunogenic tumor. For example, the accumulation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with increased survival, while increases in immunosuppressive regulatory T cells are correlated with poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, immunotherapies targeting components of the tumor microenvironment have been gradually integrated into the existing treatment options, including immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell therapy, and cancer vaccines. Immunotherapies have changed guidelines for maintenance treatment and established a new paradigm in ovarian cancer treatment. Despite single immunotherapies targeting DNA repair mechanisms, immune checkpoints, and angiogenesis bringing inspiring efficacy, only a subset of patients can benefit much from it. Thus, the multi-immunotherapy investigation remains an active area for ovarian cancer treatment. The current review provides an overview of various clinically oriented forms of multi-immunotherapy and explores potentially effective combinational therapies for ovarian cancer.
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2
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Alphaviruses in Immunotherapy and Anticancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092263. [PMID: 36140364 PMCID: PMC9496634 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses have been engineered as expression vectors for vaccine development and gene therapy. Due to the feature of RNA self-replication, alphaviruses can provide exceptional direct cytoplasmic expression of transgenes based on the delivery of recombinant particles, naked or nanoparticle-encapsulated RNA or plasmid-based DNA replicons. Alphavirus vectors have been utilized for the expression of various antigens targeting different types of cancers, and cytotoxic and antitumor genes. The most common alphavirus vectors are based on the Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, but the oncolytic M1 alphavirus has also been used. Delivery of immunostimulatory cytokine genes has been the basis for immunotherapy demonstrating efficacy in different animal tumor models for brain, breast, cervical, colon, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate and skin cancers. Typically, therapeutic effects including tumor regression, tumor eradication and complete cure as well as protection against tumor challenges have been observed. Alphavirus vectors have also been subjected to clinical evaluations. For example, therapeutic responses in all cervical cancer patients treated with an alphavirus vector expressing the human papilloma virus E6 and E7 envelope proteins have been achieved.
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3
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Abstract
Self-replicating RNA viral vectors have been engineered for both prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Mainly the areas of infectious diseases and cancer have been targeted. Both positive and negative strand RNA viruses have been utilized including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles viruses and rhabdoviruses. The high-level of RNA amplification has provided efficient expression of viral surface proteins and tumor antigens. Immunization studies in animal models have elicit robust neutralizing antibody responses. In the context of infectious diseases, immunization with self-replicating RNA viral vectors has provided protection against challenges with lethal doses of pathogens in animal models. Similarly, immunization with vectors expressing tumor antigens has resulted in tumor regression and eradication and protection against tumor challenges in animal models. The transient nature and non-integration of viral RNA into the host genome are ideal features for vaccine development. Moreover, self-replicating RNA viral vectors show great flexibility as they can be applied as recombinant viral particles, RNA replicons or DNA replicon plasmids. Several clinical trials have been conducted especially in the area of cancer immunotherapy.
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4
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Abstract
Alphaviruses have been engineered as expression vectors for different strategies of cancer therapy including immunotherapy and cancer vaccine development. Administration of recombinant virus particles, RNA replicons and plasmid DNA-based replicons provide great flexibility for alphavirus applications. Immunization and delivery studies have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in the form of reduced tumor growth, tumor regression and eradication of established tumors in different animal models for cancers such as brain, breast, colon, cervical, lung, ovarian, pancreas, prostate cancers, and melanoma. Furthermore, vaccinated animals have showed protection against challenges with tumor cells. A limited number of clinical trials in the area of brain, breast, cervical, colon prostate cancers and melanoma vaccines has been conducted. Particularly, immunization of cervical cancer patients elicited immune responses and therapeutic activity in all patients included in a phase I clinical trial. Moreover, stable disease and partial responses were observed in breast cancer patients and prolonged survival was achieved in colon cancer patients.
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5
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Oncolytic adenovirus inhibits malignant ascites of advanced ovarian cancer by reprogramming the ascitic immune microenvironment. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 23:488-500. [PMID: 34901391 PMCID: PMC8637216 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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6
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Lundstrom K. Self-Replicating RNA Viruses for Vaccine Development against Infectious Diseases and Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1187. [PMID: 34696295 PMCID: PMC8541504 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles viruses and rhabdoviruses are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses, which have been engineered for recombinant protein expression and vaccine development. Due to the presence of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity, subgenomic RNA can replicate close to 106 copies per cell for translation in the cytoplasm providing extreme transgene expression levels, which is why they are named self-replicating RNA viruses. Expression of surface proteins of pathogens causing infectious disease and tumor antigens provide the basis for vaccine development against infectious diseases and cancer. Self-replicating RNA viral vectors can be administered as replicon RNA at significantly lower doses than conventional mRNA, recombinant particles, or DNA plasmids. Self-replicating RNA viral vectors have been applied for vaccine development against influenza virus, HIV, hepatitis B virus, human papilloma virus, Ebola virus, etc., showing robust immune response and protection in animal models. Recently, paramyxovirus and rhabdovirus vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines as well as RNA vaccines based on self-amplifying alphaviruses have been evaluated in clinical settings. Vaccines against various cancers such as brain, breast, lung, ovarian, prostate cancer and melanoma have also been developed. Clinical trials have shown good safety and target-specific immune responses. Ervebo, the VSV-based vaccine against Ebola virus disease has been approved for human use.
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7
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Das K, Belnoue E, Rossi M, Hofer T, Danklmaier S, Nolden T, Schreiber LM, Angerer K, Kimpel J, Hoegler S, Spiesschaert B, Kenner L, von Laer D, Elbers K, Derouazi M, Wollmann G. A modular self-adjuvanting cancer vaccine combined with an oncolytic vaccine induces potent antitumor immunity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5195. [PMID: 34465781 PMCID: PMC8408233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells elicited by therapeutic cancer vaccination in combination with oncolytic viruses offer opportunities to address resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy. Two cancer vaccines, the self-adjuvanting protein vaccine KISIMA, and the recombinant oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with LCMV-GP expressing tumor-associated antigens, termed VSV-GP-TAA, both show promise as a single agent. Here we find that, when given in a heterologous prime-boost regimen with an optimized schedule and route of administration, combining KISIMA and VSV-GP-TAA vaccinations induces better cancer immunity than individually. Using several mouse tumor models with varying degrees of susceptibility for viral replication, we find that priming with KISIMA-TAA followed by VSV-GP-TAA boost causes profound changes in the tumor microenvironment, and induces a large pool of poly-functional and persistent antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells in the periphery. Combining this heterologous vaccination with checkpoint blockade further improves therapeutic efficacy with long-term survival in the spectrum. Overall, heterologous vaccination with KISIMA and VSV-GP-TAA could sensitize non-inflamed tumors to checkpoint blockade therapy. Successful cancer immune therapy correlates with a T cell-inflamed tumour microenvironment. Authors show here that co-administration of a self-adjuvanting protein vaccine and an antigen-expressing oncolytic virus in an optimised regimen strongly enhances T cell immunogenicity and may turn non-inflamed tumours proinflammatory and less resistant to checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Das
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elodie Belnoue
- AMAL Therapeutics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Matteo Rossi
- AMAL Therapeutics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Tamara Hofer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sarah Danklmaier
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tobias Nolden
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany.,ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Liesa-Marie Schreiber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Angerer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandra Hoegler
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bart Spiesschaert
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany.,ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Knut Elbers
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany.,ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Madiha Derouazi
- AMAL Therapeutics, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany.
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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8
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Briolay T, Petithomme T, Fouet M, Nguyen-Pham N, Blanquart C, Boisgerault N. Delivery of cancer therapies by synthetic and bio-inspired nanovectors. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:55. [PMID: 33761944 PMCID: PMC7987750 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a complement to the clinical development of new anticancer molecules, innovations in therapeutic vectorization aim at solving issues related to tumor specificity and associated toxicities. Nanomedicine is a rapidly evolving field that offers various solutions to increase clinical efficacy and safety. MAIN: Here are presented the recent advances for different types of nanovectors of chemical and biological nature, to identify the best suited for translational research projects. These nanovectors include different types of chemically engineered nanoparticles that now come in many different flavors of 'smart' drug delivery systems. Alternatives with enhanced biocompatibility and a better adaptability to new types of therapeutic molecules are the cell-derived extracellular vesicles and micro-organism-derived oncolytic viruses, virus-like particles and bacterial minicells. In the first part of the review, we describe their main physical, chemical and biological properties and their potential for personalized modifications. The second part focuses on presenting the recent literature on the use of the different families of nanovectors to deliver anticancer molecules for chemotherapy, radiotherapy, nucleic acid-based therapy, modulation of the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy. CONCLUSION This review will help the readers to better appreciate the complexity of available nanovectors and to identify the most fitting "type" for efficient and specific delivery of diverse anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Briolay
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | | | - Morgane Fouet
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, F-44000, Nantes, France
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9
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Lundstrom K. Application of Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development with a Special Emphasis on COVID-19. Viruses 2020; 12:E1324. [PMID: 33218001 PMCID: PMC7698750 DOI: 10.3390/v12111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors can generate high levels of recombinant protein expression providing the basis for modern vaccine development. A large number of different viral vector expression systems have been utilized for targeting viral surface proteins and tumor-associated antigens. Immunization studies in preclinical animal models have evaluated the elicited humoral and cellular responses and the possible protection against challenges with lethal doses of infectious pathogens or tumor cells. Several vaccine candidates for both infectious diseases and various cancers have been subjected to a number of clinical trials. Human immunization trials have confirmed safe application of viral vectors, generation of neutralizing antibodies and protection against challenges with lethal doses. A special emphasis is placed on COVID-19 vaccines based on viral vectors. Likewise, the flexibility and advantages of applying viral particles, RNA replicons and DNA replicon vectors of self-replicating RNA viruses for vaccine development are presented.
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10
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Lundstrom K. Self-Amplifying RNA Viruses as RNA Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145130. [PMID: 32698494 PMCID: PMC7404065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded RNA viruses such as alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles viruses and rhabdoviruses are characterized by their capacity of highly efficient self-amplification of RNA in host cells, which make them attractive vehicles for vaccine development. Particularly, alphaviruses and flaviviruses can be administered as recombinant particles, layered DNA/RNA plasmid vectors carrying the RNA replicon and even RNA replicon molecules. Self-amplifying RNA viral vectors have been used for high level expression of viral and tumor antigens, which in immunization studies have elicited strong cellular and humoral immune responses in animal models. Vaccination has provided protection against challenges with lethal doses of viral pathogens and tumor cells. Moreover, clinical trials have demonstrated safe application of RNA viral vectors and even promising results in rhabdovirus-based phase III trials on an Ebola virus vaccine. Preclinical and clinical applications of self-amplifying RNA viral vectors have proven efficient for vaccine development and due to the presence of RNA replicons, amplification of RNA in host cells will generate superior immune responses with significantly reduced amounts of RNA delivered. The need for novel and efficient vaccines has become even more evident due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, which has further highlighted the urgency in challenging emerging diseases.
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11
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Orf Virus-Based Therapeutic Vaccine for Treatment of Papillomavirus-Induced Tumors. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00398-20. [PMID: 32404527 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00398-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) represents a suitable vector for the generation of efficient, prophylactic antiviral vaccines against different pathogens. The present study investigated for the first time the therapeutic application of ORFV vector-based vaccines against tumors induced by cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV). ORFV-CRPV recombinants were constructed expressing the early CRPV gene E1, E2, E7, or LE6. In two independent experiments we used in total 23 rabbits which were immunized with a mixture of the four ORFV-CRPV recombinants or empty ORFV vector as a control 5 weeks after the appearance of skin tumors. For the determination of the therapeutic efficacy, the subsequent growth of the tumors was recorded. In the first experiment, we could demonstrate that three immunizations of rabbits with high tumor burden with the combined four ORFV-CRPV recombinants resulted in significant growth retardation of the tumors compared to the control. A second experiment was performed to test the therapeutic effect of 5 doses of the combined vaccine in rabbits with a lower tumor burden than in nonimmunized rabbits. Tumor growth was significantly reduced after immunization, and one vaccinated rabbit even displayed complete tumor regression until the end of the observation period at 26 weeks. Results of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin tests suggest the induction of a cellular immune response mediated by the ORFV-CRPV vaccine. The data presented show for the first time a therapeutic potential of the ORFV vector platform and encourage further studies for the development of a therapeutic vaccine against virus-induced tumors.IMPORTANCE Viral vectors are widely used for the development of therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of tumors. In our study we have used Orf virus (ORFV) strain D1701-V for the generation of recombinant vaccines expressing cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) early proteins E1, E2, LE6, and E7. The therapeutic efficacy of the ORFV-CRPV vaccines was evaluated in two independent experiments using the outbred CRPV rabbit model. In both experiments the immunization achieved significant suppression of tumor growth. In total, 84.6% of all outbred animals benefited from the ORFV-CRPV vaccination, showing reduction in tumor size and significant tumor growth inhibition, including one animal with complete tumor regression without recurrence.
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12
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Pol JG, Bridle BW, Lichty BD. Detection of Tumor Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses After Oncolytic Vaccination. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2058:191-211. [PMID: 31486039 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9794-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic vaccines, which consist of recombinant oncolytic viruses (OV) encoding tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), have demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy in preclinical models and are currently evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials. On one hand, oncolysis of OV-infected malignant entities reinstates cancer immunosurveillance. On the other hand, overexpression of TAAs in infected cells further stimulates the adaptive arm of antitumor immunity. Particularly, the presence of tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment, as well as in the periphery, has demonstrated prognostic value for cancer treatments. These effector CD8+ T cells can be detected through their production of the prototypical Tc1 cytokine: IFN-γ. The quantitative and qualitative assessment of this immune cell subset remains critical in the development process of efficient cancer vaccines, including oncolytic vaccines. The present chapter will describe a single-cell immunological assay, namely the intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), that allows the enumeration of IFN-γ-producing TAA-specific CD8+ T cells in various tissues (tumor, blood, lymphoid organs) following oncolytic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France. .,INSERM, U1138, Paris, France. .,Equipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Paris, France. .,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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13
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Harrington K, Freeman DJ, Kelly B, Harper J, Soria JC. Optimizing oncolytic virotherapy in cancer treatment. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:689-706. [PMID: 31292532 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of the success of modern immunotherapy, oncolytic viruses (OVs) are currently seen as a potential therapeutic option for patients with cancer who do not respond or fail to achieve durable responses following treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. OVs offer a multifaceted therapeutic platform because they preferentially replicate in tumour cells, can be engineered to express transgenes that augment their cytotoxic and immunostimulatory activities, and modulate the tumour microenvironment to optimize immune-mediated tumour eradication, both at locoregional and systemic sites of disease. Lysis of tumour cells releases tumour-specific antigens that trigger both the innate and adaptive immune systems. OVs also represent attractive combination partners with other systemically delivered agents by virtue of their highly favourable safety profiles. Rational combinations of OVs with different immune modifiers and/or antitumour agents, based on mechanisms of tumour resistance to immune-mediated attack, may benefit the large, currently underserved, population of patients who respond poorly to immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Harrington
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | | | - Beth Kelly
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine and Medical Oncology, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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14
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Pelin A, Foloppe J, Petryk J, Singaravelu R, Hussein M, Gossart F, Jennings VA, Stubbert LJ, Foster M, Storbeck C, Postigo A, Scut E, Laight B, Way M, Erbs P, Le Boeuf F, Bell JC. Deletion of Apoptosis Inhibitor F1L in Vaccinia Virus Increases Safety and Oncolysis for Cancer Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 14:246-252. [PMID: 31428674 PMCID: PMC6695278 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) possesses a great safety record as a smallpox vaccine and has been intensively used as an oncolytic virus against various types of cancer over the past decade. Different strategies were developed to make VACV safe and selective to cancer cells. Leading clinical candidates, such as Pexa-Vec, are attenuated through deletion of the viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene, which limits virus growth to replicate in cancer tissue. However, tumors are not the only tissues whose metabolic activity can overcome the lack of viral TK. In this study, we sought to further increase the tumor-specific replication and oncolytic potential of Copenhagen strain VACV ΔTK. We show that deletion of the anti-apoptosis viral gene F1L not only increases the safety of the Copenhagen ΔTK virus but also improves its oncolytic activity in an aggressive glioblastoma model. The additional loss of F1L does not affect VACV replication capacity, yet its ability to induce cancer cell death is significantly increased. Our results also indicate that cell death induced by the Copenhagen ΔTK/F1L mutant releases more immunogenic signals, as indicated by increased levels of IL-1β production. A cytotoxicity screen in an NCI-60 panel shows that the ΔTK/F1L virus induces faster tumor cell death in different cancer types. Most importantly, we show that, compared to the TK-deleted virus, the ΔTK/F1L virus is attenuated in human normal cells and causes fewer pox lesions in murine models. Collectively, our findings describe a new oncolytic vaccinia deletion strain that improves safety and increases tumor cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pelin
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Johann Foloppe
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Julia Petryk
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Marian Hussein
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Florian Gossart
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Victoria A Jennings
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Lawton J Stubbert
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Madison Foster
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Christopher Storbeck
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Antonio Postigo
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, England, UK
| | - Elena Scut
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Brian Laight
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, England, UK
| | - Philippe Erbs
- Transgene S.A., 400 Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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15
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Lundstrom K. Self-Replicating RNA Viruses for RNA Therapeutics. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123310. [PMID: 30551668 PMCID: PMC6321401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-replicating single-stranded RNA viruses such as alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles viruses, and rhabdoviruses provide efficient delivery and high-level expression of therapeutic genes due to their high capacity of RNA replication. This has contributed to novel approaches for therapeutic applications including vaccine development and gene therapy-based immunotherapy. Numerous studies in animal tumor models have demonstrated that self-replicating RNA viral vectors can generate antibody responses against infectious agents and tumor cells. Moreover, protection against challenges with pathogenic Ebola virus was obtained in primates immunized with alphaviruses and flaviviruses. Similarly, vaccinated animals have been demonstrated to withstand challenges with lethal doses of tumor cells. Furthermore, clinical trials have been conducted for several indications with self-amplifying RNA viruses. In this context, alphaviruses have been subjected to phase I clinical trials for a cytomegalovirus vaccine generating neutralizing antibodies in healthy volunteers, and for antigen delivery to dendritic cells providing clinically relevant antibody responses in cancer patients, respectively. Likewise, rhabdovirus particles have been subjected to phase I/II clinical trials showing good safety and immunogenicity against Ebola virus. Rhabdoviruses have generated promising results in phase III trials against Ebola virus. The purpose of this review is to summarize the achievements of using self-replicating RNA viruses for RNA therapy based on preclinical animal studies and clinical trials in humans.
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16
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Hoare J, Campbell N, Carapuça E. Oncolytic virus immunotherapies in ovarian cancer: moving beyond adenoviruses. Porto Biomed J 2018; 3:e7. [PMID: 31595233 PMCID: PMC6726300 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.0000000000000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the 5th most common cancer in UK women with a high relapse rate. The overall survival for ovarian cancer has remained low for decades prompting a real need for new therapies. Recurrent ovarian cancer remains confined in the peritoneal cavity in >80% of the patients, providing an opportunity for locoregional administration of novel therapeutics, including gene and viral therapy approaches. Immunotherapy is an expanding field, and includes oncolytic viruses as well as monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and therapeutic vaccines. Oncolytic viruses cause direct cancer cell cytolysis and immunogenic cell death and subsequent release of tumor antigens that will prime for a potent tumor-specific immunity. This effect may be further enhanced when the viruses are engineered to express, or coadministered with, immunostimulatory molecules. Currently, the most commonly used and well-characterized vectors utilized for virotherapy purposes are adenoviruses. They have been shown to work synergistically with traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy and have met with success in clinical trials. However, pre-existing immunity and poor in vivo models limit our ability to fully investigate the potential of oncolytic adenovirus as effective immunotherapies which in turn fosters the need to develop alternative viral vectors. In this review we cover recent advances in adenovirus-based oncolytic therapies targeting ovarian cancer and recent advances in mapping immune responses to oncolytic virus therapies in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hoare
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Campbell
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabete Carapuça
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Oncolytic Alphaviruses in Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5020009. [PMID: 28417936 PMCID: PMC5492006 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses show specific targeting and killing of tumor cells and therefore provide attractive assets for cancer immunotherapy. In parallel to oncolytic viral vectors based on adenoviruses and herpes simplex viruses, oncolytic RNA viruses and particularly alphaviruses have been evaluated as delivery vehicles. Immunization studies in experimental rodent models for various cancers including glioblastoma, hematologic, hepatocellular, colon, cervix, and lung cancer as well as melanoma have been conducted with naturally occurring oncolytic alphavirus strains such as M1 and Sindbis AR339. Moreover, animals were vaccinated with engineered oncolytic replication-deficient and -competent Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vectors expressing various antigens. Vaccinations elicited strong antibody responses and resulted in tumor growth inhibition, tumor regression and even complete tumor eradication. Vaccination also led to prolonged survival in several animal models. Furthermore, preclinical evaluation demonstrated both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic alphavirus administration. Clinical trials in humans have mainly been limited to safety studies so far.
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18
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Oncolytic viruses: emerging options for the treatment of breast cancer. Med Oncol 2017; 34:43. [PMID: 28185165 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer among women and is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths, following lung cancer. Severe toxicity associated with a long-term use of BC chemo- and radiotherapy makes it essential to look for newer therapeutics. Additionally, molecular heterogeneity at both intratumoral and intertumoral levels among BC subtypes is known to result in a differential response to standard therapeutics. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as one of the most promising treatment options for BC. Many preclinical and clinical studies have shown that OVs are effective in treating BC, both as a single therapeutic agent and as a part of combination therapies. Combination therapies involving multimodal therapeutics including OVs are becoming popular as they allow to achieve the synergistic therapeutic effects, while minimizing the associated toxicities. Here, we review the OVs for BC therapy in preclinical studies and in clinical trials, both as a monotherapy and as part of a combination therapy. We also briefly discuss the potential therapeutic targets for BC, as these are likely to be critical for the development of new OVs.
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19
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Taking a Stab at Cancer; Oncolytic Virus-Mediated Anti-Cancer Vaccination Strategies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5010003. [PMID: 28536346 PMCID: PMC5423491 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have classically been used for disease prevention. Modern clinical vaccines are continuously being developed for both traditional use as well as for new applications. Typically thought of in terms of infectious disease control, vaccination approaches can alternatively be adapted as a cancer therapy. Vaccines targeting cancer antigens can be used to induce anti-tumour immunity and have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy both pre-clinically and clinically. Various approaches now exist and further establish the tremendous potential and adaptability of anti-cancer vaccination. Classical strategies include ex vivo-loaded immune cells, RNA- or DNA-based vaccines and tumour cell lysates. Recent oncolytic virus development has resulted in a surge of novel viruses engineered to induce powerful tumour-specific immune responses. In addition to their use as cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses have the added benefit of being directly cytolytic to cancer cells and thus promote antigen recognition within a highly immune-stimulating tumour microenvironment. While oncolytic viruses are perfectly equipped for efficient immunization, this complicates their use upon previous exposure. Indeed, the host's anti-viral counter-attacks often impair multiple-dosing regimens. In this review we will focus on the use of oncolytic viruses for anti-tumour vaccination. We will explore different strategies as well as ways to circumvent some of their limitations.
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20
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Berkey SE, Thorne SH, Bartlett DL. Oncolytic Virotherapy and the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:157-172. [PMID: 29275471 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy is a promising approach to treat many malignancies, including breast, colorectal, hepatocellular, and melanoma. The best results are seen when using "targeted and armed" viruses. These are viruses that have been genetically modified to selectively replicate within cancer cells and express specific transgenes that alter the tumor microenvironment to inhibit tumor progression. The products of these transgenes induce cell death, make the virus less virulent, compromise tumor vascularity, and are capable of modulating or enhancing the immune system-such as cytokines and chemokines. In addition, oncolytic viruses can induce anti-vascular effects and disrupt the extracellular matrix to improve viral spread within the tumor. Oncolytic viruses also improve crosstalk between fibroblasts, cytokine-induced killer cells, and cancer cells within the microenvironment, leading to enhanced tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Berkey
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Steve H Thorne
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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21
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Holay N, Kim Y, Lee P, Gujar S. Sharpening the Edge for Precision Cancer Immunotherapy: Targeting Tumor Antigens through Oncolytic Vaccines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:800. [PMID: 28751892 PMCID: PMC5507961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy represents a promising, modern-age option for treatment of cancers. Among the many immunotherapies being developed, oncolytic viruses (OVs) are slowly moving to the forefront of potential clinical therapeutic agents, especially considering the fact that the first oncolytic virus was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of melanoma. OVs were originally discovered for their ability to kill cancer cells, but they have emerged as unconventional cancer immunotherapeutics due to their ability to activate a long-term antitumor immune response. This immune response not only eliminates cancer cells but also offers potential for preventing cancer recurrence. A fundamental requirement for the generation of such a strong antitumor T cell response is the recognition of an immunogenic tumor antigen by the antitumor T cell. Several tumor antigens capable of activating these antitumor T cells have been identified and are now being expressed through genetically engineered OVs to potentiate antitumor immunity. With the emergence of novel technologies for identifying tumor antigens and immunogenic epitopes in a myriad of cancers, design of "oncolytic vaccines" expressing highly specific tumor antigens provides a great strategy for targeting tumors. Here, we highlight the various OVs engineered to target tumor antigens and discuss multiple studies and strategies used to develop oncolytic vaccine regimens. We also contend how, going forward, a combination of technologies for identifying novel immunogenic tumor antigens and rational design of oncolytic vaccines will pave the way for the next generation of clinically efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namit Holay
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Patrick Lee
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Shashi Gujar,
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22
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Ilett E, Kottke T, Thompson J, Rajani K, Zaidi S, Evgin L, Coffey M, Ralph C, Diaz R, Pandha H, Harrington K, Selby P, Bram R, Melcher A, Vile R. Prime-boost using separate oncolytic viruses in combination with checkpoint blockade improves anti-tumour therapy. Gene Ther 2017; 24:21-30. [PMID: 27779616 PMCID: PMC5387692 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The anti-tumour effects associated with oncolytic virus therapy are mediated significantly through immune-mediated mechanisms, which depend both on the type of virus and the route of delivery. Here, we show that intra-tumoral oncolysis by Reovirus induced the priming of a CD8+, Th1-type anti-tumour response. By contrast, systemically delivered Vesicular Stomatitis Virus expressing a cDNA library of melanoma antigens (VSV-ASMEL) promoted a potent anti-tumour CD4+ Th17 response. Therefore, we hypothesised that combining the Reovirus-induced CD8+ T cell response, with the VSV-ASMEL CD4+ Th17 helper response, would produce enhanced anti-tumour activity. Consistent with this, priming with intra-tumoral Reovirus, followed by an intra-venous VSV-ASMEL Th17 boost, significantly improved survival of mice bearing established subcutaneous B16 melanoma tumours. We also show that combination of either therapy alone with anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade augmented both the Th1 response induced by systemically delivered Reovirus in combination with GM-CSF, and also the Th17 response induced by VSV-ASMEL. Significantly, anti-PD-1 also uncovered an anti-tumour Th1 response following VSV-ASMEL treatment that was not seen in the absence of checkpoint blockade. Finally, the combination of all three treatments (priming with systemically delivered Reovirus, followed by double boosting with systemic VSV-ASMEL and anti-PD-1) significantly enhanced survival, with long-term cures, compared to any individual, or double, combination therapies, associated with strong Th1 and Th17 responses to tumour antigens. Our data show that it is possible to generate fully systemic, highly effective anti-tumour immunovirotherapy by combining oncolytic viruses, along with immune checkpoint blockade, to induce complementary mechanisms of anti-tumour immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ilett
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - T Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - K Rajani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S Zaidi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - L Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Incorporated, Calgary, Canada
| | - C Ralph
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | - H Pandha
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - P Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - R Bram
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Melcher
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - R Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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23
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) comprise an emerging cancer therapeutic modality whose activity involves both direct tumor cell lysis and the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). Cellular proteins released from the OV-lysed tumor cells, known as damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-associated antigens, activate dendritic cells and elicit adaptive antitumor immunity. Interaction with the innate immune system and the development of long-lasting immune memory also contribute to OV-induced cell death. The degree to which the ICD component contributes to the clinical efficacy of OV therapy is still unclear. Modulation of a range of immune interactions may be beneficial or detrimental in nature and the interactions depend on the specific tumor, the site and extent of the disease, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the OV platform, the dose, time, and delivery conditions, as well as individual patient responses. To enhance the contribution of ICD, OVs have been engineered to express immunostimulatory genes and strategies have been developed to combine OV therapy with chemo- and immune-based therapeutic regimens. However, these approaches carry the risk that they may also be tolerogenic depending on their levels and the presence of other cytokines, their direct antiviral effects, and the timing and conditions of their expression. The contribution of autophagy to adaptive immunity, the ability of the OVs to kill cancer stem cells, and the patient’s baseline immune status are additional considerations. This review focuses on the complex and as yet poorly understood balancing act that dictates the outcome of OV therapy. We summarize current understanding of the OVs’ function in eliciting antitumor immunity and its relationship to therapeutic efficacy. Also discussed are the criteria involved in restraining antiviral immune responses and minimizing pathology while promoting antitumor immunity to override immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Aurelian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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24
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Deng Z, Wu Y, Ma W, Zhang S, Zhang YQ. Adoptive T-cell therapy of prostate cancer targeting the cancer stem cell antigen EpCAM. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:1. [PMID: 25636521 PMCID: PMC4318439 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adoptive transfer of tumor infiltrating or circulating lymphocytes transduced with tumor antigen receptors has been examined in various clinical trials to treat human cancers. The tumor antigens targeted by transferred lymphocytes affects the efficacy of this therapeutic approach. Because cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in tumor growth and metastasis, we hypothesized that adoptive transfer of T cells targeting a CSC antigen could result in dramatic anti-tumor effects. Results An EpCAM-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) was constructed to transduce human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and thereby enable them to target the CSC marker EpCAM. To investigate the therapeutic capabilities of PBLs expressing EpCAM-specific CARs, we used two different tumor models, PC3, the human prostate cancer cell line, which has low expression levels of EpCAM, and PC3M, a highly metastatic clone of PC3 that has high expression levels of EpCAM. We demonstrate that CAR-expressing PBLs can kill PC3M tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Despite the low expression of EpCAM on PC3 cells, CAR-expressing PBLs significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival in a PC3 metastasis model, probably by targeting the highly proliferative and metastatic population of cancer cells. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that PBLs expressing with EpCAM-specific CARs have significant anti-tumor activity against prostate cancer. Therefore, the adoptive transfer of T cells targeting EpCAM could have great potential as a cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenling Deng
- Department of Immunology, Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Yanhong Wu
- Department of Immunology, Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Immunology, Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Shuren Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Yu-Qian Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Cancer Hospital & Institute, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China.
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25
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Zajakina A, Vasilevska J, Zhulenkovs D, Skrastina D, Spaks A, Plotniece A, Kozlovska T. High efficiency of alphaviral gene transfer in combination with 5-fluorouracil in a mouse mammary tumor model. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:460. [PMID: 24950740 PMCID: PMC4077127 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The combination of virotherapy and chemotherapy may enable efficient tumor regression that would be unachievable using either therapy alone. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of transgene delivery and the cytotoxic effects of alphaviral vector in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in a mouse mammary tumor model (4 T1). Methods Replication-deficient Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vectors carrying genes encoding fluorescent proteins were used to infect 4 T1 cell cultures treated with different doses of 5-FU. The efficiency of infection was monitored via fluorescence microscopy and quantified by fluorometry. The cytotoxicity of the combined treatment with 5-FU and alphaviral vector was measured using an MTT-based cell viability assay. In vivo experiments were performed in a subcutaneous 4 T1 mouse mammary tumor model with different 5-FU doses and an SFV vector encoding firefly luciferase. Results Infection of 4 T1 cells with SFV prior to 5-FU treatment did not produce a synergistic anti-proliferative effect. An alternative treatment strategy, in which 5-FU was used prior to virus infection, strongly inhibited SFV expression. Nevertheless, in vivo experiments showed a significant enhancement in SFV-driven transgene (luciferase) expression upon intratumoral and intraperitoneal vector administration in 4 T1 tumor-bearing mice pretreated with 5-FU: here, we observed a positive correlation between 5-FU dose and the level of luciferase expression. Conclusions Although 5-FU inhibited SFV-mediated transgene expression in 4 T1 cells in vitro, application of the drug in a mouse model revealed a significant enhancement of intratumoral transgene synthesis compared with 5-FU untreated mice. These results may have implications for efficient transgene delivery and the development of potent cancer treatment strategies using alphaviral vectors and 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zajakina
- Department of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str,, 1, Riga LV-1067, Latvia.
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26
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Oncolytic Adenoviruses in Cancer Treatment. Biomedicines 2014; 2:36-49. [PMID: 28548059 PMCID: PMC5423481 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic use of viruses against cancer has been revived during the last two decades. Oncolytic viruses replicate and spread inside tumors, amplifying their cytotoxicity and simultaneously reversing the tumor immune suppression. Among different viruses, recombinant adenoviruses designed to replicate selectively in tumor cells have been clinically tested by intratumoral or systemic administration. Limited efficacy has been associated to poor tumor targeting, intratumoral spread, and virocentric immune responses. A deeper understanding of these three barriers will be required to design more effective oncolytic adenoviruses that, alone or combined with chemotherapy or immunotherapy, may become tools for oncologists.
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27
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Bartlett DL, Liu Z, Sathaiah M, Ravindranathan R, Guo Z, He Y, Guo ZS. Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:103. [PMID: 24020520 PMCID: PMC3847443 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are tumor-selective, multi-mechanistic antitumor agents. They kill infected cancer and associated endothelial cells via direct oncolysis, and uninfected cells via tumor vasculature targeting and bystander effect. Multimodal immunogenic cell death (ICD) together with autophagy often induced by OVs not only presents potent danger signals to dendritic cells but also efficiently cross-present tumor-associated antigens from cancer cells to dendritic cells to T cells to induce adaptive antitumor immunity. With this favorable immune backdrop, genetic engineering of OVs and rational combinations further potentiate OVs as cancer vaccines. OVs armed with GM-CSF (such as T-VEC and Pexa-Vec) or other immunostimulatory genes, induce potent anti-tumor immunity in both animal models and human patients. Combination with other immunotherapy regimens improve overall therapeutic efficacy. Coadministration with a HDAC inhibitor inhibits innate immunity transiently to promote infection and spread of OVs, and significantly enhances anti-tumor immunity and improves the therapeutic index. Local administration or OV mediated-expression of ligands for Toll-like receptors can rescue the function of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells inhibited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and thus enhances the antitumor effect. Combination with cyclophosphamide further induces ICD, depletes Treg, and thus potentiates antitumor immunity. In summary, OVs properly armed or in rational combinations are potent therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bartlett
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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28
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Zhang ZM, Yang XM, Zhang C, Zhang MJ, Li X, Zhang FH, Kang S, Wang SJ, Shan BE. Antitumor effects and mechanisms of dendritic cells stimulated by sCD40L on ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:503-15. [PMID: 23671392 PMCID: PMC3649858 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s40504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to examine the expression of immune suppression factors and the mechanisms of antitumor effects of cord blood dendritic cells (DCs) stimulated by soluble cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (sCD40L) and cytokines in vitro in ovarian cancer patients. Methods The expression levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β messenger RNA in peripheral blood were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; expression levels of CD80 and CD86 in DCs stimulated by sCD40L were detected using flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results Expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-β genes in the peripheral blood of ovarian cancer patients were significantly increased compared with patients with benign ovarian tumors (P < 0.05). The expression levels of CD80 and CD86 in DCs cultured in the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor + IL-4 + stem cell factor + Flt-3 ligand + sCD40L group were significantly increased compared with those in the control group, as assessed by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (P < 0.05). Conclusion A variety of cytokines in combination with sCD40L can promote the proliferation of cord blood-derived DCs and induce their maturation as well as stimulating a specific antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Mao Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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29
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Resistance to two heterologous neurotropic oncolytic viruses, Semliki Forest virus and vaccinia virus, in experimental glioma. J Virol 2012; 87:2363-6. [PMID: 23221568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01609-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated Semliki Forest virus (SFV) may be suitable for targeting malignant glioma due to its natural neurotropism, but its replication in brain tumor cells may be restricted by innate antiviral defenses. We attempted to facilitate SFV replication in glioma cells by combining it with vaccinia virus, which is capable of antagonizing such defenses. Surprisingly, we found parenchymal mouse brain tumors to be refractory to both viruses. Also, vaccinia virus appears to be sensitive to SFV-induced antiviral interference.
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30
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Li S, Tong J, Rahman MM, Shepherd TG, McFadden G. Oncolytic virotherapy for ovarian cancer. Oncolytic Virother 2012; 1:1-21. [PMID: 25977900 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s31626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, more than 20 viruses with selective tropism for tumor cells have been developed as oncolytic viruses (OVs) for treatments of a variety of malignancies. Of these viruses, eleven have been tested in human ovarian cancer models in preclinical studies. So far, nine phase I or II clinical trials have been conducted or initiated using four different types of OVs in patients with recurrent ovarian cancers. In this article, we summarize the different OVs that are being assessed as therapeutics for ovarian cancer. We also present an overview of recent advances in identification of key genetic or immune-response pathways involved in tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer, which provides a better understanding of the tumor specificities and oncolytic properties of OVs. In addition, we discuss how next-generation OVs could be genetically modified or integrated into multimodality regimens to improve clinical outcomes based on recent advances in ovarian cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoudong Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Tong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada ; Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masmudur M Rahman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Trevor G Shepherd
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada ; Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grant McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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31
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Semliki Forest virus biodistribution in tumor-free and 4T1 mammary tumor-bearing mice: a comparison of transgene delivery by recombinant virus particles and naked RNA replicon. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:579-87. [PMID: 22722377 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vectors are promising tools for cancer gene therapy because they ensure a high level of transgene expression and a rapid and strong cytopathic effect. However, broad tissue tropism and transient expression make it more difficult to develop an optimal cancer treatment strategy. In this study, we have compared the distribution of recombinant SFV particles (recSFV) and naked viral RNA replicon (recRNA) in tumor-free and 4T1 mammary tumor-bearing mice as a consequence of different vector administration strategies. The high potential of SFV recRNA as a biosafe approach for the development of therapeutic treatment was demonstrated. Intravenous (i.v.) inoculation of recRNA provided primary brain targeting in both tumor-free and 4T1 tumor mouse models, but local intratumoral inoculation revealed a high expression level in tumors. Moreover, we observed the predominant tumor targeting of recSFV at a reduced viral dose on i.v. and intraperitoneal (i.p.) virus inoculation, whereas the dose increase led to a broad virus distribution in mice. To prolong transgene expression, we have tested several i.v. and i.p. reinoculation strategies. A detailed evaluation of vector distribution and readministration properties could have an impact on cancer gene therapy clinical trial safety and efficacy.
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Hiss D. Optimizing molecular-targeted therapies in ovarian cancer: the renewed surge of interest in ovarian cancer biomarkers and cell signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:737981. [PMID: 22481932 PMCID: PMC3306947 DOI: 10.1155/2012/737981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of ovarian cancer encompass the development of resistance, disease recurrence and poor prognosis. Ovarian cancer cells express gene signatures which pose significant challenges for cancer drug development, therapeutics, prevention and management. Despite enhancements in contemporary tumor debulking surgery, tentative combination regimens and abdominal radiation which can achieve beneficial response rates, the majority of ovarian cancer patients not only experience adverse effects, but also eventually relapse. Therefore, additional therapeutic possibilities need to be explored to minimize adverse events and prolong progression-free and overall response rates in ovarian cancer patients. Currently, a revival in cancer drug discovery is devoted to identifying diagnostic and prognostic ovarian cancer biomarkers. However, the sensitivity and reliability of such biomarkers may be complicated by mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, diverse genetic risk factors, unidentified initiation and progression elements, molecular tumor heterogeneity and disease staging. There is thus a dire need to expand existing ovarian cancer therapies with broad-spectrum and individualized molecular targeted approaches. The aim of this review is to profile recent developments in our understanding of the interrelationships among selected ovarian tumor biomarkers, heterogeneous expression signatures and related molecular signal transduction pathways, and their translation into more efficacious targeted treatment rationales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donavon Hiss
- Molecular Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical BioSciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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Adenovirus with hexon Tat-protein transduction domain modification exhibits increased therapeutic effect in experimental neuroblastoma and neuroendocrine tumors. J Virol 2011; 85:13114-23. [PMID: 21957304 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05759-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is widely used as an oncolytic agent for cancer therapy. However, its infectivity is highly dependent on the expression level of coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) on the surfaces of tumor cells. Furthermore, infected cells overproduce adenovirus fiber proteins, which are released prior to cell lysis. The released fibers block CAR on noninfected neighboring cells, thereby preventing progeny virus entry. Our aim was to add a CAR-independent infection route to Ad5 to increase the infectivity of tumor cells with low CAR expression and prevent the fiber-masking problem. We constructed Ad5 viruses that encode the protein transduction domain (PTD) of the HIV-1 Tat protein (Tat-PTD) in hypervariable region 5 (HVR5) of the hexon protein. Tat-PTD functions as a cell-penetrating peptide, and Tat-PTD-modified Ad5 showed a dramatic increased transduction of CAR-negative cell lines compared to unmodified vector. Moreover, while tumor cell infectivity was severely reduced for Ad5 in the presence of fiber proteins, it was only marginally reduced for Tat-PTD-modified Ad5. Furthermore, because of the sequence alteration in the hexon HVR, coagulation factor X-mediated virus uptake was significantly reduced. Mice harboring human neuroblastoma and neuroendocrine tumors show suppressed tumor growths and prolonged survival when treated with Tat-PTD-modified oncolytic viruses. Our data suggest that modification of Ad5 with Tat-PTD in HVR5 expands its utility as an oncolytic agent.
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Peng S, Ma B, Chen SH, Hung CF, Wu T. DNA vaccines delivered by human papillomavirus pseudovirions as a promising approach for generating antigen-specific CD8+ T cell immunity. Cell Biosci 2011; 1:26. [PMID: 21798027 PMCID: PMC3162874 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-1-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) pseudovirions have recently been shown to deliver DNA efficiently in vivo, resulting in the priming of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in vaccinated mice. In the current study, we compare the different preparation methods for the generation of HPV pseudovirions for their ability to efficiently infect cells. We also compare the antigen-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses generated by different DNA delivery methods and several commonly used forms of vaccination with that of HPV pseudovirions. Results We found that the preparation method of pseudovirions is important for the efficient delivery of encapsidated DNA. We have shown that vaccination with DNA encoding model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) delivered by HPV-16 pseudovirions was capable of generating therapeutic antitumor effects against OVA-expressing tumor. In addition, vaccination with DNA encoding OVA delivered by HPV-16 pseudovirions generated the highest number of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells in mice in our system compared to DNA delivered by other delivery methods. We also found that vaccination with OVA DNA delivered by HPV-16 pseudovirions generated the highest number of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells in mice compared to other forms of antigen-specific vaccines. Furthermore, HPV-16 pseudovirions were capable of carrying DNA vaccine encoding clinically relevant antigen, telomerase reverse transcriptase, to generate antigen-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses. Conclusions Our data suggest that DNA vaccines delivered by HPV-16 pseudovirions may be advantageous compared to other delivery methods and other forms of antigen-specific vaccines for application to antigen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Thomas DL, Doty R, Tosic V, Liu J, Kranz DM, McFadden G, Macneill AL, Roy EJ. Myxoma virus combined with rapamycin treatment enhances adoptive T cell therapy for murine melanoma brain tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1461-72. [PMID: 21656158 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells has shown some success for treating metastatic melanoma. We evaluated a novel strategy to improve adoptive therapy by administering both T cells and oncolytic myxoma virus to mice with syngeneic B16.SIY melanoma brain tumors. Adoptive transfer of activated CD8(+) 2C T cells that recognize SIY peptide doubled survival time, but SIY-negative tumors recurred. Myxoma virus killed B16.SIY cells in vitro, and intratumoral injection of virus led to selective and transient infection of the tumor. Virus treatment recruited innate immune cells to the tumor and induced IFNβ production in the brain, resulting in limited oncolytic effects in vivo. To counter this, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of co-administering 2C T cells, myxoma virus, and either rapamycin or neutralizing antibodies against IFNβ. Mice that received either triple combination therapy survived significantly longer with no apparent side effects, but eventually relapsed. Importantly, rapamycin treatment did not impair T cell-mediated tumor destruction, supporting the feasibility of combining adoptive immunotherapy and rapamycin-enhanced virotherapy. Myxoma virus may be a useful vector for transient delivery of therapeutic genes to a tumor to enhance T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Thomas
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Thibodeaux SR, Curiel TJ. Immune Therapy for Ovarian Cancer: Promise and Pitfalls. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 30:102-19. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2011.567361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Melcher A, Parato K, Rooney CM, Bell JC. Thunder and lightning: immunotherapy and oncolytic viruses collide. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1008-16. [PMID: 21505424 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last several decades, the development of antitumor immune-based strategies and the engineering and testing of oncolytic viruses (OVs) has occurred largely in parallel tracks. Indeed, the immune system is often thought of as an impediment to successful oncolytic virus delivery and efficacy. More recently, however, both preclinical and clinical results have revealed potential synergy between these two promising therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize some of the evidence that supports combining OVs with immuno-therapeutics and suggest new ways to mount a multipronged biological attack against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Melcher
- Targeted and Biological Therapies Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Wongthida P, Diaz RM, Pulido C, Rommelfanger D, Galivo F, Kaluza K, Kottke T, Thompson J, Melcher A, Vile R. Activating systemic T-cell immunity against self tumor antigens to support oncolytic virotherapy with vesicular stomatitis virus. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:1343-53. [PMID: 21366404 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that the antitumor activity of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) against B16ova tumors in C57BL/6 mice is predominantly due to innate antiviral immune effectors. We have also shown that the innate immune-activating properties of VSV can be harnessed to prime adaptive T-cell responses against a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) if the virus is engineered to express the cDNA of the antigen. Here, we show that the combination of VSV expressing OVA as a model tumor antigen, along with adoptive T-cell therapy targeted against the same antigen, is superior to either treatment alone and induces systemic antitumor activity. In addition, we extend our findings with the OVA model to the therapeutic use of VSV expressing hgp100, a self TAA against which tolerance is well established in C57BL/6 mice. In contrast to VSV-ova, T-cell responses raised by VSV-hgp100 were insufficient to improve therapy against B16ova tumors compared with VSV-GFP alone. However, in combination with adoptive transfer of gp100-specific pmel T cells, intratumoral VSV-hgp100 cured significantly more mice than either virus or T cells alone. Even in an aggressive model of metastatic disease, antitumor therapy was generated at levels similar to those observed in the VSV-ova/OT-I model in which a potently immunogenic, nonself TAA was targeted. Therefore, individual poorly effective virotherapies and T-cell therapies that target self TAA of low immunogenicity, which reflects the situation in patients, can be combined to generate very effective antitumor therapy.
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Guse K, Cerullo V, Hemminki A. Oncolytic vaccinia virus for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:595-608. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.558838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Sobol PT, Boudreau JE, Stephenson K, Wan Y, Lichty BD, Mossman KL. Adaptive antiviral immunity is a determinant of the therapeutic success of oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Ther 2010; 19:335-44. [PMID: 21119618 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy, the selective killing of tumor cells by oncolytic viruses (OVs), has emerged as a promising avenue of anticancer research. We have previously shown that KM100, a Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV) deficient for infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), possesses substantial oncolytic properties in vitro and has antitumor efficacy in vivo, in part by inducing antitumor immunity. Here, we illustrate through T-cell immunodepletion studies in nontolerized tumor-associated antigen models of breast cancer that KM100 treatment promotes antiviral and antitumor CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell responses necessary for complete tumor regression. In tolerized tumor-associated antigen models of breast cancer, antiviral CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell responses against infected tumor cells correlated with the induction of significant tumoristasis in the absence of tumor-associated antigen-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cells. To enhance oncolysis, we tested a more cytopathic ICP0-null HSV and a vesicular stomatitis virus M protein mutant and found that despite improved in vitro replication, oncolysis in vivo did not improve. These studies illustrate that the in vitro cytolytic properties of OVs are poor prognostic indicators of in vivo antitumor activity, and underscore the importance of adaptive antiviral CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cells in effective cancer virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Sobol
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is arguably the most successful live biotherapeutic agent because of its critical role in the eradication of smallpox, one of the most deadly diseases in human history. VACV has been exploited as an oncolytic therapeutic agent for cancer since 1922. This virus selectively infects and destroys tumor cells, while sparing normal cells, both in cell cultures and in animal models. A certain degree of therapeutic efficacy also has been demonstrated in patients with different types of cancer. In recent years, several strategies have been successfully developed to further improve its tumor selectivity and antitumor efficacy. Oncolytic VACVs carrying imaging genes represent a new treatment strategy that combines tumor site-specific therapeutics with diagnostics (theranostics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhai G Chen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA; Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry & Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Alphavirus vectors for cancer therapy. Virus Res 2010; 153:179-96. [PMID: 20692305 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses contain a single strand RNA genome that can be easily modified to express heterologous genes at very high levels in a broad variety of cells, including tumor cells. Alphavirus vectors can be used as viral particles containing a packaged vector RNA, or directly as nucleic acids in the form of RNA or DNA. In the latter case alphavirus RNA is cloned within a DNA vector downstream of a eukaryotic promoter. Expression mediated by these vectors is generally transient due to the induction of apoptosis. The high expression levels, induction of apoptosis, and activation of type I IFN response are the key features that have made alphavirus vectors very attractive for cancer treatment and vaccination. Alphavirus vectors have been successfully used as vaccines to induce protective and therapeutic immune responses against many tumor-associated antigens in animal models of mastocytoma, melanoma, mammary, prostate, and virally induced tumors. Alphavirus vectors have also shown a high antitumoral efficacy by expressing antitumoral molecules in tumor cells, which include cytokines, antiangiogenic factors or toxic proteins. In these studies induction of apoptosis in tumor cells contributed to the antitumoral efficacy by the release of tumor antigens that can be uptaken by antigen presenting cells, enhancing immune responses against tumors. The potential use of alphaviruses as oncolytic agents has also been evaluated for avirulent strains of Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus. The fact that this latter virus has a natural tropism for tumor cells has led to many studies in which this vector was able to reach metastatic tumors when administered systemically. Other "artificial" strategies to increase the tropism of alphavirus for tumors have also been evaluated and will be discussed.
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Kim D, Hoory T, Monie A, Wu A, Hsueh WT, Pai SI, Hung CF. Delivery of chemotherapeutic agents using drug-loaded irradiated tumor cells to treat murine ovarian tumors. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17:61. [PMID: 20659328 PMCID: PMC2918546 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among women with gynecologic malignancies in the United States. Advanced ovarian cancers are difficult to cure with the current available chemotherapy, which has many associated systemic side effects. Doxorubicin is one such chemotherapeutic agent that can cause cardiotoxicity. Novel methods of delivering chemotherapy without significant side effects are therefore of critical need. Methods In the current study, we generated an irradiated tumor cell-based drug delivery system which uses irradiated tumor cells loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin. Results We showed that incubation of murine ovarian cancer cells (MOSEC) with doxorubicin led to the intracellular uptake of the drug (MOSEC-dox cells) and the eventual death of the tumor cell. We then showed that doxorubicin loaded MOSEC-dox cells were able to deliver doxorubicin to MOSEC cells in vivo. Further characterization of the doxorubicin transfer revealed the involvement of cell contact. The irradiated form of the MOSEC-dox cells were capable of treating luciferase-expressing MOSEC tumor cells (MOSEC/luc) in C57BL/6 mice as well as in athymic nude mice resulting in improved survival compared to the non drug-loaded irradiated MOSEC cells. Furthermore, we showed that irradiated MOSEC-dox cells was more effective compared to an equivalent dose of doxorubicin in treating MOSEC/luc tumor-bearing mice. Conclusions Thus, the employment of drug-loaded irradiated tumor cells represents a potentially innovative approach for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for the control of ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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